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Kulkarni PS, Padmapriyadarsini C, Vekemans J, Bavdekar A, Gupta M, Kulkarni P, Garg B, Gogtay NJ, Tambe M, Lalwani S, Singh K, Munshi R, Meshram S, Selvavinayagam T, Pandey K, Bhimarasetty DM, Ramakrishnan S, Bhamare C, Dharmadhikari A, Budhawant C, Bonhomme CJ, Thakar M, Kurle SN, Kelly EJ, Gautam M, Gupta N, Panda S, Bhargava B, Poonawalla CS, Shaligram U, Kapse D, Gunale B. Seropersistence of SII-ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (COVID-19 vaccine): 6-month follow-up of a randomized, controlled, observer-blind, phase 2/3 immuno-bridging study in Indian adults. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2304974. [PMID: 38512394 PMCID: PMC10962622 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2304974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
AZD1222 (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) is a replication-deficient adenoviral vectored coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) vaccine that is manufactured as SII-ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 by the Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd following technology transfer from Oxford University/AstraZeneca. The non-inferiority of SII-ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 with AZD1222 was previously demonstrated in an observer-blind, phase 2/3 immuno-bridging study (trial registration: CTRI/2020/08/027170). In this analysis of immunogenicity and safety data 6 months post first vaccination (Day 180), 1,601 participants were randomized 3:1 to SII-ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or AZD1222 (immunogenicity/reactogenicity cohort n = 401) and 3:1 to SII-ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or placebo (safety cohort n = 1,200). Immunogenicity was measured by anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike (anti-S) binding immunoglobulin G and neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers. A decline in anti-S titers was observed in both vaccine groups, albeit with a greater decline in SII-ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccinees (geometric mean titer [GMT] ratio [95% confidence interval (CI) of SII-ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 to AZD1222]: 0.60 [0.41-0.87]). Consistent similar decreases in nAb titers were observed between vaccine groups (GMT ratio [95% CI]: 0.88 [0.44-1.73]). No cases of severe COVID-19 were reported following vaccination, while one case was observed in the placebo group. No causally related serious adverse events were reported through 180 days. No thromboembolic or autoimmune adverse events of special interest were reported. Collectively, these data illustrate that SII-ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 maintained a high level of immunogenicity 6 months post-vaccination. SII-ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 was safe and well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Johan Vekemans
- Formerly of: Clinical Development, Infection, Late-stage Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Madhu Gupta
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Praveen Kulkarni
- Department of Community Medicine, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, India
| | - B.S. Garg
- Department of Community Medicine and Dr Sushila Nayar School of Public Health, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
| | - Nithya J. Gogtay
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Muralidhar Tambe
- Department of Community Medicine, B J Government Medical College and Sassoon General Hospitals, Pune, India
| | - Sanjay Lalwani
- Department of Pediatrics, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University Medical College and Hospital, Pune, India
| | - Kiranjit Singh
- Jehangir Clinical Development Centre Pvt Ltd, Pune, India
| | - Renuka Munshi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, TN Medical College & BYL Nair Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Sushant Meshram
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Government Medical College, Nagpur, India
| | | | - Krishna Pandey
- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | | | - S.R. Ramakrishnan
- Department of Clinical Research, Sri Ramchandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | | | | | | | - Cyrille J. Bonhomme
- Laboratory Services, Vaccines Sciences Lab, Clinical Research, PPD, Part of Thermo Fisher Scientific, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Elizabeth J. Kelly
- Formerly of: Translational Medicine, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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Tang J, Wang Y, Lu W, Gao Z, Xu M, Wu L, Jin J. High SARS-CoV-2 infection rate in children unvaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine in Changzhou, China, shortly after lifting zero-COVID-19 policy in December 2022. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:560. [PMID: 38840046 PMCID: PMC11151613 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09445-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND China experienced an overwhelming COVID-19 pandemic from middle December 2022 to middle January 2023 after lifting the zero-COVID-19 policy on December 7, 2022. However, the infection rate was less studied. We aimed to investigate the SARS-CoV-2 infection rate in children shortly after discontinuation of the zero-COVID-19 policy. METHODS From February 20 to April 10, 2023, we included 393 children aged 8 months to less than 3 years who did not receive COVID-19 vaccination and 114 children aged 3 to 6 years who received inactivated COVID-19 vaccines based on the convenience sampling in this cross-sectional study. IgG and IgM antibodies against nucleocapsid (N) and subunit 1 of spike (S1) of SARS-CoV-2 (anti-N/S1) were measured with commercial kits (Shenzhen YHLO Biotech, China). RESULTS Of the 393 unvaccinated children (1.5 ± 0.6 years; 52.2% boys), 369 (93.9%) were anti-N/S1 IgG positive. Of the 114 vaccinated children (5.3 ± 0.9 years; 48.2% boys), 112 (98.2%) were anti-N/S1 IgG positive. None of the unvaccinated or vaccinated children was anti-N/S1 IgM positive. The median IgG antibody titers in vaccinated children (344.91 AU/mL) were significantly higher than that in unvaccinated children (42.80 AU/mL) (P < 0.0001). The positive rates and titers of anti-N/S1 IgG had no significant difference between boys and girls respectively. CONCLUSION Vast majority of children were infected with SARS-CoV-2 shortly after ending zero-COVID-19 policy in China. Whether these unvaccinated infected children should receive COVID-19 vaccine merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213017, China.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213017, China.
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wujin People's hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213017, China
| | - Weiqin Lu
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Changzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213003, China
| | - Zhihong Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wujin People's hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213017, China
| | - Mingfeng Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Wujin People's hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213017, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Infection Management, Changzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213003, China
| | - Jianhua Jin
- Department of Oncology, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213017, China.
