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Terada Y, Miyata K, Shoji N, Mochizuki M. Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1)-induced Uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2023; 31:1416-1424. [PMID: 36803501 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2023.2175697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a human retrovirus that causes T-cell malignant diseases (adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma) and HTLV-1-related non-malignant inflammatory diseases, such as HTLV-1 uveitis. Although the symptoms and signs of HTLV-1 uveitis are nonspecific, intermediate uveitis with various degrees of vitreous opacity is the most common clinical presentation. It can occur in one or both eyes and its onset is acute or subacute. Intraocular inflammation can be managed with topical and/or systemic corticosteroids; however, recurrence of uveitis is common. The visual prognosis is generally favorable, but a certain proportion of patients have a poor visual prognosis. Systemic complications of patients with HTLV-1 uveitis include Graves' disease and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. This review describes the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, ocular manifestations, management, and immunopathogenic mechanisms of HTLV-1 uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nobuyuki Shoji
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Manabu Mochizuki
- Miyata Eye Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Clinical and Public Health Implications of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0007821. [PMID: 35195446 PMCID: PMC8941934 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00078-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is estimated to affect 5 to 10 million people globally and can cause severe and potentially fatal disease, including adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The burden of HTLV-1 infection appears to be geographically concentrated, with high prevalence in discrete regions and populations. While most high-income countries have introduced HTLV-1 screening of blood donations, few other public health measures have been implemented to prevent infection or its consequences. Recent advocacy from concerned researchers, clinicians, and community members has emphasized the potential for improved prevention and management of HTLV-1 infection. Despite all that has been learned in the 4 decades following the discovery of HTLV-1, gaps in knowledge across clinical and public health aspects persist, impeding optimal control and prevention, as well as the development of policies and guidelines. Awareness of HTLV-1 among health care providers, communities, and affected individuals remains limited, even in countries of endemicity. This review provides a comprehensive overview on HTLV-1 epidemiology and on clinical and public health and highlights key areas for further research and collaboration to advance the health of people with and at risk of HTLV-1 infection.
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Olindo S, Jeannin S, Lezin A. Manifestazioni neurologiche legate all’“human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus” tipo 1 (HTLV-1). Neurologia 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1634-7072(21)44999-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Becherer L, Hess JF, Frischmann S, Bakheit M, Nitschko H, Stinco S, Zitz F, Hofer H, Porro G, Hausladen F, Stock K, Drossart D, Wurm H, Kuhn H, Huber D, Hutzenlaub T, Paust N, Keller M, Strohmeier O, Wadle S, Borst N, Zengerle R, von Stetten F. Point-of-Care System for HTLV-1 Proviral Load Quantification by Digital Mediator Displacement LAMP. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12020159. [PMID: 33562822 PMCID: PMC7915047 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a universal point-of-care system for fully automated quantification of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) proviral load, including genomic RNA, based on digital reverse RNA transcription and c-DNA amplification by MD LAMP (mediator displacement loop-mediated isothermal amplification). A disposable microfluidic LabDisk with pre-stored reagents performs automated nucleic acid extraction, reaction setup, emulsification, reverse transcription, digital DNA amplification, and quantitative fluorogenic endpoint detection with universal reporter molecules. Automated nucleic acid extraction from a suspension of HTLV-1-infected CD4+ T-lymphocytes (MT-2 cells) yielded 8 ± 7 viral nucleic acid copies per MT-2 cell, very similar to the manual reference extraction (7 ± 2 nucleic acid copies). Fully automated sample processing from whole blood spiked with MT-2 cells showed a comparable result of 7 ± 3 copies per MT-2 cell after a run time of two hours and 10 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Becherer
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jacob Friedrich Hess
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Hans Nitschko
- Department of Virology, Pettenkoferstraße 9a, Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Silvina Stinco
- Department of Virology, Pettenkoferstraße 9a, Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Friedrich Zitz
- E.L.T. Kunststofftechnik & Werkzeugbau GmbH, Weidenweg 339, 8240 Friedberg, Austria
| | - Hannes Hofer
- E.L.T. Kunststofftechnik & Werkzeugbau GmbH, Weidenweg 339, 8240 Friedberg, Austria
| | - Giampiero Porro
- Datamed srl, Via Achille Grandi 4/6, 20068 Peschiera Borromeo MI, Italy
| | - Florian Hausladen
- Institut für Lasertechnologien in der Medizin und Meßtechnik, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstraße 12, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Karl Stock
- Institut für Lasertechnologien in der Medizin und Meßtechnik, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstraße 12, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Dominik Drossart
- Institut für Lasertechnologien in der Medizin und Meßtechnik, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstraße 12, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Holger Wurm
- Institut für Lasertechnologien in der Medizin und Meßtechnik, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstraße 12, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Hanna Kuhn
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- NB Technologies GmbH, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dominik Huber
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Hutzenlaub
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nils Paust
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mark Keller
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Spindiag GmbH, Engesserstraße 4a, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Strohmeier
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Spindiag GmbH, Engesserstraße 4a, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Wadle
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Volpi AG, Wiesenstrasse 33, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Borst
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Zengerle
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Felix von Stetten
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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Al Sharif S, Pinto DO, Mensah GA, Dehbandi F, Khatkar P, Kim Y, Branscome H, Kashanchi F. Extracellular Vesicles in HTLV-1 Communication: The Story of an Invisible Messenger. Viruses 2020; 12:E1422. [PMID: 33322043 PMCID: PMC7763366 DOI: 10.3390/v12121422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infects 5-10 million people worldwide and is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) as well as other inflammatory diseases. A major concern is that the most majority of individuals with HTLV-1 are asymptomatic carriers and that there is limited global attention by health care officials, setting up potential conditions for increased viral spread. HTLV-1 transmission occurs primarily through sexual intercourse, blood transfusion, intravenous drug usage, and breast feeding. Currently, there is no cure for HTLV-1 infection and only limited treatment options exist, such as class I interferons (IFN) and Zidovudine (AZT), with poor prognosis. Recently, small membrane-bound structures, known as extracellular vesicles (EVs), have received increased attention due to their potential to carry viral cargo (RNA and proteins) in multiple pathogenic infections (i.e., human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1), Zika virus, and HTLV-1). In the case of HTLV-1, EVs isolated from the peripheral blood and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) of HAM/TSP patients contained the viral transactivator protein Tax. Additionally, EVs derived from HTLV-1-infected cells (HTLV-1 EVs) promote functional effects such as cell aggregation which enhance viral spread. In this review, we present current knowledge surrounding EVs and their potential role as immune-modulating agents in cancer and other infectious diseases such as HTLV-1 and HIV-1. We discuss various features of EVs that make them prime targets for possible vehicles of future diagnostics and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (S.A.S.); (D.O.P.); (G.A.M.); (F.D.); (P.K.); (Y.K.); (H.B.)
