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Childers J, Eng E, Lack B, Lin S, Knapik DM, Kaplan DJ, Jackson GR, Chahla J. Reported Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Incidence in Adolescent Athletes Is Greatest in Female Soccer Players and Athletes Participating in Club Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Arthroscopy 2024:S0749-8063(24)00298-6. [PMID: 38692337 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2024.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in adolescent athletes based on sex, sport, and sport affiliation. METHODS A literature search was performed using 3 online databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE) from database inception to November 2023 per the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Included studies consisted of Level I or II studies reporting on ACL injury exposures in time (hours) or injuries per 1,000 athlete-exposures (AEs) (1 game or practice) in adolescent athletes. Exclusion criteria consisted of non-English studies, case reports, animal/cadaveric studies, and review articles. Methodological quality and bias assessment of the included studies was assessed using the Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. ACL injuries were analyzed and pooled to calculate incidence rates (IRs), per-season risk, and relative risk (RR) based on sex, sport, and sport affiliation (club sport participation vs school sport participation). RESULTS A total of 1,389 ACL injuries over 19,134,167 AEs were identified (IR, 0.075; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.071-0.079). Of these, 670 ACL injuries were reported in female athletes over 7,549,892 AEs (IR, 0.089; 95% CI, 0.087-0.091) with 719 in males over 11,584,275 AEs (IR, 0.062; 95% CI, 0.058-0.067). The greatest RR for ACL injury in females was in soccer (RR, 3.12; 95% CI, 2.58-3.77) for AEs. The greatest per-season risk of ACL injuries reported in female athletes occurred in soccer (1.08%), basketball (1.03%), and gymnastics (1.01%). The greatest per-season risk of ACL injuries reported in male athletes occurred in football (0.82%), lacrosse (0.64%), and soccer (0.35%). Club sport participation, in both AEs (RR, 3.94; 95% CI, 3.19-4.87) and hours of exposure (RR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.07-2.28), demonstrated an increased risk of ACL injury. CONCLUSIONS The risk of ACL injuries was 1.56-fold greater in adolescent female athletes compared with male athletes. The highest-risk sport for females was soccer. Participation in club sports possessed higher rates of injury compared with school sports. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II; meta-analysis of Level I and II studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Childers
- Charles E. Schmidt School of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Emma Eng
- Charles E. Schmidt School of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Benjamin Lack
- Charles E. Schmidt School of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Shu Lin
- Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Davie, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Derrick M Knapik
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University and Barnes-Jewish Orthopedic Center, Chesterfield, Missouri, U.S.A
| | - Daniel J Kaplan
- NYU Langone Health, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Garrett R Jackson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A
| | - Jorge Chahla
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A..
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Murray-Smith S, Williams S, Whalan M, Peoples GE, Sampson JA. The incidence and burden of injury in male adolescent community rugby union in Australia. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2023; 7:315-322. [PMID: 36134642 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2123556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the incidence, location, mechanism and burden of injury in community male adolescent rugby. METHODS A prospective cohort injury surveillance study using sports trainers to record 'any physical complaint' over three seasons (2018/2019/2021) in 979 U13-U17 community male rugby union players. RESULTS One hundred and fifty-two time-loss injuries (27.6/1000 hours) with an associated burden of 2313 days (419.7 days/1000 hours), 169 non-time loss medical attention (30.1/1000 hours) and 813 physical complaints (147.5/1000 hours) were recorded from 5511.7 exposure hours (matches 3932.5 hours, training 1579.2 hours). Time-loss injury incidence was highest in U16 (45/1000 hours) and lowest in U17 (16.6/1000 hours), with U17 significantly lower than U16 and U15 age-grades (p < 0.05). Injury burden was greatest in U13 (561.4 days/1000 hours), and significantly higher than U15 and U17 (p < 0.05). Collectively, injury incidence was greatest for the head/neck (11.8/1000 hours), bruise/contusions were most common (8.7/1000 hours) and concussion (4.5/1000 hours) accounted for the greatest injury burden (102 days/1000 hours). Being tackled was the most observed injury mechanism (10.0/1000 hours). Forwards had significantly