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Dimopoulou D, Charakida M, Marmarinos A, Karaviti D, Avgeris M, Gourgiotis D, Tsolia MN. SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Kinetics in Unvaccinated Hospitalized Children With COVID-19. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2024; 43:536-542. [PMID: 38372544 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000004301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody levels decline a few months post-acute COVID-19, but humoral memory persists in adults. Age and disease severity may affect antibody responses. This study aims to evaluate the presence and durability of antibody responses in children with COVID-19. METHODS A prospective, single-center study, involving unvaccinated children 0-16 years of age who were hospitalized with COVID-19 between October 2020 and December 2021, was conducted. Serological testing for anti-Spike severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) IgG and neutralizing antibodies was performed at diagnosis and at 1-, 3-, 6- and 12-months post-infection. RESULTS A total of 65 immunocompetent children were enrolled [mean age (±SD): 6.7 (±6.4) years; males: 56.9%]. At 3 months, 40/44 (91%) children were seropositive; seropositivity persisted in 22/26 (85%) children at 6 months and in 10/12 (83%) children at 12 months. There was no evidence that age was modifying the prediction of variance of SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels. In contrast, SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels varied with time and disease severity. The association with time was non-linear, so that with increasing time there was a significant reduction in SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels [coef, 0.044 (95% confidence interval {CI}: 0.061-0.028), P < 0.001]. For each increment of time, the higher disease severity group was associated with 0.9 lower SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels. Everyone varied from the average effect of time with an SD of 0.01, suggesting that individuals may have different trajectories across time. CONCLUSION Disease severity, but not age, influences antibody titers among children hospitalized with COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 infection induces durable seroconversion in these children with detectable IgG levels at 1 year after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonios Marmarinos
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry-Molecular Diagnostics, Second Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "P. & A. Kyriakou" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Margaritis Avgeris
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry-Molecular Diagnostics, Second Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "P. & A. Kyriakou" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Gourgiotis
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry-Molecular Diagnostics, Second Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "P. & A. Kyriakou" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Chu J, Dai Q, Dong C, Kong X, Tian H, Li C, Peng J, Xu K, Ju H, Bao C, Hu J, Zhu L. The serological IgG and neutralizing antibody of SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant reinfection in Jiangsu Province, China. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1364048. [PMID: 38873290 PMCID: PMC11169644 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1364048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background It is important to figure out the immunity of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reinfection to understand the response of humans to viruses. A serological survey for previously infected populations in Jiangsu Province was conducted to compare the antibody level of SARS-CoV-2 in reinfection by Omicron or not. Methods Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 was defined as an individual being infected again after 90 days of the initial infection. Telephone surveys and face-to-face interviews were implemented to collect information. Experimental and control serum samples were collected from age-sex-matched reinfected and non-reinfected cases, respectively. IgG anti-S and neutralizing antibodies (Nab) concentrations were detected by the Magnetism Particulate Immunochemistry Luminescence Method (MCLIA). Antibody titers were log(2)-transformed and analyzed by a two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. Subgroup analysis was conducted to explore the relationship between the strain type of primary infection, SARS-Cov-2 vaccination status, and antibody levels. Multivariate linear regression models were used to identify associations between reinfection with IgG and Nab levels. Results Six hundred thirty-one individuals were enrolled in this study, including 327 reinfected cases and 304 non-reinfected cases. The reinfection group had higher IgG (5.65 AU/mL vs. 5.22 AU/mL) and Nab (8.02 AU/mL vs. 7.25 AU/mL) levels compared to the non-reinfection group (p < 0.001). Particularly, individuals who had received SARS-CoV-2 vaccination or were initially infected with the Wild type and Delta variant showed a significant increase in antibody levels after reinfection. After adjusting demographic variables, vaccination status and the type of primary infection together, IgG and Nab levels in the reinfected group increased by log(2)-transformed 0.71 and 0.64 units, respectively (p < 0.001). This revealed that reinfection is an important factor that affects IgG and Nab levels in the population. Conclusion Reinfection with Omicron in individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 enhances IgG and Nab immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Chu
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Qigang Dai
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Dong
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Kong
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Hua Tian
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuchu Li
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiefu Peng
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Ju
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Changjun Bao
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Health Emergency, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianli Hu
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Health Emergency, Nanjing, China
| | - Liguo Zhu
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Health Emergency, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Espino AM, Armina-Rodriguez A, Alvarez L, Ocasio-Malavé C, Ramos-Nieves R, Rodriguez Martinó EI, López-Marte P, Torres EA, Sariol CA. The Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG1 and IgG3 Antibody Isotypes with Limited Neutralizing Capacity against Omicron Elicited in a Latin Population a Switch toward IgG4 after Multiple Doses with the mRNA Pfizer-BioNTech Vaccine. Viruses 2024; 16:187. [PMID: 38399963 PMCID: PMC10893502 DOI: 10.3390/v16020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the profiles of IgG subclasses in COVID-19 convalescent Puerto Rican subjects and compare these profiles with those of non-infected immunocompetent or immunocompromised subjects that received two or more doses of an mRNA vaccine. The most notable findings from this study are as follows: (1) Convalescent subjects that were not hospitalized developed high and long-lasting antibody responses. (2) Both IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses were more prevalent in the SARS-CoV-2-infected population, whereas IgG1 was more prevalent after vaccination. (3) Individuals that were infected and then later received two doses of an mRNA vaccine exhibited a more robust neutralizing capacity against Omicron than those that were never infected and received two doses of an mRNA vaccine. (4) A class switch toward the "anti-inflammatory" antibody isotype IgG4 was induced a few weeks after the third dose, which peaked abruptly and remained at high levels for a long period. Moreover, the high levels of IgG4 were concurrent with high neutralizing percentages against various VOCs including Omicron. (5) Subjects with IBD also produced IgG4 antibodies after the third dose, although these antibody levels had a limited effect on the neutralizing capacity. Knowing that the mRNA vaccines do not prevent infections, the Omicron subvariants have been shown to be less pathogenic, and IgG4 levels have been associated with immunotolerance and numerous negative effects, the recommendations for the successive administration of booster vaccinations to people should be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Espino
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (A.A.-R.); (L.A.); (C.O.-M.); (R.R.-N.)
| | - Albersy Armina-Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (A.A.-R.); (L.A.); (C.O.-M.); (R.R.-N.)
| | - Laura Alvarez
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (A.A.-R.); (L.A.); (C.O.-M.); (R.R.-N.)
| | - Carlimar Ocasio-Malavé
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (A.A.-R.); (L.A.); (C.O.-M.); (R.R.-N.)
| | - Riseilly Ramos-Nieves
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (A.A.-R.); (L.A.); (C.O.-M.); (R.R.-N.)
