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Francis ME, Jansen EB, Yourkowski A, Selim A, Swan CL, MacPhee BK, Thivierge B, Buchanan R, Lavender KJ, Darbellay J, Rogers MB, Lew J, Gerdts V, Falzarano D, Skowronski DM, Sjaarda C, Kelvin AA. Previous infection with seasonal coronaviruses does not protect male Syrian hamsters from challenge with SARS-CoV-2. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5990. [PMID: 37752151 PMCID: PMC10522707 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41761-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 variants and seasonal coronaviruses continue to cause disease and coronaviruses in the animal reservoir pose a constant spillover threat. Importantly, understanding of how previous infection may influence future exposures, especially in the context of seasonal coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 variants, is still limited. Here we adopted a step-wise experimental approach to examine the primary immune response and subsequent immune recall toward antigenically distinct coronaviruses using male Syrian hamsters. Hamsters were initially inoculated with seasonal coronaviruses (HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E, or HCoV-OC43), or SARS-CoV-2 pango B lineage virus, then challenged with SARS-CoV-2 pango B lineage virus, or SARS-CoV-2 variants Beta or Omicron. Although infection with seasonal coronaviruses offered little protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge, HCoV-NL63-infected animals had an increase of the previously elicited HCoV-NL63-specific neutralizing antibodies during challenge with SARS-CoV-2. On the other hand, primary infection with HCoV-OC43 induced distinct T cell gene signatures. Gene expression profiling indicated interferon responses and germinal center reactions to be induced during more similar primary infection-challenge combinations while signatures of increased inflammation as well as suppression of the antiviral response were observed following antigenically distant viral challenges. This work characterizes and analyzes seasonal coronaviruses effect on SARS-CoV-2 secondary infection and the findings are important for pan-coronavirus vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magen E Francis
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ethan B Jansen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Anthony Yourkowski
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Alaa Selim
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Cynthia L Swan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Brian K MacPhee
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Brittany Thivierge
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Rachelle Buchanan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Kerry J Lavender
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Joseph Darbellay
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Matthew B Rogers
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jocelyne Lew
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Darryl Falzarano
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Danuta M Skowronski
- BC Centre for Disease Control, Immunization Programs and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Service, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- University of British Columbia, School of Population and Public Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Calvin Sjaarda
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Queen's Genomics Lab at Ongwanada (Q-GLO), Ongwanada Resource Centre, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Alyson A Kelvin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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2
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Stauft CB, Selvaraj P, D'Agnillo F, Meseda CA, Liu S, Pedro CL, Sangare K, Lien CZ, Weir JP, Starost MF, Wang TT. Intranasal or airborne transmission-mediated delivery of an attenuated SARS-CoV-2 protects Syrian hamsters against new variants. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3393. [PMID: 37296125 PMCID: PMC10250859 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection of secretory antibodies in the airway is highly desirable when evaluating mucosal protection by vaccines against a respiratory virus, such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We show that intranasal delivery of an attenuated SARS-CoV-2 (Nsp1-K164A/H165A) induces both mucosal and systemic IgA and IgG in male Syrian hamsters. Interestingly, either direct intranasal immunization or airborne transmission-mediated delivery of Nsp1-K164A/H165A in Syrian hamsters offers protection against heterologous challenge with variants of concern (VOCs) including Delta, Omicron BA.1, BA.2.12.1 and BA.5. Vaccinated animals show significant reduction in both tissue viral loads and lung inflammation. Similarly attenuated viruses bearing BA.1 and BA.5 spike boost variant-specific neutralizing antibodies in male mice that were first vaccinated with modified vaccinia virus Ankara vectors (MVA) expressing full-length WA1/2020 Spike protein. Together, these results demonstrate that our attenuated virus may be a promising nasal vaccine candidate for boosting mucosal immunity against future SARS-CoV-2 VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles B Stauft
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Prabhuanand Selvaraj
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Felice D'Agnillo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Clement A Meseda
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Shufeng Liu
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Cyntia L Pedro
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Kotou Sangare
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Christopher Z Lien
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jerry P Weir
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Matthew F Starost
- Division of Veterinary Resources, Diagnostic and Research Services Branch, National Institutes of Health, Rockville Pike, MD, USA
| | - Tony T Wang
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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3
