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Di Crosta M, Ragone FC, Benedetti R, D’Orazi G, Gilardini Montani MS, Cirone M. SAHA/5-AZA Enhances Acetylation and Degradation of mutp53, Upregulates p21 and Downregulates c-Myc and BRCA-1 in Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7020. [PMID: 39000128 PMCID: PMC11241381 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic changes are common in cancer and include aberrant DNA methylation and histone modifications, including both acetylation or methylation. DNA methylation in the promoter regions and histone deacetylation are usually accompanied by gene silencing, and may lead to the suppression of tumor suppressors in cancer cells. An interaction between epigenetic pathways has been reported that could be exploited to more efficiently target aggressive cancer cells, particularly those against which current treatments usually fail, such as pancreatic cancer. In this study, we explored the possibility to combine the DNA demethylating agent 5-AZA with HDAC inhibitor SAHA to treat pancreatic cancer cell lines, focusing on the acetylation of mutp53 and the consequences on its stability, as well as on the interaction of this protein with c-myc and BRCA-1, key molecules in cancer survival. The results obtained suggest that SAHA/5-AZA combination was more effective than single treatments to promote the degradation of mutp53, to upregulate p21 and downregulate c-Myc and BRCA-1, thus increasing DNA damage and cytotoxicity in pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Di Crosta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.D.C.); (F.C.R.); (R.B.)
| | - Francesca Chiara Ragone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.D.C.); (F.C.R.); (R.B.)
| | - Rossella Benedetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.D.C.); (F.C.R.); (R.B.)
| | - Gabriella D’Orazi
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. D’Annunzio” Chieti, 66100 Pescara, Italy;
- Department of Research and Technological Innovation, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mara Cirone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.D.C.); (F.C.R.); (R.B.)
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2
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Symeonidis A, Chatzilygeroudi T, Chondrou V, Sgourou A. Contingent Synergistic Interactions between Non-Coding RNAs and DNA-Modifying Enzymes in Myelodysplastic Syndromes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416069. [PMID: 36555712 PMCID: PMC9785516 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders with maturation and differentiation defects exhibiting morphological dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They are associated with peripheral blood cytopenias and by increased risk for progression into acute myelogenous leukemia. Among their multifactorial pathogenesis, age-related epigenetic instability and the error-rate DNA methylation maintenance have been recognized as critical factors for both the initial steps of their pathogenesis and for disease progression. Although lower-risk MDS is associated with an inflammatory bone marrow microenvironment, higher-risk disease is delineated by immunosuppression and clonal expansion. "Epigenetics" is a multidimensional level of gene regulation that determines the specific gene networks expressed in tissues under physiological conditions and guides appropriate chromatin rearrangements upon influence of environmental stimulation. Regulation of this level consists of biochemical modifications in amino acid residues of the histone proteins' N-terminal tails and their concomitant effects on chromatin structure, DNA methylation patterns in CpG dinucleotides and the tissue-specific non-coding RNAs repertoire, which are directed against various gene targets. The role of epigenetic modifications is widely recognized as pivotal both in gene expression control and differential molecular response to drug therapies in humans. Insights to the potential of synergistic cooperations of epigenetic mechanisms provide new avenues for treatment development to comfort human diseases with a known epigenetic shift, such as MDS. Hypomethylating agents (HMAs), such as epigenetic modulating drugs, have been widely used in the past years as first line treatment for elderly higher-risk MDS patients; however, just half of them respond to therapy and are benefited. Rational outcome predictors following epigenetic therapy in MDS and biomarkers associated with disease relapse are of high importance to improve our efforts in developing patient-tailored clinical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argiris Symeonidis
- Hematology Division & Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
- Medical School University of Patras, University Campus, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Theodora Chatzilygeroudi
- Hematology Division & Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Chondrou
- Biology Laboratory, School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, 26335 Patras, Greece
| | - Argyro Sgourou
- Biology Laboratory, School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, 26335 Patras, Greece
- Correspondence:
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3
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Zhao W, Dovas A, Spinazzi EF, Levitin HM, Banu MA, Upadhyayula P, Sudhakar T, Marie T, Otten ML, Sisti MB, Bruce JN, Canoll P, Sims PA. Deconvolution of cell type-specific drug responses in human tumor tissue with single-cell RNA-seq. Genome Med 2021; 13:82. [PMID: 33975634 PMCID: PMC8114529 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00894-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical studies require models that recapitulate the cellular diversity of human tumors and provide insight into the drug sensitivities of specific cellular populations. The ideal platform would enable rapid screening of cell type-specific drug sensitivities directly in patient tumor tissue and reveal strategies to overcome intratumoral heterogeneity. METHODS We combine multiplexed drug perturbation in acute slice culture from freshly resected tumors with single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to profile transcriptome-wide drug responses in individual patients. We applied this approach to drug perturbations on slices derived from six glioblastoma (GBM) resections to identify conserved drug responses and to one additional GBM resection to identify patient-specific responses. RESULTS We used scRNA-seq to demonstrate that acute slice cultures recapitulate the cellular and molecular features of the originating tumor tissue and the feasibility of drug screening from an individual tumor. Detailed investigation of etoposide, a topoisomerase poison, and the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor panobinostat in acute slice cultures revealed cell type-specific responses across multiple patients. Etoposide has a conserved impact on proliferating tumor cells, while panobinostat treatment affects both tumor and non-tumor populations, including unexpected effects on the immune microenvironment. CONCLUSIONS Acute slice cultures recapitulate the major cellular and molecular features of GBM at the single-cell level. In combination with scRNA-seq, this approach enables cell type-specific analysis of sensitivity to multiple drugs in individual tumors. We anticipate that this approach will facilitate pre-clinical studies that identify effective therapies for solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Zhao
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Athanassios Dovas
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | | | - Hanna Mendes Levitin
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Matei Alexandru Banu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Pavan Upadhyayula
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Tejaswi Sudhakar
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Tamara Marie
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Marc L Otten
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Michael B Sisti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Bruce
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Peter Canoll
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Peter A Sims
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Sulzberger Columbia Genome Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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4
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Álvarez-Barrios A, Álvarez L, García M, Artime E, Pereiro R, González-Iglesias H. Antioxidant Defenses in the Human Eye: A Focus on Metallothioneins. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:89. [PMID: 33440661 PMCID: PMC7826537 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human eye, the highly specialized organ of vision, is greatly influenced by oxidants of endogenous and exogenous origin. Oxidative stress affects all structures of the human eye with special emphasis on the ocular surface, the lens, the retina and its retinal pigment epithelium, which are considered natural barriers of antioxidant protection, contributing to the onset and/or progression of eye diseases. These ocular structures contain a complex antioxidant defense system slightly different along the eye depending on cell tissue. In addition to widely studied enzymatic antioxidants, including superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, peroxiredoxins and selenoproteins, inter alia, metallothioneins (MTs) are considered antioxidant proteins of growing interest with further cell-mediated functions. This family of cysteine rich and low molecular mass proteins captures and neutralizes free radicals in a redox-dependent mechanism involving zinc binding and release. The state of the art of MTs, including the isoforms classification, the main functions described to date, the Zn-MT redox cycle as antioxidant defense system, and the antioxidant activity of Zn-MTs in the ocular surface, lens, retina and its retinal pigment epithelium, dependent on the number of occupied zinc-binding sites, will be comprehensively reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Álvarez-Barrios
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo), 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.Á.-B.); (L.Á.); (M.G.); (E.A.); (R.P.)
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería, 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Lydia Álvarez
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo), 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.Á.-B.); (L.Á.); (M.G.); (E.A.); (R.P.)
| | - Montserrat García
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo), 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.Á.-B.); (L.Á.); (M.G.); (E.A.); (R.P.)
- Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández-Vega, Avda. Dres. Fernández-Vega, 34, 33012 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Enol Artime
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo), 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.Á.-B.); (L.Á.); (M.G.); (E.A.); (R.P.)
| | - Rosario Pereiro
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo), 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.Á.-B.); (L.Á.); (M.G.); (E.A.); (R.P.)
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería, 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Héctor González-Iglesias
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo), 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.Á.-B.); (L.Á.); (M.G.); (E.A.); (R.P.)
- Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández-Vega, Avda. Dres. Fernández-Vega, 34, 33012 Oviedo, Spain
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5
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Ogushi S, Yoshida Y, Nakanishi T, Kimura T. CpG Site-Specific Regulation of Metallothionein-1 Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5946. [PMID: 32824906 PMCID: PMC7503544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21175946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal-binding inducible proteins called metallothioneins (MTs) protect cells from heavy-metal toxicity. Their transcription is regulated by metal response element (MRE)-binding transcription factor-1 (MTF1), which is strongly recruited to MREs in the MT promoters, in response to Zn and Cd. Mouse Mt1 gene promoter contains 5 MREs (a-e), and MTF1 has the highest affinity to MREd. Epigenetic changes like DNA methylation might affect transcription and, therefore, the cytoprotective function of MT genes. To reveal the CpG site(s) critical for Mt1 transcription, we analyzed the methylation status of CpG dinucleotides in the Mt1 gene promoter through bisulfite sequencing in P1798 mouse lymphosarcoma cells, with high or low MT expression. We found demethylated CpG sites near MREd and MREe, in cells with high expression. Next, we compared Mt1 gene-promoter-driven Lucia luciferase gene expression in unmethylated and methylated reporter vectors. To clarify the effect of complete and partial CpG methylation, we used M.SssI (CG→5mCG) and HhaI (GCGC→G5mCGC)-methylated reporter vectors. Point mutation analysis revealed that methylation of a CpG site near MREd and MREe strongly inhibited Mt1 gene expression. Our results suggest that the methylation status of this site is important for the regulation of Mt1 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Ogushi
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Setsunan University, Neyagawa 572-8508, Japan;
| | - Yuya Yoshida
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata 573-0101, Japan;
| | - Tsuyoshi Nakanishi
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan;
| | - Tomoki Kimura
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Setsunan University, Neyagawa 572-8508, Japan;
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6
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Xu H, Zhou Q, Yi Q, Tan B, Tian J, Chen X, Wang Y, Yu X, Zhu J. Islet-1 synergizes with Gcn5 to promote MSC differentiation into cardiomyocytes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1817. [PMID: 32019948 PMCID: PMC7000709 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58387-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) specifically differentiate into cardiomyocytes as a potential way to reverse myocardial injury diseases, and uncovering this differentiation mechanism is immensely important. We have previously shown that histone acetylation/methylation and DNA methylation are involved in MSC differentiation into cardiomyocytes induced by islet-1. These modifications regulate cardiac-specific genes by interacting with each other in the promoter regions of these genes, but the molecular mechanism of these interactions remains unknown. In this study, we found that the key enzymes that regulate GATA4/Nkx2.5 expression are Gcn5/HDAC1, G9A, and DNMT-1. When α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone 3 (MB-3) was used to inhibit Gcn5 expression, we observed that the interactions among these key enzymes in the GATA4/Nkx2.5 promoters were blocked, and MSCs could not be induced into cardiomyocytes. Our results indicated that islet-1 could induce Gcn5 binding to GATA4/Nkx2.5 promoter regions and induce the interactions among Gcn5, HDAC1, G9A and DNMT-1, which upregulated GATA4/Nkx2.5 expression and promoted MSC differentiation into cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing); China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders; Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing); China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders; Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Qin Yi
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing); China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders; Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Bin Tan
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing); China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders; Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Jie Tian
- Department of Cardiovascular (Internal Medicine), Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing); China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders; Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Xueni Chen
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing); China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders; Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing); China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders; Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Xia Yu
- Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing); China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders; Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, P.R. China.