| | - Esteban I. Rodriguez Martinó
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00925, USA; (E.I.R.M.); (P.L.-M.); (E.A.T.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA
| | - Paola López-Marte
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00925, USA; (E.I.R.M.); (P.L.-M.); (E.A.T.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA
| | - Esther A. Torres
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00925, USA; (E.I.R.M.); (P.L.-M.); (E.A.T.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA
| | - Carlos A. Sariol
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (A.A.-R.); (L.A.); (C.O.-M.); (R.R.-N.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA
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Laxton CS, Peno C, Hahn AM, Allicock OM, Perniciaro S, Wyllie AL. The potential of saliva as an accessible and sensitive sample type for the detection of respiratory pathogens and host immunity. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2023; 4:e837-e850. [PMID: 37516121 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00135-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Despite its prominence in early scientific records, the usefulness of saliva as a respiratory specimen has been de-emphasised over the past century. However, due to its low cost and reliance on specific supply chains and the non-invasive nature of its collection, its benefits over swab-based specimens are again becoming increasingly recognised. These benefits were highlighted over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, where saliva emerged as a more practical, clinically non-inferior sample type for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 and saw numerous saliva-based diagnostic tests approved for clinical use. Looking forward, as saliva uniquely contains both respiratory secretions and immunological components, it has potentially wide applications, ranging from clinical diagnostics to post-vaccine disease burden and immunity surveillance. This Personal View seeks to summarise the existing evidence for the use of saliva in detecting respiratory pathogens, beyond SARS-CoV-2, as well as detailing methodological factors that can influence sample quality and thus, clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire S Laxton
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chikondi Peno
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anne M Hahn
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Orchid M Allicock
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephanie Perniciaro
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anne L Wyllie
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Zhang S, Dong C, Zhen Q, Shi C, Tian H, Li C, Kong X, Dai Q, Huang H, Simayi A, Zhu F, Xu Y, Hu J, Xu K, Chen L, Bao C, Jin H, Zhu L. Unveiling a New Perspective on Distinguishing Omicron Breakthrough Cases and Postimmune COVID-19-Naive Individuals: Insights from Antibody Profiles. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0180823. [PMID: 37432106 PMCID: PMC10433813 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01808-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In the situation of mass vaccination against COVID-19, few studies have reported on the early kinetics of specific antibodies (IgG/IgM/IgA) of vaccine breakthrough cases. There is still a lack of epidemiological evidence about the value of serological indicators in the auxiliary diagnosis of COVID-19 infection, especially when the nucleic acid results were undetectable. Omicron breakthrough cases post-inactivated vaccination (n = 456) and COVID-19-naive individuals with two doses of inactivated vaccination (n = 693) were enrolled. Blood samples were collected and tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels based on the magnetic chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay. Among Omicron breakthrough cases, the serum IgG antibody level was 36.34 Sample/CutOff (S/CO) (95% confidence interval [CI], 31.89 to 40.79) in the acute phase and 88.45 S/CO (95% CI, 82.79 to 94.12) in the recovery phase. Serum IgA can be detected in the first week post-symptom onset (PSO) and showed an almost linear increase within 5 weeks PSO. Compared with those of breakthrough cases, IgG and IgA titers of the postimmune group were much lower (4.70 S/CO and 0.46 S/CO, respectively). Multivariate regression showed that serum IgG and IgA levels in Omicron breakthrough cases were mainly affected by the weeks PSO (P < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic ROC0 curve analysis showed that the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.744 and 0.806 when the cutoff values of IgA and IgG were 1 S/CO and 15 S/CO, respectively. Omicron breakthrough infection can lead to a further increase in IgG and IgA levels relative to those of the immunized population. When nucleic acid real-time PCR was negative, we would use the kinetics of IgG and IgA levels to distinguish the breakthrough cases from the immunized population. IMPORTANCE This study fills a gap in the epidemiological evidence by investigating the value of serological indicators, particularly IgG and IgA levels, in the auxiliary diagnosis of COVID-19 infections when nucleic acid results are undetectable. The findings reveal that among Omicron breakthrough cases, both IgG and IgA antibody levels exhibit significant changes. Serum IgG levels increase during the acute phase and rise further in the recovery phase. Serum IgA can be detected as early as the first week post-symptom onset (PSO), showing a consistent linear increase within 5 weeks PSO. Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis demonstrates the potential of IgG and IgA cutoff values as diagnostic markers. The study's conclusion underscores the importance of monitoring IgG and IgA kinetics in distinguishing Omicron breakthrough cases from vaccinated individuals. These findings contribute to the development of more accurate diagnostic approaches and help inform public health strategies during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Dong
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Zhen
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Changzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changzhou, China
| | - Chao Shi
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, China
| | - Hua Tian
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuchu Li
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Kong
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Qigang Dai
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Haodi Huang
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Aidibai Simayi
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yawen Xu
- Yangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianli Hu
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Liling Chen
- Suzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, China
| | - Changjun Bao
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Health Emergency, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liguo Zhu
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Li Q, Chen L, Li F, He A. Long-term evaluation of the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies in recovered patients: a meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:444. [PMID: 37393304 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08425-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Estimating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) -specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies are increasingly important for tracking the spread of infection and defining herd immunity barrier and individual immunization levels in the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Therefore, we conducted the present systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies of recovered COVID-19 patients in long-term follow-up studies. A systematic search of the MEDLINE, Embase, COVID-19 Primer, PubMed, CNKI, and the Public Health England library databases was conducted. Twenty-fourth eligible studies were included. Meta-analysis showed that 27% (95%CI: 0.04-0.49) and 66% (95%CI:0.47-0.85) were seropositive for SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG, respectively, while in long-term 12 months following up studies, the seroprevalences of IgM antibody (17%) decreased and IgG antibody (75%) was higher than 6 months follow-up patients. However, due to the limited number of relevant studies, the high level of heterogeneity, and the large gap in studies conducted, the findings of our study may not accurately reflect the true seroprevalence status of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nevertheless, sequential vaccination or booster immunization is considered to be a necessary long-term strategy to sustain the fight against the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Li
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Chenzhou First People's Hospital, Chenzhou, 423000, P.R. China
| | - Lu Chen
- Baoshan Community Hospital, Chenzhou, 424400, P.R. China
| | - Fen Li
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Chenzhou First People's Hospital, Chenzhou, 423000, P.R. China
| | - An He
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Chenzhou First People's Hospital, Chenzhou, 423000, P.R. China.