higher incidence in mild injury (p < 0.01). The total burden (p < 0.001) associated with mild (p < 0.001) and moderate injuries (p < 0.001) was significantly higher in forwards, as was the burden of being tackled (p < 0.001), collisions (p < 0.001), trunk (p < 0.001) and lower limb (p < 0.01) injury locations. In contrast, ruck-related injury burden was greater in backs (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION This study showed age-grade and positional differences in incidence and burden of injury in community adolescent rugby union. The rate of non-time loss relative to time-loss injury and muscle strain injury in U13-U14s suggests further research into injury risk and maturation in rugby is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Murray-Smith
- Centre of Medical and Exercise Physiology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - S Williams
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - M Whalan
- Medical Department, Sydney Football Club, Sydney, Australia
- NSW Football Medicine Association, Sydney, Australia
- Football Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - G E Peoples
- Centre of Medical and Exercise Physiology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - J A Sampson
- Centre of Medical and Exercise Physiology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- NSW Football Medicine Association, Sydney, Australia
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Gurau TV, Gurau G, Voinescu DC, Anghel L, Onose G, Iordan DA, Munteanu C, Onu I, Musat CL. Epidemiology of Injuries in Men's Professional and Amateur Football (Part I). J Clin Med 2023; 12:5569. [PMID: 37685638 PMCID: PMC10488230 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12175569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background (1): Football is the most popular sport among men, associated with a certain risk of injury, which leads to short- and long-term health consequences. While the injury profile of professional footballers is known, little is known about the injury profile of amateur footballers; amateur football is a major and diverse area, the development of which should be a priority for football associations around the world and UEFA. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of epidemiological literature data on injuries in professional and amateur football players belonging to certain leagues. Methods (2): A systematic review according to the PRISMA guidelines was performed until June 2023 in the databases PubMed, Web of Science, Google Academic, Google Scholar, and Diva portal. Forty-six studies reporting injury incidence in professional and amateur men's football were selected and analyzed. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed study quality using an adapted version of the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement and the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) to assess risk of bias for the quality of external validity. Results (3): The overall incidence of injuries in professional male football players was 7.75 ± 2.28, 95% confidence interval, injuries/1000 h of exposure and that of amateur football players was 7.98 ± 2.95, 95% confidence interval, injuries/1000 h of exposure. The incidence of match injuries (30.64 ± 10.28, 95% confidence interval, injuries/1000 exposure hours) was 7.71 times higher than the training injury incidence rate (3.97 ± 1.35, 95% confidence interval, injuries/1000 h) in professional football players and 5.45 times higher in amateurs (17.56 ± 6.15 vs. 3.22 ± 1.4, 95% confidence interval, injuries/1000 h). Aggregate lower extremity injuries had the highest prevalence in both categories of footballers, being 83.32 ± 4.85% in professional footballers and 80.4 ± 7.04% in amateur footballers: thigh, ankle, and knee injuries predominated. Conclusions (4): Professional and amateur football players are at substantial risk of injury, especially during matches that require the highest level of performance. Injury rates have implications for players, coaches, and sports medicine practitioners. Therefore, information on football injuries can help develop personalized injury risk mitigation strategies that could make football safer for both categories of football players. The current findings have implications for the management, monitoring, and design of training, competition, injury prevention, especially severe injury, and education programs for amateur football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tudor Vladimir Gurau
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, ‘Dunarea de Jos’ University of Galati, 800008 Galati, Romania;
| | - Gabriela Gurau
- Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, ‘Dunarea de Jos’ University, 800008 Galati, Romania; (G.G.); (C.L.M.)
| | - Doina Carina Voinescu
- ‘Sf. Apostol Andrei’ Clinical Emergency County Hospital, 800578 Galați, Romania; (D.C.V.); (L.A.)
- Clinical Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, ‘Dunarea de Jos’ University, 800008 Galati, Romania
| | - Lucretia Anghel
- ‘Sf. Apostol Andrei’ Clinical Emergency County Hospital, 800578 Galați, Romania; (D.C.V.); (L.A.)