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7
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Li ZR, Suo FZ, Guo YJ, Cheng HF, Niu SH, Shen DD, Zhao LJ, Liu ZZ, Maa M, Yu B, Zheng YC, Liu HM. Natural protoberberine alkaloids, identified as potent selective LSD1 inhibitors, induce AML cell differentiation. Bioorg Chem 2020; 97:103648. [PMID: 32065882 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Natural protoberberine alkaloids were first identified and characterized as potent, selective and cellular active lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) inhibitors. Due to our study, isoquinoline-based tetracyclic scaffold was identified as the key structural element for their anti-LSD1 activity, subtle changes of substituents attached to the core structure led to dramatic changes of the activity. Among these protoberberine alkaloids, epiberberine potently inhibited LSD1 (IC50 = 0.14 ± 0.01 μM) and was highly selective to LSD1 over MAO-A/B. Furthermore, epiberberine could induce the expression of CD86, CD11b and CD14 in THP-1 and HL-60 cells, confirming its cellular activity of inducing acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells differentiation. Moreover, epiberberine prolonged the survival of THP-1 cells bearing mice and inhibited the growth of AML cells in vivo without obvious global toxicity. These findings give the potential application of epiberberine in AML treatment, and the isoquinoline-based tetracyclic scaffold could be used for further development of LSD1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Rui Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Feng-Zhi Suo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Yan-Jia Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Hai-Fang Cheng
- Henan Institute of Product Quality Inspection and Supervision, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Sheng-Hui Niu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Dan-Dan Shen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Li-Juan Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Mamun Maa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Yi-Chao Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; National Center for International Research of Micro-nano Molding Technology & Key Laboratory for Micro Molding Technology of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China.
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
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8
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Ceccarelli V, Ronchetti S, Marchetti MC, Calvitti M, Riccardi C, Grignani F, Vecchini A. Molecular mechanisms underlying eicosapentaenoic acid inhibition of HDAC1 and DNMT expression and activity in carcinoma cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2020; 1863:194481. [PMID: 31923609 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2020.194481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation and histone acetylation, the most studied epigenetic changes, drive and maintain cancer phenotypes. DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) dysregulation promoted localized hypermethylation in CpG rich regions while upregulated histone deacetylases (HDAC) deacetylated histone tails. Both changes led to close chromatin conformation, suppressing transcription and silencing tumor suppressor genes. Consequently, HDAC and DNMT inhibitors appeared to reprogram the transcriptional circuit and potentiate anti-tumoral activity. Here, we report that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a fatty acid with anti-cancer properties, inhibited HDAC1 and DNMT expression and activity, thus promoting tumor suppressor gene expression. In hepatocarcinoma cells (HCC) EPA bound and activated PPARγ thus downregulating HDAC1 which sequentially reduced expression of DNMT1, 3A and 3B. At the same time, activated PPARγ physically interacted with DNMT1 and HDAC1 in a CpG island on the Hic-1 gene to assemble PPARγ/DNMT1 and PPARγ/HDAC1 protein complexes, which exited from DNA. When EPA and PPARγ were no longer bound, the protein complexes separated into individual proteins. Consequently, DNMT1 and HDAC1 down-regulation and release from DNA inhibited their activities. Overall, EPA-bound PPARγ induced re-expression of the tumor suppressor gene Hic-1. In the present study PPARγ emerged as a master regulator acting synergistically through diverse targets and ways to reveal the epigenetic action of EPA as an HDAC1 and DNMT1 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Ceccarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, P.le L. Severi, 1, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Simona Ronchetti
- Department of Medicine, P.le L. Severi, 1, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Mario Calvitti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, P.le L. Severi, 1, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Carlo Riccardi
- Department of Medicine, P.le L. Severi, 1, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Grignani
- Department of Medicine, P.le L. Severi, 1, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alba Vecchini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, P.le L. Severi, 1, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
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9
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Kimura T, Hosaka T, Nakanishi T, Aozasa O. Long-term cadmium exposure enhances metallothionein-1 induction after subsequent exposure to high concentrations of cadmium in P1798 mouse lymphosarcoma cells. J Toxicol Sci 2019; 44:309-316. [PMID: 30944283 DOI: 10.2131/jts.44.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium, a ubiquitous heavy metal, is a toxic industrial and environmental pollutant. The initial biological response to cadmium exposure is induction of metallothioneins (MTs), a family of cysteine-rich, low-molecular-weight proteins that bind primarily zinc, cadmium, or both. This MT induction protects against cadmium toxicity by quenching cadmium. However, the effects of long-term cadmium exposure on MT1 gene expression are largely unknown. To investigate these effects, we used P1798 mouse lymphosarcoma cells, in which the MT1 gene is suppressed. As previously reported, MT1 expression remained unchanged after cadmium treatment. However, MT1 induction was observed in cells treated with 0.1 µM cadmium for 7 days, then exposed to 10 µM cadmium for 3 hr. In cells treated with 0.1 µM cadmium for 7 days, the transfected MT1 promoter reporter gene transcription and the cadmium incorporation in response to 10 µM cadmium induction were similar to those in untreated P1798 cells. Bisulfite genomic sequencing revealed that 7 day treatment with 0.1 µM cadmium slightly decreased CpG methylation in the 5´ flanking region of the MT1 gene. Our results together show that cadmium treatment results in MT1 induction and epigenetic modification of the MT1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Kimura
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Setsunan University
| | - Takuomi Hosaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University.,Present address: Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Tsuyoshi Nakanishi
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Osamu Aozasa
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Setsunan University
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10
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Wu YJ, Ko BS, Liang SM, Lu YJ, Jan YJ, Jiang SS, Shyue SK, Chen L, Liou JY. ZNF479 downregulates metallothionein-1 expression by regulating ASH2L and DNMT1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:408. [PMID: 31138789 PMCID: PMC6538656 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1651-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Decreased expression of metallothionein-1 (MT-1) is associated with a poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we found that MT-1 expression was suppressed by 14-3-3ε, and MT-1 overexpression abolished 14-3-3ε-induced cell proliferation and tumor growth. We identified that 14-3-3ε induced expression of ZNF479, a novel potential transcriptional regulator by gene expression profiling and ZNF479 contributed to 14-3-3ε-suppressed MT-1 expression. ZNF479 induced the expression of DNMT1, UHRF1, and mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) complex proteins (ASH2L and Menin), and increased tri-methylated histone H3 (H3K4me3) levels, but suppressed H3K4 (H3K4me2) di-methylation. ZNF479-suppressed MT-1 expression was restored by silencing of ASH2L and DNMT1. Furthermore, ZNF479 expression was higher in HCC tissues than that in the non-cancerous tissues. Expression analyses revealed a positive correlation between the expression of ZNF479 and DNMT1, UHRF1, ASH2L, and Menin, and an inverse correlation with that of ZNF479, ASH2L, Menin, and MT-1 isoforms. Moreover, correlations between the expression of ZNF479 and its downstream factors were more pronounced in HCC patients with hepatitis B. Here, we found that ZNF479 regulates MT-1 expression by modulating ASH2L in HCC. Approaches that target ZNF479/MLL complex/MT-1 or related epigenetic regulatory factors are potential therapeutic strategies for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ju Wu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 350, Zhunan, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, 300, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Sheng Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, 100, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Man Liang
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 350, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jhu Lu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 350, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yee-Jee Jan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 407, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Sheng Jiang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, 350, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Song-Kun Shyue
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 115, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Linyi Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, 300, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Yang Liou
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 350, Zhunan, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, 404, Taichung, Taiwan.