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Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was the first retrovirus described as a causative agent for human disease. In the field of ophthalmology, a close relationship between HTLV-1 infection and uveitis was identified through a series of clinical and laboratory studies in the late 1980s-1990s. Since then, HTLV-1-related ocular manifestations such as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, interstitial keratitis, optic neuritis and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL)-related ocular manifestations have continuously been reported. During the three decades since the association between HTLV-1 and ocular pathologies was discovered, ophthalmic practice and research have advanced with the incorporation of new technologies into the field of ophthalmology. Accordingly, new findings from recent research have provided many insights into HTLV-1-associated ocular diseases. Advanced molecular technologies such as multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/broad-range PCR using ocular samples have enabled rapid and accurate diagnosis. Advanced ophthalmic technologies such as widefield fundus camera and optical coherence tomography (OCT) have clarified various features of HTLV-1-associated ocular manifestations, and identified characteristics such as the "knob-like ATL cell multiple ocular infiltration" (KAMOI) sign. Advanced drug delivery methods such as intravitreal injection and sub-Tenon injection have led to progress in preventing disease progression. This article describes global topics and the latest research findings for HTLV-1-associated ocular diseases, with reference to a large-scale nationwide survey of ophthalmologists. Current approaches and unmet needs for HTLV-1 infection in ophthalmology are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koju Kamoi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,HTLV-1 Uveitis/ATL-Related Ocular Disease Clinic, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Hematology/Oncology, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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HTLV-1 proviral load in cerebrospinal fluid may not be a good marker to differentiate asymptomatic carriers with high proviral load in blood from HAM/TSP patients. J Neurovirol 2018; 24:432-438. [DOI: 10.1007/s13365-018-0632-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Terada Y, Kamoi K, Komizo T, Miyata K, Mochizuki M. Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 and Eye Diseases. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2017; 33:216-223. [DOI: 10.1089/jop.2016.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Terada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatrics Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koju Kamoi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Manabu Mochizuki
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Miyata Eye Hospital, Miyakonojo, Miyazaki, Japan
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Cassar O, Gessain A. Serological and Molecular Methods to Study Epidemiological Aspects of Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Infection. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1582:3-24. [PMID: 28357658 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6872-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We estimated that at least 5-10 million individuals are infected with HTLV-1. Importantly, this number is based on the study of nearly 1.5 billion people living in known human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) endemic areas, for which reliable epidemiological data are available. However, for some highly populated regions including India, the Maghreb, East Africa, and some regions of China, no consistent data are yet available which prevents a more accurate estimation. Thus, the number of HTLV-1 infected people in the world is probably much higher. The prevalence of HTLV-1 prevalence varies depending on age, sex, and economic level in most HTLV-1 endemic areas. HTLV-1 seroprevalence gradually increases with age, especially in women. HTLV-1 has a simian origin and was originally acquired by humans through interspecies transmission from STLV-1 infected monkeys in the Old World. Three main modes of HTLV-1 transmission have been described; (1) from mother-to-child after prolonged breast-feeding lasting more than six months, (2) through sexual intercourse, which mainly, but not exclusively, occurs from male to female and lastly, (3) from contaminated blood products, which contain HTLV-1 infected lymphocytes. In specific areas, such as Central Africa, zoonotic transmission from STLV-1 infected monkeys to humans is still ongoing.The diagnostic methods used to study the epidemiological aspects of HTLV-1 infection mainly consist of serological assays for the detection of antibodies specifically directed against different HTLV-1 antigens. Screening tests are usually based on enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA), chemiluminescence enzyme-linked immunoassay (CLEIA) or particle agglutination (PA). Confirmatory tests include mostly Western blots (WB)s or innogenetics line immunoassay (INNO-LIA™) and to a lesser extent immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The search for integrated provirus in the DNA from peripheral blood cells can be performed by qualitative and/or quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). qPCR is widely used in most diagnostic laboratories and quantification of proviral DNA is useful for the diagnosis and follow-up of HTLV-1 associated diseases such as adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM). PCR also provides amplicons for further sequence analysis to determine the HTLV-1 genotype present in the infected person. The use of new generation sequencing methodologies to molecularly characterize full and/or partial HTLV-1 genomic regions is increasing. HTLV-1 genotyping generates valuable molecular epidemiological data to better understand the evolutionary history of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Cassar
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015, Paris, France. .,CNRS, UMR 3569, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015, Paris, France.
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 3569, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015, Paris, France
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Mochizuki M, Sugita S, Kamoi K, Takase H. A new era of uveitis: impact of polymerase chain reaction in intraocular inflammatory diseases. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2016; 61:1-20. [PMID: 27787641 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-016-0474-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Uveitis is a sight-threatening intraocular inflammatory disorder which may occur from both infectious and non-infectious or autoimmune causes. The frequency of infectious uveitis and autoimmune uveitis varies depending on countries and regions. According to a nationwide survey conducted by the Japanese Ocular Inflammation Society, infectious and non-infectious uveitis accounted for 16.4 and 50.1% of new patients, respectively while the remaining 33.5% of new uveitis cases were not classified or were idiopathic uveitis. Infectious uveitis is particularly important because it causes tissue damage to the eye and may result in blindness unless treated. However, it can be treated if the pathogenic microorganisms are identified promptly and accurately. Remarkable advancements in molecular and immunological technologies have been made in the last decade, and the diagnosis of infectious uveitis has been greatly improved by the application of molecular and immunological investigations, particularly polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR performed on a small amount of ocular samples provides a prompt, sensitive, and specific molecular diagnosis of pathogenic microorganisms in the eye. This technology has opened a new era in the diagnosis and treatment of uveitis, enabling physicians to establish new clinical entities of uveitis caused by infectious microorganisms, identify pathogens in the eyes of many patients with uveitis, and determine prompt diagnosis and appropriate therapy. Here we review the PCR process, new PCR tests specialized for ocular diseases, microorganisms detected by the PCR tests, diseases in the eye caused by these microorganisms, and the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and therapy of uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Mochizuki
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan. .,Miyata Eye Hospital, Miyakonojo, Miyazaki, Japan.
