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Chakrabarty A, Newey SE, Promi MM, Agbetiameh BK, Munro D, Brodersen PJN, Gothard G, Mahfooz K, Mengual JP, Vyazovskiy VV, Akerman CJ. sUPRa is a dual-color reporter for unbiased quantification of the unfolded protein response with cellular resolution. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14990. [PMID: 38951511 PMCID: PMC11217371 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65611-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) maintains proteostasis upon endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and is initiated by a range of physiological and pathological processes. While there have been advances in developing fluorescent reporters for monitoring individual signaling pathways of the UPR, this approach may not capture a cell's overall UPR activity. Here we describe a novel sensor of UPR activity, sUPRa, which is designed to report the global UPR. sUPRa displays excellent response characteristics, outperforms reporters of individual UPR pathways in terms of sensitivity and kinetics, and responds to a range of different ER stress stimuli. Furthermore, sUPRa's dual promoter and fluorescent protein design ensures that both UPR-active and inactive cells are detected, and controls for reporter copy number. Using sUPRa, we reveal UPR activation in layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons of mouse cerebral cortex following a period of sleep deprivation. sUPRa affords new opportunities for quantifying physiological UPR activity with cellular resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atreyi Chakrabarty
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Sarah E Newey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Maisha M Promi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Belinda K Agbetiameh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Daniella Munro
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Paul J N Brodersen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Gemma Gothard
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Kashif Mahfooz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Jose P Mengual
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Sherrington Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Vladyslav V Vyazovskiy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Sherrington Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Colin J Akerman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.
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Białek W, Hryniewicz-Jankowska A, Czechowicz P, Sławski J, Collawn JF, Czogalla A, Bartoszewski R. The lipid side of unfolded protein response. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159515. [PMID: 38844203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2024.159515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Although our current knowledge of the molecular crosstalk between the ER stress, the unfolded protein response (UPR), and lipid homeostasis remains limited, there is increasing evidence that dysregulation of either protein or lipid homeostasis profoundly affects the other. Most research regarding UPR signaling in human diseases has focused on the causes and consequences of disrupted protein folding. The UPR itself consists of very complex pathways that function to not only maintain protein homeostasis, but just as importantly, modulate lipid biogenesis to allow the ER to adjust and promote cell survival. Lipid dysregulation is known to activate many aspects of the UPR, but the complexity of this crosstalk remains a major research barrier. ER lipid disequilibrium and lipotoxicity are known to be important contributors to numerous human pathologies, including insulin resistance, liver disease, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Despite their medical significance and continuous research, however, the molecular mechanisms that modulate lipid synthesis during ER stress conditions, and their impact on cell fate decisions, remain poorly understood. Here we summarize the current view on crosstalk and connections between altered lipid metabolism, ER stress, and the UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Białek
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Paulina Czechowicz
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Sławski
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - James F Collawn
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Aleksander Czogalla
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Bartoszewski
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland.
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3
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Wakabayashi Y, Shimono A, Terauchi Y, Zeng C, Hamada M, Semba K, Watanabe S, Ishikawa K. Identification of a novel RNA transcript TISPL upregulated by stressors that stimulate ATF4. Gene 2024; 917:148464. [PMID: 38615981 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Cells sense, respond, and adapt to environmental conditions that cause stress. In a previous study using HeLa cells, we isolated reporter cells responding to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inducers, thapsigargin and tunicamycin, using a highly sensitive promoter trap vector system. Splinkerette PCR and 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (5' RACE) identified a novel transcript that is upregulated by ER stress. Its endogenous expression increased approximately 10-fold in response to thapsigargin and tunicamycin within 1 h, but was down-regulated after 4 h. Because the transcript starts from an intron of a long noncoding RNA known as LINC-PINT, we designated the newly identified transcript TISPL (transcript induced by stressors from LINC-PINTlocus). TISPL was also expressed under several other stress conditions. It was particularly increased > 10-fold upon glucose starvation and 7-fold by arsenite exposure. Furthermore, in silico analyses, including a ChIP-atlas search, revealed that there is an ATF4-binding region with a c/ebp-Atf response element (CARE) downstream of the transcription start site of TISPL. Based on these results, we hypothesized that TISPL may be induced by the phospho-eIF2α and ATF4- axis of the integrated stress response pathway, which is known to be activated by the stress conditions listed above. As expected, knockout of ATF4 abolished the stress-induced upregulation of TISPL. Our results indicate that TISPL may be a useful biomarker for detecting stress conditions that activate ATF4. Our highly sensitive trap vector system proved beneficial in discovering new biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Wakabayashi
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Aika Shimono
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Yuki Terauchi
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Chao Zeng
- Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Michiaki Hamada
- Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Kentaro Semba
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Shinya Watanabe
- Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ishikawa
- Japan Biological Informatics Consortium (JBiC), 2-4-32 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8073, Japan.
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Griñán‐Ferré C, Jarné‐Ferrer J, Bellver‐Sanchís A, Codony S, Puigoriol‐Illamola D, Sanfeliu C, Oh Y, Lee S, Vázquez S, Pallàs M. Novel molecular mechanism driving neuroprotection after soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition: Insights for Alzheimer's disease therapeutics. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14511. [PMID: 37905690 PMCID: PMC11017401 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation is widely recognized as a significant hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To combat neuroinflammation, the inhibition of the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) enzyme has been demonstrated crucial. Importantly, sEH inhibition could be related to other neuroprotective pathways described in AD. AIMS The aim of the study was to unveil new molecular pathways driving neuroprotection through sEH, we used an optimized, potent, and selective sEH inhibitor (sEHi, UB-SCG-51). MATERIALS AND METHODS UB-SCG-51 was tested in neuroblastoma cell line, SH-SY5Y, in primary mouse and human astrocytes cultures challenged with proinflammatory insults and in microglia cultures treated with amyloid oligomers, as well as in mice AD model (5XFAD). RESULTS UB-SCG-51 (10 and 30 μM) prevented neurotoxic reactive-astrocyte conversion in primary mouse astrocytes challenged with TNF-α, IL-1α, and C1q (T/I/C) combination for 24 h. Moreover, in microglial cultures, sEHi reduced inflammation and glial activity. In addition, UB-SCG-51 rescued 5XFAD cognitive impairment, reducing the number of Amyloid-β plaques and Tau hyperphosphorylation accompanied by a reduction in neuroinflammation and apoptotic markers. Notably, a transcriptional profile analysis revealed a new pathway modulated by sEHi treatment. Specifically, the eIF2α/CHOP pathway, which promoted the endoplasmic reticulum response, was increased in the 5XFAD-treated group. These findings were confirmed in human primary astrocytes by combining sEHi and eIF2α inhibitor (eIF2αi) treatment. Besides, combining both treatments resulted in increased in C3 gene expression after T/I/C compared with the group treated with sEHi alone in cultures. DISCUSSION Therefore, sEHi rescued cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration in AD mice model, based on the reduction of inflammation and eIF2α/CHOP signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS In whole, our results support the concept that targeting neuroinflammation through sEH inhibition is a promising therapeutic strategy to fight against Alzheimer's disease with additive and/or synergistic activities targeting neuroinflammation and cell stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Griñán‐Ferré
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic ChemistryInstitut de Neurociències‐Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Júlia Jarné‐Ferrer
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic ChemistryInstitut de Neurociències‐Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Aina Bellver‐Sanchís
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic ChemistryInstitut de Neurociències‐Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Sandra Codony
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (CSIC Associated Unit), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB)University of Barcelona (UB)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Dolors Puigoriol‐Illamola
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic ChemistryInstitut de Neurociències‐Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Coral Sanfeliu
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Yumin Oh
- Neuraly Inc.MarylandGaithersburgUSA
| | | | - Santiago Vázquez
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (CSIC Associated Unit), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB)University of Barcelona (UB)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Mercè Pallàs
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic ChemistryInstitut de Neurociències‐Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
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Cui H, Wang C, Maan H, Pang K, Luo F, Duan N, Wang B. scGPT: toward building a foundation model for single-cell multi-omics using generative AI. Nat Methods 2024:10.1038/s41592-024-02201-0. [PMID: 38409223 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-024-02201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Generative pretrained models have achieved remarkable success in various domains such as language and computer vision. Specifically, the combination of large-scale diverse datasets and pretrained transformers has emerged as a promising approach for developing foundation models. Drawing parallels between language and cellular biology (in which texts comprise words; similarly, cells are defined by genes), our study probes the applicability of foundation models to advance cellular biology and genetic research. Using burgeoning single-cell sequencing data, we have constructed a foundation model for single-cell biology, scGPT, based on a generative pretrained transformer across a repository of over 33 million cells. Our findings illustrate that scGPT effectively distills critical biological insights concerning genes and cells. Through further adaptation of transfer learning, scGPT can be optimized to achieve superior performance across diverse downstream applications. This includes tasks such as cell type annotation, multi-batch integration, multi-omic integration, perturbation response prediction and gene network inference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Cui
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontartio, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Vector Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chloe Wang
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontartio, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Vector Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hassaan Maan
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontartio, Canada
- Vector Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kuan Pang
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Vector Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fengning Luo
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Vector Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nan Duan
- Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontartio, Canada.