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11
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Gui Z, Zhang H, Tan Q, Ling X, Liu Z, Peng J, Shao J, Wu M, Yuan Q, Li J, Pan Z, Zhong B, Liu L. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 promotes expression of miR-155 by the up-regulation of methyl-CpG binding domain protein 2 in TK6 cells exposed to hydroquinone. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 55:51-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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12
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Schcolnik-Cabrera A, Domínguez-Gómez G, Dueñas-González A. Comparison of DNA demethylating and histone deacetylase inhibitors hydralazine-valproate versus vorinostat-decitabine incutaneous t-cell lymphoma in HUT78 cells. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BLOOD RESEARCH 2018; 8:5-16. [PMID: 30038842 PMCID: PMC6055069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is an uncommon extranodal non-Hodgkin T-cell lymphoma that originates from mature T lymphocytes homed at the skin. Epigenetic alterations observed in CTCL are not limited to overexpression of Histone Deacetylases but also to DNA hypermethylation. The known synergy between Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) and DNA methyltransferases inhibitors (DNMTi) suggests that combining these agent classes could be effective for CTCL. METHODS In this study, the combinations of the HDACi and DNMTi hydralazine/valproate (HV) and vorinostat/decitabine (VD) were compared in regard to viability inhibition, clonogenicity, pharmacological interaction and cell cycle effects in the CTCL cell line Hut78. In addition, the effect of these combinations was evaluated in normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells. RESULTS The results show that each of the DNMTi and HDACi exerts growth inhibition, mostly by inducing apoptosis as shown in the cell cycle distribution. However, in the combination of HV the interaction is more synergic and also it inhibits the clonogenic capacity of cells over time. Additionally, the HV combination seems to affect in a minor degree the viability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study and the preclinical and clinical evidence on the efficacy of combining HDACi with DNMTi strongly suggest that more studies are needed with this drug class combination in CTCL, particularly with the hydralazine-valproate scheme, which is safe, and these drugs are widely available and administered by oral route.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alfonso Dueñas-González
- Unidad De Investigacion Biomédica En Cancer, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas UNAM/Instituto Nacional De CancerologíaMéxico
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13
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Ziller A, Fraissinet-Tachet L. Metallothionein diversity and distribution in the tree of life: a multifunctional protein. Metallomics 2018; 10:1549-1559. [DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00165k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metallothioneins are diverse, but not represented yet in all phyla. Moreover, they play a central role as a [MT:T:TO] protein system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Ziller
- Microbial Ecology
- CNRS UMR 5557
- UMR INRA 1418
- Université Lyon1
- Université de Lyon
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14
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Good KV, Martínez de Paz A, Tyagi M, Cheema MS, Thambirajah AA, Gretzinger TL, Stefanelli G, Chow RL, Krupke O, Hendzel M, Missiaen K, Underhill A, Landsberger N, Ausió J. Trichostatin A decreases the levels of MeCP2 expression and phosphorylation and increases its chromatin binding affinity. Epigenetics 2017; 12:934-944. [PMID: 29099289 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2017.1380760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
MeCP2 binds to methylated DNA in a chromatin context and has an important role in cancer and brain development and function. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are currently being used to palliate many cancer and neurological disorders. Yet, the molecular mechanisms involved are not well known for the most part and, in particular, the relationship between histone acetylation and MeCP2 is not well understood. In this paper, we study the effect of the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) on MeCP2, a protein whose dysregulation plays an important role in these diseases. We find that treatment of cells with TSA decreases the phosphorylation state of this protein and appears to result in a higher MeCP2 chromatin binding affinity. Yet, the binding dynamics with which the protein binds to DNA appear not to be significantly affected despite the chromatin reorganization resulting from the high levels of acetylation. HDAC inhibition also results in an overall decrease in MeCP2 levels of different cell lines. Moreover, we show that miR132 increases upon TSA treatment, and is one of the players involved in the observed downregulation of MeCP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina V Good
- a Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology , University of Victoria , Victoria , BC , V8W 3P6 , Canada
| | - Alexia Martínez de Paz
- a Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology , University of Victoria , Victoria , BC , V8W 3P6 , Canada
| | - Monica Tyagi
- a Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology , University of Victoria , Victoria , BC , V8W 3P6 , Canada
| | - Manjinder S Cheema
- a Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology , University of Victoria , Victoria , BC , V8W 3P6 , Canada
| | - Anita A Thambirajah
- a Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology , University of Victoria , Victoria , BC , V8W 3P6 , Canada.,b Douglas Hospital Research Center , Department of Psychiatry , McGill University , Montréal , Québec H3G 1Y6 , Canada
| | - Taylor L Gretzinger
- a Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology , University of Victoria , Victoria , BC , V8W 3P6 , Canada
| | - Gilda Stefanelli
- c Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Robert L Chow
- d Department of Biology , University of Victoria , Victoria , BC , V8W 3P6 , Canada
| | - Oliver Krupke
- d Department of Biology , University of Victoria , Victoria , BC , V8W 3P6 , Canada
| | - Michael Hendzel
- e Department of Cell Biology , Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada.,f Department of Oncology and Department of Cell Biology , Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada
| | - Kristal Missiaen
- f Department of Oncology and Department of Cell Biology , Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada
| | - Alan Underhill
- f Department of Oncology and Department of Cell Biology , Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada
| | - Nicoletta Landsberger
- c Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Juan Ausió
- a Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology , University of Victoria , Victoria , BC , V8W 3P6 , Canada
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15
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Abstract
Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression that occur without alterations in the DNA sequence. Several studies have shown that environmental chemicals can alter epigenetic modifications, including histone modifications and DNA methylation. Environmental chemicals may show toxic effects via epigenetic mechanism-regulated changes in gene expression. Previously, we reported that zinc treatment rapidly decreased Lys(4)-trimethylated and Lys(9)-acetylated histone H3 in the metallothionein (MT) promoter, and also decreased total histone H3. The chromatin structure in the MT promoter may be locally disrupted by zinc-induced nucleosome removal. We also showed that chromium (VI) inhibited MT gene transcription by modifying the transcription potential of the co-activator p300. MT is a small cysteine-rich protein that is active in zinc homeostasis, cadmium detoxification, and protection against reactive oxygen species. Epigenetic changes might influence the cytoprotective function of the MT gene. In this review, I briefly summarize the results of previous studies and discuss the mechanisms and toxicological significance of metal-mediated epigenetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Kimura
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Setsunan University
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16
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Pagano A, Araújo SDS, Macovei A, Leonetti P, Balestrazzi A. The Seed Repair Response during Germination: Disclosing Correlations between DNA Repair, Antioxidant Response, and Chromatin Remodeling in Medicago truncatula. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1972. [PMID: 29184569 PMCID: PMC5694548 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This work provides novel insights into the effects caused by the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) during Medicago truncatula seed germination, with emphasis on the seed repair response. Seeds treated with H2O and TSA (10 and 20 μM) were collected during imbibition (8 h) and at the radicle protrusion phase. Biometric data showed delayed germination and impaired seedling growth in TSA-treated samples. Comet assay, performed on radicles at the protrusion phase and 4-days old M. truncatula seedlings, revealed accumulation of DNA strand breaks upon exposure to TSA. Activation of DNA repair toward TSA-mediated genotoxic damage was evidenced by the up-regulation of MtOGG1(8-OXOGUANINE GLYCOSYLASE/LYASE) gene involved in the removal of oxidative DNA lesions, MtLIGIV(LIGASE IV) gene, a key determinant of seed quality, required for the rejoining of DNA double strand breaks and TDP(TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASE) genes encoding the multipurpose DNA repair enzymes tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterases. Since radical scavenging can prevent DNA damage, the specific antioxidant activity (SAA) was measured by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and Folin-Ciocalteu reagent assays. Fluctuations of SAA were observed in TSA-treated seeds/seedlings concomitant with the up-regulation of antioxidant genes MtSOD(SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE, MtAPX(ASCORBATE PEROXIDASE) and MtMT2(TYPE 2 METALLOTHIONEIN). Chromatin remodeling, required to facilitate the access of DNA repair enzymes at the damaged sites, is also part of the multifaceted seed repair response. To address this aspect, still poorly explored in plants, the MtTRRAP(TRANSFORMATION/TRANSACTIVATION DOMAIN-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN) gene was analyzed. TRRAP is a transcriptional adaptor, so far characterized only in human cells where it is needed for the recruitment of histone acetyltransferase complexes to chromatin during DNA repair. The MtTRRAP gene and the predicted interacting partners MtHAM2 (HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE OF THE MYST FAMILY) and MtADA2A (TRANSCRIPTIONAL ADAPTOR) showed tissue- and dose-dependent fluctuations in transcript levels. PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and correlation analyses suggest for a new putative link between DNA repair and chromatin remodeling that involves MtOGG1 and MtTRRAP genes, in the context of seed germination. Interesting correlations also connect DNA repair and chromatin remodeling with antioxidant players and proliferation markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pagano
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘Lazzaro Spallanzani’, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Susana de Sousa Araújo
- Plant Cell Biotechnology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB-NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Anca Macovei
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘Lazzaro Spallanzani’, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paola Leonetti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Alma Balestrazzi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘Lazzaro Spallanzani’, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Alma Balestrazzi
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17
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Li H, Lu YF, Chen H, Liu J. Dysregulation of metallothionein and circadian genes in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Chronobiol Int 2016; 34:192-202. [PMID: 27997226 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2016.1256300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the major threat to human health, and disruption of circadian clock genes is implicated in hepatocarcinogenesis. This study examined the dysregulation of metallothioneins and circadian genes in achieved human HCC (n = 24), peri-HCC tissues (n = 24) as compared with normal human livers (n = 36). Total RNA was extracted and reverse transcribed. Real-time RT-qPCR was performed to determine the expression of genes of interest. The results demonstrated the downregulation of metallothionein-1 (MT-1), MT-2, and metal transcription factor-1 (MFT-1) in human HCC as compared with Peri-HCC and normal tissues. MTs are a biomarker for HCC and have typical circadian rhythms; the expression of major circadian clock genes was also determined. HCC produced a dramatic decrease in the expression of core clock genes, circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (Clock) and brain and muscle Arnt-like protein 1 (Bmal1), and decreased the expression of the clock feedback control genes, Periods (Per1, Per2) and Cryptochromes (Cry1, Cry2). On the other hand, the expression of clock target genes nuclear orphan receptor factor protein (Nr1d1) and D-box-binding protein (Dbp) was upregulated as compared with Peri-HCC and normal livers. Peri-HCC also had mild alterations in these gene expressions. In summary, the present study clearly demonstrated the dysregulation of MTs and circadian clock genes in human HCC, which could provide the information of targeting MT and circadian clock in HCC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Li
- a Key Lab for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education , Zunyi Medical College , Zunyi , China
| | - Yuan-Fu Lu
- a Key Lab for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education , Zunyi Medical College , Zunyi , China
| | - Hong Chen
- b The Institute of Organ Transplantation , The General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces , Beijing , China
| | - Jie Liu
- a Key Lab for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education , Zunyi Medical College , Zunyi , China
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18
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Haldar S, Dru C, Mishra R, Tripathi M, Duong F, Angara B, Fernandez A, Arditi M, Bhowmick NA. Histone deacetylase inhibitors mediate DNA damage repair in ameliorating hemorrhagic cystitis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39257. [PMID: 27995963 PMCID: PMC5171776 DOI: 10.1038/srep39257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic cystitis is an inflammatory and ulcerative bladder condition associated with systemic chemotherapeutics, like cyclophosphomide. Earlier, we reported reactive oxygen species resulting from cyclophosphamide metabolite, acrolein, causes global methylation followed by silencing of DNA damage repair genes. Ogg1 (8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase) is one such silenced base excision repair enzyme that can restore DNA integrity. The accumulation of DNA damage results in subsequent inflammation associated with pyroptotic death of bladder smooth muscle cells. We hypothesized that reversing inflammasome-induced imprinting in the bladder smooth muscle could prevent the inflammatory phenotype. Elevated recruitment of Dnmt1 and Dnmt3b to the Ogg1 promoter in acrolein treated bladder muscle cells was validated by the pattern of CpG methylation revealed by bisulfite sequencing. Knockout of Ogg1 in detrusor cells resulted in accumulation of reactive oxygen mediated 8-Oxo-dG and spontaneous pyroptotic signaling. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), restored Ogg1 expression in cells treated with acrolein and mice treated with cyclophosphamide superior to the standard of care, mesna or nicotinamide-induced DNA demethylation. SAHA restored cyclophosphamide-induced bladder pathology to that of untreated control mice. The observed epigenetic imprinting induced by inflammation suggests a new therapeutic target for the treatment of hemorrhagic cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Haldar
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Ochin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Dru
- Division of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rajeev Mishra
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Ochin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Manisha Tripathi
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Ochin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Frank Duong
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Ochin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Administration, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bryan Angara
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Ochin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Administration, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ana Fernandez
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Ochin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Administration, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Moshe Arditi
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Neil A. Bhowmick
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Ochin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Administration, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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19
