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Nguyen TD, Miyatake Y, Yoshida T, Kawahara H, Hanayama R. Tumor-secreted proliferin-1 regulates adipogenesis and lipolysis in cachexia. Int J Cancer 2021; 148:1982-1992. [PMID: 33252827 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-associated cachexia (CAC) is a common syndrome in cancer patients and is characterized by loss of body weight accompanied by the atrophy of fat and skeletal muscle. Metabolic changes are a critical factor in CAC; however, the mechanisms through which tumors inhibit adipogenesis and promote lipolysis are poorly understood. To clarify these mechanisms, we investigated adipogenesis-limiting factors released by tumors in a cell culture system. We identified proliferin-1 (PLF-1), a member of the growth hormone/prolactin gene family, as a key factor secreted from certain tumors that inhibited preadipocyte maturation and promoted the lipolysis of mature adipocytes. Importantly, mice transplanted with PLF-1-depleted tumor cells were protected from fat loss due to CAC. These data show that tumor-secreted PLF-1 plays an essential role in impaired adipogenesis and accelerated lipolysis and is a potential therapeutic target against CAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Duc Nguyen
- Department of Immunology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yuji Miyatake
- Department of Immunology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoshida
- Department of Immunology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hironori Kawahara
- Department of Immunology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Rikinari Hanayama
- Department of Immunology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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2
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Kanellakis NI, Giannou AD, Pepe MAA, Agalioti T, Zazara DE, Giopanou I, Psallidas I, Spella M, Marazioti A, Arendt KAM, Lamort AS, Champeris Tsaniras S, Taraviras S, Papadaki H, Lilis I, Stathopoulos GT. Tobacco chemical-induced mouse lung adenocarcinoma cell lines pin the prolactin orthologue proliferin as a lung tumour promoter. Carcinogenesis 2019; 40:1352-1362. [PMID: 30828726 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LADC) is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Nevertheless, syngeneic mouse models of the disease are sparse, and cell lines suitable for transplantable and immunocompetent mouse models of LADC remain unmet needs. We established multiple mouse LADC cell lines by repeatedly exposing two mouse strains (FVB, Balb/c) to the tobacco carcinogens urethane or diethylnitrosamine and by culturing out the resulting lung tumours for prolonged periods of time. Characterization of the resulting cell lines (n = 7) showed that they were immortal and phenotypically stable in vitro, and oncogenic, metastatic and lethal in vivo. The primary tumours that gave rise to the cell lines, as well as secondary tumours generated by transplantation of the cell lines, displayed typical LADC features, such as glandular architecture and mucin and thyroid transcription factor 1 expression. Moreover, these cells exhibited marked molecular similarity with human smokers' LADC, including carcinogen-specific Kras point mutations (KrasQ61R in urethane- and KrasQ61H in diethylnitrosamine-triggered cell lines) and Trp53 deletions and displayed stemness features. Interestingly, all cell lines overexpressed proliferin, a murine prolactin orthologue, which functioned as a lung tumour promoter. Furthermore, prolactin was overexpressed and portended poor prognosis in human LADC. In conclusion, we report the first LADC cell lines derived from mice exposed to tobacco carcinogens. These cells closely resemble human LADC and provide a valuable tool for the functional investigation of the pathobiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos I Kanellakis
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, Greece
| | - Anastasios D Giannou
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, Greece
| | - Mario A A Pepe
- Lung Carcinogenesis Group, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), Ludwig-Maximilian University and Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Theodora Agalioti
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, Greece
| | - Dimitra E Zazara
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, Greece
| | - Ioanna Giopanou
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, Greece
| | - Ioannis Psallidas
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, Greece
| | - Magda Spella
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, Greece
| | - Antonia Marazioti
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, Greece
| | - Kristina A M Arendt
- Lung Carcinogenesis Group, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), Ludwig-Maximilian University and Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Anne Sophie Lamort
- Lung Carcinogenesis Group, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), Ludwig-Maximilian University and Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | | | - Stavros Taraviras
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Greece
| | - Helen Papadaki
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, Greece
| | - Ioannis Lilis
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, Greece
| | - Georgios T Stathopoulos
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, Greece
- Lung Carcinogenesis Group, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), Ludwig-Maximilian University and Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Bavaria, Germany