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Vector Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- AI Hub, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Chojnacka-Puchta L, Sawicka D, Zapor L, Miranowicz-Dzierzawska K. Assessing cytotoxicity and endoplasmic reticulum stress in human blood-brain barrier cells due to silver and copper oxide nanoparticles. J Appl Genet 2024:10.1007/s13353-024-00833-8. [PMID: 38332387 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-024-00833-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, it has been generally accepted that metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) may induce stress in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a key organelle where protein folding occurs. We examined ER stress in immortalized human cerebral microvascular cells (hCMEC/D3) after exposure to silver-NPs (Ag-NPs)- and copper oxide-NPs (CuO-NPs) induced toxicity at < 10 nm and < 40 nm or < 50 nm diameters, respectively. In cytotoxicity assessments, cells were exposed to different CuO-NPs (5-400 µg/mL) or Ag-NPs (1-10 µg/mL) concentration ranges for 24 h and 72 h, and tetrazole salt reduction assays (EZ4U) were performed. Also, Ag-NP or CuO-NP effects on cell proliferation, apoptosis (caspase 3/7 assays), and ER stress and cell morphology were evaluated. In ER stress assessments, RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1a), and others stress factor mRNA levels were determined after 24 h treatment using Real-Time PCR. Increased stress sensors (IRE1a, PERK, and ATF6) mRNA levels were observed after exposure to Ag-NPs (< 10 and < 40 nm) or CuO-NPs (< 50 nm). We investigated the expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins (barrier junctions) and showed that both types of NP reduced of OCLN gene expression. Morphological changes were observed after Ag-NP or CuO-NP exposure using holotomographic microscopy. Our data suggest that Ag- and CuO-NPs should undergo future in vitro and in vivo toxicology studies, especially for downstream biomedical application and occupational risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Chojnacka-Puchta
- Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute, Czerniakowska 16, 00-701, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Dorota Sawicka
- Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute, Czerniakowska 16, 00-701, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lidia Zapor
- Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute, Czerniakowska 16, 00-701, Warsaw, Poland
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7
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Cudjoe O, Afful R, Hagan TA. Toxoplasma-host endoplasmic reticulum interaction: How T. gondii activates unfolded protein response and modulates immune response. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2024; 6:100223. [PMID: 38352129 PMCID: PMC10861954 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2024.100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a neurotropic single-celled zoonotic parasite that can infect human beings and animals. Infection with T. gondii is usually asymptomatic in immune-competent individual, however, it can cause symptomatic and life-threatening conditions in immunocompromised individuals and in developing foetuses. Although the mechanisms that allow T. gondii to persist in host cells are poorly understood, studies in animal models have greatly improved our understanding of Toxoplasma-host cell interaction and how this interaction modulates parasite proliferation and development, host immune response and virulence of the parasite. T. gondii is capable of recruiting the host endoplasmic reticulum (ER), suggesting it may influence the host ER function. Herein, we provide an overview of T. gondii infection and the role of host ER during stressed conditions. Furthermore, we highlight studies that explore T. gondii's interaction with the host ER. We delve into how this interaction activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) and ER stress-mediated apoptosis. Additionally, we examine how T. gondii exploits these pathways to its advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obed Cudjoe
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Klintaps College of Health and Allied Sciences, DTD TDC Plot 30A, Klagon, Tema, Ghana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Roger Afful
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Klintaps College of Health and Allied Sciences, DTD TDC Plot 30A, Klagon, Tema, Ghana
| | - Tonny Abraham Hagan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China
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Chen H, Wang YD, Blan AW, Almanza-Fuerte EP, Bonkowski ES, Bajpai R, Pruett-Miller SM, Mefford HC. Patient derived model of UBA5-associated encephalopathy identifies defects in neurodevelopment and highlights potential therapies. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.25.577254. [PMID: 38328212 PMCID: PMC10849720 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.25.577254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
UBA5 encodes for the E1 enzyme of the UFMylation cascade, which plays an essential role in ER homeostasis. The clinical phenotypes of UBA5-associated encephalopathy include developmental delays, epilepsy and intellectual disability. To date, there is no humanized neuronal model to study the cellular and molecular consequences of UBA5 pathogenic variants. We developed and characterized patient-derived cortical organoid cultures and identified defects in GABAergic interneuron development. We demonstrated aberrant neuronal firing and microcephaly phenotypes in patient-derived organoids. Mechanistically, we show that ER homeostasis is perturbed along with exacerbated unfolded protein response pathway in cells and organoids expressing UBA5 pathogenic variants. We also assessed two gene expression modalities that augmented UBA5 expression to rescue aberrant molecular and cellular phenotypes. Our study provides a novel humanized model that allows further investigations of UBA5 variants in the brain and highlights novel systemic approaches to alleviate cellular aberrations for this rare, developmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Chen
- Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yong-Dong Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis TN, USA
| | - Aidan W. Blan
- Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Edith P. Almanza-Fuerte
- Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Emily S. Bonkowski
- Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Richa Bajpai
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis TN, USA
- Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis TN, USA
| | - Shondra M. Pruett-Miller
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis TN, USA
- Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis TN, USA
| | - Heather C. Mefford
- Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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9
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Rowland MB, Moore PE, Correll RN. Regulation of cardiac fibroblast cell death by unfolded protein response signaling. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1304669. [PMID: 38283278 PMCID: PMC10811265 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1304669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a tightly regulated organelle that requires specific environmental properties to efficiently carry out its function as a major site of protein synthesis and folding. Embedded in the ER membrane, ER stress sensors inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) serve as a sensitive quality control system collectively known as the unfolded protein response (UPR). In response to an accumulation of misfolded proteins, the UPR signals for protective mechanisms to cope with the cellular stress. Under prolonged unstable conditions and an inability to regain homeostasis, the UPR can shift from its original adaptive response to mechanisms leading to UPR-induced apoptosis. These UPR signaling pathways have been implicated as an important feature in the development of cardiac fibrosis, but identifying effective treatments has been difficult. Therefore, the apoptotic mechanisms of UPR signaling in cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) are important to our understanding of chronic fibrosis in the heart. Here, we summarize the maladaptive side of the UPR, activated downstream pathways associated with cell death, and agents that have been used to modify UPR-induced apoptosis in CFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B. Rowland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | - Patrick E. Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | - Robert N. Correll
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
- Center for Convergent Bioscience and Medicine, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
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10
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Saito A, Omura I, Imaizumi K. CREB3L1/OASIS: cell cycle regulator and tumor suppressor. FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 38215153 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Cell cycle checkpoints detect DNA errors, eventually arresting the cell cycle to promote DNA repair. Failure of such cell cycle arrest causes aberrant cell proliferation, promoting the pathogenesis of multiple diseases, including cancer. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress transducers activate the unfolded protein response, which not only deals with unfolded proteins in ER lumen but also orchestrates diverse physiological phenomena such as cell differentiation and lipid metabolism. Among ER stress transducers, cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 (CREB3L1) [also known as old astrocyte specifically induced substance (OASIS)] is an ER-resident transmembrane transcription factor. This molecule is cleaved by regulated intramembrane proteolysis, followed by activation as a transcription factor. OASIS is preferentially expressed in specific cells, including astrocytes and osteoblasts, to regulate their differentiation. In accordance with its name, OASIS was originally identified as being upregulated in long-term-cultured astrocytes undergoing cell cycle arrest because of replicative stress. In the context of cell cycle regulation, previously unknown physiological roles of OASIS have been discovered. OASIS is activated as a transcription factor in response to DNA damage to induce p21-mediated cell cycle arrest. Although p21 is directly induced by the master regulator of the cell cycle, p53, no crosstalk occurs between p21 induction by OASIS or p53. Here, we summarize previously unknown cell cycle regulation by ER-resident transcription factor OASIS, particularly focusing on commonalities and differences in cell cycle arrest between OASIS and p53. This review also mentions tumorigenesis caused by OASIS dysfunctions, and OASIS's potential as a tumor suppressor and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Saito
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Issei Omura
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Kazunori Imaizumi
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
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11
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Zhang SX, Wang JJ, Starr CR, Lee EJ, Park KS, Zhylkibayev A, Medina A, Lin JH, Gorbatyuk M. The endoplasmic reticulum: Homeostasis and crosstalk in retinal health and disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 98:101231. [PMID: 38092262 PMCID: PMC11056313 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2023.101231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest intracellular organelle carrying out a broad range of important cellular functions including protein biosynthesis, folding, and trafficking, lipid and sterol biosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and calcium storage and gated release. In addition, the ER makes close contact with multiple intracellular organelles such as mitochondria and the plasma membrane to actively regulate the biogenesis, remodeling, and function of these organelles. Therefore, maintaining a homeostatic and functional ER is critical for the survival and function of cells. This vital process is implemented through well-orchestrated signaling pathways of the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR is activated when misfolded or unfolded proteins accumulate in the ER, a condition known as ER stress, and functions to restore ER homeostasis thus promoting cell survival. However, prolonged activation or dysregulation of the UPR can lead to cell death and other detrimental events such as inflammation and oxidative stress; these processes are implicated in the pathogenesis of many human diseases including retinal disorders. In this review manuscript, we discuss the unique features of the ER and ER stress signaling in the retina and retinal neurons and describe recent advances in the research to uncover the role of ER stress signaling in neurodegenerative retinal diseases including age-related macular degeneration, inherited retinal degeneration, achromatopsia and cone diseases, and diabetic retinopathy. In some chapters, we highlight the complex interactions between the ER and other intracellular organelles focusing on mitochondria and illustrate how ER stress signaling regulates common cellular stress pathways such as autophagy. We also touch upon the integrated stress response in retinal degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. Finally, we provide an update on the current development of pharmacological agents targeting the UPR response and discuss some unresolved questions and knowledge gaps to be addressed by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah X Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States.
| | - Josh J Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Christopher R Starr
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Eun-Jin Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Karen Sophia Park
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Assylbek Zhylkibayev
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Andy Medina
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan H Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Marina Gorbatyuk
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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12
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Russell ND, Jorde LB, Chow CY. Characterizing genetic variation in the regulation of the ER stress response through computational and cis-eQTL analyses. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad229. [PMID: 37792690 PMCID: PMC10700025 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) elicit the ER stress response, a large transcriptional response driven by 3 well-characterized transcription factors (TFs). This transcriptional response is variable across different genetic backgrounds. One mechanism in which genetic variation can lead to transcriptional variability in the ER stress response is through altered binding and activity of the 3 main TFs: XBP1, ATF6, and ATF4. This work attempts to better understand this mechanism by first creating a computational pipeline to identify potential binding sites throughout the human genome. We utilized GTEx data sets to identify cis-eQTLs that fall within predicted TF binding sites (TFBSs). We also utilized the ClinVar database to compare the number of pathogenic vs benign variants at different positions of the binding motifs. Finally, we performed a cis-eQTL analysis on human cell lines experiencing ER stress to identify cis-eQTLs that regulate the variable ER stress response. The majority of these cis-eQTLs are unique to a given condition: control or ER stress. Some of these stress-specific cis-eQTLs fall within putative binding sites of the 3 main ER stress response TFs, providing a potential mechanism by which these cis-eQTLs might be impacting gene expression under ER stress conditions through altered TF binding. This study represents the first cis-eQTL analysis on human samples experiencing ER stress and is a vital step toward identifying the genetic components responsible for the variable ER stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki D Russell
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Lynn B Jorde
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Clement Y Chow
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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13
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Edirisinghe NM, Manamperi NH, Wanasinghe VS, Karunaweera ND. Unfolded protein response pathway in leishmaniasis: A review. Parasite Immunol 2023; 45:e13009. [PMID: 37571855 PMCID: PMC10660540 DOI: 10.1111/pim.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Alteration in the physiological state of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leads to the specific response known as unfolded protein response (UPR) or ER stress response. The UPR is driven by three sensor proteins, namely: Inositol-Requiring Enzyme 1, Protein Kinase RNA-like ER kinase and Activating Transcription Factor 6 to restore ER homeostasis. Pathogenic infection can initiate UPR activation; some pathogens can subvert the UPR to promote their survival and replication. Many intracellular pathogens, including Leishmania, can interact and hijack ER for their survival and replication, triggering ER stress and subsequently ER stress response. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the ER stress response in infections with the Leishmania species.