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Liu L, Yan Y, Wang J, Wu W, Xu L. Generation of mt:egfp transgenic zebrafish biosensor for the detection of aquatic zinc and cadmium. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:2066-2073. [PMID: 26752424 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish embryo toxicity testing has become a popular method for detecting environmental pollutions. However, the present research showed that zebrafish embryos exhibited no visible paramorphia, malformation, or mortality when exposed to heavy metals in a range above environmental standard limits, indicating that zebrafish embryos are an imprecise model for monitoring environmental heavy metals concentrations above regulatory limits. Aiming to obtain a biosensor for aquatic heavy metals, a metal-sensitive vector including zebrafish metallothionein (MT) promoter and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was reconstructed and microinjected into 1-cell stage zebrafish embryos. The authors obtained an mt:egfp transgenic zebrafish line sensitive to aquatic zinc and cadmium. A quantitative experiment showed that zinc and cadmium treatment significantly induced the expression of EGFP in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In particular, EGFP messenger RNA levels increased remarkably when exposed to heavy metals above the standard limits. The results suggest that the transgenic zebrafish is a highly sensitive biosensor for detecting environmental levels of zinc and cadmium. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2066-2073. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Liu
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanchun Yan
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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20
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Li L, Li C, Mao H, Du Z, Chan WY, Murray P, Luo B, Chan AT, Mok TS, Chan FK, Ambinder RF, Tao Q. Epigenetic inactivation of the CpG demethylase TET1 as a DNA methylation feedback loop in human cancers. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26591. [PMID: 27225590 PMCID: PMC4880909 DOI: 10.1038/srep26591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Promoter CpG methylation is a fundamental regulatory process of gene expression. TET proteins are active CpG demethylases converting 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, with loss of 5 hmC as an epigenetic hallmark of cancers, indicating critical roles of TET proteins in epigenetic tumorigenesis. Through analysis of tumor methylomes, we discovered TET1 as a methylated target, and further confirmed its frequent downregulation/methylation in cell lines and primary tumors of multiple carcinomas and lymphomas, including nasopharyngeal, esophageal, gastric, colorectal, renal, breast and cervical carcinomas, as well as non-Hodgkin, Hodgkin and nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphomas, although all three TET family genes are ubiquitously expressed in normal tissues. Ectopic expression of TET1 catalytic domain suppressed colony formation and induced apoptosis of tumor cells of multiple tissue types, supporting its role as a broad bona fide tumor suppressor. Furthermore, TET1 catalytic domain possessed demethylase activity in cancer cells, being able to inhibit the CpG methylation of tumor suppressor gene (TSG) promoters and reactivate their expression, such as SLIT2, ZNF382 and HOXA9. As only infrequent mutations of TET1 have been reported, compared to TET2, epigenetic silencing therefore appears to be the dominant mechanism for TET1 inactivation in cancers, which also forms a feedback loop of CpG methylation during tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Li
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chen Li
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Haitao Mao
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Zhenfang Du
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wai Yee Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Paul Murray
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, Shandong, China
| | - Anthony Tc Chan
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Tony Sk Mok
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Francis Kl Chan
- Institute of Digestive Disease and State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Richard F Ambinder
- Johns Hopkins Singapore and Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Qian Tao
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Johns Hopkins Singapore and Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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21
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Pan Y, Lin S, Xing R, Zhu M, Lin B, Cui J, Li W, Gao J, Shen L, Zhao Y, Guo M, Wang JM, Huang J, Lu Y. Epigenetic Upregulation of Metallothionein 2A by Diallyl Trisulfide Enhances Chemosensitivity of Human Gastric Cancer Cells to Docetaxel Through Attenuating NF-κB Activation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 24:839-54. [PMID: 26801633 PMCID: PMC4876530 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Metallothionein 2A (MT2A) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) are both involved in carcinogenesis and cancer chemosensitivity. We previously showed decreased expression of MT2A and IκB-α in human gastric cancer (GC) associated with poor prognosis of GC patients. The present study investigated the effect of diallyl trisulfide (DATS), a garlic-derived compound, and docetaxel (DOC) on regulation of MT2A in relation to NF-κB in GC cells. RESULTS DATS attenuated NF-κB signaling in GC cells, resulting in G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, culminating in the inhibition of cell proliferation and tumorigenesis in nude mice. The anti-GC effect of DATS was attributable to its capacity to epigenetically upregulate MT2A, which in turn enhanced transcription of IκB-α to suppress NF-κB activation in GC cells. The combination of DATS with DOC exhibited a synergistic anti-GC activity accompanied by MT2A upregulation and NF-κB inactivation. Histopathologic analysis of GC specimens from patients showed a significant increase in MT2A expression following DOC treatment. GC patients with high MT2A expression in tumor specimens showed significantly improved response to chemotherapy and prolonged survival compared with those with low MT2A expression in tumors. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION We conclude that DATS exerts its anti-GC activity and enhances chemosensitivity of GC to DOC by epigenetic upregulation of MT2A to attenuate NF-κB signaling. Our findings delineate a mechanistic basis of MT2A/NF-κB signaling for DATS- and DOC-mediated anti-GC effects, suggesting that MT2A may be a chemosensitivity indicator in GC patients receiving DOC-based treatment and a promising target for more effective treatment of GC by combination of DATS and DOC. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 24, 839-854.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanming Pan
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital/Institute , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shuye Lin
- 2 College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 Shangyuancun, Haidian District, Beijing, P.R. China .,3 Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Rui Xing
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital/Institute , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Min Zhu
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital/Institute , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Bonan Lin
- 2 College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 Shangyuancun, Haidian District, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jiantao Cui
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital/Institute , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wenmei Li
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital/Institute , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jing Gao
- 4 Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of GI Oncology, Peking University School of Oncology , Peking Cancer Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lin Shen
- 4 Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of GI Oncology, Peking University School of Oncology , Peking Cancer Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- 5 CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Mingzhou Guo
- 6 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ji Ming Wang
- 3 Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Jiaqiang Huang
- 2 College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 Shangyuancun, Haidian District, Beijing, P.R. China .,3 Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Youyong Lu
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital/Institute , Beijing, P.R. China
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22
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Ostrakhovitch EA, Song YP, Cherian MG. Basal and copper-induced expression of metallothionein isoform 1,2 and 3 genes in epithelial cancer cells: The role of tumor suppressor p53. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2016; 35:18-29. [PMID: 27049123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are a ubiquitous low-molecular weight, cysteine rich proteins with a high affinity for metal ions. The expression and induction of MTs have been associated with protection against DNA damage, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Our past research had shown that p53 is an important factor in metal regulation of MTs. The present study was undertaken to explore further the interrelationship between p53 and MTs. We investigated whether silencing of p53 could affect expression pattern of basal and copper induced metallothioneins. The silencing of wild-type p53 (wt-p53) in epithelial breast cancer MCF7 cells affected the basal level of MT-2A RNA, whereas the levels of MT-1A and MT-1X RNA remained largely unchanged. The expression of MT-3 was undetectable in MCF7 with either functional or silenced p53. MCF7 cells with silenced wt-p53 failed to upregulate MT-2A in response to copper and showed a reduced sensitivity toward copper induced cell apoptotic death. Similarly in MCF7-E6 and MDA-MB-231 cells, the presence of inactive/mutated p53 halted MT-1A and MT-2A gene expression in response to copper. Constitutive expression of MT-3 RNA was detectable in the presence of mutated p53 (mtp53). Transient transfection of MDA-MB-231 cells with wt-p53 enabled copper induced upregulation of both MT-1A and MT-2A but not basal level of MT-2A, MT-1E, MT-1X and MT-3. Inactivation of p53 in HepG2 cells amplified the basal expression of studied MT isoforms, including MT-3, as well as copper-induced mRNA expression of MTs except MT-1H and MT-3. Presented data demonstrate a direct relation between p53 and MT-1A and MT-2A and they also indicate that wt-p53 might be a negative regulator of MT-3 in epithelial cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Ostrakhovitch
- Department of Pathology, University of Western Ontario, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, Canada.
| | - Y P Song
- Department of Pathology, University of Western Ontario, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, Canada
| | - M G Cherian
- Department of Pathology, University of Western Ontario, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, Canada
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23
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Xu H, Yi Q, Yang C, Wang Y, Tian J, Zhu J. Histone modifications interact with DNA methylation at the GATA4 promoter during differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into cardiomyocyte-like cells. Cell Prolif 2016; 49:315-29. [PMID: 27117983 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A previous study of ours confirmed that Islet-1 specifically induces differentiation of MSCs into cardiomyocytes, and that one of the mechanisms underlying that process is regulation of histone acetylation. Here, we further explore the mechanism of MSC differentiation into cardiomyocytes from the perspective of interactions between epigenetic modifications. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used lentiviral vectors to overexpress Islet-1 in MSCs, and ChIP-qPCR, MSP and BSP were performed to detect levels of histone acetylation/methylation and DNA methylation in the GATA4 and Nkx2.5 promoters. To further explore relationships between these epigenetic modifications, we used 5-aza or TSA to interfere with DNA methylation and histone acetylation, respectively, and detected effects on the other two modifications. RESULTS Histone acetylation level increased and its methylation level decreased at GATA4 and Nkx2.5 promoters; DNA methylation level was reduced at the GATA4 promoter but did not change at the Nkx2.5 promoter. Furthermore, 5-aza increased histone acetylation level and reduced its methylation level at the GATA4 promoter but had no effect on the Nkx2.5 promoter; TSA reduced histone methylation and DNA methylation levels at the GATA4 promoter, but it only reduced histone methylation level at the Nkx2.5 promoter. CONCLUSIONS Histone acetylation/methylation and DNA methylation were both involved in regulating GATA4 expression, but Nkx2.5 expression was not regulated by DNA methylation. These three modifications had high correlation with each other during regulation of GATA4 and produced a regulation loop at the GATA4 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Qin Yi
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Chunmei Yang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Cardiovascular Department (Internal Medicine), Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, 400014, China
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24
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Datta J, Islam M, Dutta S, Roy S, Pan Q, Teknos TN. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid inhibits growth of head and neck cancer cell lines by reactivation of tumor suppressor microRNAs. Oral Oncol 2016; 56:32-9. [PMID: 27086484 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND microRNAs negatively regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Mounting evidence shows that miR expression is deregulated in human cancers including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Epigenetically silenced tumor suppressor miRs may be re-expressed upon treatment with histone deacetylases inhibitors. Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid (SAHA) is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that is currently being investigated in clinical trials for HNSCC. We hypothesized that SAHA will re-express a set of tumor suppressor miRs and enhance the efficacy of cisplatin and radiation in HNSCC. RESULTS In this study, miR expression profile was utilized to identify the tumor suppressor miRs that are re-expressed following SAHA treatment in HNSCC. Our data demonstrated that two tumor suppressor miRs, miR-107 and miR-138, were significantly up-regulated in CAL27 and SCC25 cell lines, following SAHA treatment. In addition to this, treatment with SAHA in a dose dependent manner significantly inhibited the cell proliferation, cell migration, and anchorage dependent clonogenic survival in CAL27 and SCC25 cell lines, respectively. Further, the expression of several oncogenes, PKCε, HIF1β, CDK6, and RhoC were down regulated in response to SAHA treatment. Additionally, we demonstrated that the combination treatment with SAHA and a chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin caused a significant reduction of cell growth compared to the single agent treatment. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that SAHA treatment results in reactivation of the silenced tumor suppressor miRs. Furthermore, this study emphasizes the usefulness of this drug as a novel combination therapy for HNSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jharna Datta
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Mozaffarul Islam
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Samidha Dutta
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sounak Roy
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Quintin Pan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Theodoros N Teknos
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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25
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Kimura T, Kambe T. The Functions of Metallothionein and ZIP and ZnT Transporters: An Overview and Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:336. [PMID: 26959009 PMCID: PMC4813198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Around 3000 proteins are thought to bind zinc in vivo, which corresponds to ~10% of the human proteome. Zinc plays a pivotal role as a structural, catalytic, and signaling component that functions in numerous physiological processes. It is more widely used as a structural element in proteins than any other transition metal ion, is a catalytic component of many enzymes, and acts as a cellular signaling mediator. Thus, it is expected that zinc metabolism and homeostasis have sophisticated regulation, and elucidating the underlying molecular basis of this is essential to understanding zinc functions in cellular physiology and pathogenesis. In recent decades, an increasing amount of evidence has uncovered critical roles of a number of proteins in zinc metabolism and homeostasis through influxing, chelating, sequestrating, coordinating, releasing, and effluxing zinc. Metallothioneins (MT) and Zrt- and Irt-like proteins (ZIP) and Zn transporters (ZnT) are the proteins primarily involved in these processes, and their malfunction has been implicated in a number of inherited diseases such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. The present review updates our current understanding of the biological functions of MTs and ZIP and ZnT transporters from several new perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Kimura
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Setsunan University, Neyagawa, Osaka 572-8508, Japan.