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3
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Yang X, Friedl A. A positive feedback loop between prolactin and STAT5 promotes angiogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 846:265-80. [PMID: 25472543 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-12114-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The signal transduction events that orchestrate cellular activities required for angiogenesis remain incompletely understood. We and others recently described that proangiogenic mediators such as fibroblast growth factors can activate members of the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) family. STAT5 activation is necessary and sufficient to induce migration, invasion and tube formation of endothelial cells. STAT5 effects on endothelial cells require the secretion of the prolactin (PRL) family member proliferin-1 (PLF1) in mice and PRL in humans. In human endothelial cells, PRL activates the PRL receptor (PRLR) resulting in MAPK and STAT5 activation, thus closing a positive feedback loop. In vivo, endothelial cell-derived PRL is expected to combine with PRL of tumor cell and pituitary origin to raise the concentration of this polypeptide hormone in the tumor microenvironment. Thus, PRL may stimulate tumor angiogenesis via autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine pathways. The disruption of tumor angiogenesis by interfering with PRL signaling may offer an attractive target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhai Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 6051 WIMR, MC-2275, 1111 Highland Avenue, 53705, Madison, WI, USA,
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4
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Simmons DG, Rawn S, Davies A, Hughes M, Cross JC. Spatial and temporal expression of the 23 murine Prolactin/Placental Lactogen-related genes is not associated with their position in the locus. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:352. [PMID: 18662396 PMCID: PMC2527339 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Prolactin (PRL) hormone gene family shows considerable variation among placental mammals. Whereas there is a single PRL gene in humans that is expressed by the pituitary, there are an additional 22 genes in mice including the placental lactogens (PL) and Prolactin-related proteins (PLPs) whose expression is limited to the placenta. To understand the regulation and potential functions of these genes, we conducted a detailed temporal and spatial expression study in the placenta between embryonic days 7.5 and E18.5 in three genetic strains. Results Of the 22 PRL/PL genes examined, only minor differences were observed among strains of mice. We found that not one family member has the same expression pattern as another when both temporal and spatial data were examined. There was also no correlation in expression between genes that were most closely related or between adjacent genes in the PRL/PL locus. Bioinformatic analysis of upstream regulatory regions identified conserved combinations (modules) of putative transcription factor binding sites shared by genes expressed in the same trophoblast subtype, supporting the notion that local regulatory elements, rather than locus control regions, specify subtype-specific expression. Further diversification in expression was also detected as splice variants for several genes. Conclusion In the present study, a detailed temporal and spatial placental expression map was generated for all murine PRL/PL family members from E7.5 to E18.5 of gestation in three genetic strains. This detailed analysis uncovered several new markers for some trophoblast cell types that will be useful for future analysis of placental structure in mutant mice with placental phenotypes. More importantly, several main conclusions about regulation of the locus are apparent. First, no two family members have the same expression pattern when both temporal and spatial data are examined. Second, most genes are expressed in multiple trophoblast cell subtypes though none were detected in the chorion, where trophoblast stem cells reside, or in syncytiotrophoblast of the labyrinth layer. Third, bioinformatic comparisons of upstream regulatory regions identified predicted transcription factor binding site modules that are shared by genes expressed in the same trophoblast subtype. Fourth, further diversification of gene products from the PRL/PL locus occurs through alternative splice isoforms for several genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Simmons
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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5
