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García-Vega M, Llamas-Covarrubias MA, Loza M, Reséndiz-Sandoval M, Hinojosa-Trujillo D, Melgoza-González E, Valenzuela O, Mata-Haro V, Hernández-Oñate M, Soto-Gaxiola A, Chávez-Rueda K, Nakai K, Hernández J. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of B cells reveals new insights into atypical memory B cells in COVID-19. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29851. [PMID: 39132689 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Here, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing of S1 and receptor binding domain protein-specific B cells from convalescent COVID-19 patients with different clinical manifestations. This study aimed to evaluate the role and developmental pathway of atypical memory B cells (MBCs) in response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The results revealed a proinflammatory signature across B cell subsets associated with disease severity, as evidenced by the upregulation of genes such as GADD45B, MAP3K8, and NFKBIA in critical and severe individuals. Furthermore, the analysis of atypical MBCs suggested a developmental pathway similar to that of conventional MBCs through germinal centers, as indicated by the expression of several genes involved in germinal center processes, including CXCR4, CXCR5, BCL2, and MYC. Additionally, the upregulation of genes characteristic of the immune response in COVID-19, such as ZFP36 and DUSP1, suggested that the differentiation and activation of atypical MBCs may be influenced by exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and that these genes may contribute to the immune response for COVID-19 recovery. Our study contributes to a better understanding of atypical MBCs in COVID-19 and the role of other B cell subsets across different clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa García-Vega
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | | | - Martin Loza
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mónica Reséndiz-Sandoval
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Diana Hinojosa-Trujillo
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Edgar Melgoza-González
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Olivia Valenzuela
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Verónica Mata-Haro
- Laboratorio de Microbiología e Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Miguel Hernández-Oñate
- CONAHCYT-Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Alan Soto-Gaxiola
- Hospital General del Estado de Sonora "Dr. Ernesto Ramos Bours", Secretaria de Salud del Estado de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Karina Chávez-Rueda
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, UMAE, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Kenta Nakai
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jesús Hernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
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Smart A, Gilmer O, Caliskan N. Translation Inhibition Mediated by Interferon-Stimulated Genes during Viral Infections. Viruses 2024; 16:1097. [PMID: 39066259 PMCID: PMC11281336 DOI: 10.3390/v16071097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses often pose a significant threat to the host through the exploitation of cellular machineries for their own benefit. In the context of immune responses, myriad host factors are deployed to target viral RNAs and inhibit viral protein translation, ultimately hampering viral replication. Understanding how "non-self" RNAs interact with the host translation machinery and trigger immune responses would help in the development of treatment strategies for viral infections. In this review, we explore how interferon-stimulated gene products interact with viral RNA and the translation machinery in order to induce either global or targeted translation inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Smart
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-Based Infection Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HIRI-HZI), Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (A.S.); (O.G.)
| | - Orian Gilmer
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-Based Infection Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HIRI-HZI), Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (A.S.); (O.G.)
| | - Neva Caliskan
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-Based Infection Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HIRI-HZI), Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (A.S.); (O.G.)
- Regensburg Center for Biochemistry (RCB), University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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3
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Qi WH, Hu LF, Gu YJ, Zhang XY, Jiang XM, Li WJ, Qi JS, Xiao GS, Jie H. Integrated mRNA-miRNA transcriptome profiling of blood immune responses potentially related to pulmonary fibrosis in forest musk deer. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1404108. [PMID: 38873601 PMCID: PMC11169664 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1404108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Forest musk deer (FMD, Moschus Berezovskii) is a critically endangered species world-widely, the death of which can be caused by pulmonary disease in the farm. Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) was a huge threat to the health and survival of captive FMD. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) have been involved in the regulation of immune genes and disease development. However, the regulatory profiles of mRNAs and miRNAs involved in immune regulation of FMD are unclear. Methods In this study, mRNA-seq and miRNA-seq in blood were performed to constructed coexpression regulatory networks between PF and healthy groups of FMD. The hub immune- and apoptosis-related genes in the PF blood of FMD were explored through Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. Further, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of immune-associated and apoptosis-associated key signaling pathways were constructed based on mRNA-miRNA in the PF blood of the FMD. Immune hub DEGs and immune hub DEmiRNAs were selected for experimental verification using RT-qPCR. Results A total of 2744 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 356 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) were identified in the PF blood group compared to the healthy blood group. Among them, 42 DEmiRNAs were negatively correlated with 20 immune DEGs from a total of 57 correlations. The DEGs were significantly associated with pathways related to CD molecules, immune disease, immune system, cytokine receptors, T cell receptor signaling pathway, Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, intestinal immune network for IgA production, and NOD-like receptor signaling pathway. There were 240 immune-related DEGs, in which 186 immune-related DEGs were up-regulated and 54 immune-related DEGs were down-regulated. In the protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis of immune-related signaling pathway, TYK2, TLR2, TLR4, IL18, CSF1, CXCL13, LCK, ITGB2, PIK3CB, HCK, CD40, CD86, CCL3, CCR7, IL2RA, TLR3, and IL4R were identified as the hub immune genes. The mRNA-miRNA coregulation analysis showed that let-7d, miR-324-3p, miR-760, miR-185, miR-149, miR-149-5p, and miR-1842-5p are key miRNAs that target DEGs involved in immune disease, immune system and immunoregulation. Conclusion The development and occurrence of PF were significantly influenced by the immune-related and apoptosis-related genes present in PF blood. mRNAs and miRNAs associated with the development and occurrence of PF in the FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hua Qi
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li-Fan Hu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Jiawei Gu
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, China
| | | | - Xue-Mei Jiang
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wu-Jiao Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun-Sheng Qi
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guo-Sheng Xiao
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hang Jie
- Jinfo Mountain Forest Ecosystem Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Chongqing, Chongqing Institute of Medicinal Plant Cultivation, Chongqing, China
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Louvat C, Deymier S, Nguyen XN, Labaronne E, Noy K, Cariou M, Corbin A, Mateo M, Ricci EP, Fiorini F, Cimarelli A. Stable structures or PABP1 loading protects cellular and viral RNAs against ISG20-mediated decay. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302233. [PMID: 38418089 PMCID: PMC10902665 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
ISG20 is an IFN-induced 3'-5' RNA exonuclease that acts as a broad antiviral factor. At present, the features that expose RNA to ISG20 remain unclear, although recent studies have pointed to the modulatory role of epitranscriptomic modifications in the susceptibility of target RNAs to ISG20. These findings raise the question as to how cellular RNAs, on which these modifications are abundant, cope with ISG20. To obtain an unbiased perspective on this topic, we used RNA-seq and biochemical assays to identify elements that regulate the behavior of RNAs against ISG20. RNA-seq analyses not only indicate a general preservation of the cell transcriptome, but they also highlight a small, but detectable, decrease in the levels of histone mRNAs. Contrarily to all other cellular ones, histone mRNAs are non-polyadenylated and possess a short stem-loop at their 3' end, prompting us to examine the relationship between these features and ISG20 degradation. The results we have obtained indicate that poly(A)-binding protein loading on the RNA 3' tail provides a primal protection against ISG20, easily explaining the overall protection of cellular mRNAs observed by RNA-seq. Terminal stem-loop RNA structures have been associated with ISG20 protection before. Here, we re-examined this question and found that the balance between resistance and susceptibility to ISG20 depends on their thermodynamic stability. These results shed new light on the complex interplay that regulates the susceptibility of different classes of viruses against ISG20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Louvat
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, MMSB-IBCP, UMR 5086 CNRS University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Séverine Deymier
- https://ror.org/059sz6q14 Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie(CIRI), Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Nationale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Xuan-Nhi Nguyen
- https://ror.org/059sz6q14 Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie(CIRI), Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Nationale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Emmanuel Labaronne
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Modelisation de la Cellule, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, Inserm, U1293, Lyon, France
| | - Kodie Noy
- https://ror.org/059sz6q14 Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie(CIRI), Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Nationale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, Lyon, France
| | - Marie Cariou
- https://ror.org/059sz6q14 Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie(CIRI), Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Nationale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Antoine Corbin
- https://ror.org/059sz6q14 Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie(CIRI), Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Nationale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Mathieu Mateo
- https://ror.org/059sz6q14 Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie(CIRI), Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Nationale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, Lyon, France
| | - Emiliano P Ricci
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Modelisation de la Cellule, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, Inserm, U1293, Lyon, France
| | - Francesca Fiorini
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, MMSB-IBCP, UMR 5086 CNRS University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Andrea Cimarelli
- https://ror.org/059sz6q14 Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie(CIRI), Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Nationale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
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5
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Ma Y, Wang J, He X, Liu Y, Zhen S, An L, Yang Q, Niu F, Wang H, An B, Tai X, Yan Z, Wu C, Yang X, Liu X. Molecular mechanism of human ISG20L2 for the ITS1 cleavage in the processing of 18S precursor ribosomal RNA. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:1878-1895. [PMID: 38153123 PMCID: PMC10899777 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad1210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The exonuclease ISG20L2 has been initially characterized for its role in the mammalian 5.8S rRNA 3' end maturation, specifically in the cleavage of ITS2 of 12S precursor ribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA). Here, we show that human ISG20L2 is also involved in 18S pre-rRNA maturation through removing the ITS1 region, and contributes to ribosomal biogenesis and cell proliferation. Furthermore, we determined the crystal structure of the ISG20L2 nuclease domain at 2.9 Å resolution. It exhibits the typical αβα fold of the DEDD 3'-5' exonuclease with a catalytic pocket located in the hollow near the center. The catalytic residues Asp183, Glu185, Asp267, His322 and Asp327 constitute the DEDDh motif in ISG20L2. The active pocket represents conformational flexibility in the absence of an RNA substrate. Using structural superposition and mutagenesis assay, we mapped RNA substrate binding residues in ISG20L2. Finally, cellular assays revealed that ISG20L2 is aberrantly up-regulated in colon adenocarcinoma and promotes colon cancer cell proliferation through regulating ribosome biogenesis. Together, these results reveal that ISG20L2 is a new enzymatic member for 18S pre-rRNA maturation, provide insights into the mechanism of ISG20L2 underlying pre-rRNA processing, and suggest that ISG20L2 is a potential therapeutic target for colon adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinliang Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Innovation Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002 Hebei, China