- Clinical Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, ‘Dunarea de Jos’ University, 800008 Galati, Romania
| | - Gelu Onose
- Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Clinic Division, Teaching Emergency Hospital “Bagdasar-Ar-Seni”, 041915 Bucharest, Romania;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 020022 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniel Andrei Iordan
- Department of Individual Sports and Kinetotherapy, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, ‘Dunarea de Jos’ University of Galati, 800008 Galati, Romania
- Center of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, ‘Dunărea de Jos’ University of Galati, 800008 Galati, Romania
| | - Constantin Munteanu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Bioengineering, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa” Iaşi, 700454 Iaşi, Romania;
| | - Ilie Onu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Bioengineering, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa” Iaşi, 700454 Iaşi, Romania;
| | - Carmina Liana Musat
- Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, ‘Dunarea de Jos’ University, 800008 Galati, Romania; (G.G.); (C.L.M.)
- ‘Sf. Apostol Andrei’ Clinical Emergency County Hospital, 800578 Galați, Romania; (D.C.V.); (L.A.)
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Bonnevialle N, Mattési L, Martinel V, Letartre R, Barret H, Mansat P. Outcomes at Long-term Follow-up After Open Latarjet Versus Open Bankart Repair in Rugby Players. Orthop J Sports Med 2023; 11:23259671231184394. [PMID: 37564951 PMCID: PMC10411275 DOI: 10.1177/23259671231184394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Because rugby is a collision sport, it exposes players to a high risk of recurrence after anterior shoulder stabilization. Therefore, the choice of surgical procedure warrants close attention in order to optimize the time to return to sport and the stability of the shoulder throughout the player's career. Hypothesis The open Latarjet procedure would allow for a faster return to play and provide a lower rate of recurrence than the open Bankart repair at long-term follow-up. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods The study retrospectively enrolled 62 competitive rugby players who had undergone an anterior shoulder instability procedure and had at least 5 years of follow-up data. A total of 32 players treated with an open Bankart repair (BK group) were compared with 30 players (31 shoulders) treated with an open Latarjet procedure (LT group). Outcomes between groups were compared with the Rowe score, Walch-Duplay score, recurrence rate, and osteoarthritis evaluation on plain radiograph (Samilson classification). Results The recurrence rate was significantly higher at 18.8% for the BK group (mean follow-up, 6.9 ± 1.7 years) compared with 3.3% for the LT group (mean follow-up, 6.2 ± 1.4 years) (P = .04). No postoperative complications occurred in the BK group, whereas 1 infection and 1 hematoma required a second surgery in the LT group (P = .14). In the BK and LT groups, 97% and 90% of players, respectively, were able to return to rugby at the same level or higher (P = .27), at a mean time of 8 and 6.3 months, respectively (P = .03). The mean Rowe and Walch-Duplay scores were not significantly different between the groups; however, the osteoarthritis rate was significantly higher in the BK versus the LT group (68% vs 38%, respectively; P = .03); 23% of patients, all in the BK group, had Samilson grade 2 osteoarthritis. Conclusion The open Latarjet procedure outperformed the open Bankart procedure in terms of stability, time to return to play, and radiological outcomes at long-term follow-up in competitive rugby players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucas Mattési
- Clinique Universitaire du Sport, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Hugo Barret
- Clinique Universitaire du Sport, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Mansat
- Clinique Universitaire du Sport, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Sklempe Kokic I, Petric K, Kuna D, Jelica S, Kokic T. Star Excursion Balance Test as a Predictor of Musculoskeletal Injury and Lower Back Pain in Non-Professional Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:129. [PMID: 37505616 PMCID: PMC10383250 DOI: 10.3390/sports11070129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Soccer is a sport with worldwide popularity but has a substantial risk of injury. Clinical screening tools are an important factor in strategies of injury prevention. The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) and injury and lower back pain (LBP) in amateur soccer players. The research was performed as a longitudinal cohort study on 42 amateur male soccer players with 15.8 ± 6.6 years of soccer playing (age: 25.5 ± 6 years). Participants were surveyed with regard to their soccer