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14
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Zhang X, Liu B, Lal K, Liu H, Tran M, Zhou M, Ezugwu C, Gao X, Dang T, Au ML, Brown E, Wu H, Liao Y. Antioxidant System and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Cataracts. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:4041-4058. [PMID: 37874455 PMCID: PMC10842247 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01427-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The primary underlying contributor for cataract, a leading cause of vision impairment and blindness worldwide, is oxidative stress. Oxidative stress triggers protein damage, cell apoptosis, and subsequent cataract formation. The nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) serves as a principal redox transcriptional factor in the lens, offering a line of defense against oxidative stress. In response to oxidative challenges, Nrf2 dissociates from its inhibitor, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), moves to the nucleus, and binds to the antioxidant response element (ARE) to activate the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant system. In parallel, oxidative stress also induces endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). Reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated during oxidative stress, can directly damage proteins, causing them to misfold. Initially, the unfolded protein response (UPR) activates to mitigate excessive misfolded proteins. Yet, under persistent or severe stress, the failure to rectify protein misfolding leads to an accumulation of these aberrant proteins, pushing the UPR towards an apoptotic pathway, further contributing to cataractogenesis. Importantly, there is a dynamic interaction between the Nrf2 antioxidant system and the ERS/UPR mechanism in the lens. This interplay, where ERS/UPR can modulate Nrf2 expression and vice versa, holds potential therapeutic implications for cataract prevention and treatment. This review explores the intricate crosstalk between these systems, aiming to illuminate strategies for future advancements in cataract prevention and intervention. The Nrf2-dependent antioxidant system communicates and cross-talks with the ERS/UPR pathway. Both mechanisms are proposed to play pivotal roles in the onset of cataract formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bingqing Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Kevin Lal
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Haihua Liu
- Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Myhoa Tran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Manyu Zhou
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chimdindu Ezugwu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Xin Gao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Terry Dang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - My-Lien Au
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Erica Brown
- School of Medicine, Texas Christian University and University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Hongli Wu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
| | - Yan Liao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
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15
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Sharma S, Le Guillou D, Chen JY. Cellular stress in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 20:662-678. [PMID: 37679454 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00832-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The burden of chronic liver disease is rising substantially worldwide. Fibrosis, characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, is the common pathway leading to cirrhosis, and limited treatment options are available. There is increasing evidence suggesting the role of cellular stress responses contributing to fibrogenesis. This Review provides an overview of studies that analyse the role of cellular stress in different cell types involved in fibrogenesis, including hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Sharma
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dounia Le Guillou
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Y Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- The Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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16
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Bartoszewska S, Sławski J, Collawn JF, Bartoszewski R. Dual RNase activity of IRE1 as a target for anticancer therapies. J Cell Commun Signal 2023:10.1007/s12079-023-00784-5. [PMID: 37721642 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-023-00784-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cellular mechanism that protects cells during stress conditions in which there is an accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). UPR activates three signaling pathways that function to alleviate stress conditions and promote cellular homeostasis and cell survival. During unmitigated stress conditions, however, UPR activation signaling changes to promote cell death through apoptosis. Interestingly, cancer cells take advantage of this pathway to facilitate survival and avoid apoptosis even during prolonged cell stress conditions. Here, we discuss different signaling pathways associated with UPR and focus specifically on one of the ER signaling pathways activated during UPR, inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1). The rationale is that the IRE1 pathway is associated with cell fate decisions and recognized as a promising target for cancer therapeutics. Here we discuss IRE1 inhibitors and how they might prove to be an effective cancer therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Bartoszewska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jakub Sławski
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14a Street, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - James F Collawn
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Rafał Bartoszewski
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14a Street, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland.
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17
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Maruyama R, Sugiyama T. ER Stress Decreases Gene Expression Of Transmembrane Protein 117 Via Activation of PKR-like ER Kinase. Cell Biochem Biophys 2023; 81:459-468. [PMID: 37421592 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-023-01150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Stress response is an inherent mechanism in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The inducers of ER cause a specific cascade of reactions, leading to gene expression. Transmembrane protein 117 (TMEM117) is in the ER and plasma membrane. In our previous study, TMEM117 protein expression was found to be decreased by an ER stress inducer. However, the mechanism underlying this decrease in TMEM117 protein expression remains unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism underlying the decrease in TMEM117 protein expression during ER stress and identify the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway related to decreased TMEM117 protein expression. We showed that the gene expression levels of TMEM117 were decreased by ER stress inducers and were regulated by PKR-like ER kinase (PERK), indicating that TMEM117 protein expression was regulated by the signaling pathway. Surprisingly, gene knockdown of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) downstream of PERK did not affect the gene expression of TMEM117. These results suggest that TMEM117 protein expression during ER stress is transcriptionally regulated by PERK but not by ATF4. TMEM117 has a potential to be a new therapeutic target against ER stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuto Maruyama
- Graduate School of Bionics, Tokyo University of Technology, 1401-1 Katakura-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0982, Japan.
- Department of Life Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8501, Japan.
| | - Tomoyasu Sugiyama
- Graduate School of Bionics, Tokyo University of Technology, 1401-1 Katakura-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0982, Japan
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18
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Fink EE, Nanavaty V, Lee BH, Ting AH. Heat shock induces alternative polyadenylation through dynamic DNA methylation-regulated chromatin looping. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.25.554792. [PMID: 37662379 PMCID: PMC10473739 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.25.554792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Alternative cleavage and polyadenylation (APA) is a gene regulatory mechanism used by cells under stress to upregulate proteostasis-promoting transcripts, but how cells achieve this remains poorly understood. Previously, we elucidated a DNA methylation-regulated APA mechanism, in which gene body DNA methylation enhances distal poly(A) isoform expression by blocking CTCF binding and chromatin loop formation at APA control regions. We hypothesized that DNA methylation-regulated APA is one mechanism cells employ to induce proteostasis-promoting poly(A) isoforms. At the DNAJB6 co-chaperone gene locus, acute heat shock resulted in binding of stress response transcription factors HSF1, ATF6, and YY1 at the APA control region and an increase in the expression of the proximal poly(A) isoform known to prevent protein aggregation. Furthermore, TET1 was recruited to rapidly demethylate DNA, facilitating CTCF binding and chromatin loop formation, thereby reinforcing preferential proximal poly(A) isoform expression. As cells recovered, the transcription factors vacated the APA control region, and DNMT1 was recruited to remethylate the region. This process resolved chromatin looping and reset the poly(A) isoform expression pattern. Our findings unveil an epigenetic mechanism enabling cells to dynamically modulate poly(A) isoforms in response to stress while shedding light on the interplay between DNA methylation, transcription factors, and chromatin looping.
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19
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Arabkari V, Sultana A, Barua D, Webber M, Smith T, Gupta A, Gupta S. UPR-Induced miR-616 Inhibits Human Breast Cancer Cell Growth and Migration by Targeting c-MYC. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13034. [PMID: 37685841 PMCID: PMC10487498 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), also known as growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein 153 (GADD153), belongs to the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) family. CHOP expression is induced by unfolded protein response (UPR), and sustained CHOP activation acts as a pivotal trigger for ER stress-induced apoptosis. MicroRNA-616 is located within an intron of the CHOP gene. However, the regulation of miR-616 expression during UPR and its function in breast cancer is not clearly understood. Here we show that the expression of miR-616 and CHOP (host gene of miR-616) is downregulated in human breast cancer. Both miR-5p/-3p arms of miR-616 are expressed with levels of the 5p arm higher than the 3p arm. During conditions of ER stress, the expression of miR-616-5p and miR-616-3p arms was concordantly increased primarily through the PERK pathway. Our results show that ectopic expression of miR-616 significantly suppressed cell proliferation and colony formation, whereas knockout of miR-616 increased it. We found that miR-616 represses c-MYC expression via binding sites located in its protein coding region. Furthermore, we show that miR-616 exerted growth inhibitory effects on cells by suppressing c-MYC expression. Our results establish a new role for the CHOP locus by providing evidence that miR-616 can inhibit cell proliferation by targeting c-MYC. In summary, our results suggest a dual function for the CHOP locus, where CHOP protein and miR-616 can cooperate to inhibit cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Arabkari
- Discipline of Pathology, Cancer Progression and Treatment Research Group, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; (V.A.); (A.S.); (D.B.); (M.W.)
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Afrin Sultana
- Discipline of Pathology, Cancer Progression and Treatment Research Group, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; (V.A.); (A.S.); (D.B.); (M.W.)
| | - David Barua
- Discipline of Pathology, Cancer Progression and Treatment Research Group, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; (V.A.); (A.S.); (D.B.); (M.W.)
| | - Mark Webber
- Discipline of Pathology, Cancer Progression and Treatment Research Group, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; (V.A.); (A.S.); (D.B.); (M.W.)
| | - Terry Smith
- Molecular Diagnostic Research Group, College of Science, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland;
| | - Ananya Gupta
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland;
| | - Sanjeev Gupta
- Discipline of Pathology, Cancer Progression and Treatment Research Group, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; (V.A.); (A.S.); (D.B.); (M.W.)