| | - Jiaxu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Innovation Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002 Hebei, China
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453002 Henan, China
| | - Xingyi He
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Innovation Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002 Hebei, China
| | - Yuhang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Innovation Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002 Hebei, China
| | - Shuo Zhen
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Innovation Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002 Hebei, China
| | - Lina An
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Innovation Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002 Hebei, China
| | - Qian Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Innovation Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002 Hebei, China
| | - Fumin Niu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Innovation Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002 Hebei, China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Innovation Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002 Hebei, China
| | - Boran An
- Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Hebei University, Baoding 071002 Hebei, China
| | - Xinyue Tai
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Innovation Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002 Hebei, China
| | - Zhenzhen Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Innovation Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002 Hebei, China
| | - Chen Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Innovation Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002 Hebei, China
| | - Xiaoyun Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Innovation Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002 Hebei, China
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055 Guangdong, China
| | - Xiuhua Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Innovation Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002 Hebei, China
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Aguiar Santiago JA, Marrero Miragaya MA, Figueroa Oliva DA, Aguilar Juanes A, Idavoy Corona A, Martínez Fernández S, Morán Bertot I, Rodríguez Hernández M, Canales López E, Hernández Esteves I, Silva Girado JA, Estrada Vázquez RC, Gell Cuesta O, Mendoza-Marí Y, Valdés Prado I, Rodríguez Ibarra C, Palenzuela Gardon DO, Pentón Arias E, Guillén Nieto G, Aguilar Rubido JC. Preparing for the Next Pandemic: Increased Expression of Interferon-Stimulated Genes After Local Administration of Nasalferon or HeberNasvac. DNA Cell Biol 2024; 43:95-102. [PMID: 38118108 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2023.0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
HeberNasvac, a therapeutic vaccine for chronic hepatitis B, is able to safely stimulate multiple Toll-like receptors, increasing antigen presentation in vitro and in a phase II clinical trial (Profira) in elderly volunteers who were household contacts of respiratory infection patients. Thus, a new indication as a postexposure prophylaxis or early therapy for respiratory infections has been proposed. In this study, we evaluated the expression of several interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) after mucosal administration of HeberNasvac and compared this effect with the nasal delivery of interferon alpha 2b (Nasalferon). Molecular studies of blood samples of 50 subjects from the Profira clinical trial who were locally treated with HeberNasvac or Nasalferon and concurrent untreated individuals were compared based on their relative mRNA expression of OAS1, ISG15, ISG20, STAT1, STAT3, and DRB1-HLA II genes. In most cases, the gene expression induced by HeberNasvac was similar in profile and intensity to the expression induced by Nasalferon and significantly superior to that observed in untreated controls. The immune stimulatory effect of HeberNasvac on ISGs paved the way for its future use as an innate immunity stimulator in elderly persons and immunocompromised subjects or as part of Mambisa, a nasal vaccine to prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ivis Morán Bertot
- Plant Molecular Biology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Eduardo Canales López
- Plant Genomic Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | | | - José Angel Silva Girado
- Olinonucleotide Synthesis Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Omar Gell Cuesta
- Olinonucleotide Synthesis Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | - Yssel Mendoza-Marí
- Vaccine Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | - Iris Valdés Prado
- Vaccine Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | | | | | - Eduardo Pentón Arias
- Vaccine Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | - Gerardo Guillén Nieto
- Vaccine Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
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7
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Cain MD, Klein NR, Jiang X, Salimi H, Wu Q, Miller MJ, Klimstra WB, Klein RS. Post-exposure intranasal IFNα suppresses replication and neuroinvasion of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus within olfactory sensory neurons. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:24. [PMID: 38233868 PMCID: PMC10792865 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02960-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus (VEEV) may enter the central nervous system (CNS) within olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) that originate in the nasal cavity after intranasal exposure. While it is known that VEEV has evolved several mechanisms to inhibit type I interferon (IFN) signaling within infected cells, whether this inhibits virologic control during neuroinvasion along OSN has not been studied. METHODS We utilized an established murine model of intranasal infection with VEEV and a repository of scRNAseq data from IFN-treated OSN to assess the cellular targets and IFN signaling responses after VEEV exposure. RESULTS We found that immature OSN, which express higher levels of the VEEV receptor LDLRAD3 than mature OSN, are the first cells infected by VEEV. Despite rapid VEEV neuroinvasion after intranasal exposure, olfactory neuroepithelium (ONE) and olfactory bulb (OB) IFN responses, as assessed by evaluation of expression of interferon signaling genes (ISG), are delayed for up to 48 h during VEEV neuroinvasion, representing a potential therapeutic window. Indeed, a single intranasal dose of recombinant IFNα triggers early ISG expression in both the nasal cavity and OB. When administered at the time of or early after infection, IFNα treatment delayed onset of sequelae associated with encephalitis and extended survival by several days. VEEV replication after IFN treatment was also transiently suppressed in the ONE, which inhibited subsequent invasion into the CNS. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate a critical and promising first evaluation of intranasal IFNα for the treatment of human encephalitic alphavirus exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Cain
- Center for Neuroimmunology & Neuroinfectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - N Rubin Klein
- Departments of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xiaoping Jiang
- Center for Neuroimmunology & Neuroinfectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hamid Salimi
- Center for Neuroimmunology & Neuroinfectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Qingping Wu
- Center for Neuroimmunology & Neuroinfectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mark J Miller
- Departments of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - William B Klimstra
- Department of Immunology and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robyn S Klein
- Center for Neuroimmunology & Neuroinfectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Departments of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Departments of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Departments of Neurosciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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8
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Luo M, Ma J, Pan X, Zhang X, Yao H. AEN Suppresses the Replication of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus by Inducing the Expression of Type I IFN and ISGs in MARC-145 Cells. Pathogens 2023; 13:24. [PMID: 38251332 PMCID: PMC10819003 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis-enhancing nuclease (AEN), which shares close evolutionary relationships with the interferon-stimulated gene 20 protein (ISG20) homologs in humans, is a member of the DEDDh exonuclease family. Numerous studies on various pathogens have identified the essential roles of ISG20 in inhibiting virus replication. However, the fundamental functions of AEN during viral infection remain largely unknown. This study discovered that AEN expression was significantly upregulated in MARC-145 cells infected with Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) strain 85-7. In contrast, the amount of AEN protein decreased as viral replication increased. It was found that PEDV nsp1 and nsp5 mediated the decrease in AEN production, suggesting that an increase in AEN was not conducive to virus replication. By comparing AEN and its exonuclease-inactive mutant AEN-4A, we determined that the antiviral activity of AEN was independent of its exonuclease function. qPCR analyses revealed that AEN and AEN-4A could induce a significant increase in the transcription levels of IFN-α, IFN-β, and ISGs (OASL, IFI44, IFIT2, ISG15, Mx1, Mx2), and that AEN-4A has a higher induction ability. Overexpression of AEN and AEN-4A in MARC-145 cells targeting IFN-β knockdown or IFN-deficient Vero cells showed reduced or a complete loss of antiviral activity of both, suggesting that AEN may activate the type I IFN immune response and promote the expression of ISGs, thereby inhibiting PEDV replication. Taken together, our data prove the novel mechanism of AEN-mediated virus restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiale Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xinming Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xinqin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huochun Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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9
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Luo J, Huang Y, Wu J, Dai L, Dong M, Cheng B. A novel hypoxia-associated gene signature for prognosis prediction in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:864. [PMID: 37964257 PMCID: PMC10647095 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03489-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the most common malignant tumor of head and neck, which seriously threatens human life and health. However, the mechanism of hypoxia-associated genes (HAGs) in HNSCC remains unelucidated. This study aims to establish a hypoxia-associated gene signature and the nomogram for predicting the prognosis of patients with HNSCC. METHODS Previous literature reports provided a list of HAGs. The TCGA database provided genetic and clinical information on HNSCC patients. First, a hypoxia-associated gene risk model was constructed for predicting overall survival (OS) in HNSCC patients and externally validated in four GEO datasets (GSE27020, GSE41613, GSE42743, and GSE117973). Then, immune status and metabolic pathways were analyzed. A nomogram was constructed and assessed the predictive value. Finally, experimental validation of the core genes was performed by qRT-PCR. RESULTS A HNSCC prognostic model was constructed based on 8 HAGs. This risk model was validated in four external datasets and exhibited high predictive value in various clinical subgroups. Significant differences in immune cell infiltration levels and metabolic pathways were found between high and low risk subgroups. The nomogram was highly accurate for predicting OS in HNSCC patients. CONCLUSIONS The 8 hypoxia-associated gene signature can serve as novel independent prognostic indicators in HNSCC patients. The nomogram combining the risk score and clinical stage enhanced predictive performance in predicting OS compared to the risk model and clinical characteristics alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Luo
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yuejiao Huang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, No. 98 Chengxiang Road, Youjiang District, Baise, 533000, China
| | - Jiahe Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Dai
- Department of Stomatology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, No. 215 Zhongshan Road, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Mingyou Dong
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, No. 98 Chengxiang Road, Youjiang District, Baise, 533000, China.