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Facciuolo A, Van Kessel J, Kroeker A, Liao M, Lew JM, Falzarano D, Kelvin AA, Gerdts V, Napper S. Longitudinal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection reveals distinct kinetics and emergence of cross-neutralizing antibodies to variants of concern. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1148255. [PMID: 37065160 PMCID: PMC10090301 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1148255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 continues to raise new questions regarding the duration of immunity to reinfection with emerging variants. To address these knowledge gaps, controlled investigations in established animal models are needed to assess duration of immunity induced by each SARS-CoV-2 lineage and precisely evaluate the extent of cross-reactivity and cross-protection afforded. Using the Syrian hamster model, we specifically investigated duration of infection acquired immunity to SARS-CoV-2 ancestral Wuhan strain over 12 months. Plasma spike- and RBD-specific IgG titers against ancestral SARS-CoV-2 peaked at 4 months post-infection and showed a modest decline by 12 months. Similar kinetics were observed with plasma virus neutralizing antibody titers which peaked at 2 months post-infection and showed a modest decline by 12 months. Reinfection with ancestral SARS-CoV-2 at regular intervals demonstrated that prior infection provides long-lasting immunity as hamsters were protected against severe disease when rechallenged at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months after primary infection, and this coincided with the induction of high virus neutralizing antibody titers. Cross-neutralizing antibody titers against the B.1.617.2 variant (Delta) progressively waned in blood over 12 months, however, re-infection boosted these titers to levels equivalent to ancestral SARS-CoV-2. Conversely, cross-neutralizing antibodies to the BA.1 variant (Omicron) were virtually undetectable at all time-points after primary infection and were only detected following reinfection at 6 and 12 months. Collectively, these data demonstrate that infection with ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strains generates antibody responses that continue to evolve long after resolution of infection with distinct kinetics and emergence of cross-reactive and cross-neutralizing antibodies to Delta and Omicron variants and their specific spike antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Facciuolo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- *Correspondence: Antonio Facciuolo,
| | - Jill Van Kessel
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Andrea Kroeker
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Mingmin Liao
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jocelyne M. Lew
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Darryl Falzarano
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Alyson A. Kelvin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Scott Napper
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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4
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Impact of Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variants in Previously Infected Hamsters. J Virol 2023; 97:e0136622. [PMID: 36633406 PMCID: PMC9888231 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01366-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The diversity of SARS-CoV-2 mutations raises the possibility of reinfection of individuals previously infected with earlier variants, and this risk is further increased by the emergence of the B.1.1.529 Omicron variant. In this study, we used an in vivo, hamster infection model to assess the potential for individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 to be reinfected with Omicron variant and we also investigated the pathology associated with such infections. Initially, Syrian hamsters were inoculated with a lineage A, B.1.1.7, B.1.351, B.1.617.2 or a subvariant of Omicron, BA.1 strain and then reinfected with the BA.1 strain 5 weeks later. Subsequently, the impact of reinfection with Omicron subvariants (BA.1 and BA.2) in individuals previously infected with the BA.1 strain was examined. Although viral infection and replication were suppressed in both the upper and lower airways, following reinfection, virus-associated RNA was detected in the airways of most hamsters. Viral replication was more strongly suppressed in the lower respiratory tract than in the upper respiratory tract. Consistent amino acid substitutions were observed in the upper respiratory tract of infected hamsters after primary infection with variant BA.1, whereas diverse mutations appeared in hamsters reinfected with the same variant. Histopathology showed no acute pneumonia or disease enhancement in any of the reinfection groups and, in addition, the expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the airways of reinfected animals was only mildly elevated. These findings are important for understanding the risk of reinfection with new variants of SARS-CoV-2. IMPORTANCE The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants and the widespread use of COVID-19 vaccines has resulted in individual differences in immune status against SARS-CoV-2. A decay in immunity over time and the emergence of variants that partially evade the immune response can also lead to reinfection. In this study, we demonstrated that, in hamsters, immunity acquired following primary infection with previous SARS-CoV-2 variants was effective in preventing the onset of pneumonia after reinfection with the Omicron variant. However, viral infection and multiplication in the upper respiratory tract were still observed after reinfection. We also showed that more diverse nonsynonymous mutations appeared in the upper respiratory tract of reinfected hamsters that had acquired immunity from primary infection. This hamster model reveals the within-host evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and its pathology after reinfection, and provides important information for countermeasures against diversifying SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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5
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Wang T, Stauft C, Selvaraj P, D'agnillo F, Meseda C, Sangare K, Pedro C, Liu S, Lien C, Weir J, Starost M. Active and Passive Immunization of Syrian Hamsters with An Attenuated SARS-CoV-2 Protects against New Variants of Concern. RESEARCH SQUARE 2022:rs.3.rs-2227555. [PMID: 36380761 PMCID: PMC9665342 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2227555/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Detection of secretory antibodies in the airway is highly desirable when evaluating mucosal protection by a vaccine against a respiratory virus like the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We show that a single intranasal delivery of an attenuated SARS-CoV-2 (Nsp1-K164A/H165A) induced both mucosal and systemic IgA and IgG in Syrian hamsters. Interestingly, either active or passive immunization of hamsters with Nsp1-K164A/H165A offered protection against heterologous challenge with variants of concern (VOCs) including Delta, Omicron BA.1, and Omicron BA.2.12.1. Among challenged animals, Nsp1-K164A/H165A vaccination specifically reduced viral loads in the respiratory tract and suppressed infection-induced macrophage accumulation and MX1 upregulation in the lung. The absence of variant-specific mucosal and systemic antibodies was associated with breakthrough infections, particularly of the nasal cavity following challenges with Omicron isolates. Together, our study demonstrates that an attenuated nasal vaccine may be developed to boost mucosal immunity against future SARS-CoV-2 VOCs.