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9
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Lamara Mahammed L, Bensaid K, Ait-Seddik S, Larinouna A, Brahimi G, Belkaid R, Hamzaoui O, Rouaki SM, Idder C, Allam I, Djidjik R. Improved Performance of the QuantiFERON-SARS-CoV-2 Assay with the Extended Set. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051179. [PMID: 37243265 DOI: 10.3390/v15051179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple assays have been developed for the characterization of the functional activation of SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cells. This study was conducted to assess the post-vaccination and post-infection T cell response, as detected by the QuantiFERON-SARS-CoV-2 assay using the combination of three SARS-CoV-2 specific antigens (Ag1, Ag2 and Ag3). An amount of 75 participants with different infection and vaccination backgrounds were recruited for the evaluation of humoral and cellular immune responses. An elevated IFN-γ response in at least one Ag tube was observed in 69.2% of convalescent subjects and 63.9% of vaccinated ones. Interestingly, in a healthy unvaccinated case and three convalescents with negative IgG-RBD, we detected a positive QuantiFERON test after stimulation with Ag3. The majority of the T cell responders reacted simultaneously to the three SARS-CoV-2 specific antigens, and Ag3 demonstrated the highest rate of reactivity. At univariable analysis, the only factor that was associated with an absence of a cellular response was time from blood collection, being less than 30 days (OR:3.5, CI95% [1.15-10.50], p = 0.028). Overall, the inclusion of Ag3 improved the performance of the QuantiFERON-SARS-CoV-2 and showed a particular interest among subjects who fail to achieve a measurable antibody response after infection or vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Lamara Mahammed
- Immunology Department, Beni-Messous Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Algiers, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | - Kahina Bensaid
- Immunology Department, Beni-Messous Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Algiers, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | - Sarah Ait-Seddik
- Epidemiology Department, Beni-Messous Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Algiers, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | - Amel Larinouna
- Epidemiology Department, Beni-Messous Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Algiers, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | - Ghania Brahimi
- Epidemiology Department, Beni-Messous Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Algiers, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | - Rosa Belkaid
- Epidemiology Department, Beni-Messous Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Algiers, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | | | - Soumia Meriem Rouaki
- Occupational Medicine, Beni-Messous Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Algiers, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | - Cherifa Idder
- Occupational Medicine, Beni-Messous Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Algiers, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | - Ines Allam
- Immunology Department, Beni-Messous Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Algiers, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | - Reda Djidjik
- Immunology Department, Beni-Messous Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Algiers, Algiers 16000, Algeria
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10
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Spicuzza L, Campagna D, Di Maria C, Sciacca E, Mancuso S, Vancheri C, Sambataro G. An update on lateral flow immunoassay for the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. AIMS Microbiol 2023; 9:375-401. [PMID: 37091823 PMCID: PMC10113162 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2023020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last three years, after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, an unprecedented number of novel diagnostic tests have been developed. Assays to evaluate the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 have been widely considered as part of the control strategy. The lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), to detect both IgM and IgG against SARS-CoV-2, has been widely studied as a point-of-care (POC) test. Compared to laboratory tests, LFIAs are faster, cheaper and user-friendly, thus available also in areas with low economic resources. Soon after the onset of the pandemic, numerous kits for rapid antibody detection were put on the market with an emergency use authorization. However, since then, scientists have tried to better define the accuracy of these tests and their usefulness in different contexts. In fact, while during the first phase of the pandemic LFIAs for antibody detection were auxiliary to molecular tests for the diagnosis of COVID-19, successively these tests became a tool of seroprevalence surveillance to address infection control policies. When in 2021 a massive vaccination campaign was implemented worldwide, the interest in LFIA reemerged due to the need to establish the extent and the longevity of immunization in the vaccinated population and to establish priorities to guide health policies in low-income countries with limited access to vaccines. Here, we summarize the accuracy, the advantages and limits of LFIAs as POC tests for antibody detection, highlighting the efforts that have been made to improve this technology over the last few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Spicuzza
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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11
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Dunay GA, Barroso M, Woidy M, Danecka MK, Engels G, Hermann K, Neumann FS, Paul K, Beime J, Escherich G, Fehse K, Grinstein L, Haniel F, Haupt LJ, Hecher L, Kehl T, Kemen C, Kemper MJ, Kobbe R, Kohl A, Klokow T, Nörz D, Olfe J, Schlenker F, Schmiesing J, Schrum J, Sibbertsen F, Stock P, Tiede S, Vettorazzi E, Zazara DE, Zapf A, Lütgehetmann M, Oh J, Mir TS, Muntau AC, Gersting SW. Long-Term Antibody Response to SARS-CoV-2 in Children. J Clin Immunol 2023; 43:46-56. [PMID: 36121535 PMCID: PMC9483535 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01355-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Almost 2 years into the pandemic and with vaccination of children significantly lagging behind adults, long-term pediatric humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 are understudied. The C19.CHILD Hamburg (COVID-19 Child Health Investigation of Latent Disease) Study is a prospective cohort study designed to identify and follow up children and their household contacts infected in the early 2020 first wave of SARS-CoV-2. We screened 6113 children < 18 years by nasopharyngeal swab-PCR in a low-incidence setting after general lockdown, from May 11 to June 30, 2020. A total of 4657 participants underwent antibody testing. Positive tests were followed up by repeated PCR and serological testing of all household contacts over 6 months. In total, the study identified 67 seropositive children (1.44%); the median time after infection at first presentation was 83 days post-symptom onset (PSO). Follow-up of household contacts showed less than 100% seroprevalence in most families, with higher seroprevalence in families with adult index cases compared to pediatric index cases (OR 1.79, P = 0.047). Most importantly, children showed sustained seroconversion up to 9 months PSO, and serum antibody concentrations persistently surpassed adult levels (ratio serum IgG spike children vs. adults 90 days PSO 1.75, P < 0.001; 180 days 1.38, P = 0.01; 270 days 1.54, P = 0.001). In a low-incidence setting, SARS-CoV-2 infection and humoral immune response present distinct patterns in children including higher antibody levels, and lower seroprevalence in families with pediatric index cases. Children show long-term SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses. These findings are relevant to novel variants with increased disease burden in children, as well as for the planning of age-appropriate vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor A. Dunay
- University Children’s Research, UCR@Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Madalena Barroso
- University Children’s Research, UCR@Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Woidy
- University Children’s Research, UCR@Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marta K. Danecka
- University Children’s Research, UCR@Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Geraldine Engels
- University Children’s Research, UCR@Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Hermann
- Department of Pediatrics, Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friederike S. Neumann
- University Children’s Research, UCR@Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Paul
- University Children’s Research, UCR@Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Beime
- Department of Pediatrics, Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Escherich
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristin Fehse
- University Children’s Research, UCR@Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lev Grinstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Haniel