| | - Sunao Sugita
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan
| | - Koju Kamoi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takase
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
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Martin F, Taylor GP, Jacobson S. Inflammatory manifestations of HTLV-1 and their therapeutic options. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 10:1531-46. [PMID: 25340428 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.966690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is one of the most intriguing retroviruses infecting humans. Most commonly, infection remains undetected, since it does not cause obvious harm, yet in 4-9% of patients, this infection can be devastating, causing adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and/or HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). This review concentrates on all inflammatory aspects of HTLV-1 infection: HAM/TSP, HTLV-1 associated uveitis, HTLV-1 associated conjunctivitis, sicca syndrome and interstitial keratitis, HTLV-1 associated Sjögren's syndrome, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease, HTLV-1 associated pulmonary disease, infective dermatitis associated with HTLV-1, HTLV-1 associated inflammatory myositis and HTLV-1 associated arthritis. With the exception of HAM/TSP treatment, studies of these conditions are sparse and even for HAM/TSP, the level of evidence is limited. While control or elimination of infection remains a goal, most therapy beyond symptomatic management is directed at the immune response to HTLV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Martin
- Department of Biology, Hull and York Medical School, Center for Immunology and Infection, University of York, YO10 5DD, UK
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12
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Cord blood transplantation is associated with rapid B-cell neogenesis compared with BM transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2014; 49:1155-61. [PMID: 24978139 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2014.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is used for treatment of hematopoietic diseases. Assessment of T- and B-cell reconstitution after HCT is crucial because poor immune recovery has a major effect on the clinical course. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) as well as signal and coding joint kappa-deleting recombination excision circles (sjKRECs and cjKRECs, respectively) as markers of newly produced lymphocytes in 133 patients (56 primary immunodeficient and 77 malignant cases, median (range): 12 (0-62) years old). We analyzed the kinetics of TREC and KREC recovery and determined the factors that contributed to better immune recovery. KRECs became positive earlier than TRECs and increased thereafter. Younger recipient age had a favorable effect on recovery of sjKRECs and cjKRECs. Compared with BM and peripheral blood, our data suggested that cord blood (CB) provided rapid B-cell recovery. CB also provided better B-cell neogenesis in adult HCT recipients. Chronic GVHD was associated with low TRECs, but not increased sjKRECs/cjKRECs. Finally, positive sjKRECs 1 month after HCT were associated with fewer infectious episodes. Monitoring of TRECs and KRECs may serve as a useful tool for assessment of immune reconstitution post HCT.
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13
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Manifestazioni neurologiche associate al virus HTLV-1. Neurologia 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1634-7072(14)67222-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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14
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Andrade RG, Gonçalves PDC, Ribeiro MA, Romanelli LCF, Ribas JG, Torres EB, Carneiro-Proietti ABDF, Barbosa-Stancioli EF, Martins ML. Strong correlation between tax and HBZ mRNA expression in HAM/TSP patients: distinct markers for the neurologic disease. J Clin Virol 2012; 56:135-40. [PMID: 23127563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HTLV-1 proviral load is a risk marker for HAM/TSP, but it is insufficient to determine the disease outcome. HTLV-1 Tax and HBZ proteins have been implicated in HAM/TSP pathogenesis in inducing cell proliferation and cytotoxic T lymphocytes response. OBJECTIVES To quantify the expression of tax and HBZ mRNA in asymptomatic carriers (AC) and HAM patients, and to investigate their association with HAM/TSP. STUDY DESIGN We quantified the expression of HTLV-1 tax and HBZ mRNA in 37 AC and 26 HAM patients classified according to proviral load as low (AC(L) and HAM(L): <1% infected cells) or high (AC(H) and HAM(H): >1%). RESULTS The AC(L) subgroup showed the lowest frequency of individuals expressing tax mRNA in comparison with AC(H), HAM(L) and HAM(H), and tax mRNA load normalized by proviral load was significantly lower in the AC(L). In turn, normalized HBZ mRNA expression was similar in all subgroups. Both tax and HBZ mRNA expression were moderately correlated with proviral load in AC (r=0.6, p<0.001) and were weaker in HAM (r=0.4, p<0.05). In contrast, the correlation between tax and HBZ mRNA load was moderate in AC (r=0.5, p=0.001) and was much stronger in HAM (r=0.8, p<0.001). In addition, HBZ mRNA load, but not tax, was significantly associated with motor disability in HAM patients (p=0.036). CONCLUSIONS The expression of tax mRNA seems to be best to estimate the risk of HAM/TSP, whereas HBZ mRNA appears to be a surrogate marker to disease progression, indicating that they have important but distinct roles in HAM/TSP pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Gomes Andrade
- Microbiology Department, Biology Science Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Mochizuki M, Sugita S, Kamoi K. Immunological homeostasis of the eye. Prog Retin Eye Res 2012; 33:10-27. [PMID: 23108335 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Uveitis is a sight-threatening disease caused by autoimmune or infection-related immune responses. Studies in experimental autoimmune uveitis and in human diseases imply that activated CD4(+) T cells, Th1 and Th17 cells, play an effector role in ocular inflammation. The eye has a unique regional immune system to protect vision-related cells and tissues from these effector T cells. The immunological balance between the pathogenic CD4(+) T cells and regional immune system in the eye contributes to the maintenance of ocular homeostasis and good vision. Current studies have demonstrated that ocular parenchymal cells at the inner surface of the blood-ocular barrier, i.e. corneal endothelial (CE) cells, iris pigment epithelial (PE) cells, ciliary body PE cells, and retinal PE cells, contribute to the regional immune system of the eye. Murine ocular resident cells directly suppress activation of bystander T cells and production of inflammatory cytokines. The ocular resident cells possess distinct properties of immunoregulation that are related to disparate anatomical location. CE cells and iris PE cells, which are located at the anterior segment of the eye and face the aqueous humor, suppress activation of T cells via cell-to-cell contact mechanisms, whereas retinal PE cells suppress the activation of T cells via soluble factors. In addition to direct immune suppression, the ocular resident cells have another unique immunosuppressive property, the induction of CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells that also suppress the activation of bystander T cells. Iris PE cells convert CD8(+) T cells into Treg cells, while retinal PE cells convert CD4(+) T cells greatly and CD8(+) T cells moderately into Treg cells. CE cells also convert both CD4(+) T cells and CD8(+) T cells into Treg cells. The immunomodulation by ocular resident cells is mediated by various soluble or membrane-bound molecules that include TGF-β TSP-1, B7-2 (CD86), CTLA-2α, PD-L1 (B7-H1), galectin 1, pigment epithelial-derived factor PEDF), GIRTL, and retinoic acid. Human retinal PE cells also possess similar immune properties to induce Treg cells. Although there are many issues to be answered, human Treg cells induced by ocular resident cells such as retinal PE cells and related immunosuppressive molecules can be applied as immune therapy for refractive autoimmune uveitis in humans in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Mochizuki
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
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Abstract
Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the first retrovirus described as a causative agent of human disease. Following adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma and HLTV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis, HTLV-1 uveitis (HU) has been established as a distinct clinical entity caused by HTLV-1 based on seroepidemiological, clinical, and virological studies. HU is one of the most common causes of uveitis in endemic areas of Japan and can be a problematic clinical entity all over the world. HU occurs with a sudden onset of floaters and foggy vision, and is classified as an intermediate uveitis. Analysis of infiltrating cells in eyes with HU revealed that the majority of infiltrating cells were CD3(+) T cells, but not malignant cells or leukemic cells based on their T cell receptor usage. HTLV-1 proviral DNA, HTLV-1 protein, and viral particles were detected from infiltrating cells in eyes with HU. HTLV-1-infected CD4(+) T cell clones established from infiltrating cells in eyes with HU produced large amounts of various inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and interferon-γ. Taken together, HU is considered to be caused by inflammatory cytokines produced by HTLV-1-infected CD4(+) T cells that significantly accumulate in eyes; therefore, topical and/or oral corticosteroid treatment is effective to treat intraocular inflammation in patients with HU. Further investigation is needed to establish a specific treatment for HU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koju Kamoi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University , Tokyo, Japan
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Furtado MDSBS, Andrade RG, Romanelli LCF, Ribeiro MA, Ribas JG, Torres EB, Barbosa-Stancioli EF, Proietti ABDFC, Martins ML. Monitoring the HTLV-1 proviral load in the peripheral blood of asymptomatic carriers and patients with HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis from a Brazilian cohort: ROC curve analysis to establish the threshold for risk disease. J Med Virol 2012; 84:664-71. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Keratoconjunctivitis sicca of human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infected individuals is associated with high levels of HTLV-1 proviral load. J Clin Virol 2011; 52:177-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2011.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
This article reviews molecular mechanism of intraocular inflammation in animal models and in humans, and the immunological defence system of the eye with particular attention to ocular pigment epithelium. In experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), T lymphocytes, particularly CD4(+) T lymphocytes, play a central role in its immunopathogenic mechanisms. In humans, activated CD4(+) T cells also play a central role in the immunopathogenic mechanisms. This notion is demonstrated in two human diseases: one is Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, and the other is human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) uveitis. Activated CD4(+) T cells infiltrating the eye are harmful to vision-related cells and tissues in the eye and cause sight-threatening conditions. However, the eye has regional defence systems to protect itself from these harmful activated T cells. We focus on ocular pigment epithelium (PE) and demonstrate immunoregulatory activity of iris PE and retinal PE. Iris PE suppresses activated CD4(+) T cells by cell-to-cell contact with a crucial role played by B7-2 molecule on iris PE and CTLA4 on T cells. The actual immunosuppressive factor being membrane bound TGF-beta. In contrast, retinal PE suppresses activated CD4(+) T cells by soluble factors, such as soluble TGF-beta and thrombospondin 1. In addition to the direct T-cell suppression by ocular PE, ocular PE has the capacity to promote activated T cells to regulatory T cells and use them as a tool to amplify the immune down regulation in the eye. The molecular mechanisms of generation of T regulatory cells by iris PE and retinal PE is also discussed.