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20
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Gebert M, Sławski J, Kalinowski L, Collawn JF, Bartoszewski R. The Unfolded Protein Response: A Double-Edged Sword for Brain Health. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1648. [PMID: 37627643 PMCID: PMC10451475 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient brain function requires as much as 20% of the total oxygen intake to support normal neuronal cell function. This level of oxygen usage, however, leads to the generation of free radicals, and thus can lead to oxidative stress and potentially to age-related cognitive decay and even neurodegenerative diseases. The regulation of this system requires a complex monitoring network to maintain proper oxygen homeostasis. Furthermore, the high content of mitochondria in the brain has elevated glucose demands, and thus requires a normal redox balance. Maintaining this is mediated by adaptive stress response pathways that permit cells to survive oxidative stress and to minimize cellular damage. These stress pathways rely on the proper function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), a cellular pathway responsible for normal ER function and cell survival. Interestingly, the UPR has two opposing signaling pathways, one that promotes cell survival and one that induces apoptosis. In this narrative review, we discuss the opposing roles of the UPR signaling pathways and how a better understanding of these stress pathways could potentially allow for the development of effective strategies to prevent age-related cognitive decay as well as treat neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Gebert
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics—Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.pl, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-134 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jakub Sławski
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14a Street, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Leszek Kalinowski
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics—Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.pl, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-134 Gdansk, Poland
- BioTechMed Centre, Department of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - James F. Collawn
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Rafal Bartoszewski
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14a Street, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
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21
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Verjan Garcia N, Hong KU, Matoba N. The Unfolded Protein Response and Its Implications for Novel Therapeutic Strategies in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2066. [PMID: 37509705 PMCID: PMC10377089 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11072066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a multifunctional organelle playing a vital role in maintaining cell homeostasis, and disruptions to its functions can have detrimental effects on cells. Dysregulated ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) have been linked to various human diseases. For example, ER stress and the activation of the UPR signaling pathways in intestinal epithelial cells can either exacerbate or alleviate the severity of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), contingent on the degree and conditions of activation. Our recent studies have shown that EPICERTIN, a recombinant variant of the cholera toxin B subunit containing an ER retention motif, can induce a protective UPR in colon epithelial cells, subsequently promoting epithelial restitution and mucosal healing in IBD models. These findings support the idea that compounds modulating UPR may be promising pharmaceutical candidates for the treatment of the disease. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the ER stress and UPR in IBD, focusing on their roles in maintaining cell homeostasis, dysregulation, and disease pathogenesis. Additionally, we discuss therapeutic strategies that promote the cytoprotection of colon epithelial cells and reduce inflammation via pharmacological manipulation of the UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Verjan Garcia
- UofL Health-Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Kyung U Hong
- UofL Health-Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Matoba
- UofL Health-Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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22
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Choi EH, Park SJ. TXNIP: A key protein in the cellular stress response pathway and a potential therapeutic target. Exp Mol Med 2023:10.1038/s12276-023-01019-8. [PMID: 37394581 PMCID: PMC10393958 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), which is also known as thioredoxin-binding protein 2 (TBP2), directly interacts with the major antioxidant protein thioredoxin (TRX) and inhibits its antioxidant function and expression. However, recent studies have demonstrated that TXNIP is a multifunctional protein with functions beyond increasing intracellular oxidative stress. TXNIP activates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor protein-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome complex formation, triggers mitochondrial stress-induced apoptosis, and stimulates inflammatory cell death (pyroptosis). These newly discovered functions of TXNIP highlight its role in disease development, especially in response to several cellular stress factors. In this review, we provide an overview of the multiple functions of TXNIP in pathological conditions and summarize its involvement in various diseases, such as diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and neurodegenerative diseases. We also discuss the potential of TXNIP as a therapeutic target and TXNIP inhibitors as novel therapeutic drugs for treating these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Hwan Choi
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu, 41061, South Korea
| | - Sun-Ji Park
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu, 41061, South Korea.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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23
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Dang TT, Kim MJ, Lee YY, Le HT, Kim KH, Nam S, Hyun SH, Kim HL, Chung SW, Chung HT, Jho EH, Yoshida H, Kim K, Park CY, Lee MS, Back SH. Phosphorylation of EIF2S1 (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha) is indispensable for nuclear translocation of TFEB and TFE3 during ER stress. Autophagy 2023; 19:2111-2142. [PMID: 36719671 PMCID: PMC10283430 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2173900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There are diverse links between macroautophagy/autophagy pathways and unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress conditions to restore ER homeostasis. Phosphorylation of EIF2S1/eIF2α is an important mechanism that can regulate all three UPR pathways through transcriptional and translational reprogramming to maintain cellular homeostasis and overcome cellular stresses. In this study, to investigate the roles of EIF2S1 phosphorylation in regulation of autophagy during ER stress, we used EIF2S1 phosphorylation-deficient (A/A) cells in which residue 51 was mutated from serine to alanine. A/A cells exhibited defects in several steps of autophagic processes (such as autophagosome and autolysosome formation) that are regulated by the transcriptional activities of the autophagy master transcription factors TFEB and TFE3 under ER stress conditions. EIF2S1 phosphorylation was required for nuclear translocation of TFEB and TFE3 during ER stress. In addition, EIF2AK3/PERK, PPP3/calcineurin-mediated dephosphorylation of TFEB and TFE3, and YWHA/14-3-3 dissociation were required for their nuclear translocation, but were insufficient to induce their nuclear retention during ER stress. Overexpression of the activated ATF6/ATF6α form, XBP1s, and ATF4 differentially rescued defects of TFEB and TFE3 nuclear translocation in A/A cells during ER stress. Consequently, overexpression of the activated ATF6 or TFEB form more efficiently rescued autophagic defects, although XBP1s and ATF4 also displayed an ability to restore autophagy in A/A cells during ER stress. Our results suggest that EIF2S1 phosphorylation is important for autophagy and UPR pathways, to restore ER homeostasis and reveal how EIF2S1 phosphorylation connects UPR pathways to autophagy.Abbreviations: A/A: EIF2S1 phosphorylation-deficient; ACTB: actin beta; Ad-: adenovirus-; ATF6: activating transcription factor 6; ATZ: SERPINA1/α1-antitrypsin with an E342K (Z) mutation; Baf A1: bafilomycin A1; BSA: bovine serum albumin; CDK4: cyclin dependent kinase 4; CDK6: cyclin dependent kinase 6; CHX: cycloheximide; CLEAR: coordinated lysosomal expression and regulation; Co-IP: coimmunoprecipitation; CTSB: cathepsin B; CTSD: cathepsin D; CTSL: cathepsin L; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride; DMEM: Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; DTT: dithiothreitol; EBSS: Earle's Balanced Salt Solution; EGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; EIF2S1/eIF2α: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha; EIF2AK3/PERK: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERAD: endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation; ERN1/IRE1α: endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1; FBS: fetal bovine serum; gRNA: guide RNA; GSK3B/GSK3β: glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; HA: hemagglutinin; Hep: immortalized hepatocyte; IF: immunofluorescence; IRES: internal ribosome entry site; KO: knockout; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; LMB: leptomycin B; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MAP1LC3A/B/LC3A/B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha/beta; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MEFs: mouse embryonic fibroblasts; MFI: mean fluorescence intensity; MTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex 1; NES: nuclear export signal; NFE2L2/NRF2: NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2; OE: overexpression; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PLA: proximity ligation assay; PPP3/calcineurin: protein phosphatase 3; PTM: post-translational modification; SDS: sodium dodecyl sulfate; SDS-PAGE: sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; SEM: standard error of the mean; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TFE3: transcription factor E3; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TFs: transcription factors; Tg: thapsigargin; Tm: tunicamycin; UPR: unfolded protein response; WB: western blot; WT: wild-type; Xbp1s: spliced Xbp1; XPO1/CRM1: exportin 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao Thi Dang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Korea
| | - Mi-Jeong Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Korea
| | - Yoon Young Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Korea
| | - Hien Thi Le
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Korea
| | - Kook Hwan Kim
- Severance Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 03722, Seoul, Korea
| | - Somi Nam
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Korea
| | - Seung Hwa Hyun
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Korea
| | - Hong Lim Kim
- Integrative Research Support Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Wol Chung
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Korea
| | - Hun Taeg Chung
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Korea
| | - Eek-Hoon Jho
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hiderou Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 678-1297, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, 02841, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan Young Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Korea
| | - Myung-Shik Lee
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science & Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, SIMS (Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science) & Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Soonchunhyang University, 31151, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Back
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Korea
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24
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Yurttas AG, Okat Z, Elgun T, Cifci KU, Sevim AM, Gul A. Genetic deviation associated with photodynamic therapy in HeLa cell. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 42:103346. [PMID: 36809810 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a method that is used in cancer treatment. The main therapeutic effect is the production of singlet oxygen (1O2). Phthalocyanines for PDT produce high singlet oxygen with absorbers of about 600-700 nm. AIM It is aimed to analyze cancer cell pathways by flow cytometry analysis and cancer-related genes with q-PCR device by applying phthalocyanine L1ZnPC, which we use as photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy, in HELA cell line. In this study, we investigate the molecular basis of L1ZnPC's anti-cancer activity. MATERIAL METHOD The cytotoxic effects of L1ZnPC, a phthalocyanine obtained from our previous study, in HELA cells were evaluated and it was determined that it led to a high rate of death as a result. The result of photodynamic therapy was analyzed using q-PCR. From the data received at the conclusion of this investigation, gene expression values were calculated, and expression levels were assessed using the 2-∆∆Ct method to examine the relative changes in these values. Cell death pathways were interpreted with the FLOW cytometer device. One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey-Kramer Multiple Comparison Test with Post-hoc Test were used for the statistical analysis. CONCLUSION In our study, it was observed that HELA cancer cells underwent apoptosis at a rate of 80% with drug application plus photodynamic therapy by flow cytometry method. According to q-PCR results, CT values of eight out of eighty-four genes were found to be significant and their association with cancer was evaluated. L1ZnPC is a new phthalocyanine used in this study and our findings should be supported by further studies. For this reason, different analyses are needed to be performed with this drug in different cancer cell lines. In conclusion, according to our results, this drug looks promising but still needs to be analyzed through new studies. It is necessary to examine in detail which signaling pathways they use and their mechanism of action. For this, additional experiments are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asiye Gok Yurttas
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul Health and Technology University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Zehra Okat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tugba Elgun
- Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kezban Ucar Cifci
- Division of Basic Sciences and Health, Hemp Research Institute, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey; Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Turkey
| | - Altug Mert Sevim
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Gul
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
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25
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Hu Y, Qi C, Shi J, Tan W, Adiljan Abdurusul, Zhao Z, Xu Y, Wu H, Zhang Z. Podocyte-specific deletion of ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 causes podocyte injury by inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:106. [PMID: 36952018 PMCID: PMC11073152 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04747-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) is a unique component of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), which has multiple activities in maintaining intracellular ubiquitin levels. We previously reported the aberrant low expression of UCHL1 in podocytes of non-immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis, and recent studies indicate that anti-UCHL1 antibody was responsible for the refractory minimal change disease (MCD), but the specific effect of UCHL1 to the podocytopathy has not been determined. Therefore, we generated podocyte-specific UCHL1 gene knockout (UCHL1cre/cre) rats model. Podocyte-specific UCHL1 knockout rats exhibited severe kidney damage, including segmental/global glomerulosclerosis, kidney function damage and severe proteinuria, compared with littermate control. Subsequently, by carrying out mass spectrometry analysis of isolated glomeruli of rats, abnormal protein accumulation of ECM-receptor Interaction was found in UCHL1cre/cre rats. Mechanistic studies in vivo and in vitro revealed that aberrant protein accumulation after UCHL1 deficiency induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, unfolded protein reaction (UPR) to reduce the protein level of podocyte skeleton proteins, and CHOP mediated apoptosis as well, which related to the dysfunction of the ubiquitin-proteasome system with decreased free monomeric ubiquitin level, thereby affecting protein ubiquitination and degradation. In addition, inhibition of ER stress by 4-PBA could attenuate the degree of ER stress and podocyte dysfunction. Our study indicates that UCHL1 is a potential target for preventing podocytes injury in some non-immune complex-mediated glomerulopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Hu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyang Qi
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaoyu Shi
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqiang Tan
- Department of Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Adiljan Abdurusul
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonghua Zhao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Frontier Innovation Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Huijuan Wu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Smith BS, Hewitt T, Bakovic M, Lu R. ER stress-associated transcription factor CREB3 is essential for normal Ca 2+, ATP, and ROS homeostasis. Mitochondrion 2023; 69:10-17. [PMID: 36627030 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In mammalian cells, mitochondrial respiration produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide (O2-), which is then converted by the SOD1 enzyme into hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the predominant form of cytosolic ROS. ROS at high levels can be toxic, but below this threshold are important for physiological processes acting as a second messenger similar to Ca2+. Mitochondrial Ca2+ influx from the ER increases ATP and ROS production, while ATP and ROS can regulate Ca2+ homeostasis, leading to an intricate interplay between Ca2+, ROS, and ATP synthesis. The Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) proteins ATF6α and XBP1 contribute to protection from oxidative stress through upregulation of Sod1 and Catalase genes. Here, UPR-associated protein CREB3 is shown to play a role in balancing Ca2+, ROS, and ATP homeostasis. Creb3-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (MEF-/-) were susceptible to H2O2-induced oxidative stress while having a functioning antioxidant gene expression response compared to MEF+/+. MEF-/- cells also contained elevated basal cytosolic ROS levels, which was attributed to drastically increased basal mitochondrial respiration and spare respiratory capacity relative to MEF+/+. MEF-/- cells also showed an increase in endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release and mitochondrial Ca2+ levels hinting at a potential cause for MEF-/- cell mitochondrial dysfunction. These results suggest that CREB3 is essential for maintaining proper Ca2+, ATP, and ROS homeostasis in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon S Smith
- University of Guelph, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Canada
| | - Tristen Hewitt
- University of Guelph, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Canada
| | - Marica Bakovic
- University of Guelph, Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, Canada.
