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Theel ES, Kirby JE, Pollock NR. Testing for SARS-CoV-2: lessons learned and current use cases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0007223. [PMID: 38488364 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00072-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThe emergence and worldwide dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 required both urgent development of new diagnostic tests and expansion of diagnostic testing capacity on an unprecedented scale. The rapid evolution of technologies that allowed testing to move out of traditional laboratories and into point-of-care testing centers and the home transformed the diagnostic landscape. Four years later, with the end of the formal public health emergency but continued global circulation of the virus, it is important to take a fresh look at available SARS-CoV-2 testing technologies and consider how they should be used going forward. This review considers current use case scenarios for SARS-CoV-2 antigen, nucleic acid amplification, and immunologic tests, incorporating the latest evidence for analytical/clinical performance characteristics and advantages/limitations for each test type to inform current debates about how tests should or should not be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elitza S Theel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - James E Kirby
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nira R Pollock
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Li Z, Zhou J, Wang C, Liu R, Hu J, Lv Y. Isotope-encoded tetrahedral DNA for multiple SARS-CoV-2 variant diagnosis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6654-6662. [PMID: 37350832 PMCID: PMC10283508 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01960h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has posed an unprecedented demand for accurate and cost-effective diagnostic assays to discriminate between different variants. Whilst many bioassays have been successfully demonstrated for SARS-CoV-2 detection, diagnosis of its variants remains challenging and mainly relies on time-consuming and costly sequencing techniques. Herein, we proposed a triplevalent tetrahedral DNA nanostructure (tTDN) with three overhang isotope probes capable of multiplex simultaneous analysis. HV69/70 del (alpha-specific), K417N (beta-specific) and T478K (delta-specific) and omicron with common mutations above of the SARS-CoV-2 S gene were detected selectively with the aid of the TDN scaffold and MNAzyme system, and a sensitive strategy enabling the screening of four kinds of variants of concern (VOC) was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Li
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Chaoqun Wang
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 Sichuan China
| | - Jianyu Hu
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta Edmonton T6G 2G3 Alberta Canada
| | - Yi Lv
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 Sichuan China
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Guest PC, Hawkins SFC, Rahmoune H. Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern by Genomic Surveillance Techniques. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1412:491-509. [PMID: 37378785 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-28012-2_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes the application of genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic methods in the study of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. We also describe the important role of machine learning tools to identify the most significant biomarker signatures and discuss the latest point-of-care devices that can be used to translate these findings to the physician's office or to bedside care. The main emphasis is placed on increasing our diagnostic capacity and predictability of disease outcomes to guide the most appropriate treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Guest
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Hassan Rahmoune
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Aralis Z, Comer S, Ansorg H, Palmer C, Smith J, Feinstein SC, Fitzgibbons LN, Arias C. Efficient Tracing of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variants in Santa Barbara County Using a Rapid Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR Assay. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:2805. [PMID: 36428863 PMCID: PMC9689663 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12112805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in 2021 is associated with a global surge of cases in late 2021 and early 2022. Identifying the introduction of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants to a population is imperative to inform decisions by clinicians and public health officials. Here, we describe a quantitative reverse transcription PCR-based assay (RT-qPCR) targeting unique mutations in the Omicron BA.1/BA1.1 and BA.2 viral genomes. This assay accurately and precisely detect the presence of these Omicron variants in patient samples in less than four hours. Using this assay, we tested 270 clinical samples and detected the introduction of Omicron BA.1/BA1.1 and BA.2 in the Santa Barbara County (SBC) population in December 2021 and February 2022, respectively. Identifying Omicron variants using this RT-qPCR assay showed complete concordance with whole viral genome sequencing; both assays indicated that Omicron was the dominant variant in SB County. Our data substantiate that RT-qPCR-based virus detection assays offer a fast and inexpensive alternative to NGS for virus variant-specific detection approach, which allows streamlining the detection of Omicron variants in patient samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach Aralis
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Stewart Comer
- Santa Barbara County Public Health Department, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Department of Pathology, Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Pacific Diagnostic Laboratories, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Henning Ansorg
- Santa Barbara County Public Health Department, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Carl Palmer
- LegacyWorks Group, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Jennifer Smith
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Stuart C. Feinstein
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Lynn N. Fitzgibbons
- Department of Medical Education, Division of Infectious Diseases, Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Carolina Arias
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Infectious Disease Initiative, Chan Zuckerberg BioHub, San Francisco, CA 93106, USA
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