| | - Bo Cheng
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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10
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McDougal MB, De Maria AM, Ohlson MB, Kumar A, Xing C, Schoggins JW. Interferon inhibits a model RNA virus via a limited set of inducible effector genes. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e56901. [PMID: 37497756 PMCID: PMC10481653 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202356901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons control viral infection by inducing the expression of antiviral effector proteins encoded by interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). The field has mostly focused on identifying individual antiviral ISG effectors and defining their mechanisms of action. However, fundamental gaps in knowledge about the interferon response remain. For example, it is not known how many ISGs are required to protect cells from a particular virus, though it is theorized that numerous ISGs act in concert to achieve viral inhibition. Here, we used CRISPR-based loss-of-function screens to identify a markedly limited set of ISGs that confer interferon-mediated suppression of a model alphavirus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV). We show via combinatorial gene targeting that three antiviral effectors-ZAP, IFIT3, and IFIT1-together constitute the majority of interferon-mediated restriction of VEEV, while accounting for < 0.5% of the interferon-induced transcriptome. Together, our data suggest a refined model of the antiviral interferon response in which a small subset of "dominant" ISGs may confer the bulk of the inhibition of a given virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B McDougal
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
| | - Anthony M De Maria
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
| | - Maikke B Ohlson
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Bioinformatics Core, McDermott CenterUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
| | - Chao Xing
- Bioinformatics Core, McDermott CenterUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
| | - John W Schoggins
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
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11
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Peng Y, Liu H, Wu Q, Wang L, Yu Y, Yin F, Feng C, Ren X, Liu T, Chen L, Zhu H. Integrated bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation reveal ISG20 as a novel prognostic indicator expressed on M2 macrophage in glioma. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:596. [PMID: 37380984 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioma is the most common malignant primary brain tumor and is characterized by a poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. ISG20 expression is induced by interferons or double-stranded RNA and is associated with poor prognosis in several malignant tumors. Nevertheless, the expression of ISG20 in gliomas, its impact on patient prognosis, and its role in the tumor immune microenvironment have not been fully elucidated. METHODS Using bioinformatics, we comprehensively illustrated the potential function of ISG20, its predictive value in stratifying clinical prognosis, and its association with immunological characteristics in gliomas. We also confirmed the expression pattern of ISG20 in glioma patient samples by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS ISG20 mRNA expression was higher in glioma tissues than in normal tissues. Data-driven results showed that a high level of ISG20 expression predicted an unfavorable clinical outcome in glioma patients, and revealed that ISG20 was possibly expressed on tumor-associated macrophages and was significantly associated with immune regulatory processes, as evidenced by its positive correlation with the infiltration of regulatory immune cells (e.g., M2 macrophages and regulatory T cells), expression of immune checkpoint molecules, and effectiveness of immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry staining confirmed the enhanced expression of ISG20 in glioma tissues with a higher WHO grade, and immunofluorescence assay verified its cellular localization on M2 macrophages. CONCLUSIONS ISG20 is expressed on M2 macrophages, and can serve as a novel indicator for predicting the malignant phenotype and clinical prognosis in glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaojun Peng
- Department of Graduate Administration, Medical School of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Emergency, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28Th Fuxing Road, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Department of Graduate Administration, Medical School of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28Th Fuxing Road, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hainan Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Qiyan Wu
- Institute of Oncology, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 8Th East Road of Fengtai, Beijing, China
| | - Lingxiong Wang
- Institute of Oncology, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 8Th East Road of Fengtai, Beijing, China
| | - Yanju Yu
- Institute of Oncology, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 8Th East Road of Fengtai, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Yin
- Department of Oncology, The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center of Geriatric Disease, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Feng
- Department of Emergency, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28Th Fuxing Road, Beijing, China
| | - Xuewen Ren
- Department of Emergency, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28Th Fuxing Road, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Institute of Oncology, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 8Th East Road of Fengtai, Beijing, China.
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28Th Fuxing Road, Beijing, China.
| | - Haiyan Zhu
- Department of Emergency, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28Th Fuxing Road, Beijing, China.
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12
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Chen Z, Yin M, Jia H, Chen Q, Zhang H. ISG20 stimulates anti-tumor immunity via a double-stranded RNA-induced interferon response in ovarian cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1176103. [PMID: 37342328 PMCID: PMC10277467 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1176103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Augmentation of endogenous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) has become a promising strategy for activating anti-tumor immunity through induction of type I interferon (IFN) in the treatment of ovarian carcinoma. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of dsRNA in ovarian carcinoma remain elusive. From The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we downloaded RNA expression profiles and clinical data of patients with ovarian carcinoma. Using the consensus clustering method, patients can be classified by their expression level of core interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs): IFN signatures high and IFN signatures low. The IFN signatures high group had a good prognosis. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were primarily associated with anti-foreign immune responses. Based on results from protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and survival analysis, ISG20 was identified as a key gene involved in host anti-tumor immune response. Further, elevated ISG20 expression in ovarian cancer cells led to increased IFN-β production. The elevated interferon improved the immunogenicity of tumor cells and generated chemokines that attract immune cells to infiltrate the area. Upon overexpression of ISG20, endogenous dsRNA accumulated in the cell and stimulated IFN-β production through the Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-mediated dsRNA sense pathway. The accumulation of dsRNA was associated with the ribonuclease activity of ISG20. This study suggests that targeting ISG20 is a potential immune therapeutic approach to treat ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Min Yin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haixue Jia
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine,Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Hongbing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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13
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Liu SY, Huang M, Fung TS, Chen RA, Liu DX. Characterization of the induction kinetics and antiviral functions of IRF1, ISG15 and ISG20 in cells infected with gammacoronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus. Virology 2023; 582:114-127. [PMID: 37058744 PMCID: PMC10072953 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus infection induces a variety of cellular antiviral responses either dependent on or independent of type I interferons (IFNs). Our previous studies using Affymetrix microarray and transcriptomic analysis revealed the differential induction of three IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), IRF1, ISG15 and ISG20, by gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection of IFN-deficient Vero cells and IFN-competent, p53-defcient H1299 cells, respectively. In this report, the induction kinetics and anti-IBV functions of these ISGs as well as mechanisms underlying their differential induction are characterized. The results confirmed that these three ISGs were indeed differentially induced in H1299 and Vero cells infected with IBV, significantly more upregulation of IRF1, ISG15 and ISG20 was elicited in IBV-infected Vero cells than that in H1299 cells. Induction of these ISGs was also detected in cells infected with human coronavirus-OC43 (HCoV-OC43) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), respectively. Manipulation of their expression by overexpression, knockdown and/or knockout demonstrated that IRF1 played an active role in suppressing IBV replication, mainly through the activation of the IFN pathway. However, a minor, if any, role in inhibiting IBV replication was played by ISG15 and ISG20. Furthermore, p53, but not IRF1, was implicated in regulating the IBV infection-induced upregulation of ISG15 and ISG20. This study provides new information on the mechanisms underlying the induction of these ISGs and their contributions to the host cell antiviral response during IBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Ying Liu
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, 526000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory Microbial Signals & Disease Control, and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Huang
- Zhaoqing Institute of Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing, 526238, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - To Sing Fung
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory Microbial Signals & Disease Control, and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Ai Chen
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, 526000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, 526000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory Microbial Signals & Disease Control, and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
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14
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McDougal MB, De Maria AM, Ohlson MB, Kumar A, Xing C, Schoggins JW. Interferon inhibits a model RNA virus via a limited set of inducible effector genes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.21.529297. [PMID: 36865157 PMCID: PMC9980057 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.21.529297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Interferons control viral infection by inducing the expression of antiviral effector proteins encoded by interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). The field has mostly focused on identifying individual antiviral ISG effectors and defining their mechanisms of action. However, fundamental gaps in knowledge about the interferon response remain. For example, it is not known how many ISGs are required to protect cells from a particular virus, though it is theorized that numerous ISGs act in concert to achieve viral inhibition. Here, we used CRISPR-based loss-of-function screens to identify a markedly limited set of ISGs that confer interferon-mediated suppression of a model alphavirus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV). We show via combinatorial gene targeting that three antiviral effectors - ZAP, IFIT3, and IFIT1 - together constitute the majority of interferon-mediated restriction of VEEV, while accounting for less than 0.5% of the interferon-induced transcriptome. Together, our data suggests a refined model of the antiviral interferon response in which a small subset of "dominant" ISGs may confer the bulk of the inhibition of a given virus.