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Ferraz-Chaoui AK, Atta AM, Atta MLS, Galvão-Castro B, Santiago MB. Study of autoantibodies in patients with keratoconjunctivitis sicca infected by the human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1. Rheumatol Int 2009; 30:775-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-009-1066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 07/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Yukawa E, Urano T, Nakahara M, Miyata K, Matsuura T, Taketani F, Hara Y, Mochizuki M. Pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials in patients with human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 uveitis. Curr Eye Res 2006; 31:37-42. [PMID: 16421018 DOI: 10.1080/02713680500479509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possible injury in the optic pathway by measuring P100 peak latency of pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials (PVEPs) in patients with human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 uveitis (HU). METHODS The P100 peak latency of PVEP was measured during the period without macular abnormalities observed by fluorescein angiography in 23 patients (46 eyes) with HU and 24 patients (48 eyes) with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (VKH) with a corrected visual acuity of 20/25 or more. To determine the normal upper limit of P100 peak latency, PVEPs were measured in 31 normal subjects (31 eyes). In addition, in the HU patients, the serum anti-HTLV-1 antibody titer was measured by particle agglutination assay within 3 months of PVEP recording, and the period of HU was retrospectively surveyed. RESULTS Delayed latency was observed in 4 (7 eyes) of the 23 patients (46 eyes) with HU but none of the 24 patients (48 eyes) with VKH. All four patients with delayed latency showed a serum anti-HTLV-1 antibody titer of more than x4000. The HU period in the HU patients was 0.2-14.0 years, and the HU periods in the four patients with delayed latency were 0.8, 2.7, 4.2, and 14.0 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We measured pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials and observed delayed P100 peak latency in 7 of the 46 eyes in 4 (17.4%) of the 23 HU patients. This suggests injury in the optic pathway including the optic nerve by HTLV-1 in some patients with HU. In the future, consideration should also be given to the possible development of optic neuropathy due to HTLV-1.
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Olindo S, Lézin A, Cabre P, Merle H, Saint-Vil M, Edimonana Kaptue M, Signate A, Césaire R, Smadja D. HTLV-1 proviral load in peripheral blood mononuclear cells quantified in 100 HAM/TSP patients: a marker of disease progression. J Neurol Sci 2005; 237:53-9. [PMID: 15972218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2005.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2005] [Revised: 04/05/2005] [Accepted: 05/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A high proviral load of human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) has been reported in patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of HTLV-1 proviral load in PBMCs (expressed as the number of copies per 10(6) PBMCs) in HAM/TSP disease course. One hundred consecutive HAM/TSP patients were recruited and assigned on the basis of the disability score and disease duration to either a rapid (n=38) or a slow (n=62) progression group. Thirty-four asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers were also included. HTLV-1 proviral load was quantified in all HAM/TSP patients and asymptomatic subjects. The mean HTLV-1 proviral load was 6-fold lower in asymptomatic carriers than in HAM/TSP patients (18,224+/-24,811 vs. 107,905+/-96,651, p<0.0001) and significantly higher in rapid progression patients than in slow progression patients (146,469+/-98,943 vs. 84,270+/-87,912, p=0.0002). HTLV-1 proviral load in HAM/TSP patients was independent of age at the time of study, age at onset, and disease duration, and was not related to ophthalmological-associated disease or Chisholm grade. A high level of pulmonary lymphocytosis correlated with high HTLV-1 proviral load level (p=0.01). Our results suggest that the level of HTLV-1 proviral load in PBMCs parallels the course of HTLV-1 infection, being low in asymptomatic carriers and high and very high, respectively, in slow and rapid progression HAM/TSP patients. The magnitude of the HTLV-1 proviral load in PBMCs can be used as a biological marker of disease progression and could be a useful marker of disease activity in the monitoring of therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Olindo
- Department of Neurology and UMR 433 INSERM, Pierre Zobda-Quitman Hospital, Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies.