| | - Ray Lu
- University of Guelph, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Canada.
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27
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Fan Q, Takarada-Iemata M, Okitani N, Tamatani T, Ishii H, Hattori T, Kiryu-Seo S, Kiyama H, Hori O. Brain injury triggers cell-type-specific and time-dependent endoplasmic reticulum stress responses. Glia 2023; 71:667-681. [PMID: 36412235 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a signal transduction network that responds to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by coordinating protein homeostasis to maintain cell viability. The UPR can also trigger cell death when adaptive responses fail to improve protein homeostasis. Despite accumulating evidence suggesting that the UPR plays a role in neurodegenerative diseases and brain insults, our understanding of how ER stress is induced under neuropathological conditions is limited. Here, we investigated the cell- and time-specific patterns of the ER stress response after brain injury using ER stress-activated indicator (ERAI) mice, which enable monitoring of the UPR in vivo via increased fluorescence of a spliced XBP-1 protein fused with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) variant Venus. Following cortical stab injury of ERAI mice, the GFP signal and number of GFP+ cells increased in the ipsilateral cortex throughout the observation period (6 h to 7 days post-injury), confirming the induction of the UPR. GFP signals were observed in injured neurons early (from 6 h) after brain injury. However, non-neuronal cells, mainly endothelial cells followed by astrocytes, accounted for the majority of GFP+ cells after brain injury. Similar results were obtained in a mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia. These findings suggest that activation of the UPR in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells, especially endothelial cells and astrocytes, may play an important role in and could be a potential therapeutic target for acute brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyan Fan
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mika Takarada-Iemata
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Nahoko Okitani
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Tamatani
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishii
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hattori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Sumiko Kiryu-Seo
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyama
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Osamu Hori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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28
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Jin S, Jin B, Ishikawa T, Ninagawa S, Okada T, Koyasu S, Harada H, Mori K. Loss of ATF6α in a human carcinoma cell line is compensated not by its paralogue ATF6β but by sustained activation of the IRE1 and PERK arms for tumor growth in nude mice. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar20. [PMID: 36696173 PMCID: PMC10011727 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-07-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To survive poor nutritional conditions, tumor cells activate the unfolded protein response, which is composed of the IRE1, PERK, and ATF6 arms, to maintain the homeostasis of the endoplasmic reticulum, where secretory and transmembrane proteins destined for the secretory pathway gain their correct three-dimensional structure. The requirement of the IRE1 and PERK arms for tumor growth in nude mice is established. Here we investigated the requirement for the ATF6 arm, which consists of ubiquitously expressed ATF6α and ATF6β, by constructing ATF6α-knockout (KO), ATF6β-KO, and ATF6α/β-double KO (DKO) in HCT116 cells derived from human colorectal carcinoma. Results showed that these KO cells grew similarly to wild-type (WT) cells in nude mice, contrary to expectations from our analysis of ATF6α-KO, ATF6β-KO, and ATF6α/β-DKO mice. We then found that the loss of ATF6α in HCT116 cells resulted in sustained activation of the IRE1 and PERK arms in marked contrast to mouse embryonic fibroblasts, in which the loss of ATF6α is compensated for by ATF6β. Although IRE1-KO in HCT116 cells unexpectedly did not affect tumor growth in nude mice, IRE1-KO HCT116 cells with ATF6α knockdown grew significantly more slowly than WT or IRE1-KO HCT116 cells. These results have unraveled the situation-dependent differential compensation strategies of ATF6α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyu Jin
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Byungseok Jin
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tokiro Ishikawa
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ninagawa
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Okada
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Sho Koyasu
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Harada
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Mori
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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29
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Chen Q, Min J, Zhu M, Shi Z, Chen P, Ren L, Wang X. Protective role of PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 pathway in chronic renal failure induced injury of rat hippocampal neurons. Int J Neurosci 2023; 133:123-132. [PMID: 34102956 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2021.1896503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic renal failure (CRF) is associated with impairment of hippocampal neurons. This study investigated the effect of PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 pathway in CRF. METHODS Rat CRF model was established and rat hippocampal neurons were separated. Xanthine Oxidase method, fluorescence spectrophotometry and flow cytometry were applied to detect superoxide dismutase (SOD) content, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and apoptosis in hippocampal neurons, respectively. The levels of phosphorylated (p)-PERK, phosphorylated (p)-eIF2α, CHOP, Bax, C-Caspase-3 and Bcl-2 in rats were measured using Western blot. Then, the neurotoxicity of serum from CRF rats was assessed in rat hippocampal neurons after treatment with rat CRF serum and transfection with or without PERK overexpression or knockdown plasmid. RESULTS SOD activity was reduced, while ROS level and apoptosis rate were increased in hippocampal tissues of CRF rats. PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 and apoptosis pathways were activated in CRF rats. Cells treated with serum from CRF rats showed increases in apoptosis rate and LDH and ROS levels, and decreases in cell viability and SOD activity. However, overexpressed PERK could reverse the cytotoxic effect of serum from CRF rats. PERK overexpression could enhance the activation of PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 pathway in hippocampal neurons induced by serum from CRF rats. Furthermore, PERK overexpression could alleviate the increases in CHOP, Bax, C-Caspase-3 expressions and the reduction of Bcl-2 expression in hippocampal neurons induced by serum from CRF rats. CONCLUSION PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 pathway induced by increased endoplasmic reticulum stress may alleviate CRF-induced hippocampal neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjing Min
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ming Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhanqin Shi
- Department of Nephrology, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pingping Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingyan Ren
- Department of Nephrology, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
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30
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Cholesterol Redistribution in Pancreatic β-Cells: A Flexible Path to Regulate Insulin Secretion. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020224. [PMID: 36830593 PMCID: PMC9953638 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells, by secreting insulin, play a key role in the control of glucose homeostasis, and their dysfunction is the basis of diabetes development. The metabolic milieu created by high blood glucose and lipids is known to play a role in this process. In the last decades, cholesterol has attracted significant attention, not only because it critically controls β-cell function but also because it is the target of lipid-lowering therapies proposed for preventing the cardiovascular complications in diabetes. Despite the remarkable progress, understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for cholesterol-mediated β-cell function remains an open and attractive area of investigation. Studies indicate that β-cells not only regulate the total cholesterol level but also its redistribution within organelles, a process mediated by vesicular and non-vesicular transport. The aim of this review is to summarize the most current view of how cholesterol homeostasis is maintained in pancreatic β-cells and to provide new insights on the mechanisms by which cholesterol is dynamically distributed among organelles to preserve their functionality. While cholesterol may affect virtually any activity of the β-cell, the intent of this review is to focus on early steps of insulin synthesis and secretion, an area still largely unexplored.
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31
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Bonsignore G, Martinotti S, Ranzato E. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Cancer: Could Unfolded Protein Response Be a Druggable Target for Cancer Therapy? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021566. [PMID: 36675080 PMCID: PMC9865308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Unfolded protein response (UPR) is an adaptive response which is used for re-establishing protein homeostasis, and it is triggered by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Specific ER proteins mediate UPR activation, after dissociation from chaperone Glucose-Regulated Protein 78 (GRP78). UPR can decrease ER stress, producing an ER adaptive response, block UPR if ER homeostasis is restored, or regulate apoptosis. Some tumour types are linked to ER protein folding machinery disturbance, highlighting how UPR plays a pivotal role in cancer cells to keep malignancy and drug resistance. In this review, we focus on some molecules that have been revealed to target ER stress demonstrating as UPR could be a new target in cancer treatment.