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15
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Hakim MS, Aman AT. Understanding the Biology and Immune Pathogenesis of Chikungunya Virus Infection for Diagnostic and Vaccine Development. Viruses 2022; 15:48. [PMID: 36680088 PMCID: PMC9863735 DOI: 10.3390/v15010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus, the causative agent of chikungunya fever, is generally characterized by the sudden onset of symptoms, including fever, rash, myalgia, and headache. In some patients, acute chikungunya virus infection progresses to severe and chronic arthralgia that persists for years. Chikungunya infection is more commonly identified in tropical and subtropical regions. However, recent expansions and epidemics in the temperate regions have raised concerns about the future public health impact of chikungunya diseases. Several underlying factors have likely contributed to the recent re-emergence of chikungunya infection, including urbanization, human travel, viral adaptation to mosquito vectors, lack of effective control measures, and the spread of mosquito vectors to new regions. However, the true burden of chikungunya disease is most likely to be underestimated, particularly in developing countries, due to the lack of standard diagnostic assays and clinical manifestations overlapping with those of other endemic viral infections in the regions. Additionally, there have been no chikungunya vaccines available to prevent the infection. Thus, it is important to update our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of chikungunya infection, its clinical manifestations, the diagnosis, and the development of chikungunya vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad S. Hakim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
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16
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Kazzi PE, Rabah N, Chamontin C, Poulain L, Ferron F, Debart F, Canard B, Missé D, Coutard B, Nisole S, Decroly E. Internal RNA 2′O-methylation in the HIV-1 genome counteracts ISG20 nuclease-mediated antiviral effect. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 51:2501-2515. [PMID: 36354007 PMCID: PMC10085690 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
RNA 2′O-methylation is a ‘self’ epitranscriptomic modification allowing discrimination between host and pathogen. Indeed, human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) induces 2′O-methylation of its genome by recruiting the cellular FTSJ3 methyltransferase, thereby impairing detection by RIG-like receptors. Here, we show that RNA 2′O-methylations interfere with the antiviral activity of interferon-stimulated gene 20-kDa protein (ISG20). Biochemical experiments showed that ISG20-mediated degradation of 2′O-methylated RNA pauses two nucleotides upstream of and at the methylated residue. Structure-function analysis indicated that this inhibition is due to steric clash between ISG20 R53 and D90 residues and the 2′O-methylated nucleotide. We confirmed that hypomethylated HIV-1 genomes produced in FTSJ3-KO cells were more prone to in vitro degradation by ISG20 than those produced in cells expressing FTSJ3. Finally, we found that reverse-transcription of hypomethylated HIV-1 was impaired in T cells by interferon-induced ISG20, demonstrating the direct antagonist effect of 2′O-methylation on ISG20-mediated antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila El Kazzi
- AFMB, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University , UMR 7257, Case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy , 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Nadia Rabah
- AFMB, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University , UMR 7257, Case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy , 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
- Université de Toulon , 83130 La Garde , France
| | - Célia Chamontin
- IRIM, CNRS UMR9004, Université de Montpellier , Montpellier , France
| | - Lina Poulain
- AFMB, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University , UMR 7257, Case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy , 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - François Ferron
- AFMB, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University , UMR 7257, Case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy , 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center , Leutragraben 1, 07743 Jena , Germany
| | - Françoise Debart
- IBMM, UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier , ENSCM, Montpellier , France
| | - Bruno Canard
- AFMB, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University , UMR 7257, Case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy , 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Dorothée Missé
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS , IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Coutard
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207) , Marseille , France
| | - Sébastien Nisole
- IRIM, CNRS UMR9004, Université de Montpellier , Montpellier , France
| | - Etienne Decroly
- AFMB, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University , UMR 7257, Case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy , 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
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17
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Altendorfer B, Unger MS, Poupardin R, Hoog A, Asslaber D, Gratz IK, Mrowetz H, Benedetti A, de Sousa DMB, Greil R, Egle A, Gate D, Wyss-Coray T, Aigner L. Transcriptomic Profiling Identifies CD8 + T Cells in the Brain of Aged and Alzheimer's Disease Transgenic Mice as Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:1272-1285. [PMID: 36165202 PMCID: PMC9515311 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral immune cell infiltration into the brain is a prominent feature in aging and various neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). As AD progresses, CD8+ T cells infiltrate into the brain parenchyma, where they tightly associate with neurons and microglia. The functional properties of CD8+ T cells in the brain are largely unknown. To gain further insights into the putative functions of CD8+ T cells in the brain, we explored and compared the transcriptomic profile of CD8+ T cells isolated from the brain and blood of transgenic AD (APPswe/PSEN1dE9, line 85 [APP-PS1]) and age-matched wild-type (WT) mice. Brain CD8+ T cells of APP-PS1 and WT animals had similar transcriptomic profiles and substantially differed from blood circulating CD8+ T cells. The gene signature of brain CD8+ T cells identified them as tissue-resident memory (Trm) T cells. Gene Ontology enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis on the significantly upregulated genes revealed overrepresentation of biological processes involved in IFN-β signaling and the response to viral infections. Furthermore, brain CD8+ T cells of APP-PS1 and aged WT mice showed similar differentially regulated genes as brain Trm CD8+ T cells in mouse models with acute virus infection, chronic parasite infection, and tumor growth. In conclusion, our profiling of brain CD8+ T cells suggests that in AD, these cells exhibit similar adaptive immune responses as in other inflammatory diseases of the CNS, potentially opening the door for immunotherapy in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Altendorfer
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michael Stefan Unger
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Rodolphe Poupardin
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Experimental and Clinical Cell Therapy Institute, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anna Hoog
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Experimental and Clinical Cell Therapy Institute, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela Asslaber
- IIIrd Medical Department with Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Salzburg Cancer Research Institute with Laboratory of Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research and Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials, Salzburg, Austria
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Iris Karina Gratz
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Heike Mrowetz
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ariane Benedetti
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Diana Marisa Bessa de Sousa
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Richard Greil
- IIIrd Medical Department with Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Salzburg Cancer Research Institute with Laboratory of Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research and Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials, Salzburg, Austria
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexander Egle
- IIIrd Medical Department with Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Salzburg Cancer Research Institute with Laboratory of Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research and Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials, Salzburg, Austria
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - David Gate
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Veterans Administration Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA; and
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Veterans Administration Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA; and
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria;
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
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18
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Cheng J, Fu J, Tan Q, Liu Z, Guo K, Zhang L, He J, Zhou B, Liu X, Li D, Fu J. The regulation of ISG20 expression on SARS-CoV-2 infection in cancer patients and healthy individuals. Front Immunol 2022; 13:958898. [PMID: 36177004 PMCID: PMC9513371 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.958898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ISG20 inhibits viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 invasion; however, details of its expression and regulation with viral susceptibility remain to be elucidated. The present study analyzed ISG20 expression, isoform information, survival rate, methylation patterns, immune cell infiltration, and COVID-19 outcomes in healthy and cancerous individuals. Cordycepin (CD) and N6, N6-dimethyladenosine (m62A) were used to treat cancer cells for ISG20 expression. We revealed that ISG20 mRNA expression was primarily located in the bone marrow and lymphoid tissues. Interestingly, its expression was significantly increased in 11 different types of cancer, indicating that cancer patients may be less vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among them, higher expression of ISG20 was associated with a long OS in CESC and SKCM, suggesting that ISG20 may be a good marker for both viral prevention and cancer progress. ISG20 promoter methylation was significantly lower in BLCA, READ, and THCA tumor tissues than in the matched normal tissues, while higher in BRCA, LUSC, KIRC, and PAAD. Hypermethylation of ISG20 in KIRC and PAAD tumor tissues was correlated with higher expression of ISG20, suggesting that methylation of ISG20 may not underlie its overexpression. Furthermore, ISG20 expression was significantly correlated with immune infiltration levels, including immune lymphocytes, chemokine, receptors, immunoinhibitors, immunostimulators, and MHC molecules in pan-cancer. STAD exhibited the highest degree of ISG20 mutations; the median progression-free survival time in months for the unaltered group was 61.84, while it was 81.01 in the mutant group. Isoforms ISG20-001 and ISG20−009 showed the same RNase_T domain structure, demonstrating the functional roles in tumorigenesis and SARS-CoV-2 invasion inhibition in cancer patients. Moreover, CD and m62A increase ISG20 expression in various cancer cell lines, implying the antiviral/anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic potential. Altogether, this study highlighted the value of combating cancer by targeting ISG20 during the COVID-19 pandemic, and small molecules extracted from traditional Chinese medicines, such as CD, may have potential as anti-SARS-CoV-2 and anticancer agents by promoting ISG20 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingliang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jiewen Fu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qi Tan
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhiying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Kan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lianmei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, China
| | - Jiayue He
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Baixu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Junjiang Fu, ; Dabing Li, ; Xiaoyan Liu,
| | - Dabing Li
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Basic Medical School, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Junjiang Fu, ; Dabing Li, ; Xiaoyan Liu,
| | - Junjiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Junjiang Fu, ; Dabing Li, ; Xiaoyan Liu,
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19
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A Novel Approach of Antiviral Drugs Targeting Viral Genomes. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081552. [PMID: 36013970 PMCID: PMC9414836 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of viral diseases, which cause morbidity and mortality in animals and humans, are increasing annually worldwide. Vaccines, antiviral drugs, and antibody therapeutics are the most effective tools for combating viral infection. The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, in particular, raises an urgent need for the development of rapid and broad-spectrum therapeutics. Current antiviral drugs and antiviral antibodies, which are mostly specific at protein levels, have encountered difficulties because the rapid evolution of mutant viral strains resulted in drug resistance. Therefore, degrading viral genomes is considered a novel approach for developing antiviral drugs. The current article highlights all potent candidates that exhibit antiviral activity by digesting viral genomes such as RNases, RNA interference, interferon-stimulated genes 20, and CRISPR/Cas systems. Besides that, we introduce a potential single-chain variable fragment (scFv) that presents antiviral activity against various DNA and RNA viruses due to its unique nucleic acid hydrolyzing characteristic, promoting it as a promising candidate for broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutics.