| | - Taiho Kambe
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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26
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Mensah AA, Kwee I, Gaudio E, Rinaldi A, Ponzoni M, Cascione L, Fossati G, Stathis A, Zucca E, Caprini G, Bertoni F. Novel HDAC inhibitors exhibit pre-clinical efficacy in lymphoma models and point to the importance of CDKN1A expression levels in mediating their anti-tumor response. Oncotarget 2016; 6:5059-71. [PMID: 25671298 PMCID: PMC4467133 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the pre-clinical activities of two novel histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), ITF-A and ITF-B, in a large panel of pre-clinical lymphoma models. The two compounds showed a dose-dependent anti-proliferative activity in the majority of cell lines. Gene expression profiling (GEP) of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cells treated with the compounds showed a modulation of genes involved in chromatin structure, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, B-cell signaling, and genes encoding metallothioneins. Cell lines showed differences between the concentrations of ITF-A and ITF-B needed to cause anti-proliferative or cytotoxic activity, and cell cycle and apoptosis genes appeared implicated in determining the type of response. In particular, CDKN1A expression was higher in DLBCL cells that, to undergo apoptosis, required a much higher amount of drug than that necessary to induce only an anti-proliferative effect. In conclusion, the two novel HDACi ITF-A and ITF-B demonstrated anti-proliferative activity across different mature B-cell lymphoma cell lines. Basal CDKN1A levels appeared to be important in determining the gap between HDACi concentrations causing cell cycle arrest and those that lead to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afua Adjeiwaa Mensah
- Lymphoma & Genomics Research Program, IOR Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Ivo Kwee
- Lymphoma & Genomics Research Program, IOR Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence (IDSIA), Manno, Switzerland
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Lymphoma & Genomics Research Program, IOR Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Rinaldi
- Lymphoma & Genomics Research Program, IOR Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Maurilio Ponzoni
- Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, Department of Onco-Hematology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luciano Cascione
- Lymphoma & Genomics Research Program, IOR Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,IOSI Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Gianluca Fossati
- Preclinical R&D Department, Italfarmaco S.p.A., Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy
| | - Anastasios Stathis
- IOSI Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Emanuele Zucca
- IOSI Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Gianluca Caprini
- Preclinical R&D Department, Italfarmaco S.p.A., Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Bertoni
- Lymphoma & Genomics Research Program, IOR Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,IOSI Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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27
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Liu TP, Hong YH, Tung KY, Yang PM. In silico and experimental analyses predict the therapeutic value of an EZH2 inhibitor GSK343 against hepatocellular carcinoma through the induction of metallothionein genes. Oncoscience 2016; 3:9-20. [PMID: 26973856 PMCID: PMC4751912 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There are currently no effective molecular targeted therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27)-specific methyltransferase, has been emerged as novel anticancer target. Our previous study has demonstrated that GSK343, an S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM)-competitive inhibitor of EZH2, induces autophagy and enhances drug sensitivity in cancer cells including HCC. In this study, an in silico study was performed and found that EZH2 was overexpressed in cancerous tissues of HCC patients at both gene and protein levels. Microarray analysis and in vitro experiments indicated that the anti-HCC activity of GSK343 was associated with the induction of metallothionein (MT) genes. In addition, the negative association of EZH2 and MT1/MT2A genes in cancer cell lines and tissues was found in public gene expression database. Taken together, our findings suggest that EZH2 inhibitors could be a good therapeutic option for HCC, and induction of MT genes was associated with the anti-HCC activity of EZH2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsang-Pai Liu
- The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Liver Medical Center, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Han Hong
- Department of Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kwang-Yi Tung
- Department of Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ming Yang
- The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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28
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Abstract
DNA methylation and histone modification are epigenetic mechanisms that result in altered gene expression and cellular phenotype. The exact role of methylation in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains unclear. However, aberrations (e.g. loss-/gain-of-function or up-/down-regulation) in components of epigenetic transcriptional regulation in general, and of the methylation machinery in particular, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of these diseases. In addition, many of these components have been identified as therapeutic targets for patients with MDS/AML, and are also being assessed as potential biomarkers of response or resistance to hypomethylating agents (HMAs). The HMAs 5-azacitidine (AZA) and 2'-deoxy-5-azacitidine (decitabine, DAC) inhibit DNA methylation and have shown significant clinical benefits in patients with myeloid malignancies. Despite being viewed as mechanistically similar drugs, AZA and DAC have differing mechanisms of action. DAC is incorporated 100% into DNA, whereas AZA is incorporated into RNA (80-90%) as well as DNA (10-20%). As such, both drugs inhibit DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs; dependently or independently of DNA replication) resulting in the re-expression of tumor-suppressor genes; however, AZA also has an impact on mRNA and protein metabolism via its inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase, resulting in apoptosis. Herein, we first give an overview of transcriptional regulation, including DNA methylation, post-translational histone-tail modifications, the role of micro-RNA and long-range epigenetic gene silencing. We place special emphasis on epigenetic transcriptional regulation and discuss the implication of various components in the pathogenesis of MDS/AML, their potential as therapeutic targets, and their therapeutic modulation by HMAs and other substances (if known). The main focus of this review is laid on dissecting the rapidly evolving knowledge of AZA and DAC with a special focus on their differing mechanisms of action, and the effect of HMAs on transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Pleyer
- 3rd Medical Department with Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University Hospital Salzburg, Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials at Salzburg Cancer Research Institute , Salzburg , Austria
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29
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Gonzalez-Vasconcellos I, Alonso-Rodríguez S, López-Baltar I, Fernández JL. Telomere Chromatin Condensation Assay (TCCA): a novel approach to study structural telomere integrity. Mutat Res 2015; 771:51-55. [PMID: 25771980 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres, the DNA-protein complexes located at the end of linear eukaryotic chromosomes are essential for genome stability. Improper higher-order chromatin organization at the chromosome ends can give rise to telomeric recombination and genomic instability. We report the development of an assay to quantify differences in the condensation of telomeric chromatin, thereby offering new opportunities to study telomere biology and stability. We have combined a DNA nuclease digestion with a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay of telomeric DNA, which we term the Telomere Chromatin Condensation Assay (TCCA). By quantifying the relative quantities of telomeric DNA that are progressively digested with the exonuclease Bal 31 the method can discriminate between different levels of telomeric chromatin condensation. The structural chromatin packaging at telomeres shielded against exonuclease digestion delivered an estimate, which we term Chromatin Protection Factor (CPF) that ranged from 1.7 to 2.3 fold greater than that present in unpacked DNA. The CPF was significantly decreased when cell cultures were incubated with the DNA hypomethylating agent 5-azacytidine, demonstrating the ability of the TCCA assay to discriminate between packaging levels of telomeric DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria Gonzalez-Vasconcellos
- INIBIC-Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Unidad de Genética, As Xubias, 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Silvia Alonso-Rodríguez
- INIBIC-Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Unidad de Genética, As Xubias, 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Isidoro López-Baltar
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular y Radiobiología, Centro Oncológico de Galicia, 15009 A Coruña, Spain
| | - José Luis Fernández
- INIBIC-Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Unidad de Genética, As Xubias, 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; Laboratorio de Genética Molecular y Radiobiología, Centro Oncológico de Galicia, 15009 A Coruña, Spain.
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30
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Gross TJ, Kremens K, Powers LS, Brink B, Knutson T, Domann FE, Philibert RA, Milhem MM, Monick MM. Epigenetic silencing of the human NOS2 gene: rethinking the role of nitric oxide in human macrophage inflammatory responses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 192:2326-38. [PMID: 24477906 PMCID: PMC3943971 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages, including alveolar macrophages, are primary phagocytic cells of the innate immune system. Many studies of macrophages and inflammation have been done in mouse models, in which inducible NO synthase (NOS2) and NO are important components of the inflammatory response. Human macrophages, in contrast to mouse macrophages, express little detectable NOS2 and generate little NO in response to potent inflammatory stimuli. The human NOS2 gene is highly methylated around the NOS2 transcription start site. In contrast, mouse macrophages contain unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) dinucleotides proximal to the NOS2 transcription start site. Further analysis of chromatin accessibility and histone modifications demonstrated a closed conformation at the human NOS2 locus and an open conformation at the murine NOS2 locus. In examining the potential for CpG demethylation at the NOS2 locus, we found that the human NOS2 gene was resistant to the effects of demethylation agents both in vitro and in vivo. Our data demonstrate that epigenetic modifications in human macrophages are associated with CpG methylation, chromatin compaction, and histone modifications that effectively silence the NOS2 gene. Taken together, our findings suggest there are significant and underappreciated differences in how murine and human macrophages respond to inflammatory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Gross
- Department of Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242
| | - Karol Kremens
- Department of Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242
| | - Linda S. Powers
- Department of Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242
| | - Brandi Brink
- Department of Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242
| | - Tina Knutson
- Department of Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242
| | - Frederick E. Domann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Carver College of
Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242
| | - Robert A. Philibert
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, The
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242
| | - Mohammed M. Milhem
- Department of Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242
| | - Martha M. Monick
- Department of Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242
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Islam M, Datta J, Lang JC, Teknos TN. Down regulation of RhoC by microRNA-138 results in de-activation of FAK, Src and Erk1/2 signaling pathway in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2014; 50:448-56. [PMID: 24565984 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE RhoC a pro-metastatic oncogene is constitutively active in many head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. MicroRNA-138 which possesses a documented tumor suppressor function can bind to the 3'UTR of RhoC mRNA and inhibit its activity. We hypothesize that miR-138 can inhibit the function of RhoC and consequently the activation of downstream target molecules involve in the signaling cascade. For this reason we investigated the role of miR-138 in HNSCC. METHODS In vitro studies were carried out to evaluate the role of miR-138 in HNSCC cell lines and in primary tumors obtained from HNSCC patients. Real time RT-PCR, Western blot, cell motility, invasion and colony formation assays were performed according to standard procedures. RESULTS Data obtained by G-LISA and real time PCR shows an inverse correlation between RhoC expression and miR-138 in HNSCC cell lines. Additionally, we obtained a similar pattern of RhoC and miR-138 expression in primary tumors from HNSCC patients. Over expression of miR-138 in HNSCC lines showed down regulation of RhoC, as well as a decrease in cell motility, invasion colony and stress fiber formation. Furthermore, a significant down regulation was observed for FAK, Src and Erk(1/2) upon miR-138 overexpression. CONCLUSION These findings strongly suggest that the inhibition of RhoC can be achieved by over expressing miR-138, which further attenuates the downstream signaling cascade leading to cancer progression and survival. Moreover, this study for the first time shows that down regulation of FAK, Src and Erk(1/2) by miR-138 overexpression is due to inhibition of RhoC in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozaffarul Islam
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Jharna Datta
- Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - James C Lang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Theodoros N Teknos
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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Involvement of telomerase reverse transcriptase in heterochromatin maintenance. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:1576-93. [PMID: 24550003 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00093-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, centromeric heterochromatin is maintained by an RNA-directed RNA polymerase complex (RDRC) and the RNA-induced transcriptional silencing (RITS) complex in a manner that depends on the generation of short interfering RNA. In association with the telomerase RNA component (TERC), the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) forms telomerase and counteracts telomere attrition, and without TERC, TERT has been implicated in the regulation of heterochromatin at locations distinct from telomeres. Here, we describe a complex composed of human TERT (hTERT), Brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1), and nucleostemin (NS) that contributes to heterochromatin maintenance at centromeres and transposons. This complex produced double-stranded RNAs homologous to centromeric alpha-satellite (alphoid) repeat elements and transposons that were processed into small interfering RNAs targeted to these heterochromatic regions. These small interfering RNAs promoted heterochromatin assembly and mitotic progression in a manner dependent on the RNA interference machinery. These observations implicate the hTERT/BRG1/NS (TBN) complex in heterochromatin assembly at particular sites in the mammalian genome.