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Matsuda T, Tomita M, Uchihara JN, Okudaira T, Ohshiro K, Tomoyose T, Ikema T, Masuda M, Saito M, Osame M, Takasu N, Ohta T, Mori N. Human T cell leukemia virus type I-infected patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:5704-10. [PMID: 16076945 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2005-0679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Autoimmune thyroid diseases have been reported to be associated with human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) infection. HTLV-I proviral load is related to the development of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis and has also been shown to be elevated in the peripheral blood of HTLV-I-infected patients with uveitis, arthritis, and connective tissue disease. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to evaluate the proviral load in HTLV-I-infected patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) or Graves' disease (GD) and ascertain the ability of HTLV-I to infect thyroid cells. PATIENTS AND METHODS A quantitative real-time PCR assay was developed to measure the proviral load of HTLV-I in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 26 HTLV-I-infected patients with HT, eight HTLV-I-infected patients with GD, or 38 asymptomatic HTLV-I carriers. Rat FRTL-5 thyroid cells were cocultured with HTLV-I-infected T cell line MT-2 or uninfected T cell line CCRF-CEM. After coculture with T cell lines, changes in Tax and cytokine mRNA expression were studied by RT-PCR. RESULTS HTLV-I proviral load was significantly higher in the peripheral blood of patients with HT and GD than asymptomatic HTLV-I carriers. In the peripheral blood from HTLV-I-infected patients with HT, HTLV-I proviral load did not correlate with the thyroid peroxidase antibody or thyroglobulin antibody titer. After coculture with MT-2 cells, FRTL-5 cells expressed HTLV-I-specific Tax mRNA. These cocultured FRTL-5 cells with MT-2 cells expressed IL-6 mRNA and proliferated more actively than those cocultured with CCRF-CEM cells. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest the role of the retrovirus in the development of autoimmune thyroid diseases in HTLV-I-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Matsuda
- Division of Molecular Virology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
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Abstract
Almost a quarter of a century ago, Oldstone and colleagues proposed that infection of cells by noncytopathic viruses may lead to an alteration of the cells' ability to produce certain products or perform certain tasks, i.e., inhibition of "luxury function." In this issue of the JCI, this topic has been revisited by Yamano et al., who demonstrate that human T cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) infection of CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs in patients with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) results in a decrease in FOXP3 mRNA and protein expression. This leads to the inability of HTLV-I-infected CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs to inhibit the proliferation of CD4(+)CD25(-) Tregs, due to the effect of the HTLV-I tax gene. Defects in the Treg population could be responsible for the large numbers of virus-specific T cells and occurrence of lymphoproliferation and inflammatory autoimmune disease in HAM/TSP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Fujinami
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, 84132, USA.
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Yakova M, Lézin A, Dantin F, Lagathu G, Olindo S, Jean-Baptiste G, Arfi S, Césaire R. Increased proviral load in HTLV-1-infected patients with rheumatoid arthritis or connective tissue disease. Retrovirology 2005; 2:4. [PMID: 15686595 PMCID: PMC549050 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2004] [Accepted: 02/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) proviral load is related to the development of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and has also been shown to be elevated in the peripheral blood in HTLV-1-infected patients with uveitis or alveolitis. Increased proliferation of HTLV-1-infected cells in, or migration of such cells into, the central nervous system is also seen in HAM/TSP. In the present study, we evaluated the proviral load in a cohort of HTLV-1-infected patients with arthritic conditions. RESULTS HTLV-1 proviral load in the peripheral blood from 12 patients with RA and 6 patients with connective tissue disease was significantly higher than that in matched asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers, but similar to that in matched HAM/TSP controls. HAM/TSP was seen in one-third of the HTLV-1-infected patients with RA or connective tissue disease, but did not account for the higher proviral load compared to the asymptomatic carrier group. The proviral load was increased in the synovial fluid and tissue from an HTLV-1-infected patient with RA, the values suggesting that the majority of infiltrated cells were HTLV-1-infected. In the peripheral blood from HTLV-1-infected patients with RA or connective tissue disease, HTLV-1 proviral load correlated with the percentages of memory CD4+ T cells and activated T cells, and these percentages were shown to be markedly higher in the synovial fluid than in the peripheral blood in an HTLV-1-infected patient with RA. CONCLUSIONS These biological findings are consistent with a role of the retrovirus in the development of arthritis in HTLV-1-infected patients. A high level of HTLV-1-infected lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and their accumulation in situ might play a central role in the pathogenesis of HTLV-1-associated inflammatory disorders. Alternatively, the autoimmune arthritis, its etiological factors or treatments might secondarily enhance HTLV-1 proviral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Yakova
- INSERM UMR433, antenne du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Fort-de-France, Martinique
- Service de Médecine interne et Rhumatologie, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Fort-de-France, Martinique
| | - Agnès Lézin
- INSERM UMR433, antenne du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Fort-de-France, Martinique
- Laboratoire de Virologie-Immunologie, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Fort-de-France, Martinique
| | - Fabienne Dantin
- Laboratoire de Virologie-Immunologie, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Fort-de-France, Martinique
| | - Gisèle Lagathu
- Laboratoire de Virologie-Immunologie, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Fort-de-France, Martinique
| | - Stéphane Olindo
- Service de Neurologie, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Fort-de-France, Martinique
| | - Georges Jean-Baptiste
- Service de Médecine interne et Rhumatologie, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Fort-de-France, Martinique
| | - Serge Arfi
- Service de Médecine interne et Rhumatologie, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Fort-de-France, Martinique
| | - Raymond Césaire
- INSERM UMR433, antenne du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Fort-de-France, Martinique
- Laboratoire de Virologie-Immunologie, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Fort-de-France, Martinique
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Nitta T, Tanaka M, Sun B, Hanai S, Miwa M. The genetic background as a determinant of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 proviral load. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 309:161-5. [PMID: 12943677 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)01543-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is etiologically linked with HTLV-1-associated diseases. HTLV-1 proviral load is higher in persons with adult T-cell leukemia and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis than in asymptomatic carriers. However there are little data available on the factors controlling HTLV-1 proviral load in carriers. To study the effect of genetic background on HTLV-1 proviral load, we employed a mouse model of HTLV-1 infection that we had established. Here we analyzed nine strains of mice and found there is a great variation of proviral load among mouse strains that is not necessarily dependent on major histocompatibility complex. The antibody response is also different among these strains. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the importance of the genetic background other than major histocompatibility complex controlling the HTLV-1 proviral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Nitta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Oncology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba Science City, Ibaraki, Japan
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Satoh M, Kiyuna S, Shiroma Y, Toma H, Kokaze A, Sato Y. Predictive markers for development of strongyloidiasis in patients infected with both Strongyloides stercoralis and HTLV-1. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 133:391-6. [PMID: 12930366 PMCID: PMC1808792 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe strongyloidiasis has often been reported to occur in some patients infected with both Strongyloides stercoralis (S. stercoralis) and human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1); however, there are few useful predictive markers for the risk of development of strongyloidiasis in these patients. To search for such predictive markers, we examined peripheral blood and stool samples of individuals infected with both S. stercoralis and HTLV-1 in Okinawa, Japan, an area in which both of these are endemic. The HTLV-1 proviral load and antibody titre were examined in relation to the S. stercoralis load as measured by the direct faecal smear method in patients infected with both S. stercoralis and HTLV-1. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated nuclear antigen (EBNA) antibody titre was also measured in these patients in order to examine the relationship between host immunity and HTLV-1 proviral load or antibody titre. The direct faecal smear-positive group showed both a higher HTLV-1 proviral load and HTLV-1 antibody titre than the -negative group (P < 0.05). In contrast, inverse correlations of these parameters with the EBNA antibody titre were observed, especially for proviral load (rho = -0.387, P < 0.05). These results suggest that HTLV-1 proviral load and antibody titre influence the S. stercoralis load via disturbance of the host immunity, and that proviral load would be an especially useful predictive marker of the risk of development of strongyloidiasis in patients infected with both S. stercoralis and HTLV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Satoh
- Department of Medical Zoology, Saitama Medical School, Saitama, Izumizaki Hospital, Okinawa, Japan.