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32
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Gutiérrez-Ballesteros F, Morales-Reyes J, Fernández D, Geisse A, Arcaya A, Flores-Santibañez F, Bono MR, Osorio F. Normal tissue homeostasis and impairment of selective inflammatory responses in dendritic cells deficient for ATF6α. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1089728. [PMID: 37025177 PMCID: PMC10070697 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1089728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The initiation of adaptive immunity relies on the performance of dendritic cells (DCs), which are specialized leukocytes with professional antigen presenting capabilities. As such, the molecular mechanisms safeguarding DC homeostasis are matter of intense research. Sensors of the unfolded protein response (UPR) of the endoplasmic reticulum, a three-pronged signaling pathway that maintains the fidelity of the cellular proteome, have emerged as regulators of DC biology. The archetypical example is the IRE1/XBP1s axis, which supports DC development and survival of the conventional type 1 DC (cDC1) subtype. However, the role of additional UPR sensors in DC biology, such as the ATF6α branch, has not been clearly elucidated. Even though Xbp1 is transcriptionally induced by ATF6α under ER stress, it is unclear if cDCs also co-opt the ATF6α branch in tissues. Here, we examine the role of ATF6α in cDC homeostasis in vivo and upon innate stimulation in vitro. In steady state, animals lacking ATF6α in CD11c+ cells (Itgax Cre x Atf6 fl/fl mice) display normal cDC frequencies in spleen, intestine, liver, and lung. Also, ATF6α deficient cDCs express normal levels of Xbp1 mRNA and additional UPR components. However, a reduction of lung monocytes is observed in Itgax Cre x Atf6 fl/fl conditional deficient animals suggesting that ATF6α may play a role in the biology of monocyte subsets. Notably, in settings of DC activation, ATF6α contributes to the production of IL-12 and IL-6 to inflammatory stimuli. Thus, although ATF6α may be dispensable for tissue cDC homeostasis in steady state, the transcription factor plays a role in the acquisition of selective immunogenic features by activated DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Gutiérrez-Ballesteros
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular Stress, Immunology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jonathan Morales-Reyes
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular Stress, Immunology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dominique Fernández
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular Stress, Immunology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Antonia Geisse
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular Stress, Immunology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Amada Arcaya
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular Stress, Immunology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Flores-Santibañez
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular Stress, Immunology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Rosa Bono
- Immunology Laboratory, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabiola Osorio
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular Stress, Immunology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Fabiola Osorio,
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Niles J, Singh G, Storey KB. Role of unfolded protein response and ER-associated degradation under freezing, anoxia, and dehydration stresses in the freeze-tolerant wood frogs. Cell Stress Chaperones 2023; 28:61-77. [PMID: 36346580 PMCID: PMC9877271 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-022-01307-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The North American amphibian, wood frogs, Rana sylvatica are the most studied anuran to comprehend vertebrate freeze tolerance. Multiple adaptations support their survival in frigid temperatures during winters, particularly their ability to produce glucose as natural cryoprotectant. Freezing and its component consequences (anoxia and dehydration) induce multiple stresses on cells. Among these is endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a condition spawned by buildup of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER. The ER stress causes the unfolded protein response (UPR) and the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway that potentially could lead to apoptosis. Immunoblotting was used to assess the responses of major proteins of the UPR and ERAD under freezing, anoxia, and dehydration stresses in the liver and skeletal muscle of the wood frogs. Targets analyzed included activating transcription factors (ATF3, ATF4, ATF6), the growth arrest and DNA damage proteins (GADD34, GADD153), and EDEM (ERAD enhancing α-mannosidase-like proteins) and XBP1 (X-box binding protein 1) proteins. UPR signaling was triggered under all three stresses (freezing, anoxia, dehydration) in liver and skeletal muscle of wood frogs with most tissue/stress responses consistent with an upregulation of the primary targets of all three UPR pathways (ATF4, ATF6, and XBP-1) to enhance the protein folding/refolding capacity under these stress conditions. Only frozen muscle showed preference for proteasomal degradation of misfolded proteins via upregulation of EDEM (ERAD). The ERAD response of liver was downregulated across three stresses suggesting preference for more refolding of misfolded/unfolded proteins. Overall, we conclude that wood frog organs activate the UPR as a means of stabilizing and repairing cellular proteins to best survive freezing exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Niles
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Gurjit Singh
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
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Anti-Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer (ATC) Effects and Mechanisms of PLX3397 (Pexidartinib), a Multi-Targeted Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI). Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010172. [PMID: 36612171 PMCID: PMC9817966 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is the greatest lethal thyroid neoplasm with a low incidence and lacks an effective treatment strategy and standardized treatment protocol. PLX3397 (Pexidartinib) is an FDA-approved multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitor. The research is designed to explore the possible anti-proliferative activity of pexidartinib on ATC, as well as its related molecular mechanisms. Methods The cell viability was assessed by CCK-8, LDH release, colony formation, and EdU detection assays. Apoptosis and the alteration on cell cycle arrest were characterized by flow cytometry (FCM). ER stress was evaluated by immunofluorescence (IF). ROS levels were determined by flow cytometry. Western blot assays were conducted to evaluate changes in key molecules related to apoptosis and ER stress. The ATC xenografts model was established, and immunohistochemistry was performed to validate the anti-ATC effects of pexidartinib in vivo. Results Pexidartinib significantly inhibited ATC cell proliferation and induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Moreover, pexidartinib potently induced ER stress and elevated ROS in ATC cells, and the apoptotic cells and ER stress in ATC after administration of pexidartinib could be reversed by an ER stress inhibitor and ROS scavenger, respectively. Furthermore, pexidartinib treatment induced Nrf2 accumulation in nuclei and reduced the interaction of Nrf2 with Keap-1, and knockdown of Nrf2 enhanced the anti-ATC effects of pexidartinib in vitro. In addition, pexidartinib significantly inhibited ATC xenograft growth and proliferation in vivo, and the combination of ML385, an Nrf2 inhibitor, potently enhanced the anti-ATC effects of pexidartinib in vivo. Conclusion Our findings suggest pexidartinib is a potential agent for treating ATC. Co-administration with an Nrf2 inhibitor is an effective synergistic strategy.
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Li S, Chen Y, Wu Y, Yao S, Yuan H, Tan Y, Qi F, He W, Guo Z. An Endoplasmic Reticulum Targeting Type I Photosensitizer for Effective Photodynamic Therapy against Hypoxic Tumor Cells. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202680. [PMID: 36170107 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Organelle-targeted type I photodynamic therapy (PDT) shows great potential to overcome the hypoxic microenvironment in solid tumors. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an indispensable organelle in cells with important biological functions. When the ER is damaged due to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the accumulation of misfolded proteins will interfere with ER homeostasis, resulting in ER stress. Here, an ER-targeted benzophenothiazine-based photosensitizer NBS-ER was presented. ER targeting modification significantly reduced the dark toxicity and improved phototoxicity index (PI). NBS-ER could effectively produce O2 - ⋅ with near-infrared irradiation, making its phototoxicity under hypoxia close to that under normoxia. Meanwhile, the photoinduced ROS triggered ER stress and induced apoptosis. In addition, NBS-ER possessed excellent photodynamic therapeutic effect in 4T1-tumor-bearing mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210023, P.R. China
| | - Yuncong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210023, P.R. China.,Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210023, P.R. China
| | - Yanping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210023, P.R. China
| | - Shankun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210023, P.R. China
| | - Hao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210023, P.R. China
| | - Yehong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210023, P.R. China
| | - Fen Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210023, P.R. China
| | - Weijiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210023, P.R. China
| | - Zijian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210023, P.R. China.,Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210023, P.R. China
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36
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Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 commits human mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate into chondrocytes via endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279584. [PMID: 36548354 PMCID: PMC9778607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) can differentiate into chondrocytes. Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3) is differentially expressed during chondrogenic differentiation and can be produced by MSC. EBI3 is also a subunit of interleukin (IL)-27 and IL-35, and it accumulates in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) when its partners, such as IL-27 p28 and IL-35 p35, are insufficient. ER stress induced by protein accumulation is responsible for chondrogenic differentiation. However, the role of EBI3 and its relevance to the ER stress in chondrogenic differentiation of MSC have never been addressed. Here, we demonstrate that EBI3 protein is expressed in the early stage of chondrogenic differentiation of MSC. Additionally, knockdown, overexpression, or induction of EBI3 through IL-1β inhibits chondrogenesis. We show that EBI3 localizes and accumulates in the ER of MSC after overexpression or induction by IL-1β and TNF-α, whereas ER stress inhibitor 4-phenylbutyric acid decreases its accumulation in MSC. Moreover, EBI3 modulates ER stress sensor inositol-requiring enzyme 1 α (IRE1α) after induced by IL-1β, and MSC-like cells coexpress EBI3 and IRE1α in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial tissue. Altogether, these data demonstrate that intracellular EBI3 commits to chondrogenic differentiation by regulating ER stress sensor IRE1α.
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The unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway: the unsung hero in breast cancer management. Apoptosis 2022; 28:263-276. [PMID: 36536258 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01803-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells always have the need to produce an increased amount of proteins in the cells. This elevated amount of proteins increases the pressure on the organelles of the cell such as the endoplasmic reticulum and compels it to increase its protein folding efficiency. However, it is by a matter of fact, that the amount of proteins synthesized outweighs the protein folding capacity of the ER which in turn switches on the UPR pathway by activating the three major molecular sensors and other signaling cascades, which helps in cell survival instead of instant death. However, if this pathway is active for a prolonged period of time the tumor cells heads toward apoptosis. Again, interestingly this is not the same as in case of non- tumorogenic cells. This exhibit a straight natural pathway for tumor cells-specific destruction which has a great implication in today's world where hormone therapies and chemo-therapies are non-effective for various types of breast cancer, a major type being Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Thus a detailed elucidation of the molecular involvement of the UPR pathway in breast cancer may open new avenues for management and attract novel chemotherapeutic targets providing better hopes to patients worldwide.
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Liu YY, Huo D, Zeng LT, Fan GQ, Shen T, Zhang TM, Cai JP, Cui J. Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF): Structure, functions and therapeutic potential. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 82:101763. [PMID: 36272696 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) is a novel evolutionarily conserved protein present in both vertebrate and invertebrate species. MANF shows distinct structural and functional properties than the traditional neurotrophic factors (NTF). MANF is composed of an N-terminal saposin-like lipid-binding domain and a C-terminal SAF-A/B, Acinus and PIAS (SAP) domain connected by a short linker. The two well-described activities of MANF include (1) role as a neurotrophic factor that plays direct neuroprotective effects in the nervous system and (2) cell protective effects in the animal models of non-neuronal diseases, including retinal damage, diabetes mellitus, liver injury, myocardial infarction, nephrotic syndrome, etc. The main objective of the current review is to provide up-to-date insights regarding the structure of MANF, mechanisms regulating its expression and secretion, physiological functions in various tissues and organs, protective effects during aging, and potential clinical applications. Together, this review highlights the importance of MANF in reversing age-related dysfunction and geroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, PR China
| | - Da Huo
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lv-Tao Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, PR China
| | - Guo-Qing Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, PR China
| | - Tao Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, PR China
| | - Tie-Mei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jian-Ping Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Ju Cui
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, PR China.