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Cacan E, Ali MW, Boyd NH, Hooks SB, Greer SF. Inhibition of HDAC1 and DNMT1 modulate RGS10 expression and decrease ovarian cancer chemoresistance. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87455. [PMID: 24475290 PMCID: PMC3903677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
RGS10 is an important regulator of cell survival and chemoresistance in ovarian cancer. We recently showed that RGS10 transcript expression is suppressed during acquired chemoresistance in ovarian cancer. The suppression of RGS10 is due to DNA hypermethylation and histone deacetylation, two important mechanisms that contribute to silencing of tumor suppressor genes during cancer progression. Here, we fully investigate the molecular mechanisms of epigenetic silencing of RGS10 expression in chemoresistant A2780-AD ovarian cancer cells. We identify two important epigenetic regulators, HDAC1 and DNMT1, that exhibit aberrant association with RGS10 promoters in chemoresistant ovarian cancer cells. Knockdown of HDAC1 or DNMT1 expression, and pharmacological inhibition of DNMT or HDAC enzymatic activity, significantly increases RGS10 expression and cisplatin-mediated cell death. Finally, DNMT1 knock down also decreases HDAC1 binding to the RGS10 promoter in chemoresistant cells, suggesting HDAC1 recruitment to RGS10 promoters requires DNMT1 activity. Our results suggest that HDAC1 and DNMT1 contribute to the suppression of RGS10 during acquired chemoresistance and support inhibition of HDAC1 and DNMT1 as an adjuvant therapeutic approach to overcome ovarian cancer chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ercan Cacan
- Division of Cellular Biology and Immunology, Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mourad W. Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nathaniel H. Boyd
- Division of Cellular Biology and Immunology, Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shelley B. Hooks
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Susanna F. Greer
- Division of Cellular Biology and Immunology, Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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DNA promoter and histone H3 methylation downregulate NGX6 in gastric cancer cells. Med Oncol 2013; 31:817. [PMID: 24338274 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-013-0817-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma-associated gene 6 (NGX6) is a novel candidate tumor metastasis suppressor gene. Our study was to determine whether DNA hypermethylation and histone modification at the NGX6 gene promoter play important roles in silencing NGX6 expression in gastric cancer. NGX6 expression was downregulated in all gastric cancer cells and 76.19 % tissues. In three GC cell lines, hypermethylated NGX6 loci were characterized by histone H3-K9 hypoacetylation and hypermethylation. Trichostatin A treatment could moderately increase H3-K9 acetylation at the silenced loci; however, it had no effect on DNA and H3-K9 methylation and minimal effects on NGX6 expression. In contrast, 5'aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment could rapidly decrease DNA and H3-K9 methylation at the silenced loci, leading to the reexpression of NGX6. Combined treatment with 5'aza-2'-deoxycytidine and trichostatin A had synergistic effects on the reexpression of NGX6 at the hypermethylation loci. Our current study shows that NGX6 expression is downregulated in GC cancer cells and tissues due to NGX6 promoter methylation and H3-K9 methylation, but not H3-K9 acetylation. Our findings indicate that the downregulation of NGX6 expression contributes to the development and progression of gastric cancer. More studies are needed to determine the precise mechanism of NGX6 in the progression of gastric cancer.
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Chen Y, Shin BC, Thamotharan S, Devaskar SU. Differential methylation of the micro-RNA 7b gene targets postnatal maturation of murine neuronal Mecp2 gene expression. Dev Neurobiol 2013; 74:407-425. [PMID: 24039126 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation and microRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial roles in maturation of postnatal mouse neurons. Aberrant DNA methylation and/or altered miRNA expression cause postnatal neurodevelopmental disorders. In general, DNA methylation in the 5'-flanking region suppresses gene expression through recruitment of methyl-CpG binding domain proteins (MBPs) to the cytosine residues of CpG dinucleotides. X-linked MeCP2 (methyl-CpG binding protein 2), a member of MBPs, is a methylation-associated transcriptional repressor with other functions in the central nervous system (CNS). miRNAs negatively regulate gene expression by targeting the 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR). Some miRNA genes harboring or being embedded in CpG islands undergo methylation-mediated silencing. One such miRNA is miR-7b which is differentially expressed through stages of neurodevelopment. In our present study, we focused on a canonical CpG island located in the 5'-flanking region of the murine miR-7b gene. Hypermethylation of this CpG island down-regulates miR-7b while recruiting MeCP2 to the methylated CpG dinucleotides. Meanwhile, Mecp2, a target of miR-7b, was up-regulated due to lack of restrain exerted by miR-7b during maturation of postnatal (PN) mouse neurons between PN3 and PN14. Our results indicate that miR-7b is a direct downstream gene transcriptional target while also being a negative post-transcriptional regulator of Mecp2 expression. We speculate that this bidirectional feed-back autoregulatory function of miR-7b and Mecp2 while linking DNA methylation and miRNA action maintains the homeostatic control of gene expression necessary during postnatal maturation of mammalian neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology and Neonatal Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of General Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Bo-Chul Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology and Neonatal Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shanthie Thamotharan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology and Neonatal Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sherin U Devaskar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology and Neonatal Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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DNA methyltransferase inhibitor RG108 and histone deacetylase inhibitors cooperate to enhance NB4 cell differentiation and E-cadherin re-expression by chromatin remodelling. Cell Biol Int 2013; 36:1067-78. [PMID: 22845560 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20110649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic silencing of cancer-related genes by abnormal methylation and the reversal of this process by DNA methylation inhibitors represents a promising strategy in cancer therapy. As DNA methylation affects gene expression and chromatin structure, we investigated the effects of novel DNMT (DNA methyltransferase) inhibitor, RG108, alone and in its combinations with structurally several HDAC (histone deacetylase) inhibitors [sodium PB (phenyl butyrate) or BML-210 (N-(2-aminophenyl)-N'phenyloctanol diamine), and all-trans RA (retinoic acid)] in the human PML (promyelocytic leukaemia) NB4 cells. RG108 at different doses from 20 to 100 μM caused time-, but not a dose-dependent inhibition of NB4 cell proliferation without cytotoxicity. Temporal pretreatment with RG108 before RA resulted in a dose-dependent cell growth inhibition and remarkable acceleration of granulocytic differentiation. Prolonged treatments with RG108 and RA in the presence of HDAC inhibitors significantly increased differentiation. RG108 caused time-dependent re-expression of methylation-silenced E-cadherin, with increase after temporal or continuous treatments with RG108 and RA, or RA together with PB in parallel, in cell maturation, suggesting the role of E-cadherin as a possible therapeutic marker. These processes required both PB-induced hyperacetylation of histone H4 and trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 4, indicating the cooperative action of histone modifications and DNA methylation/demethylation in derepression of E-cadherin. This work provides novel experimental evidence of the beneficial role of the DNMT inhibitor RG108 in combinations with RA and HDACIs in the effective differentiation of human PML based on epigenetics.