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6
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Niemeyer D, Stenzel S, Veith T, Schroeder S, Friedmann K, Weege F, Trimpert J, Heinze J, Richter A, Jansen J, Emanuel J, Kazmierski J, Pott F, Jeworowski LM, Olmer R, Jaboreck MC, Tenner B, Papies J, Walper F, Schmidt ML, Heinemann N, Möncke-Buchner E, Baumgardt M, Hoffmann K, Widera M, Thao TTN, Balázs A, Schulze J, Mache C, Jones TC, Morkel M, Ciesek S, Hanitsch LG, Mall MA, Hocke AC, Thiel V, Osterrieder K, Wolff T, Martin U, Corman VM, Müller MA, Goffinet C, Drosten C. SARS-CoV-2 variant Alpha has a spike-dependent replication advantage over the ancestral B.1 strain in human cells with low ACE2 expression. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001871. [PMID: 36383605 PMCID: PMC9710838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data demonstrate that Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VOCs) Alpha and Delta are more transmissible, infectious, and pathogenic than previous variants. Phenotypic properties of VOC remain understudied. Here, we provide an extensive functional study of VOC Alpha replication and cell entry phenotypes assisted by reverse genetics, mutational mapping of spike in lentiviral pseudotypes, viral and cellular gene expression studies, and infectivity stability assays in an enhanced range of cell and epithelial culture models. In almost all models, VOC Alpha spread less or equally efficiently as ancestral (B.1) SARS-CoV-2. B.1. and VOC Alpha shared similar susceptibility to serum neutralization. Despite increased relative abundance of specific sgRNAs in the context of VOC Alpha infection, immune gene expression in infected cells did not differ between VOC Alpha and B.1. However, inferior spreading and entry efficiencies of VOC Alpha corresponded to lower abundance of proteolytically cleaved spike products presumably linked to the T716I mutation. In addition, we identified a bronchial cell line, NCI-H1299, which supported 24-fold increased growth of VOC Alpha and is to our knowledge the only cell line to recapitulate the fitness advantage of VOC Alpha compared to B.1. Interestingly, also VOC Delta showed a strong (595-fold) fitness advantage over B.1 in these cells. Comparative analysis of chimeric viruses expressing VOC Alpha spike in the backbone of B.1, and vice versa, showed that the specific replication phenotype of VOC Alpha in NCI-H1299 cells is largely determined by its spike protein. Despite undetectable ACE2 protein expression in NCI-H1299 cells, CRISPR/Cas9 knock-out and antibody-mediated blocking experiments revealed that multicycle spread of B.1 and VOC Alpha required ACE2 expression. Interestingly, entry of VOC Alpha, as opposed to B.1 virions, was largely unaffected by treatment with exogenous trypsin or saliva prior to infection, suggesting enhanced resistance of VOC Alpha spike to premature proteolytic cleavage in the extracellular environment of the human respiratory tract. This property may result in delayed degradation of VOC Alpha particle infectivity in conditions typical of mucosal fluids of the upper respiratory tract that may be recapitulated in NCI-H1299 cells closer than in highly ACE2-expressing cell lines and models. Our study highlights the importance of cell model evaluation and comparison for in-depth characterization of virus variant-specific phenotypes and uncovers a fine-tuned interrelationship between VOC Alpha- and host cell-specific determinants that may underlie the increased and prolonged virus shedding detected in patients infected with VOC Alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Niemeyer
- Institute of Virology, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, associated partner Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Saskia Stenzel
- Institute of Virology, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Talitha Veith
- Institute of Virology, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, associated partner Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Schroeder
- Institute of Virology, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kirstin Friedmann
- Institute of Virology, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friderike Weege
- Institute of Virology, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jakob Trimpert
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Heinze
- Institute of Virology, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, associated partner Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Richter
- Institute of Virology, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jenny Jansen
- Institute of Virology, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jackson Emanuel
- Institute of Virology, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Kazmierski
- Institute of Virology, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Pott
- Institute of Virology, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lara M. Jeworowski
- Institute of Virology, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruth Olmer
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, REBIRTH — Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mark-Christian Jaboreck
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, REBIRTH — Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Beate Tenner
- Institute of Virology, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Papies
- Institute of Virology, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Walper
- Institute of Virology, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie L. Schmidt
- Institute of Virology, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicolas Heinemann
- Institute of Virology, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Möncke-Buchner
- Institute of Virology, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Morris Baumgardt
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karen Hoffmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marek Widera
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Anita Balázs
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jessica Schulze
- Unit 17 “Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses", Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christin Mache
- Unit 17 “Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses", Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Terry C. Jones
- Institute of Virology, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Morkel
- Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- BIH Bioportal Single Cells, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, DZIF, Braunschweig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Leif G. Hanitsch
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus A. Mall
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), associated partner Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas C. Hocke
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Thiel
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Osterrieder
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Thorsten Wolff
- Unit 17 “Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses", Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Martin
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, REBIRTH — Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Victor M. Corman
- Institute of Virology, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, associated partner Charité, Berlin, Germany
- Labor Berlin – Charité Vivantes GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel A. Müller
- Institute of Virology, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, associated partner Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Goffinet
- Institute of Virology, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, associated partner Charité, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Labor Berlin – Charité Vivantes GmbH, Berlin, Germany
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7
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SARS-CoV-2 Variant-Specific Infectivity and Immune Profiles Are Detectable in a Humanized Lung Mouse Model. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102272. [PMID: 36298826 PMCID: PMC9612296 DOI: 10.3390/v14102272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Small animal models that accurately model pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 variants are required for ongoing research efforts. We modified our human immune system mouse model to support replication of SARS-CoV-2 by implantation of human lung tissue into the mice to create TKO-BLT-Lung (L) mice and compared infection with two different variants in a humanized lung model. Infection of TKO-BLT-L mice with SARS-CoV-2 recapitulated the higher infectivity of the B.1.1.7 variant with more animals becoming infected and higher sustained viral loads compared to mice challenged with an early B lineage (614D) virus. Viral lesions were observed in lung organoids but no differences were detected between the viral variants as expected. Partially overlapping but distinct immune profiles were also observed between the variants with a greater Th1 profile in VIDO-01 and greater Th2 profile in B.1.1.7 infection. Overall, the TKO-BLT-L mouse supported SARS-CoV-2 infection, recapitulated key known similarities and differences in infectivity and pathogenesis as well as revealing previously unreported differences in immune responses between the two viral variants. Thus, the TKO-BLT-L model may serve as a useful animal model to study the immunopathobiology of newly emerging variants in the context of genuine human lung tissue and immune cells.