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Satoh M, Futami A, Takahira K, Kodaira M, Tanaka T, Kuriki K, Hori E. Severe strongyloidiasis complicated by meningitis and hydrocephalus in an HTLV-1 carrier with increased proviral load. J Infect Chemother 2003; 9:355-7. [PMID: 14691660 DOI: 10.1007/s10156-003-0272-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2003] [Accepted: 07/31/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We report a 47-year-old Japanese man who was a human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) carrier with strongyloidiasis, and who was born in an area endemic for both Strongyloides stercoralis ( S. stercoralis) and HTLV-1. He presented with edema of both legs. Laboratory examination on admission revealed hypoalbuminemia, and S. stercoralis rhabditiform larvae were found by stool microscopy. Purulent meningitis, which was suspected to be due to disseminated strongyloidiasis, developed during the first and second treatment for S. stercoralis infection. After the meningitis was alleviated, hydrocephalus with gait disturbance developed, and these features were attenuated by a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt. Impaired immunity and increased HTLV-1 proviral load, with an increased titer of HTLV-1 antibody, were observed in this patient. These results suggest that HTLV-1 proviral load and/or antibody titer of HTLV-1 can be used for the identification of carriers who are at increased risk of developing severe strongyloidiasis among those patients who are infected with both S. stercoralis and HTLV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Satoh
- Department of Medical Zoology, Saitama Medical School, 350-0495 Saitama, Morohongo, Moroyama, Japan.
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Merle H, Cabre P, Olindo S, Merle S, Smadja D. Ocular lesions in 200 patients infected by the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 in martinique (French West Indies). Am J Ophthalmol 2002; 134:190-5. [PMID: 12140025 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(02)01521-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the ophthalmologic features observed in patients infected by the human T-cell lymphotropic virus, type 1 (HTLV-1) in Martinique (French West Indies). DESIGN Prospective consecutive observational case series. METHODS A complete ophthalmic examination was performed. PATIENTS Of 200 patients infected by HTLV-1, 77 (38.5%) were seropositive and 123 (61.5%) had HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). RESULTS Uveitis was found in 29 cases (14.5%). Symptoms were mild and the uveitis had little effect on visual function. Ten cases of uveitis were discovered through a systematic examination and had no ocular symptoms. Most of the uveitis was anterior or intermediate. The lesions responded to corticosteroid therapy, but tended to recur. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca existed in 74 patients (37%), accompanied by lymphoplasmocytoid infiltration of the secondary salivary glands rated 3 or 4 on the Chisholm scale in nearly 50% of cases. Corneal alterations were observed in 20 cases (10%), and alterations in the retinal pigment epithelium in 3 cases. CONCLUSION The three types of ocular affections seen most frequently were uveitis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and interstitial keratitis. In patients with HAM/TSP, uveitis was more frequent among younger patients, patients with earlier onset of HAM/TSP, and patients with severe motor disability. Because uveitis is related to a high intrathecal production of immunoglobulin, it could represent a marker for severity of HTLV-1 infection with respect to the course of HAM/TSP. The sicca syndrome related to HTLV-1 virus differs from primary or secondary Sjögren syndrome, because it does not reveal any of the immunologic anomalies generally seen in this disease. Interstitial keratitis was more frequent among patients with HAM/TSP who had high proviral DNA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold Merle
- Service d'Ophtalmologie (H.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Fort de France, Hôpital Pierre Zobda Quitman, French.
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Satoh M, Toma H, Sugahara K, Etoh KI, Shiroma Y, Kiyuna S, Takara M, Matsuoka M, Yamaguchi K, Nakada K, Fujita K, Kojima S, Hori E, Tanaka Y, Kamihira S, Sato Y, Watanabe T. Involvement of IL-2/IL-2R system activation by parasite antigen in polyclonal expansion of CD4(+)25(+) HTLV-1-infected T-cells in human carriers of both HTLV-1 and S. stercoralis. Oncogene 2002; 21:2466-75. [PMID: 11971181 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2001] [Revised: 01/10/2002] [Accepted: 01/11/2002] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The intermediate state of HTLV-1 infection, often found in individuals dually infected with Strongyloides stercoralis (S. stercoralis) and HTLV-1, is assumed to be a preleukemic state of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). To investigate the effects of S. stercoralis superinfection on the natural history of HTLV-1 infection, we characterized peripheral blood samples of these individuals in Okinawa, Japan, an endemic area for both HTLV-1 and S. stercoralis and we studied effects of the parasite antigen on T-cells. The dually infected individuals showed a significantly higher provirus load and an increase in CD4(+)25(+) T cell population, with a significant, positive correlation. This increase was attributable to polyclonal expansion of HTLV-1-infected cells, as demonstrated by inverse-long PCR analysis of the integration sites. S. stercoralis antigen activated the IL-2 promoter in reporter gene assays, induced production of IL-2 by PBMC in vitro, and supported growth of IL-2 dependent cell lines immortalized by HTLV-1 infection or the transduction of Tax. Taken collectively, these results indicate that S. stercoralis infection induces polyclonal expansion of HTLV-1-infected cells by activating the IL-2/IL-2R system in dually infected carriers, an event which may be a precipitating factor for ATL and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Satoh
- Division of Pathology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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31
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Abstract
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a powerful molecular biologic technique for the analysis of very small amounts of DNA. This technique has found increasing use in the past 10 years for the detection of pathogenic organisms associated with many forms of ocular inflammatory and infectious disease. PCR has shown utility in the diagnosis of viral uveitis, infectious endophthalmitis, and parasitic eye disease. The strengths and weaknesses of this diagnostic technique are discussed. Additionally, uses of PCR in linking known pathogens to disease, and to discovering novel pathogens, are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Van Gelder
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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32
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Merle H, Cabre P, Merle S, Gerard M, Smadja D. A description of human T-lymphotropic virus type I-related chronic interstitial keratitis in 20 patients. Am J Ophthalmol 2001; 131:305-8. [PMID: 11239861 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(00)00645-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to describe a syndrome that the authors call human T-lymphotropic virus type I-related chronic interstitial keratitis. METHODS A consecutive series of 194 human T-lymphotropic virus type I-infected patients (divided into 119 patients with human T-lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis and 75 asymptomatic human T-lymphotropic virus type I carriers) was systematically examined. RESULTS Twenty patients (10.3%) had bilateral anterior stromal lesions made up of approximately 10 elevated, rounded or cloudy whitish opacities that were more or less confluent. The opacities were characteristically situated at the periphery of the anterior stroma, and the visual axis remained unaffected. The interstitial keratitis was chronic and unresponsive to topical administration of corticosteroids. It was mainly observed in patients affected by human T-lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis among whom there were 18 cases (15.1%), as opposed to two cases (2.7%) in asymptomatic carriers. CONCLUSION A new cause of interstitial keratitis is reported. Human T-lymphotropic virus type I infection may have a much broader spectrum of ocular manifestations than previously described. As with the other manifestations of human T-lymphotropic virus type I infection, corneal lesions could be linked to a lymphoplasmocytic infiltration of the stroma leading to corneal opacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Merle
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Fort de France, Hôpital Pierre Zobda-Quitman, BP 632, 97261 Fort-de-France Cedex, Martinique, France (French West Indies).