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Luka J. Haupt
- University Children’s Research, UCR@Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laura Hecher
- Department of Pediatrics, Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Torben Kehl
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Kemen
- Wilhelmstift Children’s Hospital, Liliencronstraße 130, 22149 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus J. Kemper
- Asklepios Klinik Nord – Heidberg, Tangstedter Landstraße 400, 22417 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robin Kobbe
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Aloisa Kohl
- Department of Pediatrics, Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Klokow
- University Children’s Research, UCR@Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Nörz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Olfe
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friderike Schlenker
- Department of Pediatrics, Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Schmiesing
- University Children’s Research, UCR@Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Schrum
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Freya Sibbertsen
- University Children’s Research, UCR@Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philippe Stock
- Altona Children’s Hospital, Bleickenallee 38, 22763 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Tiede
- University Children’s Research, UCR@Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eik Vettorazzi
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dimitra E. Zazara
- Department of Pediatrics, Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany ,Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Division for Experimental Feto-Maternal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Antonia Zapf
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jun Oh
- Department of Pediatrics, Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas S. Mir
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ania C. Muntau
- Department of Pediatrics, Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Søren W. Gersting
- University Children’s Research, UCR@Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
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12
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Egger AE, Sahanic S, Gleiss A, Ratzinger F, Holzer B, Irsara C, Binder N, Winkler C, Binder CJ, Posch W, Loacker L, Hartmann B, Anliker M, Weiss G, Sonnweber T, Tancevski I, Griesmacher A, Löffler-Ragg J, Hoermann G. One-Year Follow-Up of COVID-19 Patients Indicates Substantial Assay-Dependent Differences in the Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0059722. [PMID: 36222681 PMCID: PMC9784763 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00597-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Determination of antibody levels against the nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are used to estimate the humoral immune response after SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination. Differences in the design and specification of antibody assays challenge the interpretation of test results, and comparative studies are often limited to single time points per patient. We determined the longitudinal kinetics of antibody levels of 145 unvaccinated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients at four visits over 1 year upon convalescence using 8 commercial SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays (from Abbott, DiaSorin, Roche, Siemens, and Technoclone), as well as a virus neutralization test (VNT). A linear regression model was used to investigate whether antibody results obtained in the first 6 months after disease onset could predict the VNT results at 12 months. Spike protein-specific antibody tests showed good correlation to the VNT at individual time points (rS, 0.74 to 0.92). While longitudinal assay comparison with the Roche Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 S test showed almost constant antibody concentrations over 12 months, the VNT and all other tests indicated a decline in serum antibody levels (median decrease to 14% to 36% of baseline). The antibody level at 3 months was the best predictor of the VNT results at 12 months after disease onset. The current standardization to a WHO calibrator for normalization to binding antibody units (BAU) is not sufficient for the harmonization of SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests. Assay-specific differences in absolute values and trends over time need to be considered when interpreting the course of antibody levels in patients. IMPORTANCE Determination of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 will play an important role in detecting a sufficient immune response. Although all the manufacturers expressed antibody levels in binding antibody units per milliliter, thus suggesting comparable results, we found discrepant behavior between the eight investigated assays when we followed the antibody levels in a cohort of 145 convalescent patients over 1 year. While one assay yielded constant antibody levels, the others showed decreasing antibody levels to a varying extent. Therefore, the comparability of the assays must be improved regarding the long-term kinetics of antibody levels. This is a prerequisite for establishing reliable antibody level cutoffs for sufficient individual protection against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E. Egger
- Central Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (ZIMCL), University Hospital of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sabina Sahanic
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Gleiss
- Section for Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Barbara Holzer
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Department for Animal Health, Moedling, Austria
| | - Christian Irsara
- Central Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (ZIMCL), University Hospital of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Binder
- Technoclone Herstellung von Diagnostika und Arzneimitteln GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Winkler
- Central Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (ZIMCL), University Hospital of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph J. Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilfried Posch
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lorin Loacker
- Central Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (ZIMCL), University Hospital of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Boris Hartmann
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Department for Animal Health, Moedling, Austria
| | - Markus Anliker
- Central Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (ZIMCL), University Hospital of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Guenter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Sonnweber
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ivan Tancevski
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Griesmacher
- Central Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (ZIMCL), University Hospital of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Judith Löffler-Ragg
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gregor Hoermann
- Central Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (ZIMCL), University Hospital of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- MLL (Munich Leukemia Laboratory), Munich, Germany
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13
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Matsuba I, Takuma T, Hatori N, Takai M, Watanabe Y, Takada N, Kishi S, Matsuzawa Y, Nishikawa T, Kunishima T, Degawa H, Nishikawa M, Ono Y, Miyakawa M, Hatori Y, Kanamori A. The Proportion of Long-term Response to Anti-N IgG Antibody after 12 Months for COVID-19 Subclinical Infections and a Longitudinal Survey for COVID-19 Subclinical Infections in 2021. Intern Med 2022; 61:3053-3062. [PMID: 35945024 PMCID: PMC9646357 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.9628-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine the continuation of antibody prevalence status after 12 months and background factors in antibody-positive subjects following asymptomatic infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Methods We initially determined the SARS-CoV-2 anti-nucleocapsid protein immunoglobulin G (anti-N IgG) antibody prevalence in 1,603 patients, doctors, and nurses at 65 medical institutions in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. We then obtained consent from 33 of the 39 subjects who tested positive and performed follow-up for 12 months. Results Follow-up for up to 12 months showed that a long-term response of the anti-N IgG antibody could be detected in 6 of the 33 participants (18.2%). The proportions with hypertension, using an angiotensin-receptor blocker, and without a drinking habit were higher among the participants with a long-term anti-N IgG antibody response for up to 12 months than among those without a long-term antibody response. Conclusions The proportion of individuals with subclinical COVID-19 who continuously had a positive result for the anti-N IgG antibody at 12 months was low.