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8
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Rzymski P, Poniedziałek B, Rosińska J, Rogalska M, Zarębska-Michaluk D, Rorat M, Moniuszko-Malinowska A, Lorenc B, Kozielewicz D, Piekarska A, Sikorska K, Dworzańska A, Bolewska B, Angielski G, Kowalska J, Podlasin R, Oczko-Grzesik B, Mazur W, Szymczak A, Flisiak R. The association of airborne particulate matter and benzo[a]pyrene with the clinical course of COVID-19 in patients hospitalized in Poland. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 306:119469. [PMID: 35580710 PMCID: PMC9106990 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution can adversely affect the immune response and increase the severity of the viral disease. The present study aimed to explore the relationship between symptomatology, clinical course, and inflammation markers of adult patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) hospitalized in Poland (n = 4432) and air pollution levels, i.e., mean 24 h and max 24 h level of benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) and particulate matter <10 μm (PM10) and <2.5 μm (PM2.5) during a week before their hospitalization. Exposures to PM2.5 and B(a)P exceeding the limits were associated with higher odds of early respiratory symptoms of COVID-19 and hyperinflammatory state: interleukin-6 > 100 pg/mL, procalcitonin >0.25 ng/mL, and white blood cells count >11 × 103/mL. Except for the mean 24 h PM10 level, the exceedance of other air pollution parameters was associated with increased odds for oxygen saturation <90%. Exposure to elevated PM2.5 and B(a)P levels increased the odds of oxygen therapy and death. This study evidences that worse air quality is related to increased severity of COVID-19 and worse outcome in hospitalized patients. Mitigating air pollution shall be an integral part of measures undertaken to decrease the disease burden during a pandemic of viral respiratory illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806, Poznań, Poland; Integrated Science Association (ISA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), 60-806, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Barbara Poniedziałek
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Joanna Rosińska
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Rogalska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Białystok, 15-089, Białystok, Poland.
| | | | - Marta Rorat
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wrocław Medical University, 50-367, Wrocław, Poland; First Infectious Diseases Ward, Gromkowski Regional Specialist Hospital in Wrocław, 51-149, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Anna Moniuszko-Malinowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, 15-089, Białystok, Poland.
| | - Beata Lorenc
- Pomeranian Center of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, 80-210, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Dorota Kozielewicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
| | - Anna Piekarska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Łódź, 90-549, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Sikorska
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Epidemiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Anna Dworzańska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Beata Bolewska
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701, Poznań, Poland.
| | | | - Justyna Kowalska
- Department of Adults' Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Regina Podlasin
- Regional Hospital of Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Barbara Oczko-Grzesik
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Włodzimierz Mazur
- Clinical Department of Infectious Diseases in Chorzów, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Szymczak
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Liver Diseases and Acquired Immune Deficiencies, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Robert Flisiak
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Białystok, 15-089, Białystok, Poland.
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9
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Eye Infection with SARS-CoV-2 as a Route to Systemic Immunization? Viruses 2022; 14:v14071447. [PMID: 35891426 PMCID: PMC9318776 DOI: 10.3390/v14071447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases of the conjunctiva and cornea usually leave behind both broad local and systemic immunity. Case reports of SARS-CoV-2-positive conjunctivitis with subsequent systemic immunity suggest a new route of immunization preventing the primary infection of the airways. Material and Methods: A total of 24 Syrian field hamsters were treated. In systematic animal experiments, we infected the eyes of n = 8 animals (group 1) and the airways of another n = 8 animals (group 2) with SARS-CoV-2 (Wuhan type); n = 8 hamsters served as controls (group 3). The weight development of the animals was recorded. After two weeks of observation of disease symptoms, all animals were re-exposed to SARS-CoV-2 in the respiratory tract (challenge) to determine whether immunity to the virus had been achieved. Results: The epi-ocularly infected animals (group 1) showed no clinically visible disease during the ocular infection phase. At most, there was a slightly reduced weight gain compared to the control group (group 3), while the respiratory infected animals (group 2) all lost weight, became lethargic, and slowly recovered after two weeks. After the challenge, none of the animals in groups 1 and 2 became ill again. The animals in the negative control (group 3) all became ill. Cytotoxic antibodies were detectable in the blood of the infected groups before and after challenge, with higher titers in the epi-ocularly infected animals. Conclusion: By epi-ocular infection with SARS-CoV-2, the development of systemic immunity with formation of cytotoxic antibodies without severe general disease could be observed in the experimental animals, which did not induce any more disease upon a second infection in the respiratory tract. Therefore, it can be concluded that a purely epi-ocular infection with SARS-CoV2 only induces a weak disease pattern followed by systemic immunity.