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Wang JW, Jiang YN, Huang CY, Huang PY, Huang MC, Cheng WTK, Shen CKJ, Ju YT. Proliferin enhances microvilli formation and cell growth of neuroblastoma cells. Neurosci Res 2006; 56:80-90. [PMID: 16876275 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2006.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Revised: 05/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Proliferins (also termed mitogen-regulated proteins; MRP/PLFs) belong to the prolactin gene family. Mrp/Plfs are involved in angiogenesis of the uterus and placenta and maximally expressed during midgestation and decline through the remainder of the gestation period in mouse placenta. The tissue expressions of Mrp/Plfs are mainly documented in placenta, hair follicles of skin and in wound healing. In this report, we demonstrate that Plf1, Plf1 minus exon3, Plf2 and Mrp3 but not Mrp4 are expressed in mouse whole brain by diagnostic RT-PCR and Western blotting. The expression levels of Mrp/Plf mRNAs in mouse brains were low during the neonatal period, but higher in embryonic and adult stages, indicating Mrp/Plfs expression profiles are different in mouse brain and placenta. Interestingly, endogenous Mrp/Plfs were detected using immunostaining both in mouse brain sections and the neuroblastoma cell line, Neuro-2a cells. The function of PLF1 was explored by expressing exogenous PLF1 in Neuro-2a cells. This resulted in increased microvilli. Neuro-2a cells with stable expression of PLF1 had increased proliferation compared with normal and stable expressing EGFP cells when cell reached saturation density. Together these data, strongly suggest that MRP/PLFs mediate microvilli formation and contribute to cell proliferation of neuroblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyhi-Wai Wang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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6
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Alam SMK, Ain R, Konno T, Ho-Chen JK, Soares MJ. The rat prolactin gene family locus: species-specific gene family expansion. Mamm Genome 2006; 17:858-77. [PMID: 16897344 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-006-0010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2006] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In the rat there is a large family of paralogous genes related to prolactin (PRL). Members of the PRL family are expressed in cell- and temporal-specific patterns in the anterior pituitary, uterus, and placenta. An overriding feature of the PRL family is its association with pregnancy. In this investigation, we used information derived from the public rat genome database as a tool for identifying new members of the rat PRL family. The entire rat PRL gene family locus spans approximately 1.7 megabases (Mb) on Chromosome 17. Genes possessed either 5- or 6-exon organization patterns. We provide information on three newly identified genes orthologous to previously identified members of the mouse PRL gene family [placental lactogen-Ialpha (PL-Ialpha), PL-Ibeta, and proliferin (PLF)] and a new member of the PRL family, termed PRL-like protein-P (PLP-P). Information is also presented on the existence of multiple PLP-M transcripts, which are generated by alternative splicing. Expansion of the PRL family has occurred independently in rodents versus the cow and does not exist in the human and dog. Elucidation of the rat PRL gene family locus provides tools for studying the genetics and biology of the rat PRL family and new insights into species-specific gene family expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Khorshed Alam
- Institute of Maternal-Fetal Biology and the Division of Cancer & Developmental Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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Auger CJ, Jessen HM, Auger AP. Microarray profiling of gene expression patterns in adult male rat brain following acute progesterone treatment. Brain Res 2005; 1067:58-66. [PMID: 16376865 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2005] [Revised: 10/07/2005] [Accepted: 10/16/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone can influence various behaviors in adult male rats, however, little is known about which particular genes are regulated by progesterone in the male rat brain. Using focused microarray technology, we where able to define a subset of genes that are responsive to progesterone. Nylon membrane-based cDNA microarrays were used to profile gene expression patterns in the preoptic area/mediobasal hypothalamus (POA/MBH) of male rat brain 7 h following a single injection of progesterone. RNA was isolated from the brains of 6 male rats injected with progesterone and 6 male rats injected with sesame oil. Next, we hybridized the RNA from each animal to individual cDNA microarrays that contained more than 100 target genes, all of which are involved in cAMP and or calcium signaling pathways. Direct side-by-side comparison of all 12 arrays revealed differences in the expression patterns of 12 different genes. We confirmed the data gathered from the arrays on 4 different genes using Real-Time PCR. These data begin to outline the important role played by progesterone in mediating changes in gene expression within the male brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Auger
- Department of Zoology, Birge Hall, 430 Lincoln Drive, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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8
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Parfett CL. Combined effects of tumor promoters and serum on proliferin mRNA induction: a biomarker sensitive to saccharin, 2,3,7,8-TCDD, and other compounds at minimal concentrations promoting C3H/10T1/2 cell transformation. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2003; 66:1943-1966. [PMID: 14514435 DOI: 10.1080/713853957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Increases in proliferin (PLF) gene family mRNA abundance and promotional effects in cell transformation assays are paired responses that follow exposures to diverse chemical and physical agents in the C3H/10T1/2 in vitro model of multi-stage carcinogenesis. This study measured PLF mRNA abundance changes over 1 to 3 d in response to several types of promoters that were previously unassessed for this effect. Saccharin is a known promoter of cell transformation in C3H/10T1/2 cell cultures, but unlike 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) or mezerein, PLF mRNA abundance increases were inconsistently detected following simple addition of saccharin to the culture medium. Consistent effects occurred when pretreatments with promoting concentrations of saccharin or sodium saccharin (1-13 mM) were combined with subsequent additions of serum or complete medium changes. When added at or near their lowest observed effect levels (LOELs) for transformation, other promoters of 10T1/2 cells such as formaldehyde (50-100 microM), diethylstilbesterol (DES) (0.5-30 microM), and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) (4-40 pM) were shown to be inducers of both basal and serum-induced PLF mRNA levels. Acetaldehyde (300-900 microM) was comparable to formaldehyde as an inducer. In contrast to these various promoters, pretreatment with phenobarbital or methanol, both non-promoters in these cells, did not affect serum-induced PLF mRNA levels at concentrations up to 3 mM and 2 M, respectively. The published values for the LOELs of 17 promoters of cell transformation and the LOELs determined to date for PLF mRNA induction were highly correlated over a 1 billion - fold concentration range. The response of PLF mRNA is a short-term marker sensitive to the active concentration ranges of diverse chemical agents with promotional activity in C3H/10T1/2 cell transformation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig L Parfett
- Mutagenesis Section, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Environmental Health Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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9
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Choong ML, Tan ACL, Luo B, Lodish HF. A novel role for proliferin-2 in the ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem cells. FEBS Lett 2003; 550:155-62. [PMID: 12935903 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)00844-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A family of proliferin genes was discovered on a microarray analysis of hematopoiesis supportive stromal cell lines. Proliferin-2 (PLF2) increased the frequency of long-term culture-initiating cells (LTC-IC) from 1 in 340 to 1 in 256 of the primary hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-enriched bone marrow cells grown on MS5.1 feeder layer. A repeat using AFT024 feeder layer also showed a similar increase in LTC-IC (from 1 in 386 cells to 1 in 260 cells). The clonogenic output of the LTC-ICs was also increased significantly. The growth of various hematopoietic and stromal cell lines treated with PLF2 was found to increase by 4-27%, as measured by cell count and DNA synthesis assay. These findings open up the possibility of using PLF2 as a new member of the growth factor cocktails for the ex vivo expansion of HSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Ling Choong
- Bioprocessing Technology Centre, MD 11 Level 5, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597.
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10
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Parast MM, Aeder S, Sutherland AE. Trophoblast giant-cell differentiation involves changes in cytoskeleton and cell motility. Dev Biol 2001; 230:43-60. [PMID: 11161561 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.2000.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Trophoblast giant-cell differentiation is well-characterized at the molecular level, yet very little is known about how molecular changes affect the cellular functions of trophoblast in embryo implantation. We have found, using both explanted E7.5 mouse embryo ectoplacental cone and the rat choriocarcinoma (Rcho-1) cell line, that trophoblast differentiation is distinguished by dramatic changes in cytoarchitecture and cell behavior. Undifferentiated trophoblast cells contain little organized actin and few small, peripheral focal complexes and exhibit high membrane protrusive activity, while differentiated trophoblast giant cells contain prominent stress fibers, large internal as well as peripheral focal adhesions, and become immotile. The dramatic changes in cell behavior and cytoskeletal organization of giant cells correlate with changes in the activities of the Rho family of small GTPases and a decrease in tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase. Together, these data provide detailed insight into the cellular properties of trophoblast giant cells and suggest that giant-cell differentiation is characterized by a transition from a motile to a specialized epithelial phenotype. Furthermore, our data support a phagocytic erosion, rather than a migratory infiltration, mechanism for trophoblast giant-cell invasion of the uterine stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Parast
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health System, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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12