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14
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Jegal KH, Yoon J, Kim S, Jang S, Jin YH, Lee JH, Choi SM, Kim TH, Kwon S. Herbal Medicines for Post-Acute Sequelae (Fatigue or Cognitive Dysfunction) of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Phase 2 Pilot Clinical Study Protocol. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10101839. [PMID: 36292286 PMCID: PMC9601660 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10101839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term sequelae refer to persistent symptoms or signs for >6 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The most common symptoms of sequelae are fatigue and neuropsychiatric symptoms (concentration difficulty, amnesia, cognitive dysfunction, anxiety, and depression). However, approved treatments have not been fully established. Herbal medicines are administered for 12 weeks to patients who continuously complain of fatigue or cognitive dysfunction for >4 weeks that only occurred after COVID-19 diagnoses. Based on the Korean Medicine syndrome differentiation diagnosis, patients with fatigue will be administered Bojungikgi-tang or Kyungok-go, whereas those with cognitive dysfunction will be administered Cheonwangbosim-dan. Results could support evidence that herbal medicines may mitigate fatigue and cognitive dysfunction caused by COVID-19. Furthermore, by investigating the effects of herbal medicines on changes in metabolite and immune response due to COVID-19, which may be responsible for sequelae, the potential of herbal medicines as one of the therapeutic interventions for post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection can be evaluated. Therefore, the effects of herbal medicine on fatigue and cognitive dysfunction sequelae due to COVID-19 will be elucidated in this study to provide an insight into the preparation of medical management for the post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hwan Jegal
- Digital Health Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Korea
| | - Jiwon Yoon
- Korean Medicine Data Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Sanghyun Kim
- Korean Medicine Data Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Soobin Jang
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Korea
| | - Young-Hee Jin
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Korea
| | - Jun-Hwan Lee
- Korean Medicine Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea
- UST KIOM School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Sun-Mi Choi
- Korean Medicine Data Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea
- UST KIOM School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Tae Hun Kim
- Korean Medicine Clinical Trial Center, Korean Medicine Hospital, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: (T.H.K.); (S.K.); Tel.: +82-2-958-9088 (T.H.K.); +82-42-868-9675 (S.K.)
| | - Sunoh Kwon
- UST KIOM School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Korean Medicine Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea
- Correspondence: (T.H.K.); (S.K.); Tel.: +82-2-958-9088 (T.H.K.); +82-42-868-9675 (S.K.)
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15
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Madhavan R, Paul JS, Babji S, Kumar D, Prabhu SB, Pulleri HK, Annadorai R, Gowda SR, John J, Kang G. Risk of COVID-19 re-infection and its predictors (CORES): protocol for a community-based longitudinal cohort study in Vellore, India. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e059869. [PMID: 35613771 PMCID: PMC9130666 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The incidence of SARS-CoV-2 re-infection has not been widely evaluated in low-income and middle-income countries. Understanding immune responses elicited by SARS-CoV-2 natural infection and factors that lead to re-infection in a community setting is important for public health policy. We aim to investigate the risk of primary infection and re-infection among those without and with evidence of prior infection as defined by the presence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A baseline seroprevalence survey will test for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among healthy adults in Vellore, India. Based on an expected seropositivity rate of 50% in the general population, with annual attack rates of 12%, 6%, 4.8% and 4% among those unvaccinated and seronegative, vaccinated and seronegative, unvaccinated and seropositive, and vaccinated and seropositive, respectively, we will recruit 1200 adults who will be followed up for a total of 24 months. Weekly self-collected saliva samples will be tested by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) to detect SARS-CoV-2 infections, for a period of 1 year. For any person testing RT-PCR positive, blood samples will be collected within 2 days of RT-PCR positivity and on days 30 and 90 to assess the kinetics and longevity of the antibody responses, B cell memory and T cell memory post-infection. The data will be analysed to estimate seroprevalence at baseline and over time, the risk factors for infection, rates of primary infection and re-infection, and provide a comparison of the rates across groups based on infection and vaccination status. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study has been approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB No: 13585) of Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore. The results of the study will be made available through journal publications and conference presentations. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Central Trial Registry of India: CTRI/2020/11/029438.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Madhavan
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal sciences, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jackwin Sam Paul
- Department of Community Health and Development, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sudhir Babji
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal sciences, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dilesh Kumar
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal sciences, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Savit B Prabhu
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal sciences, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Harsha Kandi Pulleri
- COVID-19 Testing and Sequencing lab, Institute for stem cell science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ravikiran Annadorai
- COVID-19 Testing and Sequencing lab, Institute for stem cell science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sampreeth Ravi Gowda
- COVID-19 Testing and Sequencing lab, Institute for stem cell science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Jacob John
- Department of Community Health and Development, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gagandeep Kang
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal sciences, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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16