playing, injuries, and LBP, and the SEBT was performed. They were followed for 3.5 months. At the follow-up, an additional set of data regarding injuries and LBP was gathered. Significant differences were found in all directions and in the composite score of the SEBT between uninjured and injured players. Shorter distance in all directions and a lower composite score were associated with injury in general. Shorter distances in all but the anterior direction and a lower composite score were associated with lower extremity injury, and shorter anterior distance was associated with LBP. Amateur soccer players with lower SEBT scores are more prone to injuries in general, as well as injuries of the lower extremities. SEBT presents as a useful clinical screening tool in identifying amateur soccer players at risk of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Sklempe Kokic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Katarina Petric
- Faculty of Health Studies, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Danijela Kuna
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Stjepan Jelica
- Department of Health Studies, College of Applied Sciences, "Lavoslav Ruzicka" in Vukovar, 32000 Vukovar, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Kokic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, County General Hospital Vinkovci, 32100 Vinkovci, Croatia
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West SW, Shill IJ, Bailey S, Syrydiuk RA, Hayden KA, Palmer D, Black AM, Hagel BE, Stokes KA, Emery CA. Injury Rates, Mechanisms, Risk Factors and Prevention Strategies in Youth Rugby Union: What's All the Ruck-Us About? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2023; 53:1375-1393. [PMID: 37191819 PMCID: PMC10290028 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01826-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rugby Union is a collision team sport played globally. Despite this, significant concerns have been raised regarding the sport's safety, particularly in youth players. Given this, a review of injury rates, risk factors and prevention strategies is required across different youth age groups as well as in males and females. OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review (SR) and meta-analysis was to investigate injury and concussion rates, risk factors and primary prevention strategies in youth rugby. METHODS To be included, studies were required to report either rates, risk factors or prevention strategies in youth rugby and to have a randomised controlled trial, quasi-experimental, cohort, case control, or ecological study design. Exclusion criteria included non-peer-reviewed grey literature, conference abstracts, case studies, previous systematic reviews and studies not written in English. Nine databases were searched. The full search strategy and list of sources are available and pre-registered on PROSPERO (Ref: CRD42020208343). Each study was assessed for risk of bias using the Downs and Black quality assessment tool. Meta-analyses were conducted using a DerSimonian Laird random effect model for each age group and sex. RESULTS Sixty-nine studies were included in this SR. The match injury rates (using a 24-h time-loss definition) were 40.2/1000 match hours (95% CI 13.9-66.5) in males and 69.0/1000 match hours (95% CI 46.8-91.2) in females. Concussion rates were 6.2/1000 player-hours (95% CI 5.0-7.4) for males and 33.9/1000 player-hours (95% CI: 24.1-43.7) for females. The most common injury site was lower extremity (males) and the head/neck (females). The most common injury type was ligament sprain (males) and concussion (females). The tackle was the most common event associated with injury in matches (55% male, 71% females). Median time loss was 21 days for males and 17 days for females. Twenty-three risk factors were reported. The risk factors with the strongest evidence were higher levels of play and increasing age. Primary injury prevention strategies were the focus of only eight studies and included law changes (n = 2), equipment (n = 4), education (n = 1) and training (n = 1). The prevention strategy with the most promising evidence was neuromuscular training. The primary limitations included a broad range of injury definitions (n = 9) and rate denominators (n = 11) used, as well as a limited number of studies which could be included in the meta-analysis for females (n = 2). CONCLUSION A focus on high-quality risk factor and primary prevention evaluation should be considered in future studies. Targeting primary prevention and stakeholder education remain key strategies in the prevention, recognition and management of injuries and concussions in youth rugby.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W West
- Centre for Health, and Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
- UK Collaborating Centre on Injury & Illness Prevention in Sport (UKCCIIS), Edinburgh & Bath, UK.