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10
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Stauft CB, Selvaraj P, Lien CZ, Starost MF, Wang TT. Long-term immunity in convalescent Syrian hamsters provides protection against new-variant SARS-CoV-2 infection of the lower but not upper respiratory tract. J Med Virol 2022; 94:2833-2836. [PMID: 35128693 PMCID: PMC9088693 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines provide high levels of protection against severe disease and hospitalization due to severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Vaccination may be less effective in preventing shedding of infectious viruses from otherwise immune patients. In this study, we describe breakthrough infections and shedding of infectious viruses in convalescent hamsters without significant replication in the lower respiratory tract following reinfection by Alpha and Delta variants despite high levels of circulating antibodies in sera. Using convalescent hamsters with long-term immunity (up to 1 year) following infection by ancestral SARS-CoV-2, we can model aspects of recurring COVID-19 in the context of preexisting immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles B. Stauft
- Division of Viral ProductsCenter for Biologics Evaluations and Research, Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Prabhuanand Selvaraj
- Division of Viral ProductsCenter for Biologics Evaluations and Research, Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Christopher Z. Lien
- Division of Viral ProductsCenter for Biologics Evaluations and Research, Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Matthew F. Starost
- Division of Veterinary ResourcesDiagnostic and Research Services Branch, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Tony T. Wang
- Division of Viral ProductsCenter for Biologics Evaluations and Research, Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
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11
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Carroll T, Fox D, van Doremalen N, Ball E, Morris MK, Sotomayor-Gonzalez A, Servellita V, Rustagi A, Yinda CK, Fritts L, Port JR, Ma ZM, Holbrook MG, Schulz J, Blish CA, Hanson C, Chiu CY, Munster V, Stanley S, Miller CJ. The B.1.427/1.429 (epsilon) SARS-CoV-2 variants are more virulent than ancestral B.1 (614G) in Syrian hamsters. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1009914. [PMID: 35143587 PMCID: PMC8865701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As novel SARS-CoV-2 variants continue to emerge, it is critical that their potential to cause severe disease and evade vaccine-induced immunity is rapidly assessed in humans and studied in animal models. In early January 2021, a novel SARS-CoV-2 variant designated B.1.429 comprising 2 lineages, B.1.427 and B.1.429, was originally detected in California (CA) and it was shown to have enhanced infectivity in vitro and decreased antibody neutralization by plasma from convalescent patients and vaccine recipients. Here we examine the virulence, transmissibility, and susceptibility to pre-existing immunity for B 1.427 and B 1.429 in the Syrian hamster model. We find that both variants exhibit enhanced virulence as measured by increased body weight loss compared to hamsters infected with ancestral B.1 (614G), with B.1.429 causing the most marked body weight loss among the 3 variants. Faster dissemination from airways to parenchyma and more severe lung pathology at both early and late stages were also observed with B.1.429 infections relative to B.1. (614G) and B.1.427 infections. In addition, subgenomic viral RNA (sgRNA) levels were highest in oral swabs of hamsters infected with B.1.429, however sgRNA levels in lungs were similar in all three variants. This demonstrates that B.1.429 replicates to higher levels than ancestral B.1 (614G) or B.1.427 in the oropharynx but not in the lungs. In multi-virus in-vivo competition experiments, we found that B.1. (614G), epsilon (B.1.427/B.1.429) and gamma (P.1) dramatically outcompete alpha (B.1.1.7), beta (B.1.351) and zeta (P.2) in the lungs. In the nasal cavity, B.1. (614G), gamma, and epsilon dominate, but the highly infectious alpha variant also maintains a moderate size niche. We did not observe significant differences in airborne transmission efficiency among the B.1.427, B.1.429 and ancestral B.1 (614G) and WA-1 variants in hamsters. These results demonstrate enhanced virulence and high relative oropharyngeal replication of the epsilon (B.1.427/B.1.429) variant in Syrian hamsters compared to an ancestral B.1 (614G) variant. In 2020 and 2021, new variants of SARS-CoV-2 were detected in the UK, South Africa, Brazil, India, California and beyond. New SARS-CoV-2 variants will continue to emerge for the foreseeable future in the human population and the potential for these new variants to produce severe disease and evade vaccines needs to be understood. In this study, we used the hamster model to determine the epsilon (B.1.427/429) SARS-CoV-2 variants that emerged in California in late 2020 cause more severe disease and infected hamsters have higher viral RNA levels in oral swabs compared to the prior B.1 (614G) variant. These findings are consistent with human clinical data and help explain the emergence and rapid spread of this variant in early 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Carroll
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Center for Immunology and infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Douglas Fox
- University of California, Berkeley, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Neeltje van Doremalen
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Erin Ball
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Mary Kate Morris
- Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Alicia Sotomayor-Gonzalez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Venice Servellita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Arjun Rustagi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Claude Kwe Yinda
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Linda Fritts
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Center for Immunology and infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Julia Rebecca Port
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Zhong-Min Ma
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Myndi G. Holbrook
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Schulz
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Catherine A. Blish
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Carl Hanson
- Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Charles Y. Chiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CYC); (VM); (SS); (CJM)
| | - Vincent Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CYC); (VM); (SS); (CJM)
| | - Sarah Stanley
- University of California, Berkeley, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CYC); (VM); (SS); (CJM)
| | - Christopher J. Miller