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Viñuelas J, Kaneko G, Coulon A, Beslon G, Gandrillon O. Towards experimental manipulation of stochasticity in gene expression. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 110:44-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Kutay H, Klepper C, Wang B, Hsu SH, Datta J, Yu L, Zhang X, Majumder S, Motiwala T, Khan N, Belury M, McClain C, Jacob S, Ghoshal K. Reduced susceptibility of DNA methyltransferase 1 hypomorphic (Dnmt1N/+) mice to hepatic steatosis upon feeding liquid alcohol diet. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41949. [PMID: 22905112 PMCID: PMC3414497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylation at C-5 (5-mdC) of CpG base pairs, the most abundant epigenetic modification of DNA, is catalyzed by 3 essential DNA methyltransferases (Dnmt1, Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b). Aberrations in DNA methylation and Dnmts are linked to different diseases including cancer. However, their role in alcoholic liver disease (ALD) has not been elucidated. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Dnmt1 wild type (Dnmt1(+/+)) and hypomorphic (Dnmt1(N/+)) male mice that express reduced level of Dnmt1 were fed Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet containing ethanol for 6 weeks. Control mice were pair-fed calorie-matched alcohol-free liquid diet, and Dnmtase activity, 5-mdC content, gene expression profile and liver histopathology were evaluated. Ethanol feeding caused pronounced decrease in hepatic Dnmtase activity in Dnmt1(+/+) mice due to decrease in Dnmt1 and Dnmt3b protein levels and upregulation of miR-148 and miR-152 that target both Dnmt1 and Dnmt3b. Microarray and qPCR analysis showed that the genes involved in lipid, xenobiotic and glutathione metabolism, mitochondrial function and cell proliferation were dysregulated in the wild type mice fed alcohol. Surprisingly, Dnmt1(N/+) mice were less susceptible to alcoholic steatosis compared to Dnmt1(+/+) mice. Expression of several key genes involved in alcohol (Aldh3b1), lipid (Ppara, Lepr, Vldlr, Agpat9) and xenobiotic (Cyp39a1) metabolism, and oxidative stress (Mt-1, Fmo3) were significantly (P<0.05) altered in Dnmt1(N/+) mice relative to the wild type mice fed alcohol diet. However, CpG islands encompassing the promoter regions of Agpat9, Lepr, Mt1 and Ppara were methylation-free in both genotypes irrespective of the diet, suggesting that promoter methylation does not regulate their expression. Similarly, 5-mdC content of the liver genome, as measured by LC-MS/MS analysis, was not affected by alcohol diet in the wild type or hypomorphic mice. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Although feeding alcohol diet reduced Dnmtase activity, the loss of one copy of Dnmt1 protected mice from alcoholic hepatosteatosis by dysregulating genes involved in lipid metabolism and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huban Kutay
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Corie Klepper
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Shu-hao Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jharna Datta
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Lianbo Yu
- Center for Biostatistics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Center for Biostatistics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sarmila Majumder
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Tasneem Motiwala
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Nuzhat Khan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Martha Belury
- Department of Nutrition, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Craig McClain
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville and the Robley Rex Louisville VAMC, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Samson Jacob
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Experimental Therapeutics Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kalpana Ghoshal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Experimental Therapeutics Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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Dhawan D, Ramos-Vara JA, Hahn NM, Waddell J, Olbricht GR, Zheng R, Stewart JC, Knapp DW. DNMT1: an emerging target in the treatment of invasive urinary bladder cancer. Urol Oncol 2012; 31:1761-9. [PMID: 22609058 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES More than 14,000 people die from invasive urothelial carcinoma (iUC) of the urinary bladder each year in the USA, and more effective therapies are needed. Naturally occurring canine iUC very closely resembles the disease in humans and serves as a highly relevant translational model for novel therapy of human iUC. Work was undertaken to identify new targets for anticancer therapy in dogs with the goal of translating successful therapeutic strategies into humans with iUC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Microarray expression analyses were conducted on mRNA extracted from canine normal bladder (n = 4) and iUC tissues (n = 4) using Genome Array 1.0 and analyzed by GeneSpring GX 11, with the stringency of P < 0.02 and a ≥ 2-fold change. The genes thus identified were further analyzed for functional and pathway analysis using Protein ANalysis THrough Evolutionary Relationships (PANTHER) Classification System. In selecting genes for further study, consideration was given for evidence of a role of the gene in human iUC. From these analyses, DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) was selected for further study. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) of canine normal bladder and iUC tissues was performed to confirm the microarray expression analyses. The effects of targeting DNMT1 in vitro was assessed through MTT assay and Western blot of canine iUC cells treated with 5-azacitidine (5-azaC) and trichostatin A (TSA). RESULTS DNMT1 was expressed in 0 of 6 normal canine bladder samples and in 10 of 22 (45%) canine iUC samples. The proliferation of canine iUC cells was inhibited by 5-azaC (at concentrations ≥ 5 μm) and by TSA (at concentrations ≥ 0.1 μm). Western blot results were supportive of DNMT1-related effects having a role in the antiproliferative activity. CONCLUSIONS Microarray expression analyses on canine tissues identified DNMT1 as a potentially "targetable" gene. Expression of DNMT1 in canine iUC was confirmed by IHC, and in vitro studies confirmed that drugs that inhibit DNMT1 have antiproliferative effects. These findings are similar to those recently reported in human iUC and are also in line with results of a preclinical (prehuman) trial of 5-azaC in dogs with naturally occurring iUC. DNMT1 has excellent potential as a target for iUC therapy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Dhawan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Oncological Sciences Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Foltz G, Yoon JG, Lee H, Ma L, Tian Q, Hood L, Madan A. Epigenetic regulation of wnt pathway antagonists in human glioblastoma multiforme. Genes Cancer 2011; 1:81-90. [PMID: 21779426 DOI: 10.1177/1947601909356103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic inactivation of tumor suppressor genes is common in human cancer. Using a large-scale whole-genome approach in an earlier study, the authors identified epigenetically silenced genes with potential tumor suppressor function in glioblastoma (GBM). Three genes identified in this analysis-DKK1, SFRP1, and WIF1-are potent inhibitors of the Wnt signal transduction pathway. Here, the authors confirm decreased expression of these genes in GBM tumor tissue samples relative to nontumor brain tissue samples using real-time PCR. They then show that expression of all 3 genes is restored in T98 GBM cells by treatment with the histone deacetylase inhibitor Trichostatin A (TSA), but only DKK1 expression is restored by treatment with the demethylating agent 5-azacytidine. Bisulfite sequencing did not reveal significant methylation in the promoter region of DKK1, whereas histone acetylation and chromatin accessibility increased significantly for all 3 genes after TSA treatment. Ectopic expression of DKK1 significantly reduces colony formation and increases chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in T98 cells. Ectopic expression of the canonical Wnt pathway inhibitors WIF1 and SFRP1 shows a relative lack of response. Chronic Wnt3a stimulation only partially reverses growth suppression after DKK1 reexpression, whereas a specific inhibitor of the JNK pathway significantly reverses the effect of DKK1 reexpression on colony formation and apoptosis in T98 cells. These results support a potential growth-suppressive function for epigenetically silenced DKK1 in GBM and suggest that DKK1 restoration could modulate Wnt signaling through both canonical and noncanonical pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Foltz
- Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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AP-1 elements and TCL1 protein regulate expression of the gene encoding protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPROt in leukemia. Blood 2011; 118:6132-40. [PMID: 22001392 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-01-323147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the gene encoding PTPROt, the truncated form of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type O expressed predominantly in hematopoietic cells, is a candidate tumor suppressor and is down-regulated in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Here, we show that PTPROt expression is significantly reduced in CD19(+) spleen B cells from Eμ-T cell leukemia 1 (TCL1) transgenic mice relative to the wild-type mice. Strikingly, as much as a 60% decrease in PTPROt expression occurs at 7 weeks independently of promoter methylation. To elucidate the potential mechanism for this early suppression of PTPROt in these mice, we explored the role of activating protein-1 (AP-1) in its expression. We first demonstrate that AP-1 activation by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate induces PTPROt expression with concurrent recruitment of c-fos and c-jun to its promoter. The PTPROt promoter is also responsive to over- and underexpression of AP-1, confirming the role of AP-1 in PTPROt expression. Next, we demonstrate that TCL1 can repress the PTPROt promoter by altering c-fos expression and c-jun activation state. Finally, using primary CLL cells we have shown an inverse relationship between TCL1 and PTPROt expression. These findings further substantiate the role of TCL1 in PTPROt suppression and its importance in the pathogenesis of CLL.
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Li X, Kaplun A, Lonardo F, Heath E, Sarkar FH, Irish J, Sakr W, Sheng S. HDAC1 inhibition by maspin abrogates epigenetic silencing of glutathione S-transferase pi in prostate carcinoma cells. Mol Cancer Res 2011; 9:733-45. [PMID: 21622623 PMCID: PMC3612175 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-10-0505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Both maspin and glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTp) are implicated as tumor suppressors and downregulated in human prostate cancer. It is well established that GSTp downregulation is through DNA methylation-based silencing. We report here that maspin expression in prostate cancer cell line DU145 reversed GSTp DNA methylation, as measured by methylation- specific PCR, MethyLight assay, and bisulfite sequencing. The effect of maspin on GSTp expression was similar to that of the combination of a synthetic histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor and DNA methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. Maspin expression also led to an increased level of acetylated histone 3, decreased level of methyl transferase, and methyl-CpG-binding domain proteins at the site of demethylated GSTp promoter DNA. Earlier, we have shown that maspin inhibits HDAC1. In PC3 cells, where both maspin and GSTp are expressed at a reduced level, maspin knockdown led to a significant reduction in GSTp expression, whereas dual knockdown of maspin and HDAC1 barely increased the level of GSTp expression. Thus, HDAC1 may play an essential role in cellular response to maspin-mediated GSTp desilencing. Maspin has been shown to increase tumor cell sensitivity to drug-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, GSTp reexpression in the absence of maspin expression perturbation blocked the phosphorylation of histone 2A.X, the induction of hypoxia-induced factor 1α (HIF-1α), and cell death of LNCaP cells under oxidative stress. Because DNA hypermethylation-based silencing may couple with and depend on histone deacetylation, our study suggests that endogenous HDAC inhibition by maspin may prevent pathologic gene silencing in prostate tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Li
- Department of Pathology, The Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Alexander Kaplun
- Department of Pathology, The Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Fulvio Lonardo
- Department of Pathology, The Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Elisabeth Heath
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Fazlul H. Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, The Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Jonathan Irish
- Department of Pathology, The Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Wael Sakr
- Department of Pathology, The Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Shijie Sheng
- Department of Pathology, The Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
- Address correspondence to: 313-993-4112 (Tel);313-993-4112 (Fax);
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Kimura T, Okumura F, Onodera A, Nakanishi T, Itoh N, Isobe M. Chromium (VI) inhibits mouse metallothionein-I gene transcription by modifying the transcription potential of the co-activator p300. J Toxicol Sci 2011; 36:173-80. [PMID: 21467744 DOI: 10.2131/jts.36.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The production of the heavy metal-binding proteins, the metallothioneins (MTs), is induced by heavy metals such as Zn, Cd, and Hg. MTs maintain Zn homeostasis and attenuate heavy metal-induced cytotoxicity by sequestering these metals and lowering their intracellular concentrations. Previously, we had reported that Zn induced the formation of a co-activator complex containing metal response element-binding transcription factor-1 (MTF-1) and the histone acetyltransferase (HAT), p300, which plays an essential role in the activation of MT-1 transcription. In addition, we had shown that Cr(VI) inhibits Zn-induced MT-1 transcription by preventing the Zn-dependent formation of the MTF-1-p300 complex. In the current study, we have shown that the inhibition by Cr(VI) was partially overcome by the overexpression of p300 or MTF-1 in an MT-I promoter-driven luciferase reporter assay system and have used real-time RT-PCR to determine MT-I mRNA levels. It has been reported that Cr(VI) inhibits CYP1A1 transcription by crosslinking histone deacetylase (HDAC) to the promoter. The crosslink inhibits the recruitment of p300 to the MT-1 promoter and blocks HAT-dependent transactivation by p300. However, our results demonstrate that trichostatin A, an HDAC inhibitor, could not block the inhibitory effects of Cr(VI) on MT-1 transcription and that there were no significant differences in the in vitro inhibitory effects of Cr(VI), Cr(III), and Zn on p300 HAT activity. This suggests that the inhibitory effects of Cr(VI) on MT-I transcription may be due to its effects on the HAT-independent transactivation ability rather than the HAT-dependent, HDAC release-related transactivation ability of p300.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Kimura
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Japan.