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33
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Miley WJ, Suryanarayana K, Manns A, Kubota R, Jacobson S, Lifson JD, Waters D. Real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for cell-associated HTLV type I DNA viral load. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2000; 16:665-75. [PMID: 10791877 DOI: 10.1089/088922200308891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a quantitative real-time PCR assay for HTLV-I DNA. This assay approach uses real-time monitoring of fluorescent signal generation as a consequence of Taq-mediated amplification of specific target sequences to allow real-time kinetic analysis of amplicon production. This kinetic approach yields excellent sensitivity and an extremely broad linear dynamic range, and ensures that quantitation is based on analysis during the exponential phase of amplification, regardless of the input template copy number. The HTLV-I DNA assay has a nominal threshold sensitivity of 10 copy Eq/reaction, although single-copy plasmid template can be detected at frequencies consistent with statistical prediction. The linear dynamic range is in excess of 5 logs. Interassay reproducibility averages 14% (coefficient of variation) for control templates over a range of 10(1) to 10(6) copy Eq/reaction and 25%, based on studies of extraction and analysis of replicate aliquots of PBMC specimens from HTLV-I-infected subjects. The primer/probe combination targets tax sequences conserved across described HTLV-I and HTLV-II isolates. Parallel quantitation in the same samples of an endogenous sequence present at a known copy number per cell allows normalization of results for potential variation in DNA recovery. Availability of this assay should facilitate studies of basic pathogenesis and clinical evaluation of HTLV-I and HTLV-II infection, as well as assessment of therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Miley
- Human Retrovirus Section, SAIC Frederick, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Maryland 21702, USA
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34
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Etoh K, Yamaguchi K, Tokudome S, Watanabe T, Okayama A, Stuver S, Mueller N, Takatsuki K, Matsuoka M. Rapid quantification of HTLV-I provirus load: detection of monoclonal proliferation of HTLV-I-infected cells among blood donors. Int J Cancer 1999; 81:859-64. [PMID: 10362130 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19990611)81:6<859::aid-ijc4>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we quantified HTLV-I provirus load using the AmpliSensor system, which utilizes fluorescence to measure PCR products. With this method, provirus loads could be measured within 6 hr, and the results obtained correlated well with those obtained by other methods. Samples from 256 blood donors, who were positive for antibodies against HTLV-I, were analyzed, showing that provirus load ranged from less than 0.1% to 56% among carriers. We analyzed the association between provirus load and the biomarkers age and sex and found that it was not influenced by either. Provirus load was better correlated with soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) levels than with antibody titer against the virus. Among 18 blood donors with high provirus load (more than 10%), Southern blotting detected monoclonal integration of HTLV-I in infected cells in 2 cases, both of them showing high sIL-2R levels (more than 900 U/ml). Sequential analyses of provirus load showed stable levels of provirus in the same carriers, suggesting that some factors other than age or sex determined provirus load in infected individuals. Thus, this rapid method is a useful tool for the early detection of adult T-cell leukemia and other HTLV-I-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Etoh
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Japan
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35
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Albrecht B, Collins ND, Newbound GC, Ratner L, Lairmore MD. Quantification of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 proviral load by quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction. J Virol Methods 1998; 75:123-40. [PMID: 9870588 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(98)00087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been established as a highly sensitive technique for detection of viral DNA or RNA. However, due to inherent limitations of PCR the amount of amplified product often does not correlate with the initial amount of template DNA. This is particularly true for PCR detection of viral infections that are characterized by low in vivo viral copy numbers in certain stages of the infection, such as human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and simian T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (STLV-1). Therefore, we developed a quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction (qcPCR) for detection of HTLV-1 and STLV-1 proviral DNA. The assay was optimized using an infectious HTLV-1 clone, ACH, HTLV-1 infected cell lines, MT-2.6 and HUT-102 and STLV-1 infected lines Kia and Matsu. Applicability of this system was demonstrated by determining HTLV-1 proviral load in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of human subjects with HTLV-1 associated diseases and an asymptomatic carrier as well as rabbits infected experimentally. This qcPCR method, the first designed specifically for HTLV-1 and STLV-1, will provide an important tool for pathogenesis studies of HTLV-1 and for evaluating the efficacy of antiviral drugs and vaccines against the viral infection using animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Albrecht
- Center for Retrovirus Research and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1092, USA
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36
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Hashimoto K, Higuchi I, Osame M, Izumo S. Quantitative in situ PCR assay of HTLV-1 infected cells in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with ATL, HAM/TSP and asymptomatic carriers. J Neurol Sci 1998; 159:67-72. [PMID: 9700706 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-510x(98)00138-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We established an in situ PCR (IS-PCR) method that amplified the pX region of human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) proviral DNA. The procedure was highly sensitive in accurately detecting the number of cells infected with HTLV-1. We estimated the number of HTLV-1 infected cells in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from patients with HAM/TSP, ATL and asymptomatic carriers. ATL patients (n = 5) had 8-93% IS-PCR positive cells for HTLV-1 and these percentages correlated with the clinical stages. Asymptomatic carriers (n = 3) had 0.8-3.8% (mean 1.1%, S.D. 1.7) positive cells. HAM/TSP patients (n = 10) had 3.1-8.5% (5.8% (5.8%, 2.7) positive cells. Patients with shorter duration of illness showed larger percentages compared with patients with longer duration. In one HAM/TSP patient, the number of IS-PCR positive cells decreased from 5.1% to 1.5% coincident with the times of lymphocytapheresis treatment. Our studies may suggest that an increased viral load initiates the pathogenic process of HAM/TSP and the estimation of HTLV-1 proviral load by IS-PCR method is useful to understand the clinical state of HAM/TSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hashimoto
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University, Japan
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37
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Ono A, Ikeda E, Mochizuki M, Matsuoka M, Yamaguchi K, Sawada T, Yamane S, Tokudome S, Watanabe T. Provirus load in patients with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 uveitis correlates with precedent Graves' disease and disease activities. Jpn J Cancer Res 1998; 89:608-14. [PMID: 9703358 PMCID: PMC5921870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1998.tb03262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated the increased provirus load in the peripheral blood of patients with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) uveitis (HU). To delineate the relevance of the increased provirus load to clinical and immunologic parameters, we studied the correlation between them. Seventy-nine HU patients (24 male and 55 female) were included in the study, with their informed consent. Plasma samples and genomic DNA of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and the provirus load was estimated by semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction of the gag region sequence. Serum levels of anti-HTLV-1 antibodies and soluble IL-2R were determined by electrochemiluminescence immuno assay and by ELISA, respectively. Disease activities were assessed and graded 0 to 4 according to the evaluation system. Recurrence of the disease during the follow-up period was diagnosed ophthalmologically. The provirus load was significantly higher in the HU patients after Graves' disease (GD) than in those without GD (P<0.05). It correlated with disease activities assessed in terms of vitreous inflammation and interval to recurrence (both P<0.05). In the HU patients without GD, it correlated with the serum levels of soluble IL-2 receptor (P<0.01), and nearly with those of HTLV-1 antibody (P=0.063). These correlations were not found in the HU patients after GD under methimazole treatment. The results suggested a direct involvement of HTLV-1-infected cells in the pathogenesis of uveitis, and raise the possibility that hyperthyroidism may contribute to the clonal expansion of HTLV-1-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ono