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Center for Immunology and infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CYC); (VM); (SS); (CJM)
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12
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Muñoz-Fontela C, Widerspick L, Albrecht RA, Beer M, Carroll MW, de Wit E, Diamond MS, Dowling WE, Funnell SGP, García-Sastre A, Gerhards NM, de Jong R, Munster VJ, Neyts J, Perlman S, Reed DS, Richt JA, Riveros-Balta X, Roy CJ, Salguero FJ, Schotsaert M, Schwartz LM, Seder RA, Segalés J, Vasan SS, Henao-Restrepo AM, Barouch DH. Advances and gaps in SARS-CoV-2 infection models. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010161. [PMID: 35025969 PMCID: PMC8757994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The global response to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is now facing new challenges such as vaccine inequity and the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs). Preclinical models of disease, in particular animal models, are essential to investigate VOC pathogenesis, vaccine correlates of protection and postexposure therapies. Here, we provide an update from the World Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 modeling expert group (WHO-COM) assembled by WHO, regarding advances in preclinical models. In particular, we discuss how animal model research is playing a key role to evaluate VOC virulence, transmission and immune escape, and how animal models are being refined to recapitulate COVID-19 demographic variables such as comorbidities and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Muñoz-Fontela
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lina Widerspick
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Randy A. Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Miles W. Carroll
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- Pandemic Sciences Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom
| | - Emmie de Wit
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - William E. Dowling
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), Washington, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Simon G. P. Funnell
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Rineke de Jong
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent J. Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Douglas S. Reed
- Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | | | - Chad J. Roy
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | | | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Robert A. Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus UAB, and Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Seshadri S. Vasan
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO, Geelong, Australia
| | | | - Dan H. Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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13
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MVA vector expression of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and protection of adult Syrian hamsters against SARS-CoV-2 challenge. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:145. [PMID: 34862398 PMCID: PMC8642471 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00410-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, are under development. The majority of vaccine candidates to date are designed to induce immune responses against the viral spike (S) protein, although different forms of S antigen have been incorporated. To evaluate the yield and immunogenicity of different forms of S, we constructed modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vectors expressing full-length S (MVA-S), the RBD, and soluble S ectodomain and tested their immunogenicity in dose-ranging studies in mice. All three MVA vectors induced spike-specific immunoglobulin G after one subcutaneous immunization and serum titers were boosted following a second immunization. The MVA-S and MVA-ssM elicited the strongest neutralizing antibody responses. In assessing protective efficacy, MVA-S-immunized adult Syrian hamsters were challenged with SARS-CoV-2 (USA/WA1/2020). MVA-S-vaccinated hamsters exhibited less severe manifestations of atypical pneumocyte hyperplasia, hemorrhage, vasculitis, and especially consolidation, compared to control animals. They also displayed significant reductions in gross pathology scores and weight loss, and a moderate reduction in virus shedding was observed post challenge in nasal washes. There was evidence of reduced viral replication by in situ hybridization, although the reduction in viral RNA levels in lungs and nasal turbinates did not reach significance. Taken together, the data indicate that immunization with two doses of an MVA vector expressing SARS-CoV-2 S provides protection against a stringent SARS-CoV-2 challenge of adult Syrian hamsters, reaffirm the utility of this animal model for evaluating candidate SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, and demonstrate the value of an MVA platform in facilitating vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2.
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14
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Common cardiac medications potently inhibit ACE2 binding to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike, and block virus penetration and infectivity in human lung cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22195. [PMID: 34773067 PMCID: PMC8589851 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01690-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To initiate SARS-CoV-2 infection, the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) on the viral spike protein must first bind to the host receptor ACE2 protein on pulmonary and other ACE2-expressing cells. We hypothesized that cardiac glycoside drugs might block the binding reaction between ACE2 and the Spike (S) protein, and thus block viral penetration into target cells. To test this hypothesis we developed a biochemical assay for ACE2:Spike binding, and tested cardiac glycosides as inhibitors of binding. Here we report that ouabain, digitoxin, and digoxin, as well as sugar-free derivatives digitoxigenin and digoxigenin, are high-affinity competitive inhibitors of ACE2 binding to the Original [D614] S1 and the α/β/γ [D614G] S1 proteins. These drugs also inhibit ACE2 binding to the Original RBD, as well as to RBD proteins containing the β [E484K], Mink [Y453F] and α/β/γ [N501Y] mutations. As hypothesized, we also found that ouabain, digitoxin and digoxin blocked penetration by SARS-CoV-2 Spike-pseudotyped virus into human lung cells, and infectivity by native SARS-CoV-2. These data indicate that cardiac glycosides may block viral penetration into the target cell by first inhibiting ACE2:RBD binding. Clinical concentrations of ouabain and digitoxin are relatively safe for short term use for subjects with normal hearts. It has therefore not escaped our attention that these common cardiac medications could be deployed worldwide as inexpensive repurposed drugs for anti-COVID-19 therapy.