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Štěpánek L, Janošíková M, Štěpánek L, Nakládalová M, Boriková A. The kinetics and predictors of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies up to eight months after symptomatic COVID-19: a Czech cross-sectional study. J Med Virol 2022; 94:3731-3738. [PMID: 35419860 PMCID: PMC9088611 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The presence of neutralizing SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific antibodies indicates protection against (re)infection, however, the knowledge of their long‐term kinetics is limited. This study analyzed the presence of COVID‐19‐induced antibodies in unvaccinated healthcare workers (HCWs) over the period of 1–8 months post symptom onset (SO) and explored the determinants of persisting immunoglobulin (Ig) seropositivity. Six hundred sixty‐two HCWs were interviewed for anamnestic data and tested for IgG targeting the spike protein (S1 and S2) and IgM targeting the receptor‐binding domain. A Cox regression model was used to explore potential predictors of seropositivity with respect to the time lapse between SO and serology testing. 82.9% and 44.7% of HCWs demonstrated IgG and IgM seropositivity, respectively, with a mean interval of 83 days between SARS‐CoV‐2 detection and serology testing. On average, HCWs reported seven symptoms in the acute phase lasting 20 days. IgG seropositivity rates among HCWs decreased gradually to 80%, 50%, and 35% at 3, 6, and 8 months after SO, while IgM seropositivity fell rapidly to 60%, 15%, and 0% over the same time intervals. The number of symptoms was the only predictor of persisting IgG seropositivity (odds ratio [OR] 1.096, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.003–1.199, p = 0.043) and symptom duration a predictor of IgM seropositivity (OR 1.011, 95% CI 1.004–1.017, p = 0.002). Infection‐induced anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG rates drop to a third in seropositive participants over the course of 8 months. Symptom count and duration in the acute phase of COVID‐19 are both relevant to the subsequent kinetics of antibody responses. 60% and 35% of subjects maintain IgG seropositivity 6‐ and 8‐month post COVID‐19. Characteristics of the acute phase of COVID‐19 are relevant for antibody responses. The number of symptoms of acute COVID‐19 predicts persisting IgG seropositivity. Symptom duration predicts persisting IgM seropositivity. Anamnestic data may serve as simple predictors of seropositivity post COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladislav Štěpánek
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 185/6, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Magdaléna Janošíková
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 185/6, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Štěpánek
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Salmovská 1, 120 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Nakládalová
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 185/6, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Boriková
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 185/6, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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17
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Zhang S, Xu K, Li C, Zhou L, Kong X, Peng J, Zhu F, Bao C, Jin H, Gao Q, Zhao X, Zhu L. Long-Term Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies and Impact of Inactivated Vaccine on SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Based on a COVID-19 Patients Cohort. Front Immunol 2022; 13:829665. [PMID: 35154152 PMCID: PMC8828498 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.829665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the long-term kinetic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and the impact of inactivated vaccines on SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in convalescent patients can provide information for developing and improving vaccination strategies in such populations. Methods In this cohort, 402 convalescent patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR from 1 January to 22 June 2020 in Jiangsu, China, were enrolled. The epidemiological data included demographics, symptom onset, and vaccination history. Blood samples were collected and tested for antibody levels of specific IgG, IgM, RBD-IgG, S-IgG, and neutralizing antibodies using a the commercial magnetic chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay. Results The median follow-up time after symptom onset was 15.6 months (IQR, 14.6 to 15.8). Of the 402 convalescent patients, 44 (13.84%) received an inactivated vaccine against COVID-19. A total of 255 (80.19%) patients were IgG-positive and 65 (20.44%) were IgM-positive. The neutralizing antibody was 83.02%. Compared with non-vaccinated individuals, the IgG antibody levels in vaccinated people were higher (P=0.007). Similarly, antibody levels for RBD-IgG, S-IgG, and neutralizing antibodies were all highly increased in vaccinated individuals (P<0.05). IgG levels were significantly higher after vaccination than before vaccination in the same population. IgG levels in those who received ‘single dose and ≥14d’ were similar to those with two doses (P>0.05). Similar conclusions were drawn for RBD-IgG and the neutralizing antibody. Conclusion 15.6 months after symptom onset, the majority of participants remained positive for serum-specific IgG, RBD-IgG, S-IgG, and neutralizing antibodies. For convalescent patients, a single dose of inactivated vaccine against COVID-19 can further boost antibody titres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuchu Li
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Kong
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiefu Peng
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changjun Bao
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Huai'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huaian, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Lianyungang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lianyungang, China
| | - Liguo Zhu
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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18
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Assessment of Diagnostic Specificity of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Tests and Their Application for Monitoring of Seroconversion and Stability of Antiviral Antibody Response in Healthcare Workers in Moscow. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020429. [PMID: 35208883 PMCID: PMC8874386 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing is an efficient tool to assess the proportion of seropositive population due to infection and/or vaccination. Numerous test systems utilizing various antigen composition(s) are routinely used for detection and quantitation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. We determined their diagnostic specificity using archived true-negative samples collected before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Using test systems demonstrating 98.5–100% specificity, we assessed the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion and durability of anti-spike (S) antibodies in healthcare professionals (n = 100) working in Moscow during the first two cycles of the pandemic (May 2020 to June 2021) outside of the “red zone”. Analysis revealed a rapid increase in anti-SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity from 19 to 80% (19/100 and 80/100, respectively) due to virus exposition/infection; only 16.3% of seroconversion cases (13/80) were due to vaccination, but not the virus exposure, although massive COVID-19 vaccination of healthcare workers was performed beginning in December 2020. In total, 12.7% (8/63) remained positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM for >6 months, indicating unsuitability of IgM for identification of newly infected individuals. All except one remained seropositive for anti-S antibodies for >9 months on average. Significant (>15%) declines in anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody concentrations were observed in only 18% of individuals (9/50). Our data on the high seropositivity rate and stability of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels in healthcare personnel working outside of the “red zone” indicate their regular exposition to SARS-CoV-2/an increased risk of infection, while a low frequency of vaccine-induced antibody response acquired after the start of vaccination points to vaccine hesitancy.