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
- O'Brien Institute of Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| | - Isla J Shill
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Stuart Bailey
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Reid A Syrydiuk
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Michigan Concussion Center, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - K Alix Hayden
- Libraries and Cultural Resources, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Debbie Palmer
- UK Collaborating Centre on Injury & Illness Prevention in Sport (UKCCIIS), Edinburgh & Bath, UK
- Edinburgh Sports Medicine Research Network, Institute for Sport, PE and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Amanda M Black
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- O'Brien Institute of Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Brent E Hagel
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- O'Brien Institute of Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Keith A Stokes
- Centre for Health, and Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- UK Collaborating Centre on Injury & Illness Prevention in Sport (UKCCIIS), Edinburgh & Bath, UK
- Rugby Football Union, Twickenham, London, UK
| | - Carolyn A Emery
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- O'Brien Institute of Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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West SW, Shill IJ, Sick S, Schneider KJ, WIley JP, Hagel BE, Emery CA, Black AM. It Takes Two to Tango: High Rates of Injury and Concussion in Ball Carriers and Tacklers in High School Boys' Rugby. Clin J Sport Med 2023; 33:00042752-990000000-00087. [PMID: 36633403 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine injury and concussion rates, mechanisms, locations, and types of injury in Canadian high school male rugby. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING High school male rugby. PARTICIPANTS A total of 429 high school players (2018: n = 225, 2019: n = 256) were recruited from 12 teams in 7 schools in Calgary, Canada. INTERVENTIONS None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Injury surveillance included baseline questionnaires, weekly exposure, and injury reports. Injuries included those requiring medical attention, resulted in time loss and/or inability to complete a session. Concussion was defined as per the fifth Consensus on Concussion in Sport, and all players with a suspected concussion were referred to a study sport medicine physician. RESULTS A total of 134 injuries were captured, leading to an injury incidence rate (IR) of 57.9/1000 hours [95% confidence intervals (CIs): 45.4-73.8]. Median time loss was 6 days (range: 0-90). Injuries to the head were the most common (40%), followed by shoulder (12%) and ankle (10%). The concussion IR was 22.0/1000 hours (95% CIs: 15.9-30.4), which was the most common injury type (38%), followed by sprain (20%) and strain (15%). Sixty-five percent of injuries occurred in the tackle (ball carrier 35%, tackler 30%) and 76% of concussions (ball carrier 41%, tackler 35%). CONCLUSIONS The rate of injury and concussion in Canadian youth high school male rugby is high, with tackle-related injuries and concussions the most common. Given this, there is a critical need for implementation of prevention strategies, in particular targeting concussion and the tackle event (eg, neuromuscular, tackle training, and law changes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W West
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- O'Brien Institute of Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Isla J Shill
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Stacy Sick
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary Sport Medicine Centre, Calgary, Canada
| | - Kathryn J Schneider
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary Sport Medicine Centre, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - James Preston WIley
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary Sport Medicine Centre, Calgary, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Brent E Hagel
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- O'Brien Institute of Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; and
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Carolyn A Emery
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- O'Brien Institute of Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; and
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Amanda M Black
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- O'Brien Institute of Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Al Attar WSA, Ghulam H, Al Arifi S, Alomar AI, Alhosaini S, Alharbi S, Alraddadi Y, Sanders RH. Injury prevention programs including balance exercises with compliance and follow-up reduce the incidence of knee injuries in athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-220084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The knee is one of the most common injuries in sports. However, the incidence of knee injuries can be decreased by enhancing balance and neuromuscular control. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate how injury prevention programs (IPPs) that include balance training influence knee injury rates in athletes. METHODS: Data were obtained from different databases (1985–2021). Only randomised controlled trials that used IPPs that include balance training, were considered. Two investigators extracted data from the qualifying documents. The critical outcome data elements derived from the included studies were the number of ACL/knee injuries, ACL/knee injury rates, exposure hours, compliance rate, and follow-up duration. RESULTS: Compared to the control groups, those who participated in the IPP had a 54% lower risk of knee injuries per 1000 hours of exposure (IRR 0.457 (95% CI 0.346–0.603), P= 0.001) and a 60% lower risk of ACL injuries per 1000 hours of exposure (IRR 0.401 (95% CI 0.215–0.750), P= 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: IPPs that include balance training may reduce the risk of knee injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesam Saleh A. Al Attar
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain Ghulam
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud Al Arifi
- Department of Physical Therapy, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed I. Alomar
- Department of Physical Therapy, Security Forces Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alhosaini
- Department of Physical Therapy, King Fahd Central Hospital, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami Alharbi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Medical Rehabilitation Hospital, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasser Alraddadi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Medical Rehabilitation Hospital, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ross H. Sanders