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Fang Y, Lepont P, Fassett JT, Ford SP, Mubaidin A, Hamilton RT, Nilsen-Hamilton M. Signaling between the placenta and the uterus involving the mitogen-regulated protein/proliferins. Endocrinology 1999; 140:5239-49. [PMID: 10537154 DOI: 10.1210/endo.140.11.7142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to examine signaling between the placenta and uterus during pregnancy. To do this, we determined the tissue messenger RNA and protein levels of members of a glycopeptide hormone family known to stimulate the proliferation of uterine cells and related these levels to the growth of the uterus during pregnancy in the mouse. This hormone family is known as mitogen-regulated protein (MRP); alternatively proliferin (PLF). Three mrp/plf genes, plf1, mrp3 and mrp4, are expressed by the placenta with different developmental profiles. The major increase of about 4-fold in DNA content of the uterus occurs between days 9 and 14 when MRP/PLFs are present in the placenta. By contrast, the gestational changes in estradiol-17beta levels in placental and uterine tissues and in circulation do not correlate with the period of uterine growth. The previously reported mitogenic activity of the MRP/PLFs and their gestational profiles suggest that one or more of these proteins stimulates uterine proliferation during gestation. Evidence is also presented that expression of MRP3 and/or PLF1, but not MRP4, is negatively regulated by feedback from the uterus. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that MRP/PLFs stimulate uterine proliferation in vivo and that a uterine factor shuts off PLF1 and/or MRP3 synthesis in the latter half of gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Fang
- Department of Biochemistry, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
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13
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Ishibashi K, Imai M. Identification of four new members of the rat prolactin/growth hormone gene family. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 262:575-8. [PMID: 10471365 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The rodent prolactin (PRL)/growth hormone (GH) gene family currently consists of at least 14 distinct genes that are expressed mainly in pituitary, uterus, and/or placenta. We report here the identification of novel four members from rat with significant homology to PRL. The encoding proteins are not homologs of other known members of this hormone family. The four new cDNAs were assigned to PRL family based on sequence homology and were referred to as PRL-like protein-I (PLP-I), PLP-J, PLP-K, and PLP-L, following the current naming order of rodent PLP family, where PLP-H is the most recent gene. They encode amino acids with 211-228 amino acids, and 34-38% identity with PRL. All have one or two N-linked glycosylation sites. Among the examined rat tissues by Northern blot analysis, only PLP-I was expressed in testis. Our results indicate that the rodent PRL/GH gene family is large with at least 18 distinct genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ishibashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
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14
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Abstract
The mitogen-regulated protein/proliferin (mrp/plf) genes encode closely related proteins that stimulate cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) increases mrp/plf mRNA and protein production by 3T3 cells. Although the three cloned mrp/plf gene promoters are over 97% identical, only mrp3 is transcriptionally activated by bFGF. A series of truncated mrp3 promoter sequences were tested to determine the minimal promoter sequence necessary for bFGF-responsive transcription. Within the minimal bFGF-responsive mrp3 promoter fragment, a putative FGF-regulatory element (FRE) was identified. Nuclear factors that bind the FRE are present in 3T3 cells. When present upstream of a thymidine kinase basal promoter, the FRE exhibits high transcriptional activity and responds to bFGF. Thus, the FRE is a strong transcriptional element that is regulated by bFGF and that may participate in regulating the mrp3 gene and perhaps other FGF-regulated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Mohideen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Molecular, Cellular, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
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15
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Lin J, Poole J, Linzer DI. Two novel members of the prolactin/growth hormone family are expressed in the mouse placenta. Endocrinology 1997; 138:5535-40. [PMID: 9389541 DOI: 10.1210/endo.138.12.5636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Two novel members of the mouse PRL/GH family have been identified through a search of an expressed sequence tag database. The encoded proteins do not appear to be homologs of other known members of this hormone family. One of these proteins, designated PRL-like protein E (PLP-E), is predicted to be synthesized as a precursor of 265 amino acids, modified by N-linked glycosylation, and secreted as a mature glycoprotein of 236 residues. The second clone encodes a protein of 253 residues with consensus sites for N-linked glycosylation; the secreted form of the protein, designated PRL-like protein F (PLP-F), is predicted to be 223 amino acids in length. Both of these messenger RNAs are expressed specifically in the placenta, with peak levels of PLP-E on days 10-12 and of PLP-F on days 14-16. Expression of PLP-E is restricted to the trophoblast giant cells, whereas PLP-F is synthesized only in the spongiotrophoblasts. The genes for both of these proteins map to a 700-kilobase region of mouse chromosome 13 that includes other members of the PRL/GH family.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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Cooke NE, Liebhaber SA. Molecular biology of the growth hormone-prolactin gene system. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 1995; 50:385-459. [PMID: 7709603 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)60659-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N E Cooke
- Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104
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Gil-Torregrosa B, Urdiales JL, Lozano J, Mates JM, Sanchez-Jimenez F. Expression of different mitogen-regulated protein/proliferin mRNAs in Ehrlich carcinoma cells. FEBS Lett 1994; 349:343-8. [PMID: 8050594 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)00698-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Results from in vivo and from serum-free primary cultures of Ehrlich cells suggest that the expression of mitogen-regulated protein/proliferin (MRP/PLF) mRNAs is not essential for proliferation of this murine tumor. Two sizes for MRP/PRL-related open reading frames (ORFs) have been detected by reverse transcription/PCR amplification. They are almost identical to that reported for PLF-1; but 20% of the amplified cDNA included a shorter ORF, which lacks the entire sequence corresponding to that of the exon 3 of the mrp/plf genes. Ehrlich carcinoma may represent a good model to study regulation of expression and physiological roles of MRP/PLFs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gil-Torregrosa
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Spain
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Tannenbaum CS, Major JA, Poptic EJ, DiCorleto PE, Hamilton TA. Lipopolysaccharide induces competence genes JE and KC in Balb/C 3T3 cells. J Cell Physiol 1990; 144:77-83. [PMID: 2114413 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041440111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The expression of the early genes JE and KC has been examined in Balb/C 3T3 cells treated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Previous studies showed that JE and KC mRNAs are induced in murine peritoneal macrophages treated with LPS, suggesting a role for these genes in inflammatory responses. Consistent with this possibility are recently published cDNA sequences which document that both genes are members of a superfamily of inflammation- and/or growth-related cytokines. In the present study, we provide evidence that the mRNAs for JE and KC are specifically induced by LPS treatment of Balb/c 3T3 cells. The LPS-stimulated expression of JE and KC was dose dependent, and exhibited a transient time course; message levels were maximal between 2 and 4 hr and declined by 8 hr. The LPS-augmented accumulation of JE and KC occurred even in the presence of cyclohexamide, which additionally had a superinducing effect on the expression of both genes. Cyclohexamide alone, in the absence of LPS, also induced JE and KC mRNA accumulation. LPS-stimulated JE and KC mRNA expression was dependent upon the stimulation of transcription as determined by nuclear "run-on" studies. Comparative analyses indicated that, under the conditions employed, LPS was a somewhat less effective stimulant of JE expression than PDGF or EGF, and was more effective than PDGF and equivalent to EGF in its ability to augment KC accumulation. Unlike PDGF and EGF, LPS did not stimulate DNA synthesis by Balb/c 3T3 cells at any time over the 72 hr period examined. The ability of the inflammatory, non-mitogenic stimulus LPS to selectively induce JE and KC mRNA expression by fibroblasts may reflect their participation in inflammation and wound healing as secretory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Tannenbaum
- Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195
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Connor AM, Waterhouse P, Khokha R, Denhardt DT. Characterization of a mouse mitogen-regulated protein/proliferin gene and its promoter: a member of the growth hormone/prolactin gene superfamily. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1989; 1009:75-82. [PMID: 2790033 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(89)90081-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A genomic clone containing the complete gene, designated mrp/plf3, of a member of the mitogen-regulated protein/proliferin (MRP/PLF) multi-gene family was isolated from a mouse genomic library constructed in lambda L47.1. The DNA sequences of the 5' flanking region, the exons, and the exon/intron boundaries have been determined. The size and organization of the five exons in the murine mrp/plf3 gene are very similar to those of members of the prolactin/growth hormone family, confirming that mrp/plf3 is a part of this superfamily. Removal of an upstream negative regulatory element revealed an active mrp/plf promoter that was responsive to TGF-alpha and contains known regulatory elements. Intracellular mrp/plf mRNA levels were increased by 17 beta-estradiol and reduced by dexamethasone.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Connor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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Kawahara RS, Deuel TF. Platelet-derived Growth Factor-inducible Gene JE Is a Member of a Family of Small Inducible Genes Related to Platelet Factor 4. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)84995-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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21
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Lee SJ, Nathans D. Proliferin secreted by cultured cells binds to mannose 6-phosphate receptors. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)69101-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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