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19
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Mehmood M, Usman Khan H, Khan MI, Khan I, Al-Raddadi RM, Harakeh S, Yousafzai YM. Trajectory of anti-SARS-COV-2 IgG antibodies from onset of symptoms to 6 months in a cohort of Pakistani patients. Infect Dis (Lond) 2022; 54:460-463. [PMID: 35147051 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2022.2033312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mehmood
- Department of Pathology, Khyber Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Haleema Usman Khan
- Institute of Pathology and Diagnostic Medicine, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | | | - Ishaq Khan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | | | - Steve Harakeh
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasar Mehmood Yousafzai
- Institute of Pathology and Diagnostic Medicine, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan.,Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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20
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Long-term decay of anti-RBD IgG titers after BNT162b2 vaccination is not mirrored by loss of neutralizing bioactivity against SARS-CoV-2. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 524:11-17. [PMID: 34843705 PMCID: PMC8630423 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Long-term kinetics of anti-RBD IgG and neutralizing antibodies were analyzed in a cohort of COVID-19 naïve health care workers (HCW) undergoing SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. METHODS An anti-RBD IgG immunoassay and a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) were performed at different time points up to 6 months after vaccination in 57 HCWs. Values of anti-RBD IgG predicting an high neutralizing bioactivity (>60%) were also calculated. RESULTS Mean (range) values of anti-RBD IgG were 294.7 (11.6-1554), 2583 (398-8391), 320.4 (42.3-1134) BAU/mL at T1 (21 days after the 1st dose [T0]), T2 (30 days after the 2nd dose) and T3 (+180 days after T0), respectively. Mean (range) percentages of neutralization (NS%) were 24 (0-76), 86 (59-96) and 82 (52-99) at T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Anti-RBD IgG values and NS% were positively correlated at T2 and T3 while anti-RBD IgG value predicting a NS% > 60 markedly differed at T2 and T3 (594 vs. 108 BAU/mL, respectively). CONCLUSION While a high neutralizing bioactivity was maintained at least 6 months after vaccination in almost all individuals, the mean values of anti-RBD-IgG showed a marked decline at 6 months. The absolute value of anti-RBD IgG is a poor marker of neutralizing bioactivity.
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21
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Kotsiou OS, Papagiannis D, Fradelos EC, Siachpazidou DI, Perlepe G, Miziou A, Kyritsis A, Vavougios GD, Kalantzis G, Gourgoulianis KI. Defining Antibody Seroprevalence and Duration of Humoral Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and/or Vaccination in a Greek Community. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:407. [PMID: 35010667 PMCID: PMC8744770 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this work, we aimed to evaluate antibody-response longevity to SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or vaccination in one of the Greek communities that was worst hit by the pandemic, Deskati, five months after a previous serosurveillance and nine months after the pandemic wave initiation (October 2020). METHODS The SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant method (Architect, Abbott, IL, USA) was used for antibody testing. RESULTS A total of 69 subjects, who previously tested positive or negative for COVID-19 antibodies, participated in the study. We found that 48% of participants turned positive due to vaccination. 27% of participants were both previously infected and vaccinated. However, all previously infected participants retained antibodies to the virus, irrespective of their vaccination status. The antibody titers were significantly higher in previously infected participants that had been vaccinated than those who were unvaccinated and in those that had been previously hospitalized for COVID-19 than those with mild disease. CONCLUSIONS Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection were maintained nine months after the pandemic. Vaccination alone had generated an immune response in almost half of the population. Higher antibody titers were found in the case of vaccination in previously infected subjects and especially in those with severe disease leading to hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ourania S. Kotsiou
- Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Gaiopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece;
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (D.I.S.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (A.K.); (G.D.V.); (G.K.); (K.I.G.)
| | - Dimitrios Papagiannis
- Public Health & Vaccines Lab, Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Gaiopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Evangelos C. Fradelos
- Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Gaiopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Dimitra I. Siachpazidou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (D.I.S.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (A.K.); (G.D.V.); (G.K.); (K.I.G.)
| | - Garifallia Perlepe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (D.I.S.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (A.K.); (G.D.V.); (G.K.); (K.I.G.)
| | - Angeliki Miziou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (D.I.S.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (A.K.); (G.D.V.); (G.K.); (K.I.G.)
| | - Athanasios Kyritsis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (D.I.S.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (A.K.); (G.D.V.); (G.K.); (K.I.G.)
| | - George D. Vavougios
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (D.I.S.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (A.K.); (G.D.V.); (G.K.); (K.I.G.)
| | - Georgios Kalantzis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (D.I.S.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (A.K.); (G.D.V.); (G.K.); (K.I.G.)
| | - Konstantinos I. Gourgoulianis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (D.I.S.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (A.K.); (G.D.V.); (G.K.); (K.I.G.)
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22
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Rosati M, Terpos E, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Agarwal M, Bear J, Burns R, Hu X, Korompoki E, Donohue D, Venzon DJ, Dimopoulos MA, Pavlakis GN, Felber BK. Sequential Analysis of Binding and Neutralizing Antibody in COVID-19 Convalescent Patients at 14 Months After SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:793953. [PMID: 34899762 PMCID: PMC8660679 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.793953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Durability of SARS-CoV-2 Spike antibody responses after infection provides information relevant to understanding protection against COVID-19 in humans. We report the results of a sequential evaluation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in convalescent patients with a median follow-up of 14 months (range 12.4-15.4) post first symptom onset. We report persistence of antibodies for all four specificities tested [Spike, Spike Receptor Binding Domain (Spike-RBD), Nucleocapsid, Nucleocapsid RNA Binding Domain (N-RBD)]. Anti-Spike antibodies persist better than anti-Nucleocapsid antibodies. The durability analysis supports a bi-phasic antibody decay with longer half-lives of antibodies after 6 months and antibody persistence for up to 14 months. Patients infected with the Wuhan (WA1) strain maintained strong cross-reactive recognition of Alpha and Delta Spike-RBD but significantly reduced binding to Beta and Mu Spike-RBD. Sixty percent of convalescent patients with detectable WA1-specific NAb also showed strong neutralization of the Delta variant, the prevalent strain of the present pandemic. These data show that convalescent patients maintain functional antibody responses for more than one year after infection, suggesting a strong long-lasting response after symptomatic disease that may offer a prolonged protection against re-infection. One patient from this cohort showed strong increase of both Spike and Nucleocapsid antibodies at 14 months post-infection indicating SARS-CoV-2 re-exposure. These antibodies showed stronger cross-reactivity to a panel of Spike-RBD including Beta, Delta and Mu and neutralization of a panel of Spike variants including Beta and Gamma. This patient provides an example of strong anti-Spike recall immunity able to control infection at an asymptomatic level. Together, the antibodies from SARS-CoV-2 convalescent patients persist over 14 months and continue to maintain cross-reactivity to the current variants of concern and show strong functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Rosati
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Evangelos Terpos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Ntanasis-Stathopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Mahesh Agarwal
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Jenifer Bear
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Robert Burns
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Xintao Hu
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Eleni Korompoki
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Duncan Donohue
- MS Applied Information and Management Sciences, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - David J Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - George N Pavlakis
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Barbara K Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
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