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15
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Munster VJ, Flagg M, Singh M, Yinda CK, Williamson BN, Feldmann F, Pérez-Pérez L, Schulz J, Brumbaugh B, Holbrook MG, Adney DR, Okumura A, Hanley PW, Smith BJ, Lovaglio J, Anzick SL, Martens C, van Doremalen N, Saturday G, de Wit E. Subtle differences in the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 in rhesus macaques. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj3627. [PMID: 34678071 PMCID: PMC8535829 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj3627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of several SARS-CoV-2 variants has caused global concerns about increased transmissibility, increased pathogenicity, and decreased efficacy of medical countermeasures. Animal models can be used to assess phenotypical changes in the absence of confounding factors. Here, we compared variants of concern (VOC) B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 to a recent B.1 SARS-CoV-2 isolate containing the D614G spike substitution in the rhesus macaque model. B.1.1.7 behaved similarly to D614G with respect to clinical disease and replication in the respiratory tract. Inoculation with B.1.351 resulted in lower clinical scores, lower lung virus titers, and less severe lung lesions. In bronchoalveolar lavages, cytokines and chemokines were up-regulated on day 4 in animals inoculated with D614G and B.1.1.7 but not with B.1.351. In nasal samples, cytokines and chemokines were up-regulated only in the B.1.1.7-inoculated animals. Together, our study suggests that circulation under diverse evolutionary pressures favors transmissibility and immune evasion rather than increased pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent J. Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Meaghan Flagg
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Manmeet Singh
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Claude Kwe Yinda
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Brandi N. Williamson
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Lizzette Pérez-Pérez
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Jonathan Schulz
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Beniah Brumbaugh
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Myndi G. Holbrook
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Danielle R. Adney
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Atsushi Okumura
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Patrick W. Hanley
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Brian J. Smith
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Jamie Lovaglio
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Sarah L. Anzick
- Research Technologies Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Craig Martens
- Research Technologies Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Neeltje van Doremalen
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Greg Saturday
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Emmie de Wit
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
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16
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Stauft CB, Tegenge M, Khurana S, Lee Y, Selvaraj P, Golding H, Wang T, Golding B. Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy of Human Hyperimmune Intravenous Immunoglobulin Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Adult Syrian Hamsters. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 75:e459-e465. [PMID: 34554235 PMCID: PMC8499979 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Following the failure of antibody therapies in treating COVID-19 hospitalized patients we investigated the impact of viral replication on the pharmacokinetics (PK) and efficacy of a hyperimmune SARS-CoV-2 Immune Globulin (CoVIG) product in treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection using the adult Syrian hamster model. Methods The CoVIG was manufactured from plasma donors who had recovered from COVID-19. The dose used (400 mg/kg) was based on the dose given in clinical trials to hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Hamsters were given a single dose of CoVIG two days after challenge with the SARS-CoV-2 virus (isolate NY/PV08410/2020), followed by sampling of blood, nasal, tracheal and lung tissues at different time points. The blood samples were assayed for anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike binding and used to calculate PK parameters. Nasal washes, trachea, and lung samples were assayed for viral replication by PCR (sgRNA). Results CoVIG-treated hamsters showed a reduction in viral replication in the lower respiratory tract, but minimally in the upper respiratory tract, following challenge with SARS-CoV-2. Challenge with SARS-CoV-2 resulted in altered PK parameters proportionate to viral replication, resulting in decreased area under the curve (AUC), accelerated clearance and shorter half-life of CoVIG. Conclusions These data indicate that in the presence of actively replicating SARS-CoV-2 virus, PK parameters are altered and should trigger an adjustment in dosing of CoVIG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles B Stauft
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Million Tegenge
- Division of Clinical Evaluation and Pharmacology/Toxicology, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Surender Khurana
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Youri Lee
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Prabhuanand Selvaraj
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Hana Golding
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Tony Wang
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Basil Golding
- Division of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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17
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Oude Munnink BB, Worp N, Nieuwenhuijse DF, Sikkema RS, Haagmans B, Fouchier RAM, Koopmans M. The next phase of SARS-CoV-2 surveillance: real-time molecular epidemiology. Nat Med 2021; 27:1518-1524. [PMID: 34504335 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01472-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is the first to apply whole-genome sequencing near to real time, with over 2 million severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) whole-genome sequences generated and shared through the GISAID platform. This genomic resource informed public health decision-making throughout the pandemic; it also allowed detection of mutations that might affect virulence, pathogenesis, host range or immune escape as well as the effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics and therapeutics. However, genotype-to-phenotype predictions cannot be performed at the rapid pace of genomic sequencing. To prepare for the next phase of the pandemic, a systematic approach is needed to link global genomic surveillance and timely assessment of the phenotypic characteristics of novel variants, which will support the development and updating of diagnostics, vaccines, therapeutics and nonpharmaceutical interventions. This Review summarizes the current knowledge on key viral mutations and variants and looks to the next phase of surveillance of the evolving pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas B Oude Munnink
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Worp
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David F Nieuwenhuijse
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Reina S Sikkema
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marion Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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18
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Carroll T, Fox D, van Doremalen N, Ball E, Morris MK, Sotomayor-Gonzalez A, Servellita V, Rustagi A, Yinda CK, Fritts L, Port JR, Ma ZM, Holbrook M, Schulz J, Blish CA, Hanson C, Chiu CY, Munster V, Stanley S, Miller CJ. The B.1.427/1.429 (epsilon) SARS-CoV-2 variants are more virulent than ancestral B.1 (614G) in Syrian hamsters. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34462750 PMCID: PMC8404898 DOI: 10.1101/2021.08.25.457626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
As novel SARS-CoV-2 variants continue to emerge, it is critical that their potential to cause severe disease and evade vaccine-induced immunity is rapidly assessed in humans and studied in animal models. In early January 2021, a novel variant of concern (VOC) designated B.1.429 comprising 2 lineages, B.1.427 and B.1.429, was originally detected in California (CA) and shown to enhance infectivity in vitro and decrease antibody neutralization by plasma from convalescent patients and vaccine recipients. Here we examine the virulence, transmissibility, and susceptibility to pre-existing immunity for B 1.427 and B 1.429 in the Syrian hamster model. We find that both strains exhibit enhanced virulence as measured by increased body weight loss compared to hamsters infected with ancestral B.1 (614G), with B.1.429 causing the most body weight loss among all 3 lineages. Faster dissemination from airways to parenchyma and more severe lung pathology at both early and late stages were also observed with B.1.429 infections relative to B.1. (614G) and B.1.427 infections. In addition, subgenomic viral RNA (sgRNA) levels were highest in oral swabs of hamsters infected with B.1.429, however sgRNA levels in lungs were similar in all three strains. This demonstrates that B.1.429 replicates to higher levels than ancestral B.1 (614G) or B.1.427 in the upper respiratory tract (URT) but not in the lungs. In multi-virus in-vivo competition experiments, we found that epsilon (B.1.427/B.1.429) and gamma (P.1) dramatically outcompete alpha (B.1.1.7), beta (B.1.351) and zeta (P.2) in the lungs. In the URT gamma, and epsilon dominate, but the highly infectious alpha variant also maintains a moderate size niche. We did not observe significant differences in airborne transmission efficiency among the B.1.427, B.1.429 and ancestral B.1 (614G) variants in hamsters. These results demonstrate enhanced virulence and high relative fitness of the epsilon (B.1.427/B.1.429) variant in Syrian hamsters compared to an ancestral B.1 (614G) strain. In the last 12 months new variants of SARS-CoV-2 have arisen in the UK, South Africa, Brazil, India, and California. New SARS-CoV-2 variants will continue to emerge for the foreseeable future in the human population and the potential for these new variants to produce severe disease and evade vaccines needs to be understood. In this study, we used the hamster model to determine the epsilon (B.1.427/429) SARS-CoV-2 strains that emerged in California in late 2020 cause more severe disease and infected hamsters have higher viral loads in the upper respiratory tract compared to the prior B.1 (614G) strain. These findings are consistent with human clinical data and help explain the emergence and rapid spread of this strain in early 2021.