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Yang J, Griffin A, Qiang Z, Ren J. Organelle-targeted therapies: a comprehensive review on system design for enabling precision oncology. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:379. [PMID: 36402753 PMCID: PMC9675787 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01243-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major threat to human health. Among various treatment methods, precision therapy has received significant attention since the inception, due to its ability to efficiently inhibit tumor growth, while curtailing common shortcomings from conventional cancer treatment, leading towards enhanced survival rates. Particularly, organelle-targeted strategies enable precise accumulation of therapeutic agents in organelles, locally triggering organelle-mediated cell death signals which can greatly reduce the therapeutic threshold dosage and minimize side-effects. In this review, we comprehensively discuss history and recent advances in targeted therapies on organelles, specifically including nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes and endoplasmic reticulum, while focusing on organelle structures, organelle-mediated cell death signal pathways, and design guidelines of organelle-targeted nanomedicines based on intervention mechanisms. Furthermore, a perspective on future research and clinical opportunities and potential challenges in precision oncology is presented. Through demonstrating recent developments in organelle-targeted therapies, we believe this article can further stimulate broader interests in multidisciplinary research and technology development for enabling advanced organelle-targeted nanomedicines and their corresponding clinic translations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yang
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Institute of Nano and Biopolymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 201804 Shanghai, China
| | - Anthony Griffin
- grid.267193.80000 0001 2295 628XSchool of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA
| | - Zhe Qiang
- grid.267193.80000 0001 2295 628XSchool of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA
| | - Jie Ren
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Institute of Nano and Biopolymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 201804 Shanghai, China
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Vivas W, Weis S. Tidy up - The unfolded protein response in sepsis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:980680. [PMID: 36341413 PMCID: PMC9632622 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.980680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens, their toxic byproducts, and the subsequent immune reaction exert different forms of stress and damage to the tissue of the infected host. This stress can trigger specific transcriptional and post-transcriptional programs that have evolved to limit the pathogenesis of infectious diseases by conferring tissue damage control. If these programs fail, infectious diseases can take a severe course including organ dysfunction and damage, a phenomenon that is known as sepsis and which is associated with high mortality. One of the key adaptive mechanisms to counter infection-associated stress is the unfolded protein response (UPR), aiming to reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress and restore protein homeostasis. This is mediated via a set of diverse and complementary mechanisms, i.e. the reduction of protein translation, increase of protein folding capacity, and increase of polyubiquitination of misfolded proteins and subsequent proteasomal degradation. However, UPR is not exclusively beneficial since its enhanced or prolonged activation might lead to detrimental effects such as cell death. Thus, fine-tuning and time-restricted regulation of the UPR should diminish disease severity of infectious disease and improve the outcome of sepsis while not bearing long-term consequences. In this review, we describe the current knowledge of the UPR, its role in infectious diseases, regulation mechanisms, and further clinical implications in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Vivas
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Wolfgang Vivas,
| | - Sebastian Weis
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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Gao L, Jin N, Ye Z, Ma T, Huang Y, Li H, Du J, Li Z. A possible connection between reactive oxygen species and the unfolded protein response in lens development: From insight to foresight. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:820949. [PMID: 36211466 PMCID: PMC9535091 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.820949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The lens is a relatively special and simple organ. It has become an ideal model to study the common developmental characteristics among different organic systems. Lens development is a complex process influenced by numerous factors, including signals from the intracellular and extracellular environment. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a group of highly reactive and oxygen-containing molecules that can cause endoplasmic reticulum stress in lens cells. As an adaptive response to ER stress, lens cells initiate the unfolded protein response (UPR) to maintain normal protein synthesis by selectively increasing/decreasing protein synthesis and increasing the degradation of misfolded proteins. Generally, the UPR signaling pathways have been well characterized in the context of many pathological conditions. However, recent studies have also confirmed that all three UPR signaling pathways participate in a variety of developmental processes, including those of the lens. In this review, we first briefly summarize the three stages of lens development and present the basic profiles of ROS and the UPR. We then discuss the interconnections between lens development and these two mechanisms. Additionally, the potential adoption of human pluripotent stem-cell-based lentoids in lens development research is proposed to provide a novel perspective on future developmental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiong Gao
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ni Jin
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zi Ye
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tianju Ma
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Huang
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlin Du
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaohui Li
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhaohui Li,
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Toll-like receptor 4-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress induces intestinal paneth cell damage in mice following CLP-induced sepsis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15256. [PMID: 36088483 PMCID: PMC9464222 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19614-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A marked elevation of TLR4 was observed in various organs of septic mice. The mechanism of TLR4 in intestinal epithelial cell damage in sepsis remains unclear. CLP mice models were used to assess the role of TLR4 in intestinal Paneth cell damage by histological, polymerase chain reaction, western-blot analyses. The ileal expression of TLR4 was increased by more than five-fold after CLP. CLP significantly increased 7-day mortality and was associated with a higher murine sepsis score (MSS), closely related with increased TLR4 expression. Histological staining revealed that a reduced number of Paneth cells, accompanied by reduced lysozyme and defensin alpha 5(DEF-5) expression as detected by PCR. Of note, the expression levels of ATF6, XBP1 and CHOP increased in the ileal of the sepsis group. Meanwhile, the uncleaved p90 ATF6 was markedly reduced and cleaved p50 ATF6 was increased in the sepsis group. Intriguingly, The TAK-242 had improved intestinal mucosal injury, reduced the expression of ATF6, XBP1 and CHOP and relieved the cleavage of ATF6. We found that increased the expression level of TLR4 in the ileal of CLP mice promoted the depletion of Paneth cell and reduced LYZ and DEF-5 expression. Furthermore, our findings suggested that TLR4-mediated the hyperactivation of ER stress, via activating the ATF6/CHOP pathway, might be one of the mechanisms associated with Paneth cells loss and dysfunction during intestinal barrier impairment of sepsis.
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Li B, Zhang T, Tang M. Toxicity mechanism of nanomaterials: Focus on endoplasmic reticulum stress. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 834:155417. [PMID: 35472346 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, although the broad application of nanomaterials has not brought convenience to people's life, growing concern surrounds their safety. Recently, much emphasis has been placed on exploring the toxicity mechanism of nanoparticles. Currently established toxic mechanisms include oxidative stress, inflammatory response, autophagy, and DNA damage. In recent years, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) has gained widespread attention as another toxic mechanism of nanomaterials. It is widely acknowledged that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an important site for protein synthesis, and lipids and Ca+ storage, playing an esseential role in the normal operation of the body functions. When the body's internal environment is damaged, the structure and function of the endoplasmic reticulum are destroyed, leading to a series of biological reactions called endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS.) This paper reviews the mechanism of ERS in nanomaterial-associated toxicity. The process of ERS and its related unfolded protein response were briefly introduced, summarizing the factors affecting the nanoparticle ability to induce ERS and expounding on the changes of ER morphology after exposure to nanoparticles. Finally, the specific role and molecular mechanism of ERS under the action of different nanoparticles were comprehensively analyzed, including the relationship between ERS and inflammation, oxidative stress, lipid metabolism and apoptosis. This review provides a foothold for future studies on the toxic mechanism of nanoparticles, and provides novel insights into the safe application of nanoparticles and the treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
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Xu X, Poulsen KL, Wu L, Liu S, Miyata T, Song Q, Wei Q, Zhao C, Lin C, Yang J. Targeted therapeutics and novel signaling pathways in non-alcohol-associated fatty liver/steatohepatitis (NAFL/NASH). Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:287. [PMID: 35963848 PMCID: PMC9376100 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcohol-associated fatty liver/steatohepatitis (NAFL/NASH) has become the leading cause of liver disease worldwide. NASH, an advanced form of NAFL, can be progressive and more susceptible to developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, lifestyle interventions are the most essential and effective strategies for preventing and controlling NAFL without the development of fibrosis. While there are still limited appropriate drugs specifically to treat NAFL/NASH, growing progress is being seen in elucidating the pathogenesis and identifying therapeutic targets. In this review, we discussed recent developments in etiology and prospective therapeutic targets, as well as pharmacological candidates in pre/clinical trials and patents, with a focus on diabetes, hepatic lipid metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis. Importantly, growing evidence elucidates that the disruption of the gut-liver axis and microbe-derived metabolites drive the pathogenesis of NAFL/NASH. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) act as a signaling mediator, resulting in lipid accumulation, macrophage and hepatic stellate cell activation, further promoting inflammation and liver fibrosis progression during the development of NAFL/NASH. Targeting gut microbiota or EVs may serve as new strategies for the treatment of NAFL/NASH. Finally, other mechanisms, such as cell therapy and genetic approaches, also have enormous therapeutic potential. Incorporating drugs with different mechanisms and personalized medicine may improve the efficacy to better benefit patients with NAFL/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Xu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Kyle L Poulsen
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lijuan Wu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Tatsunori Miyata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Qiaoling Song
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingda Wei
- School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chenyang Zhao
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunhua Lin
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Jinbo Yang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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Restoring TRAILR2/DR5-Mediated Activation of Apoptosis upon Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress as a Therapeutic Strategy in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168987. [PMID: 36012252 PMCID: PMC9409255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The uncontrolled proliferation of malignant cells in growing tumors results in the generation of different stressors in the tumor microenvironment, such as nutrient shortage, hypoxia and acidosis, among others, that disrupt endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis and may lead to ER stress. As a response to ER stress, both normal and tumor cells launch a set of signaling pathways known as the unfolded protein response (UPR) to restore ER proteostasis and maintain cell viability and function. However, under sustained ER stress, an apoptotic cell death process can be induced and this has been the subject of different review articles, although the role of the TRAIL-R2/DR5-activated extrinsic pathway of apoptosis has not yet been thoroughly summarized. In this Review, we provide an updated overview of the molecular mechanisms regulating cell fate decisions in tumor cells undergoing ER stress and discuss the role of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2/DR5) in the final outcome of UPR signaling. Particularly, we focus on the mechanisms controlling cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (FLIP) levels in tumor cells undergoing ER stress, which may represent a potential target for therapeutic intervention in cancer.