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20
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Deymier S, Louvat C, Fiorini F, Cimarelli A. ISG20: an enigmatic antiviral RNase targeting multiple viruses. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:1096-1111. [PMID: 35174977 PMCID: PMC9157404 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-stimulated gene 20 kDa protein (ISG20) is a relatively understudied antiviral protein capable of inhibiting a broad spectrum of viruses. ISG20 exhibits strong RNase properties, and it belongs to the large family of DEDD exonucleases, present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. ISG20 was initially characterized as having strong RNase activity in vitro, suggesting that its inhibitory effects are mediated via direct degradation of viral RNAs. This mechanism of action has since been further elucidated and additional antiviral activities of ISG20 highlighted, including direct degradation of deaminated viral DNA and translational inhibition of viral RNA and nonself RNAs. This review focuses on the current understanding of the main molecular mechanisms of viral inhibition by ISG20 and discusses the latest developments on the features that govern specificity or resistance to its action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Deymier
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI)Université de LyonInsermU1111Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1CNRSUMR5308École Nationale Supérieur de LyonFrance
| | | | | | - Andrea Cimarelli
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI)Université de LyonInsermU1111Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1CNRSUMR5308École Nationale Supérieur de LyonFrance
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21
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Kang D, Gao S, Tian Z, Zhang G, Guan G, Liu G, Luo J, Du J, Yin H. ISG20 Inhibits Bluetongue Virus Replication. Virol Sin 2022; 37:521-530. [PMID: 35513266 PMCID: PMC9437527 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
ISG20 is an interferon-inducible exonuclease that inhibits virus replication. Although ISG20 is thought to degrade viral RNA, the antiviral mechanism and specificity of ISG20 remain unclear. In this study, the antiviral role of ovine ISG20 (oISG20) in bluetongue virus (BTV) infection was investigated. It was found that BTV infection up-regulated the transcription of ovine ISG20 (oISG20) in a time- and BTV multiplicity of infection (MOI)-dependent manner. Overexpression of oISG20 suppressed the production of BTV genome, proteins, and virus titer, whereas the knockdown of oISG20 increased viral replication. oISG20 was found to co-localize with BTV proteins VP4, VP5, VP6, and NS2, but only directly interacted with VP4. Exonuclease defective oISG20 significantly decreased the inhibitory effect on BTV replication. In addition, the interaction of mutant oISG20 and VP4 was weakened, suggesting that binding to VP4 was associated with the inhibition of BTV replication. The present data characterized the anti-BTV effect of oISG20, and provides a novel clue for further exploring the inhibition mechanism of double-stranded RNA virus by ISG20. BTV infection significantly up-regulated the transcription level of oISG20 in vitro. The oISG20 showed a high similarity with other ISG20s from different species. The oISG20 had antiviral activity against BTV infection. The inhibitory effect of oISG20 on BTV replication is mediated by BTV VP4 protein.
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22
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Kafai NM, Diamond MS, Fox JM. Distinct Cellular Tropism and Immune Responses to Alphavirus Infection. Annu Rev Immunol 2022; 40:615-649. [PMID: 35134315 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-101220-014952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Alphaviruses are emerging and reemerging viruses that cause disease syndromes ranging from incapacitating arthritis to potentially fatal encephalitis. While infection by arthritogenic and encephalitic alphaviruses results in distinct clinical manifestations, both virus groups induce robust innate and adaptive immune responses. However, differences in cellular tropism, type I interferon induction, immune cell recruitment, and B and T cell responses result in differential disease progression and outcome. In this review, we discuss aspects of immune responses that contribute to protective or pathogenic outcomes after alphavirus infection. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 40 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha M Kafai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; , .,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; , .,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Julie M Fox
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
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23
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Burgess HM, Vink EI, Mohr I. Minding the message: tactics controlling RNA decay, modification, and translation in virus-infected cells. Genes Dev 2022; 36:108-132. [PMID: 35193946 PMCID: PMC8887129 DOI: 10.1101/gad.349276.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With their categorical requirement for host ribosomes to translate mRNA, viruses provide a wealth of genetically tractable models to investigate how gene expression is remodeled post-transcriptionally by infection-triggered biological stress. By co-opting and subverting cellular pathways that control mRNA decay, modification, and translation, the global landscape of post-transcriptional processes is swiftly reshaped by virus-encoded factors. Concurrent host cell-intrinsic countermeasures likewise conscript post-transcriptional strategies to mobilize critical innate immune defenses. Here we review strategies and mechanisms that control mRNA decay, modification, and translation in animal virus-infected cells. Besides settling infection outcomes, post-transcriptional gene regulation in virus-infected cells epitomizes fundamental physiological stress responses in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Burgess
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth I Vink
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Ian Mohr
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.,Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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24
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Cystic Fibrosis: Systems Biology Analysis from Homozygous p.Phe508del Variant Patients' Samples Reveals Perturbations in Tissue-Specific Pathways. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5262000. [PMID: 34901273 PMCID: PMC8660202 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5262000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorder, caused by diverse genetic variants for the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. Among these, p.Phe508del is the most prevalent variant. The effects of this variant on the physiology of each tissue remains unknown. This study is aimed at predicting cell signaling pathways present in different tissues of fibrocystic patients, homozygous for p.Phe508del. The study involved analysis of two microarray datasets, E-GEOD-15568 and E-MTAB-360 corresponding to the rectal and bronchial epithelium, respectively, obtained from the ArrayExpress repository. Particularly, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were predicted, protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were designed, and centrality and functional interaction networks were analyzed. The study reported that p.Phe508del-mutated CFTR-allele in homozygous state influenced the whole gene expression in each tissue differently. Interestingly, gene ontology (GO) term enrichment analysis revealed that only “neutrophil activation” was shared between both tissues; however, nonshared DEGs were grouped into the same GO term. For further verification, functional interaction networks were generated, wherein no shared nodes were reported between these tissues. These results suggested that the p.Phe508del-mutated CFTR-allele in homozygous state promoted tissue-specific pathways in fibrocystic patients. The generated data might further assist in prediction diagnosis to define biomarkers or devising therapeutic strategies.
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25
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AlDaif BA, Mercer AA, Fleming SB. The parapoxvirus Orf virus ORF116 gene encodes an antagonist of the interferon response. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34890310 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) is the type species of the Parapoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family. Genetic and functional studies have revealed ORFV has multiple immunomodulatory genes that manipulate innate immune responses, during the early stage of infection. ORF116 is a novel gene of ORFV with hitherto unknown function. Characterization of an ORF116 deletion mutant showed that it replicated in primary lamb testis cells with reduced levels compared to the wild-type and produced a smaller plaque phenotype. ORF116 was shown to be expressed prior to DNA replication. The potential function of ORF116 was investigated by gene-expression microarray analysis in HeLa cells infected with wild-type ORFV or the ORF116 deletion mutant. The analysis of differential cellular gene expression revealed a number of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) differentially expressed at either 4 or 6 h post infection. IFI44 showed the greatest differential expression (4.17-fold) between wild-type and knockout virus. Other ISGs that were upregulated in the knockout included RIG-I, IFIT2, MDA5, OAS1, OASL, DDX60, ISG20 and IFIT1 and in addition the inflammatory cytokine IL-8. These findings were validated by infecting HeLa cells with an ORF116 revertant recombinant virus and analysis of transcript expression by quantitative real time-PCR (qRT-PCR). These observations suggested a role for the ORFV gene ORF116 in modulating the IFN response and inflammatory cytokines. This study represents the first functional analysis of ORF116.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basheer A AlDaif
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Andrew A Mercer
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephen B Fleming
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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26
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Rousseaux N, Andrieux L. [ISG20: An antiviral factor able to discriminate self versus non-self translation]. Med Sci (Paris) 2021; 37:1070-1072. [PMID: 34851289 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2021167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Noëmi Rousseaux
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, Département de biologie, Master biologie, Lyon, France
| | - Lena Andrieux
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, Département de biologie, Master biologie, Lyon, France
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27
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Ding J, Aldo P, Roberts CM, Stabach P, Liu H, You Y, Qiu X, Jeong J, Maxwell A, Lindenbach B, Braddock D, Liao A, Mor G. Placenta-derived interferon-stimulated gene 20 controls ZIKA virus infection. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e52450. [PMID: 34405956 PMCID: PMC8490983 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202152450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus, which can be transmitted across the placenta and has adverse effects on fetal development during pregnancy. The severity of these complications highlights the importance of prevention and treatment. However, no vaccines or drugs are currently available. In this study, we characterize the IFNβ-mediated anti-viral response in trophoblast cells in order to identify critical components that are necessary for the successful control of viral replication and determine whether components of the IFN-induced response can be used as a replacement therapy for ZIKA virus infection during pregnancy. We identify and characterize interferon-stimulated gene 20 (ISG20) as playing a central role in controlling Zika virus infection in trophoblast cells and successfully establish a recombinant ISG20-Fc protein that effectively decreases viral titers in vitro and in vivo by maintaining its exonuclease activity and displaying potential immune modulatory functions. Recombinant ISG20-Fc has thus the potential to be further developed as an anti-viral treatment against ZIKA viral infection in high-risk populations, particularly in pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Ding
- C.S Mott center for Human Growth and DevelopmentDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyWayne State UniversityDetroitMIUSA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive SciencesYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Paulomi Aldo