- Department of Pathology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo
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38
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Sato Y, Ito K, Moritoyo T, Fujino Y, Masuda K, Yamaguchi K, Mochizuki M, Izumo S, Osame M, Watanabe T. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 can infect primary rat retinal glial cells and induce gene expression of inflammatory cytokines. Curr Eye Res 1997; 16:782-91. [PMID: 9255507 DOI: 10.1076/ceyr.16.8.782.8982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine whether or not retinal glial cells can be infected by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and test the possibility that HTLV-1-infected retinal glial cells are involved in the pathogenesis of HTLV-1 uveitis (HU). METHODS We tested infection of HTLV-1 by a standard coculturing method using WKAH rat retinal glial cells and irradiated MT-2, a human T cell line that produces HTLV-1. Infection was confirmed by detecting the integrated HTLV-1 provirus, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), viral gene expression, using reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) and HTLV-1 p19 ELISA, and by identifying the HTLV-1-infected glial cells by immunofluorescence cytochemistry and in situ hybridization. Changes in cytokine gene expression were studied by RT-PCR. RESULTS Using a semiquantitative PCR of HTLV-1 provirus sequence, we found that 2.6% of the retinal glial cells were infected at 3 days after infection, followed by a gradual decrease in the percentage with an extended period of culture up to 4 weeks. This time course of infection was also verified by RT-PCR and ELISA studies that detect viral mRNA expression and protein production, respectively. Expression of HTLV-1 gag protein and tax mRNA was detected in a part of glial cells by indirect immunofluorescence cytochemistry and in situ hybridization, respectively. RT-PCR analysis of cytokine gene expression revealed that gene expression of IL-6, CINC-1 (Gro, KC), and TNF-alpha were induced in these cells, with a peak at 3 weeks after infection. CONCLUSION These results provided supportive evidence for the theory that the infection of retinal glial cells by HTLV-1 and subsequent production of inflammatory cytokines could be one contributing factor for the development of the unique clinical features of HU. A better understanding of the specific roles of the inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of HU would be beneficial in the treatment and control of this disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/genetics
- DNA Primers/chemistry
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Gene Products, gag/biosynthesis
- Gene Products, gag/genetics
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/physiology
- In Situ Hybridization
- Neuroglia/metabolism
- Neuroglia/virology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Viral/analysis
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Strains
- Retina/cytology
- Retina/metabolism
- Retina/virology
- Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic/biosynthesis
- Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/virology
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sato
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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39
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Shimada-Hiratsuka M, Fukayama M, Hayashi Y, Ushijima T, Suzuki M, Hishima T, Funata N, Koike M, Watanabe T. Primary gastric T-cell lymphoma with and without human T-lymphotropic virus type 1. Cancer 1997; 80:292-303. [PMID: 9217043 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19970715)80:2<292::aid-cncr18>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric T-cell lymphomas are rare, and their incidence and viral status have not yet been fully clarified. METHODS Sixty-seven cases of surgically resected gastric lymphomas from city hospitals in Tokyo were evaluated. The surface phenotype was determined by immunohistochemistry, gene rearrangement by Southern blot hybridization, association with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) by EBV-encoded small RNAs in situ hybridization, and the presence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) by serology, Southern blot hybridization, and polymerase chain reaction analysis. RESULTS Five of the 67 cases were T-cell lymphoma (7%): 3 cases were HTLV-1 negative (-) and 2 were HTLV-1 positive (+). Systemic eosinophilia was observed in the three HTLV-1(-) gastric lymphomas. Neoplastic cells were morphologically similar in both groups, but a granulomatous reaction with marked eosinophilia was observed only in the two cases of HTLV-1(-) lymphoma. They also had characteristics of natural killer (NK) cell-like T-cell lymphoma, expressing NK markers and TCRgamma gene rearrangement. Positivity with HML-1 (specific for intestinal epithelial T-cells lymphoma was observed in one HTLV-1(+) lymphoma. The EBV gene was detected in only one case of B-cell lymphoma but not in any case of T-cell lymphoma. CONCLUSIONS Gastric T-cell lymphoma occurs in 7% of gastric lymphomas in Japan and is comprised of HTLV-1-related lymphomas and lymphomas unrelated to HTLV-1, including NK cell-like lymphomas with eosinophilia.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Blotting, Southern
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/isolation & purification
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunophenotyping
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Stomach Neoplasms/immunology
- Stomach Neoplasms/pathology
- Stomach Neoplasms/virology
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40
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Mochizuki M, Ono A, Ikeda E, Hikita N, Watanabe T, Yamaguchi K, Sagawa K, Ito K. HTLV-I uveitis. JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL RETROVIROLOGY ASSOCIATION 1996; 13 Suppl 1:S50-6. [PMID: 8797704 DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199600001-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) is known to cause adult T-cell leukemia/T-cell lymphoma and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. Recent seroepidemiologic, clinical, and virologic studies indicate that the virus is also related to a certain type of uveitis, which has been classified as uveitis without defined etiologies or idiopathic uveitis. According to the seroepidemiologic survey, the seroprevalence of HTLV-I in patients with idiopathic uveitis was significantly higher than that of two control groups, that is, patients with uveitis with defined etiologies and patients with nonuveitic ocular diseases. Clinically, the uveitis seen in HTLV-I carriers is characterized by moderate to severe cellular infiltration in the eye and by moderate retinal vasculitis, and the intraocular inflammation responds well to corticosteroid therapy. Interestingly, 25% of female patients with the disease had a previous history of Graves disease with hyperthyroidisms. The following virologic, molecular biologic findings suggest that cytokines produced by HTLV-I-infected T cells in the eye play the central role in the pathogenic mechanisms of the uveitis: (a) the virus load in the peripheral blood monocytes analyzed by the quantitative polymerase chain reaction methods was significantly greater in patients with the uveitis than in asymptomatic carriers, (b) the proviral DNA of HTLV-I and the gene expression of the virus at the mRNA level was detected in the infiltrating cells from the eyes of the patients, (c) the virus particles were detected by electron-microscopic examination in the T-cell clones established from the intraocular fluid of the patients, and (d) the HTLV-I-infected T cells produced a variety of cytokines without any stimuli, such as interleukin (IL)-1 alpha, IL-2, IL-3, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon-gamma, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Based on the seroepidemiologic, clinical, and virologic data, the uveitis seen in HTLV-I carriers is considered to be a distinct clinical entity related to HTLV-I infection, and the disease is designated as HTLV-I uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mochizuki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Japan
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