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Effect of Dietary 4-Phenylbuthyric Acid Supplementation on Acute Heat-Stress-Induced Hyperthermia in Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162056. [PMID: 36009646 PMCID: PMC9404993 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Heat stress (HS) induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and disrupts the ER and cellular homeostasis. A recent study showed that ER stress was induced in broiler chickens under severe and acute HS; however, it was unclear how the alleviation of ER stress affects the physiological state of broiler chickens. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the ameliorative effects of an ER stress alleviator, 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), which is a chemical chaperone that reduces ER stress, on the body temperature response, energy metabolic state, and cellular ER stress in HS-exposed birds. 4-PBA supplementation did not negatively affect the growth rate. In addition, 4-PBA suppressed the HS-induced ER stress response in skeletal muscle. Surprisingly, 4-PBA significantly decreased body temperature elevation in HS birds. The present study showed that the ER stress, alleviated by 4-PBA, might contribute to the induction of heat tolerance in broiler chickens. Abstract Hot, humid weather causes heat stress (HS) in broiler chickens, which can lead to high mortality. A recent study found that HS causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. However, the possible involvement of ER stress in HS-induced physiological alterations in broiler chickens is unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the dietary supplementation of 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), an alleviator of ER stress, in acute HS-exposed young broiler chickens. Twenty-eight 14-day-old male broiler chickens (ROSS 308) were divided into two groups and fed either a control diet or a diet containing 4-PBA (5.25 g per kg of diet feed) for 10 days. At 24 days old, each group of chickens was kept in thermoneutral (24 ± 0.5 °C) or acute HS (36 ± 0.5 °C) conditions for 2 h. The results showed that thermoneutral birds supplemented with 4-PBA exhibited no negative effects in terms of broiler body weight gain and tissue weight compared to non-supplemental birds. HS increased body temperature in both the control and 4-PBA groups, but the elevation was significantly lower in the 4-PBA group than in the control group. The plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentration was significantly increased by HS treatment in non-supplemental groups, while the increase was partially attenuated in the 4-PBA group. Moreover, 4-PBA prevented HS-induced gene elevation of the ER stress markers GRP78 and GRP94 in the skeletal muscle. These findings suggest that the 4-PBA effect may be specific to the skeletal muscle in HS-exposed birds and that 4-PBA supplementation attenuated HS-induced muscle ER stress, which could be associated with a supplementation of the body temperature elevation and lipolysis.
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Rodrigues MC, Morais JAV, Ganassin R, Oliveira GRT, Costa FC, Morais AAC, Silveira AP, Silva VCM, Longo JPF, Muehlmann LA. An Overview on Immunogenic Cell Death in Cancer Biology and Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081564. [PMID: 36015189 PMCID: PMC9413301 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a modality of regulated cell death that is sufficient to promote an adaptive immune response against antigens of the dying cell in an immunocompetent host. An important characteristic of ICD is the release and exposure of damage-associated molecular patterns, which are potent endogenous immune adjuvants. As the induction of ICD can be achieved with conventional cytotoxic agents, it represents a potential approach for the immunotherapy of cancer. Here, different aspects of ICD in cancer biology and treatment are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosar Corrêa Rodrigues
- Faculty of Ceilandia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 72220-275, Brazil; (M.C.R.); (J.A.V.M.); (R.G.); (G.R.T.O.); (F.C.C.)
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (A.A.C.M.); (A.P.S.); (V.C.M.S.); (J.P.F.L.)
| | - José Athayde Vasconcelos Morais
- Faculty of Ceilandia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 72220-275, Brazil; (M.C.R.); (J.A.V.M.); (R.G.); (G.R.T.O.); (F.C.C.)
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (A.A.C.M.); (A.P.S.); (V.C.M.S.); (J.P.F.L.)
| | - Rayane Ganassin
- Faculty of Ceilandia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 72220-275, Brazil; (M.C.R.); (J.A.V.M.); (R.G.); (G.R.T.O.); (F.C.C.)
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (A.A.C.M.); (A.P.S.); (V.C.M.S.); (J.P.F.L.)
| | - Giulia Rosa Tavares Oliveira
- Faculty of Ceilandia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 72220-275, Brazil; (M.C.R.); (J.A.V.M.); (R.G.); (G.R.T.O.); (F.C.C.)
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (A.A.C.M.); (A.P.S.); (V.C.M.S.); (J.P.F.L.)
| | - Fabiana Chagas Costa
- Faculty of Ceilandia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 72220-275, Brazil; (M.C.R.); (J.A.V.M.); (R.G.); (G.R.T.O.); (F.C.C.)
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (A.A.C.M.); (A.P.S.); (V.C.M.S.); (J.P.F.L.)
| | - Amanda Alencar Cabral Morais
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (A.A.C.M.); (A.P.S.); (V.C.M.S.); (J.P.F.L.)
| | - Ariane Pandolfo Silveira
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (A.A.C.M.); (A.P.S.); (V.C.M.S.); (J.P.F.L.)
| | - Victor Carlos Mello Silva
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (A.A.C.M.); (A.P.S.); (V.C.M.S.); (J.P.F.L.)
| | - João Paulo Figueiró Longo
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (A.A.C.M.); (A.P.S.); (V.C.M.S.); (J.P.F.L.)
| | - Luis Alexandre Muehlmann
- Faculty of Ceilandia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 72220-275, Brazil; (M.C.R.); (J.A.V.M.); (R.G.); (G.R.T.O.); (F.C.C.)
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (A.A.C.M.); (A.P.S.); (V.C.M.S.); (J.P.F.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Russell ND, Chow CY. The dynamic effect of genetic variation on the in vivo ER stress transcriptional response in different tissues. G3 GENES|GENOMES|GENETICS 2022; 12:6575908. [PMID: 35485945 PMCID: PMC9157157 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The genetic regulation of gene expression varies greatly across tissue-type and individuals and can be strongly influenced by the environment. Many variants, under healthy control conditions, may be silent or even have the opposite effect under diseased stress conditions. This study uses an in vivo mouse model to investigate how the effect of genetic variation changes with cellular stress across different tissues. Endoplasmic reticulum stress occurs when misfolded proteins accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum. This triggers the unfolded protein response, a large transcriptional response which attempts to restore homeostasis. This transcriptional response, despite being a conserved, basic cellular process, is highly variable across different genetic backgrounds, making it an ideal system to study the dynamic effects of genetic variation. In this study, we sought to better understand how genetic variation alters expression across tissues, in the presence and absence of endoplasmic reticulum stress. The use of different mouse strains and their F1s allow us to also identify context-specific cis- and trans- regulatory variation underlying variable transcriptional responses. We found hundreds of genes that respond to endoplasmic reticulum stress in a tissue- and/or genotype-dependent manner. The majority of the regulatory effects we identified were acting in cis-, which in turn, contribute to the variable endoplasmic reticulum stress- and tissue-specific transcriptional response. This study demonstrates the need for incorporating environmental stressors across multiple different tissues in future studies to better elucidate the effect of any particular genetic factor in basic biological pathways, like the endoplasmic reticulum stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki D Russell
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Clement Y Chow
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Lu Y, Wang LR, Lee J, Mohammad NS, Aranyos AM, Gould C, Khodayari N, Oshins RA, Moneypenny CG, Brantly ML. The unfolded protein response to PI*Z alpha-1 antitrypsin in human hepatocellular and murine models. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:2354-2367. [PMID: 35621045 PMCID: PMC9426387 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha‐1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency (AATD) is an inherited disease caused by mutations in the serpin family A member 1 (SERPINA1, also known as AAT) gene. The most common variant, PI*Z (Glu342Lys), causes accumulation of aberrantly folded AAT in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of hepatocytes that is associated with a toxic gain of function, hepatocellular injury, liver fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cellular response to improperly folded proteins meant to alleviate ER stress. It has been unclear whether PI*Z AAT elicits liver cell UPR, due in part to limitations of current cellular and animal models. This study investigates whether UPR is activated in a novel human PI*Z AAT cell line and a new PI*Z human AAT (hAAT) mouse model. A PI*Z AAT hepatocyte cell line (Huh7.5Z) was established using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 gene editing of the normal ATT (PI*MM) gene in the Huh7.5 cell line. Additionally, novel full‐length genomic DNA PI*Z hAAT and PI*M hAAT transgenic mouse models were established. Using these new models, UPR in Huh7.5Z cells and PI*Z mice were comprehensively determined. Robust activation of UPR was observed in Huh7.5Z cells compared to Huh7.5 cells. Activated caspase cascade and apoptosis markers, increased chaperones, and autophagy markers were also detected in Z hepatocytes. Selective attenuation of UPR signaling branches was observed in PI*Z hAAT mice in which the protein kinase R‐like ER kinase and inositol‐requiring enzyme1α branches were suppressed while the activating transcription factor 6α branch remained active. This study provides direct evidence that PI*Z AAT triggers canonical UPR and that hepatocytes survive pro‐apoptotic UPR by selective suppression of UPR branches. Our data improve understanding of underlying pathological molecular mechanisms of PI*Z AATD liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqing Lu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - Liqun R Wang
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - Jungnam Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - Naweed S Mohammad
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - Alek M Aranyos
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - Calvin Gould
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - Nazli Khodayari
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - Regina A Oshins
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - Craig G Moneypenny
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - Mark L Brantly
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA
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50
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Li Y, Lu L, Zhang G, Ji G, Xu H. The role and therapeutic implication of endoplasmic reticulum stress in inflammatory cancer transformation. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:2277-2292. [PMID: 35693091 PMCID: PMC9185617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurs when proteins are affected by various factors, fail to fold properly into higher structures and accumulate in the lumen of the ER, which activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) to restore normal cellular function or induce apoptosis as a self-protective mechanism. However, a growing number of studies have shown that the three branches of ER stress and the UPR can mediate inflammation and cancer development by interacting with inflammatory transformation-related signaling pathways. Targeting the UPR, especially the use of small molecules that target the active sites of the enzymes IRE1α and PERK and BIP/GRP78 inhibitors are potential strategies for treating tumors and have shown promising results in some tumor models. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the progress of ER stress/UPR research and the signaling pathways associated with inflammatory cancer transformation, provide an in-depth description of the mechanisms of these pathways, and outline strategies in the field of UPR biology in tumor therapy to provide new ideas for the mechanisms of inflammatory cancer transformation and tumor-related treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guangtao Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hanchen Xu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 200032, China
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