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19
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Smith SL, Anderson ER, Cansado-Utrilla C, Prince T, Farrell S, Brant B, Smyth S, Noble PJM, Pinchbeck GL, Marshall N, Roberts L, Hughes GL, Radford AD, Patterson EI. SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibodies in dogs and cats in the United Kingdom. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 2:100011. [PMID: 34377997 PMCID: PMC8340563 DOI: 10.1016/j.crviro.2021.100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Companion animals are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and sporadic cases of pet infections have occurred in the United Kingdom. Here we present the first large-scale serological survey of SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibodies in dogs and cats in the UK. Results are reported for 688 sera (454 canine, 234 feline) collected by a large veterinary diagnostic laboratory for routine haematology during three time periods; pre-COVID-19 (January 2020), during the first wave of UK human infections (April–May 2020) and during the second wave of UK human infections (September 2020–February 2021). Both pre-COVID-19 sera and those from the first wave tested negative. However, in sera collected during the second wave, 1.4% (n = 4) of dogs and 2.2% (n = 2) of cats tested positive for neutralising antibodies. The low numbers of animals testing positive suggests pet animals are unlikely to be a major reservoir for human infection in the UK. However, continued surveillance of in-contact susceptible animals should be performed as part of ongoing population health surveillance initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley L Smith
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Enyia R Anderson
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Cintia Cansado-Utrilla
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Tessa Prince
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
| | - Sean Farrell
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Bethaney Brant
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Steven Smyth
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Peter-John M Noble
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Gina L Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Nikki Marshall
- Idexx Laboratories Ltd, Grange House, Sandbeck Way, Wetherby, LS22 7DN, UK
| | - Larry Roberts
- Idexx Laboratories Ltd, Grange House, Sandbeck Way, Wetherby, LS22 7DN, UK
| | - Grant L Hughes
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Alan D Radford
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Edward I Patterson
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.,Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
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20
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Munster VJ, Flagg M, Singh M, Williamson BN, Feldmann F, Pérez-Pérez L, Brumbaugh B, Holbrook MG, Adney DR, Okumura A, Hanley PW, Smith BJ, Lovaglio J, Anzick SL, Martens C, van Doremalen N, Saturday G, de Wit E. Subtle differences in the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 in rhesus macaques. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.05.07.443115. [PMID: 34382034 PMCID: PMC8357058 DOI: 10.1101/2021.05.07.443115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of several SARS-CoV-2 variants has caused global concerns about increased transmissibility, increased pathogenicity, and decreased efficacy of medical countermeasures. Animal models can be used to assess phenotypical changes in the absence of confounding factors that affect observed pathogenicity and transmissibility data in the human population. Here, we studied the pathogenicity of variants of concern (VOC) B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 in rhesus macaques and compared it to a recent clade B.1 SARS-CoV-2 isolate containing the D614G substitution in the spike protein. The B.1.1.7 VOC behaved similarly to the D614G with respect to clinical disease, virus shedding and virus replication in the respiratory tract. Inoculation with the B.1.351 isolate resulted in lower clinical scores in rhesus macaques that correlated with lower virus titers in the lungs, less severe histologic lung lesions and less viral antigen detected in the lungs. We observed differences in the local innate immune response to infection. In bronchoalveolar lavages, cytokines and chemokines were upregulated on day 4 in animals inoculated with D614G and B.1.1.7 but not in those inoculated with B.1.351. In nasal samples, we did not detect upregulation of cytokines and chemokines in D614G or B.1.351-inoculated animals. However, cytokines and chemokines were upregulated in the noses of B.1.1.7-inoculated animals. Taken together, our comparative pathogenicity study suggests that ongoing circulation under diverse evolutionary pressure favors transmissibility and immune evasion rather than an increase in intrinsic pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent J. Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Meaghan Flagg
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Manmeet Singh
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Brandi N. Williamson
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Lizzette Pérez-Pérez
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Beniah Brumbaugh
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Myndi G. Holbrook
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Danielle R. Adney
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Atsushi Okumura
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Patrick W. Hanley
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Brian J. Smith
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Jamie Lovaglio
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Sarah L. Anzick
- Research Technologies Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Craig Martens
- Research Technologies Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Neeltje van Doremalen
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Greg Saturday
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Emmie de Wit
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
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