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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9
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Robles-Palazón FJ, López-Valenciano A, De Ste Croix M, Oliver JL, García-Gómez A, Sainz de Baranda P, Ayala F. Epidemiology of injuries in male and female youth football players: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2022; 11:681-695. [PMID: 34700052 PMCID: PMC9729930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological data of injuries in male and female youth football players. METHODS Searches were performed in MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and SPORTDiscus databases. Studies were considered if they reported injury incidence rate in male and female youth (≤19 years old) football players. Two reviewers (FJRP and ALV) extracted data and assessed trial quality using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement and the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach determined the quality of evidence. Studies were combined using a Poisson random effects regression model. RESULTS Forty-three studies were included. The overall incidence rate was 5.70 injuries/1000 h in males and 6.77 injuries/1000 h in females. Match injury incidence (14.43 injuries/1000 h in males and 14.97 injuries/1000 h in females) was significantly higher than training injury incidence (2.77 injuries/1000 h in males and 2.62 injuries/1000 h in females). The lower extremity had the highest incidence rate in both sexes. The most common type of injury was muscle/tendon for males and joint/ligament for females. Minimal injuries were the most common in both sexes. The incidence rate of injuries increased with advances in chronological age in males. Elite male players presented higher match injury incidence than sub-elite players. In females, there was a paucity of data for comparison across age groups and levels of play. CONCLUSION The high injury incidence rates and sex differences identified for the most common location and type of injury reinforce the need for implementing different targeted injury-risk mitigation strategies in male and female youth football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Robles-Palazón
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia 30720, Spain
| | | | - Mark De Ste Croix
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester GL2 9HW, UK
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
| | - Alberto García-Gómez
- Operative Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche 03202, Spain
| | - Pilar Sainz de Baranda
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia 30720, Spain
| | - Francisco Ayala
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia 30720, Spain; School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester GL2 9HW, UK
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10
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International perspectives on trends in paediatric sports-related concussion: knowledge, management, unanswered questions. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-01014-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
In the last 20 years, concussion has received increased attention in the media, with distinct recognition of sports-related concussion (SRC). Much of this attention has centred on the paediatric population, due to concerns over adolescent brain development and the high numbers of teenagers playing contact sport. This qualitative study explored (1) what experts in the field of concussion perceive regarding trends in paediatric concussion awareness and management, and (2) how responses to these questions differ by country (US vs. NZ) and by discipline (research vs. sports coaching vs. sports medicine).
Methods
After the development of a semi-structured interview template, questions were coded for interviews of six (N = 6) experts in academia, medicine, and coaching: three in the United States (N = 3) and three in New Zealand (N = 3). Interviews were then transcribed and qualitatively analysed using a thematic narrative analysis. Emergent themes included concussion knowledge, management, and unanswered questions.
Results
Findings showed general commonalities on the importance of concussion education, the improvement of concussion awareness, compliance to concussion protocols, and the need to research long-term outcomes. Fewer commonalities were found regarding the level of concussion reporting, the impact of multiple concussions, whether paediatric and adult concussion should be treated similarly, and the utility of concussion tests.
Conclusions
Concussion experts agree on many areas; however, divergent opinions were apparent. Further original research is required within the paediatric population to analyse the efficacy of current concussion guidelines.
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11
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Gibson ES, Cairo A, Räisänen AM, Kuntze C, Emery CA, Pasanen K. The Epidemiology of Youth Sport-Related Shoulder Injuries: A Systematic Review. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2022; 2022:8791398. [PMID: 38655170 PMCID: PMC11022765 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8791398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Background Youth around the globe place their shoulders at risk for injury when participating in sports. Shoulder injuries may vary in severity, produce the potential for time-loss from sport, and result in functional disability. We sought to explore sport-related shoulder injuries in youth by identifying injury rates, risk factors, injury mechanisms, and injury prevention strategies. Methods All relevant full-text articles were identified by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Sport Discus, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry. No date restrictions were used. All full-text studies reporting original research describing sport-related shoulder injury among female and/or male youth from 5 to 18 years old were included. Results Of 3,889 studies screened, 97 described shoulder injury in youth sports. Shoulder injuries were identified in 24 unique sports. The median seasonal prevalence of shoulder injury was 10.9% (range 1.2-28.2%). The most common injury mechanisms identified were contacted with another player, contact with the playing environment, and falling to the ground. Risk factors for shoulder injury identified were side-to-side strength imbalances, weak external rotator muscles, and scapular dyskinesia. One study evaluated a successful training strategy to prevent shoulder injuries, but two other interventions demonstrated no effect. Conclusions Sport-related shoulder injuries are prevalent among youth athletes. Injury risk factors identified included modifiable intrinsic factors such as strength, range of motion, and training load. The most common injury mechanism was direct contact with either another person or an object in the playing environment. Innovative shoulder-specific strategies are needed to reduce shoulder injuries in this population. Trial Registration: PROSPERO ID: CRD42020189142.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Gibson