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive SciencesYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Cai M Roberts
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive SciencesYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Paul Stabach
- Department of PathologyYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Reproductive HealthCenter for Reproductive MedicineTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yuan You
- C.S Mott center for Human Growth and DevelopmentDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyWayne State UniversityDetroitMIUSA
| | - Xuemin Qiu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jiwon Jeong
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health SciencesBostonMAUSA
| | - Anthony Maxwell
- C.S Mott center for Human Growth and DevelopmentDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyWayne State UniversityDetroitMIUSA
| | - Brett Lindenbach
- Department of Microbial PathogenesisYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
| | | | - Aihua Liao
- Institute of Reproductive HealthCenter for Reproductive MedicineTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Gil Mor
- C.S Mott center for Human Growth and DevelopmentDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyWayne State UniversityDetroitMIUSA
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28
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Kesheh MM, Mahmoudvand S, Shokri S. Long noncoding RNAs in respiratory viruses: A review. Rev Med Virol 2021; 32:e2275. [PMID: 34252234 PMCID: PMC8420315 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are defined as RNA molecules longer than 200 nucleotides that can regulate gene expression at the transcriptional or post‐transcriptional levels. Both human lncRNAs and lncRNAs encoded by viruses can modulate the expression of host genes which are critical for viral replication, latency, activation of signalling pathways, cytokine and chemokine production, RNAi processing, expression of interferons (IFNs) and interferon‐stimulated genes (ISGs). Studies on lncRNAs as key regulators of host‐virus interactions may give new insights into therapeutic strategies for the treatment of related diseases. This current review focuses on the role of lncRNAs, and their interactions with respiratory viruses including influenza A virus (IAV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Mobini Kesheh
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahab Mahmoudvand
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Somayeh Shokri
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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29
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Stadler D, Kächele M, Jones AN, Hess J, Urban C, Schneider J, Xia Y, Oswald A, Nebioglu F, Bester R, Lasitschka F, Ringelhan M, Ko C, Chou W, Geerlof A, van de Klundert MA, Wettengel JM, Schirmacher P, Heikenwälder M, Schreiner S, Bartenschlager R, Pichlmair A, Sattler M, Unger K, Protzer U. Interferon-induced degradation of the persistent hepatitis B virus cccDNA form depends on ISG20. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e49568. [PMID: 33969602 PMCID: PMC8183418 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) persists by depositing a covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in the nucleus of infected cells that cannot be targeted by available antivirals. Interferons can diminish HBV cccDNA via APOBEC3-mediated deamination. Here, we show that overexpression of APOBEC3A alone is not sufficient to reduce HBV cccDNA that requires additional treatment of cells with interferon indicating involvement of an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) in cccDNA degradation. Transcriptome analyses identify ISG20 as the only type I and II interferon-induced, nuclear protein with annotated nuclease activity. ISG20 localizes to nucleoli of interferon-stimulated hepatocytes and is enriched on deoxyuridine-containing single-stranded DNA that mimics transcriptionally active, APOBEC3A-deaminated HBV DNA. ISG20 expression is detected in human livers in acute, self-limiting but not in chronic hepatitis B. ISG20 depletion mitigates the interferon-induced loss of cccDNA, and co-expression with APOBEC3A is sufficient to diminish cccDNA. In conclusion, non-cytolytic HBV cccDNA decline requires the concerted action of a deaminase and a nuclease. Our findings highlight that ISGs may cooperate in their antiviral activity that may be explored for therapeutic targeting.
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30
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Markiewicz L, Drazkowska K, Sikorski PJ. Tricks and threats of RNA viruses - towards understanding the fate of viral RNA. RNA Biol 2021; 18:669-687. [PMID: 33618611 PMCID: PMC8078519 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2021.1875680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human innate cellular defence pathways have evolved to sense and eliminate pathogens, of which, viruses are considered one of the most dangerous. Their relatively simple structure makes the identification of viral invasion a difficult task for cells. In the course of evolution, viral nucleic acids have become one of the strongest and most reliable early identifiers of infection. When considering RNA virus recognition, RNA sensing is the central mechanism in human innate immunity, and effectiveness of this sensing is crucial for triggering an appropriate antiviral response. Although human cells are armed with a variety of highly specialized receptors designed to respond only to pathogenic viral RNA, RNA viruses have developed an array of mechanisms to avoid being recognized by human interferon-mediated cellular defence systems. The repertoire of viral evasion strategies is extremely wide, ranging from masking pathogenic RNA through end modification, to utilizing sophisticated techniques to deceive host cellular RNA degrading enzymes, and hijacking the most basic metabolic pathways in host cells. In this review, we aim to dissect human RNA sensing mechanisms crucial for antiviral immune defences, as well as the strategies adopted by RNA viruses to avoid detection and degradation by host cells. We believe that understanding the fate of viral RNA upon infection, and detailing the molecular mechanisms behind virus-host interactions, may be helpful for developing more effective antiviral strategies; which are urgently needed to prevent the far-reaching consequences of widespread, highly pathogenic viral infections.
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31
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Chen X, Sun D, Dong S, Zhai H, Kong N, Zheng H, Tong W, Li G, Shan T, Tong G. Host Interferon-Stimulated Gene 20 Inhibits Pseudorabies Virus Proliferation. Virol Sin 2021; 36:1027-1035. [PMID: 33830434 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00380-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Host interferon-stimulated gene 20 (ISG20) exerts antiviral effects on viruses by degrading viral RNA or by enhancing IFN signaling. Here, we examined the role of ISG20 during pseudorabies virus (PRV) proliferation. We found that ISG20 modulates PRV replication by enhancing IFN signaling. Further, ISG20 expression was upregulated following PRV infection and poly(I:C) treatment. Ectopic expression of ISG20 inhibited PRV proliferation in PK15 cells, whereas knockdown of ISG20 promoted PRV proliferation. In addition, ISG20 expression upregulated IFN-β expression and enhanced IFN downstream signaling during PRV infection. Notably, PRV UL24 suppressed the transcription of ISG20, thus antagonizing its antiviral effect. Further domain mapping analysis showed that the N terminus (amino acids 1-90) of UL24 was responsible for the inhibition of ISG20 transcription. Collectively, these findings characterize the role of ISG20 in suppressing PRV replication and increase the understanding of host-PRV interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Chen
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Dage Sun
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Sujie Dong
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Huanjie Zhai
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Ning Kong
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Wu Tong
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Guoxin Li
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Tongling Shan
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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McKellar J, Rebendenne A, Wencker M, Moncorgé O, Goujon C. Mammalian and Avian Host Cell Influenza A Restriction Factors. Viruses 2021; 13:522. [PMID: 33810083 PMCID: PMC8005160 DOI: 10.3390/v13030522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The threat of a new influenza pandemic is real. With past pandemics claiming millions of lives, finding new ways to combat this virus is essential. Host cells have developed a multi-modular system to detect incoming pathogens, a phenomenon called sensing. The signaling cascade triggered by sensing subsequently induces protection for themselves and their surrounding neighbors, termed interferon (IFN) response. This response induces the upregulation of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), including antiviral effectors, establishing an antiviral state. As well as the antiviral proteins induced through the IFN system, cells also possess a so-called intrinsic immunity, constituted of antiviral proteins that are constitutively expressed, creating a first barrier preceding the induction of the interferon system. All these combined antiviral effectors inhibit the virus at various stages of the viral lifecycle, using a wide array of mechanisms. Here, we provide a review of mammalian and avian influenza A restriction factors, detailing their mechanism of action and in vivo relevance, when known. Understanding their mode of action might help pave the way for the development of new influenza treatments, which are absolutely required if we want to be prepared to face a new pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe McKellar
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Antoine Rebendenne
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Mélanie Wencker
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM/CNRS/UCBL1/ENS de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France;
| | - Olivier Moncorgé
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Caroline Goujon
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.M.); (A.R.)
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Terracciano R, Preianò M, Fregola A, Pelaia C, Montalcini T, Savino R. Mapping the SARS-CoV-2-Host Protein-Protein Interactome by Affinity Purification Mass Spectrometry and Proximity-Dependent Biotin Labeling: A Rational and Straightforward Route to Discover Host-Directed Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E532. [PMID: 33430309 PMCID: PMC7825748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are the vital engine of cellular machinery. After virus entry in host cells the global organization of the viral life cycle is strongly regulated by the formation of virus-host protein interactions. With the advent of high-throughput -omics platforms, the mirage to obtain a "high resolution" view of virus-host interactions has come true. In fact, the rapidly expanding approaches of mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics in the study of PPIs provide efficient tools to identify a significant number of potential drug targets. Generation of PPIs maps by affinity purification-MS and by the more recent proximity labeling-MS may help to uncover cellular processes hijacked and/or altered by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), providing promising therapeutic targets. The possibility to further validate putative key targets from high-confidence interactions between viral bait and host protein through follow-up MS-based multi-omics experiments offers an unprecedented opportunity in the drug discovery pipeline. In particular, drug repurposing, making use of already existing approved drugs directly targeting these identified and validated host interactors, might shorten the time and reduce the costs in comparison to the traditional drug discovery process. This route might be promising for finding effective antiviral therapeutic options providing a turning point in the fight against the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Terracciano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Græcia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Mariaimmacolata Preianò
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.P.); (A.F.)
| | - Annalisa Fregola
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.P.); (A.F.)