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Tao R, Wei D, Gao H, Liu Y, DePinho RA, Dong XC. Hepatic FoxOs regulate lipid metabolism via modulation of expression of the nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase gene. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:14681-90. [PMID: 21388966 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.201061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
FoxO transcription factors have been implicated in lipid metabolism; however, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here, in an effort to elucidate such mechanisms, we examined the phenotypic consequences of liver-specific deletion of three members of the FoxO family: FoxO1, FoxO3, and FoxO4. These liver-specific triply null mice, designated LTKO, exhibited elevated triglycerides in the liver on regular chow diet. More remarkably, LTKO mice developed severe hepatic steatosis following placement on a high fat diet. Further analyses revealed that hepatic NAD(+) levels and Sirt1 activity were decreased in the liver of the LTKO mice relative to controls. At the mechanistic level, expression profile analyses showed that LTKO livers had significantly down-regulated expression of the nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) gene encoding the rate-limiting enzyme in the salvage pathway of NAD(+) biosynthesis. Luciferase reporter assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses demonstrated that Nampt is a transcriptional target gene of FoxOs. Significantly, overexpression of Nampt gene reduced, whereas knockdown increased, hepatic triglyceride levels in vitro and in vivo. Thus, FoxOs control the Nampt gene expression and the NAD(+) signaling in the regulation of hepatic triglyceride homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongya Tao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202 USA
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Host L, Dietrich JB, Carouge D, Aunis D, Zwiller J. Cocaine self-administration alters the expression of chromatin-remodelling proteins; modulation by histone deacetylase inhibition. J Psychopharmacol 2011; 25:222-9. [PMID: 19939859 DOI: 10.1177/0269881109348173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Injection of the histone deacetylases inhibitor trichostatin A to rats has been shown to decrease the reinforcing properties of cocaine. In the present study, we investigated alterations in gene expression patterns in the anterior cingulate cortex, caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens of rats self-administering cocaine and treated with trichostatin A. As recent studies highlighted the importance of chromatin remodelling in the regulation of gene transcription in neurons, we studied the expression of Mecp2 and of several histone deacetylases. Cocaine self-administration was accompanied by an increased synthesis of Mecp2, HDAC2 and HDAC11 and by a decreased nuclear localization of HDAC5 and of the phospho-form of HDAC5, suggesting a nuclear export of this protein in response to the drug. The latter mechanism was further addressed by the demonstration of an enhanced expression of MEF2C transcription factor. Among the genes we examined, treatment with trichostatin A before each cocaine self-administration session was found to mostly affect Mecp2 and HDAC11 expression. A correlation was found between the modification of Mecp2 and MEF2C gene expression and the reinforcing property of cocaine. The two factors known to regulate gene transcription are likely to play a role in the neurobiological mechanism underlying a decrease in the reinforcing properties of cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Host
- INSERM, U575, Centre de Neurochimie, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Wei D, Tao R, Zhang Y, White MF, Dong XC. Feedback regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis through modulation of SHP/Nr0b2 gene expression by Sirt1 and FoxO1. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 300:E312-20. [PMID: 21081708 PMCID: PMC3043623 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00524.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein deacetylase Sirt1 has been implicated in the regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis; however, the mechanisms are not fully understood. To further elucidate how Sirt1 regulates gluconeogenesis, we took a loss-of-function approach by deleting the coding DNA sequence for the catalytic domain of the Sirt1 gene in the liver of a wild-type mouse (LKO(Sirt)¹) or a genetic diabetic mouse in which hepatic insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2 are deleted (DKO(Irs½)). Whereas LKO(Sirt)¹ mice exhibited normal levels of fasting and fed blood glucose, inactivation of Sirt1 in DKO(Irs½) mice (TKO(Irs½:Sirt)¹) reduced blood glucose levels and moderately improved systemic glucose tolerance. Pyruvate tolerance was also significantly improved in TKO(Irs½:Sirt)¹ mice, suggesting that Sirt1 promotes hepatic gluconeogenesis in this diabetic mouse model. To understand why inactivation of hepatic Sirt1 does not alter blood glucose levels in the wild-type background, we searched for a potential cause and found that expression of small heterodimer partner (SHP, encoded by the Nr0b2 gene), an orphan nuclear receptor, which has been shown to suppress the activity of forkhead transcription factor FoxO1, was decreased in the liver of LKO(Sirt)¹ mice. Furthermore, our luciferase reporter assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that the Nr0b2 gene is a target of FoxO1, which is also regulated by Sirt1. After the gene is upregulated, Nr0b2 can feed back and repress FoxO1- and Sirt1-activated G6pc and Pdk4 gene expression. Thus, our results suggest that Sirt1 can both positively and negatively regulate hepatic gluconeogenesis through FoxO1 and Nr0b2 and keep this physiological process in control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
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Okumura F, Li Y, Itoh N, Nakanishi T, Isobe M, Andrews GK, Kimura T. The zinc-sensing transcription factor MTF-1 mediates zinc-induced epigenetic changes in chromatin of the mouse metallothionein-I promoter. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2011; 1809:56-62. [PMID: 21035574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2010] [Revised: 10/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Metallothionein (MT) is a small, cysteine-rich protein active in zinc homeostasis, cadmium detoxification, and protection against reactive oxygen species. Mouse MT-I gene transcription is regulated by metal response element-binding transcription factor-1 (MTF-1), which is recruited to the promoter by zinc. We examined alterations in the chromatin structure of the MT-I promoter associated with enhanced transcriptional activation. MTF-1 proved essential for zinc-induced epigenetic changes in the MT-I promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that zinc treatment rapidly decreased Lys⁴-trimethylated and Lys⁹-acetylated histone H3 in the promoter and decreased total histone H3 but not histone H3.3. Micrococcal nuclease sensitivity of the MT-I promoter was increased by zinc. Thus, the chromatin structure in the promoter may be locally disrupted by zinc-induced nucleosome removal. Without MTF-1 these changes were not observed, and an MTF-1 deletion mutant recruited to the MT-I promoter by zinc that did not recruit the coactivator p300 or activate MT-I transcription did not affect histone H3 in the MT-I promoter in response to zinc. Interleukin-6, which induces MT-I transcription independently of MTF-1, did not reduce histone H3 levels in the promoter. Rapid disruption of nucleosome structure at the MT-I promoter is mediated by zinc-responsive recruitment of an active MTF-1-coactivator complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumika Okumura
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
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Majumder S, Roy S, Kaffenberger T, Wang B, Costinean S, Frankel W, Bratasz A, Kuppusamy P, Hai T, Ghoshal K, Jacob ST. Loss of metallothionein predisposes mice to diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis by activating NF-kappaB target genes. Cancer Res 2010; 70:10265-76. [PMID: 21159647 PMCID: PMC3059562 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MT) are potent scavengers of free radicals that are silenced in primary hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) of human and rodent origin. To examine whether loss of MT promotes hepatocarcinogenesis, male Mt-1 and Mt-2 double knockout (MTKO) and wild-type (WT) mice were exposed to diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and induction of HCC was monitored at 23 and 33 weeks. The size and number of liver tumors, the ratio between liver and body weight, and liver damage were markedly elevated in the MTKO mice at both time points compared with the WT mice. At 23 weeks, MTKO mice developed HCC whereas WT mice developed only preneoplastic nodules suggesting that loss of MT accelerates hepatocarcinogenesis. MTKO tumors also exhibited higher superoxide anion levels. Although NF-κB activity increased in the liver nuclear extracts of both genotypes after DEN exposure, the complex formed in MTKO mice was predominantly p50/65 heterodimer (transcriptional activator) as opposed to p50 homodimer (transcriptional repressor) in WT mice. Phosphorylation of p65 at Ser276 causing its activation was also significantly augmented in DEN-exposed MTKO livers. NF-κB targets that include early growth response genes and proinflammatory cytokines were significantly upregulated in MTKO mice. Concurrently, there was a remarkable increase (∼100-fold) in Pai-1 expression; significant increase in c-Jun, c-Fos, c-Myc, Ets2, and ATF3 expressions; and growth factor signaling that probably contributed to the increased tumor growth in MTKO mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate that MTs protect mice from hepatocarcinogen-induced liver damage and carcinogenesis, underscoring their potential therapeutic application against hepatocellular cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmila Majumder
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Satavisha Roy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Thomas Kaffenberger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stefan Costinean
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Wendy Frankel
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Anna Bratasz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Periannan Kuppusamy
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tsonwin Hai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kalpana Ghoshal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Samson T. Jacob
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Troadec MB, Ward DM, Lo E, Kaplan J, De Domenico I. Induction of FPN1 transcription by MTF-1 reveals a role for ferroportin in transition metal efflux. Blood 2010; 116:4657-64. [PMID: 20688958 PMCID: PMC2996121 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-04-278614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroportin (Fpn) is the only known iron exporter in vertebrate cells and plays a critical role in iron homeostasis regulating cytosolic iron levels and exporting iron to plasma. Ferroportin1 (FPN1) expression can be transcriptionally regulated by iron as well as other transition metals. Fpn can also be posttranslationally regulated by hepcidin-mediated internalization and degradation. We demonstrate that zinc and cadmium induce FPN1 transcription through the action of Metal Transcription Factor-1 (MTF-1). These transition metals induce MTF-1 translocation into the nucleus. Zinc leads to MTF-1 binding to the FPN1 promoter, while iron does not. Silencing of MTF-1 reduces FPN1 transcription in response to zinc but not in response to iron. The mouse FPN1 promoter contains 2 MTF-1 binding sites and mutation of those sites affects the zinc and cadmium-dependent expression of a FPN1 promoter reporter construct. We demonstrate that Fpn can transport zinc and can protect zinc sensitive cells from high zinc toxicity.
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Peyre M, Commo F, Dantas-Barbosa C, Andreiuolo F, Puget S, Lacroix L, Drusch F, Scott V, Varlet P, Mauguen A, Dessen P, Lazar V, Vassal G, Grill J. Portrait of ependymoma recurrence in children: biomarkers of tumor progression identified by dual-color microarray-based gene expression analysis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12932. [PMID: 20885975 PMCID: PMC2945762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Children with ependymoma may experience a relapse in up to 50% of cases depending on the extent of resection. Key biological events associated with recurrence are unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings To discover the biology behind the recurrence of ependymomas, we performed CGHarray and a dual-color gene expression microarray analysis of 17 tumors at diagnosis co-hybridized with the corresponding 27 first or subsequent relapses from the same patient. As treatment and location had only limited influence on specific gene expression changes at relapse, we established a common signature for relapse. Eighty-seven genes showed an absolute fold change ≥2 in at least 50% of relapses and were defined as the gene expression signature of ependymoma recurrence. The most frequently upregulated genes are involved in the kinetochore (ASPM, KIF11) or in neural development (CD133, Wnt and Notch pathways). Metallothionein (MT) genes were downregulated in up to 80% of the recurrences. Quantitative PCR for ASPM, KIF11 and MT3 plus immunohistochemistry for ASPM and MT3 confirmed the microarray results. Immunohistochemistry on an independent series of 24 tumor pairs at diagnosis and at relapse confirmed the decrease of MT3 expression at recurrence in 17/24 tumor pairs (p = 0.002). Conversely, ASPM expression was more frequently positive at relapse (87.5% vs 37.5%, p = 0.03). Loss or deletion of the MT genes cluster was never observed at relapse. Promoter sequencing after bisulfite treatment of DNA from primary tumors and recurrences as well as treatment of short-term ependymoma cells cultures with a demethylating agent showed that methylation was not involved in MT3 downregulation. However, in vitro treatment with a histone deacetylase inhibitor or zinc restored MT3 expression. Conclusions/Significance The most frequent molecular events associated with ependymoma recurrence were over-expression of kinetochore proteins and down-regulation of metallothioneins. Metallothionein-3 expression is epigenetically controlled and can be restored in vitro by histone deacetylase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Peyre
- Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8203 “Vectorology and Anticancer Treatments”, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Frédéric Commo
- CNRS FRE 2939, Bioinformatics Group, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Carmela Dantas-Barbosa
- Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8203 “Vectorology and Anticancer Treatments”, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Felipe Andreiuolo
- Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8203 “Vectorology and Anticancer Treatments”, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
- Translational Research Laboratory, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Stéphanie Puget
- Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8203 “Vectorology and Anticancer Treatments”, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
- Department of Neurosurgery, Necker Sick Children's Hospital, Université Paris V Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Lacroix
- Translational Research Laboratory, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Françoise Drusch
- Translational Research Laboratory, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Véronique Scott
- Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8203 “Vectorology and Anticancer Treatments”, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Pascale Varlet
- Department of Neuropathology, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Mauguen
- Department of Biostatistics, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Philippe Dessen
- CNRS FRE 2939, Bioinformatics Group, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Vladimir Lazar
- Functional Genomics Unit, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Gilles Vassal
- Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8203 “Vectorology and Anticancer Treatments”, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Jacques Grill
- Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8203 “Vectorology and Anticancer Treatments”, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
- * E-mail:
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