| | - Corrado Pelaia
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, University “Magna Græcia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Tiziana Montalcini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Græcia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Rocco Savino
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Græcia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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Mavian C, Ramirez-Mata AS, Dollar JJ, Nolan DJ, Cash M, White K, Rich SN, Magalis BR, Marini S, Prosperi MCF, Amador DM, Riva A, Williams KC, Salemi M. Brain tissue transcriptomic analysis of SIV-infected macaques identifies several altered metabolic pathways linked to neuropathogenesis and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) as potential therapeutic targets. J Neurovirol 2021; 27:101-115. [PMID: 33405206 PMCID: PMC7786889 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00927-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite improvements in antiretroviral therapy, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain prevalent in subjects undergoing therapy. HAND significantly affects individuals' quality of life, as well as adherence to therapy, and, despite the increasing understanding of neuropathogenesis, no definitive diagnostic or prognostic marker has been identified. We investigated transcriptomic profiles in frontal cortex tissues of Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected Rhesus macaques sacrificed at different stages of infection. Gene expression was compared among SIV-infected animals (n = 11), with or without CD8+ lymphocyte depletion, based on detectable (n = 6) or non-detectable (n = 5) presence of the virus in frontal cortex tissues. Significant enrichment in activation of monocyte and macrophage cellular pathways was found in animals with detectable brain infection, independently from CD8+ lymphocyte depletion. In addition, transcripts of four poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) were up-regulated in the frontal cortex, which was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Our results shed light on involvement of PARPs in SIV infection of the brain and their role in SIV-associated neurodegenerative processes. Inhibition of PARPs may provide an effective novel therapeutic target for HIV-related neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Mavian
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Andrea S Ramirez-Mata
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - James Jarad Dollar
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David J Nolan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Melanie Cash
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kevin White
- Biology Department, Boston College, Boston, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shannan N Rich
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Biology Department, Boston College, Boston, MD, USA
| | - Brittany Rife Magalis
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Simone Marini
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Biology Department, Boston College, Boston, MD, USA
| | - Mattia C F Prosperi
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Biology Department, Boston College, Boston, MD, USA
| | - David Moraga Amador
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research (ICBR), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alberto Riva
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research (ICBR), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kenneth C Williams
- Biology Department, Boston College, Boston, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Marco Salemi
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Yang E, Li MMH. All About the RNA: Interferon-Stimulated Genes That Interfere With Viral RNA Processes. Front Immunol 2020; 11:605024. [PMID: 33362792 PMCID: PMC7756014 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.605024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) signaling induces the expression of a wide array of genes, collectively referred to as IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) that generally function to inhibit viral replication. RNA viruses are frequently targeted by ISGs through recognition of viral replicative intermediates and molecular features associated with viral genomes, or the lack of molecular features associated with host mRNAs. The ISGs reviewed here primarily inhibit viral replication in an RNA-centric manner, working to sense, degrade, or repress expression of viral RNA. This review focuses on dissecting how these ISGs exhibit multiple antiviral mechanisms, often through use of varied co-factors, highlighting the complexity of the type I IFN response. Specifically, these ISGs can mediate antiviral effects through viral RNA degradation, viral translation inhibition, or both. While the OAS/RNase L pathway globally degrades RNA and arrests translation, ISG20 and ZAP employ targeted RNA degradation and translation inhibition to block viral replication. Meanwhile, SHFL targets translation by inhibiting -1 ribosomal frameshifting, which is required by many RNA viruses. Finally, a number of E3 ligases inhibit viral transcription, an attractive antiviral target during the lifecycle of negative-sense RNA viruses which must transcribe their genome prior to translation. Through this review, we aim to provide an updated perspective on how these ISGs work together to form a complex network of antiviral arsenals targeting viral RNA processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Yang
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Melody M. H. Li
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Park YK, Lee SY, Lee AR, Kim K, Kim K, Kim K, Choi B. Antiviral activity of interferon-stimulated gene 20, as a putative repressor binding to hepatitis B virus enhancer II and core promoter. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 35:1426-1436. [PMID: 31951295 PMCID: PMC7497004 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Interferon-stimulated gene 20 (ISG20) is an interferon-inducible exonuclease that inhibits the replication of several RNA viruses. In patients with chronic hepatitis B, ISG20 expression is related to the interferon-α treatment response. However, the molecular mechanism of ISG20-mediated anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) activity is unclear. METHODS We have investigated the effect of ISG20 on antiviral activity to address that. The life cycle of HBV was analyzed by the ectopic expression of ISG20 in HepG2 and HepG2-NTCP cells. Finally, to provide physiological relevance of our study, the expression of ISG20 from chronic hepatitis B patients was examined. RESULTS Interferon-stimulated gene 20 was mainly induced by interferon-β and dramatically inhibited HBV replication. In addition, ISG20 decreased HBV gene expression and transcription. Although ISG20 inhibited HBV replication by reducing viral enhancer activity, the expression of transcription factors that bind the HBV enhancer was not affected. Particularly, ISG20 suppressed HBV enhancer activity by binding to the enhancer II and core promoter (EnhII/Cp) region. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that ISG20 exerts the anti-HBV activity by acting as a putative repressor binding to the HBV EnhII/Cp region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Kwang Park
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease ResearchKorea National Institute of HealthCheongju‐siChungbukKorea
| | - Sun Young Lee
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease ResearchKorea National Institute of HealthCheongju‐siChungbukKorea
| | - Ah Ram Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research and Diagnostic Medicine, IBST, School of MedicineKonkuk UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Kyung‐Chang Kim
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease ResearchKorea National Institute of HealthCheongju‐siChungbukKorea
| | - Kisoon Kim
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease ResearchKorea National Institute of HealthCheongju‐siChungbukKorea
| | - Kyun‐Hwan Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research and Diagnostic Medicine, IBST, School of MedicineKonkuk UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Byeong‐Sun Choi
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease ResearchKorea National Institute of HealthCheongju‐siChungbukKorea
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Martin MF, Nisole S. West Nile Virus Restriction in Mosquito and Human Cells: A Virus under Confinement. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E256. [PMID: 32485916 PMCID: PMC7350012 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging neurotropic flavivirus that naturally circulates between mosquitoes and birds. However, WNV has a broad host range and can be transmitted from mosquitoes to several mammalian species, including humans, through infected saliva during a blood meal. Although WNV infections are mostly asymptomatic, 20% to 30% of cases are symptomatic and can occasionally lead to severe symptoms, including fatal meningitis or encephalitis. Over the past decades, WNV-carrying mosquitoes have become increasingly widespread across new regions, including North America and Europe, which constitutes a public health concern. Nevertheless, mosquito and human innate immune defenses can detect WNV infection and induce the expression of antiviral effectors, so-called viral restriction factors, to control viral propagation. Conversely, WNV has developed countermeasures to escape these host defenses, thus establishing a constant arms race between the virus and its hosts. Our review intends to cover most of the current knowledge on viral restriction factors as well as WNV evasion strategies in mosquito and human cells in order to bring an updated overview on WNV-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sébastien Nisole
- Viral Trafficking, Restriction and Innate Signaling Team, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, 34090 Montpellier, France;
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Imam H, Kim GW, Mir SA, Khan M, Siddiqui A. Interferon-stimulated gene 20 (ISG20) selectively degrades N6-methyladenosine modified Hepatitis B Virus transcripts. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008338. [PMID: 32059034 PMCID: PMC7046284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) stimulates a whole repertoire of cellular genes, collectively referred to as ISGs (Interferon-stimulated genes). ISG20, a 3´-5´ exonuclease enzyme, has been previously shown to bind and degrade hepatitis B Virus (HBV) transcripts. Here, we show that the N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-modified HBV transcripts are selectively recognized and processed for degradation by ISG20. Moreover, this effect of ISG20 is critically regulated by m6A reader protein, YTHDF2 (YTH-domain family 2). Previously, we identified a unique m6A site within HBV transcripts and confirmed that methylation at nucleotide A1907 regulates HBV lifecycle. In this report, we now show that the methylation at A1907 is a critical regulator of IFN-α mediated decay of HBV RNA. We observed that the HBV RNAs become less sensitive to ISG20 mediated degradation when methyltransferase enzymes or m6A reader protein YTHDF2 are silenced in HBV expressing cells. By using an enzymatically inactive form ISG20D94G, we further demonstrated that ISG20 forms a complex with m6A modified HBV RNA and YTHDF2 protein. Due to terminal redundancy, HBV genomic nucleotide A1907 position is acquired twice by pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) during transcription and therefore the sites of methylation are encoded within 5´ and 3´ epsilon stem loops. We generated HBV mutants that lack m6A site at either one (5´ or 3´) or both the termini (5´& 3´). Using these mutants, we demonstrated that m6A modified HBV RNAs are subjected to ISG20-mediated decay and propose sequence of events, in which ISG20 binds with YTHDF2 and recognizes m6A-modified HBV transcripts to carry out the ribonuclease activity. This is the first study, which identifies a hitherto unknown role of m6A modification of RNA in IFN-α induced viral RNA degradation and proposes a new role of YTHDF2 protein as a cofactor required for IFN-α mediated viral RNA degradation. Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is a DNA virus but replicates through a transitional pregenomic RNA (pgRNA). Interferon stimulated antiviral RNase, ISG20 selectively binds to the lower epsilon stem loop of HBV RNA and causes their degradation. Surprisingly this ISG20 binding site is chemically modified by N6-methyladenosine addition to A1907 residue, which resides in the lower region of the epsilon stem loop. This single m6A site occurs twice due to terminal redundancy of sequences in the pgRNA. We demonstrated herein that IFN-α-induced ISG20 can selectively degrade m6A modified HBV RNA. Using a combined strategy of silencing cellular methyltransferases, m6A binding protein YTHDF2 and the m6A sites mutants, we show that HBV transcripts are resistant to either IFN-α treatment or ectopically introduced ISG20 mediated degradation. YTHDF2 is an m6A binding protein which makes the HBV RNAs less stable. YTHDF2 protein forms a complex with IFN-α stimulated ISG20 and executes the nuclease digestion of the recruited m6A modified transcripts. Absence of cellular m6A machinery (methyltransferases or m6A reader proteins) makes the HBV RNA unresponsive to ISG20 mediated decay. This study provides molecular explanation of IFN-α mediated degradation of m6A modified HBV RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Imam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Geon-Woo Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Saiful Anam Mir
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Mohsin Khan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MK); (AS)
| | - Aleem Siddiqui
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MK); (AS)
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Xu T, Ruan H, Gao S, Liu J, Liu Y, Song Z, Cao Q, Wang K, Bao L, Liu D, Tong J, Shi J, Liang H, Yang H, Chen K, Zhang X. ISG20 serves as a potential biomarker and drives tumor progression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:1808-1827. [PMID: 32003757 PMCID: PMC7053611 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is one of the most common malignancies and lacks reliable biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis, which results in high incidence and mortality rates of ccRCC. In this study, ISG20, HJURP, and FOXM1 were identified as hub genes via weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and Cox regression analysis. Samples validation showed that only ISG20 was up-regulated in ccRCC. Therefore, ISG20 was selected for further study. High ISG20 expression was associated with poor overall survival and disease-free survival. Furthermore, the expression of ISG20 could effectively differentiate ccRCC from normal tissues and was positively correlated to clinical stages. Functional experiments proved that knockdown of ISG20 expression could obviously inhibit cell growth, migration, and invasion in ccRCC cells. To find the potential mechanisms of ISG20, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed and revealed that high expression of ISG20 was significantly involved in metastasis and cell cycle pathways. In addition, we found that ISG20 could regulate the expression of MMP9 and CCND1. In conclusion, these findings suggested that ISG20 promoted cell proliferation and metastasis via regulating MMP9/CCND1 expression and might serve as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbo Xu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hailong Ruan
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Su Gao
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jingchong Liu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yuenan Liu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhengshuai Song
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qi Cao
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Keshan Wang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lin Bao
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Di Liu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Junwei Tong
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jian Shi
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Huageng Liang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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Liu R, Olano LR, Mirzakhanyan Y, Gershon PD, Moss B. Vaccinia Virus Ankyrin-Repeat/F-Box Protein Targets Interferon-Induced IFITs for Proteasomal Degradation. Cell Rep 2019; 29:816-828.e6. [PMID: 31644906 PMCID: PMC6876622 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
IFITs are interferon-induced proteins that can bind 5'-triphosphate or ribose-unmethylated capped ends of mRNA to inhibit translation. Although some viruses avoid IFITs by synthesizing RNAs with eukaryotic-like caps, no viral proteins were known to antagonize IFITs. We show that the N- and C-terminal portions of C9, a protein required for vaccinia virus to resist the human type I interferon-induced state, bind IFITs and ubiquitin regulatory complexes, respectively. Together, the two C9 domains target IFITs for proteasomal degradation, thereby providing interferon resistance similar to that also achieved by knockout of IFITs. Furthermore, ectopic expression of C9 rescues the interferon sensitivity of a vaccinia virus mutant with an inactivated cap 1-specific ribose-methyltransferase that is otherwise unable to express early proteins. In contrast, the C9-deletion mutant expresses early proteins but is blocked by IFITs at the subsequent genome uncoating/replication step. Thus, poxviruses use mRNA cap methylation and proteosomal degradation to defeat multiple antiviral activities of IFITs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruikang Liu
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Lisa R Olano
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Yeva Mirzakhanyan
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, UC-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Paul D Gershon
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, UC-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Bernard Moss
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Wu N, Nguyen XN, Wang L, Appourchaux R, Zhang C, Panthu B, Gruffat H, Journo C, Alais S, Qin J, Zhang N, Tartour K, Catez F, Mahieux R, Ohlmann T, Liu M, Du B, Cimarelli A. The interferon stimulated gene 20 protein (ISG20) is an innate defense antiviral factor that discriminates self versus non-self translation. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008093. [PMID: 31600344 PMCID: PMC6805002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
ISG20 is a broad spectrum antiviral protein thought to directly degrade viral RNA. However, this mechanism of inhibition remains controversial. Using the Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) as a model RNA virus, we show here that ISG20 interferes with viral replication by decreasing protein synthesis in the absence of RNA degradation. Importantly, we demonstrate that ISG20 exerts a translational control over a large panel of non-self RNA substrates including those originating from transfected DNA, while sparing endogenous transcripts. This activity correlates with the protein's ability to localize in cytoplasmic processing bodies. Finally, these functions are conserved in the ISG20 murine ortholog, whose genetic ablation results in mice with increased susceptibility to viral infection. Overall, our results posit ISG20 as an important defense factor able to discriminate the self/non-self origins of the RNA through translation modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Wu
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Institute, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan-Nhi Nguyen
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Romain Appourchaux
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Chengfei Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baptiste Panthu
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Henri Gruffat
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Chloé Journo
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sandrine Alais
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Juliang Qin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kevin Tartour
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Catez
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Theophile Ohlmann
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Du
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (BD); (AC)
| | - Andrea Cimarelli
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
- * E-mail: (BD); (AC)
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Abstract
In the absence of an intact interferon (IFN) response, mammals may be susceptible to lethal viral infection. IFNs are secreted cytokines that activate a signal transduction cascade leading to the induction of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Remarkably, approximately 10% of the genes in the human genome have the potential to be regulated by IFNs. What do all of these genes do? It is a complex question without a simple answer. From decades of research, we know that many of the protein products encoded by these ISGs work alone or in concert to achieve one or more cellular outcomes, including antiviral defense, antiproliferative activities, and stimulation of adaptive immunity. The focus of this review is the antiviral activities of the IFN/ISG system. This includes general paradigms of ISG function, supported by specific examples in the literature, as well as methodologies to identify and characterize ISG function.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Schoggins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA;
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Zhu C, Zou C, Guan G, Guo Q, Yan Z, Liu T, Shen S, Xu X, Chen C, Lin Z, Cheng W, Wu A. Development and validation of an interferon signature predicting prognosis and treatment response for glioblastoma. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:e1621677. [PMID: 31428519 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1621677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Interferon treatment, as an important approach of anti-tumor immunotherapy, has been implemented in multiple clinical trials of glioma. However, only a small number of gliomas benefit from it. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the clinical role of interferons and to establish robust biomarkers to facilitate its application. Materials and methods: This study reviewed 1,241 glioblastoma (GBM) and 1,068 lower grade glioma (LGG) patients from six glioma cohorts. The transcription matrix and clinical information were analyzed using R software, GraphPad Prism 7 and Medcalc, etc. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining were performed for validation in protein level. Results: Interferon signaling was significantly enhanced in GBM. An interferon signature was developed based on five interferon genes with prognostic significance, which could reflect various interferon statuses. Survival analysis showed the signature could serve as an unfavorable prognostic factor independently. We also established a nomogram model integrating the risk signature into traditional prognostic factors, which increased the validity of survival prediction. Moreover, high-risk group conferred resistance to chemotherapy and high IFNB1 expression levels. Functional analysis showed that the high-risk group was associated with overloaded immune response. Microenvironment analysis and IHC staining found that high-risk group occupied a disorganized microenvironment which was characterized by an enrichment of M0 macrophages and neutrophils, but less infiltration of activated nature killing (NK) cells and M1 type macrophages. Conclusion: This interferon signature was an independent indicator for unfavorable prognosis and showed great potential for screening out patients who will benefit from chemotherapy and interferon treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Cunyi Zou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Gefei Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Qing Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zihao Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Tianqi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuai Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medicine Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Chen Chen
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhiguo Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wen Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Anhua Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Mostafavi H, Abeyratne E, Zaid A, Taylor A. Arthritogenic Alphavirus-Induced Immunopathology and Targeting Host Inflammation as A Therapeutic Strategy for Alphaviral Disease. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030290. [PMID: 30909385 PMCID: PMC6466158 DOI: 10.3390/v11030290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthritogenic alphaviruses are a group of medically important arboviruses that cause inflammatory musculoskeletal disease in humans with debilitating symptoms, such as arthralgia, arthritis, and myalgia. The arthritogenic, or Old World, alphaviruses are capable of causing explosive outbreaks, with some viruses of major global concern. At present, there are no specific therapeutics or commercially available vaccines available to prevent alphaviral disease. Infected patients are typically treated with analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to provide often inadequate symptomatic relief. Studies to determine the mechanisms of arthritogenic alphaviral disease have highlighted the role of the host immune system in disease pathogenesis. This review discusses the current knowledge of the innate immune response to acute alphavirus infection and alphavirus-induced immunopathology. Therapeutic strategies to treat arthritogenic alphavirus disease by targeting the host immune response are also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Mostafavi
- Emerging Viruses and Inflammation Research Group, Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia.
| | - Eranga Abeyratne
- Emerging Viruses and Inflammation Research Group, Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia.
| | - Ali Zaid
- Emerging Viruses and Inflammation Research Group, Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia.
| | - Adam Taylor
- Emerging Viruses and Inflammation Research Group, Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia.
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