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Alexis Cairo
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Anu M. Räisänen
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy Education, College of Health Sciences - Northwest, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, Oregon, USA
| | - Colleen Kuntze
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Carolyn A. Emery
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Kati Pasanen
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
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12
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Injury prevention programs that include balance training exercises reduce ankle injury rates among soccer players: a systematic review. J Physiother 2022; 68:165-173. [PMID: 35753965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphys.2022.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
QUESTION What is the effect of injury prevention programs that include balance training exercises on the incidence of ankle injuries among soccer players? DESIGN Systematic review of randomised trials with meta-analysis. PARTICIPANTS Soccer players of any age, sex or competition level. INTERVENTIONS The experimental intervention was an injury prevention program that included balance training exercises. The control intervention was the soccer team's usual warm-up program. OUTCOME MEASURES Exposure-based ankle injury rates. RESULTS Nine articles met the inclusion criteria. The pooled results of injury prevention programs that included balance training exercises among 4,959 soccer players showed a 36% reduction in ankle injury per 1,000 hours of exposure compared to the control group with an injury risk ratio (IRR) of 0.64 (95% CI 0.54 to 0.77). The pooled results of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) injury prevention programs caused a 37% reduction in ankle injury (IRR 0.63, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.84) and balance-training exercises alone cause a 42% reduction in ankle injury (IRR 0.58, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.84). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis demonstrates that balance exercises alone or as part of an injury prevention program decrease the risk of ankle injuries. PROSPERO CRD42017054450.
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13
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Nutt S, McKay MJ, Gillies L, Peek K. Neck strength and concussion prevalence in football and rugby athletes. J Sci Med Sport 2022; 25:632-638. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Geldenhuys AG, Burgess T, Roche S, Hendricks S. Return to play protocols for musculoskeletal upper and lower limb injuries in tackle-collision team sports: A systematic review. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1743-1756. [PMID: 34328056 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1960623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Athletes in tackle-collision teams are at high risk of musculoskeletal injuries resulting in absence from play due to the high impact nature of the sport. There is a paucity of research to guide the management and assessment methods needed to facilitate the return to play (RTP) process. This review aimed to describe, synthesise and evaluate RTP protocols implemented for musculoskeletal injuries in tackle-collision teams. A systematic search of Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science and Ebsco Host was conducted for RTP management protocols and assessment modalities following upper and lower limb musculoskeletal injuries in tackle-collision team athletes. Prospective and retrospective quantitative controlled trials, cohort, case-control, case-series and cross-sectional observation studies published between January 2000 and March 2020 were considered. The main outcome measures were the proportion of athletes to RTP, associated time-loss and reinjury risk. 5265 articles were screened. 34 studies met the eligibility criteria of which 23 involved management and 11 assessment modalities. Management involved surgical or conservative strategies along with exercise-based rehabilitation. Assessment modalities included radiographic assessment, clinical evaluation and subjective ratings. Promising RTP management included progressive weight-bearing and exercised-based rehabilitation for ankle sprains as well as surgery, the use of a sling and exercise-based rehabilitation for shoulder instability. MRI scans showed promise in predicting time-loss following hamstring and calf strains in tackle-collision athletes. There are currently no clear guidelines for RTP after musculoskeletal injuries in tackle-collision sports. Future research should investigate efficient management strategies evaluated through valid and reliable assessment methods to better guide clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Grethe Geldenhuys
- Division of Exercise Science & Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Newlands, South Africa
| | - Theresa Burgess
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Centre for Medical Ethics and Law, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stephen Roche
- Orthopaedic Research Unit, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Groote Schuur Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sharief Hendricks
- Division of Exercise Science & Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Newlands, South Africa.,Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Institute for Sport Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, England
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15
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Bertschy M, Howard JT, Oyama S, Cheever K. Reduced Injury Prevalence in Soccer Athletes Following GPS Guided Acclimatization. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2021; 14:1070-1077. [PMID: 34567387 PMCID: PMC8439688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
GPS technology has been used to retrospectively correlate injury risk to changes in training load, however the use of GPS technology to plan and monitor training load over an acclimatization period to prevent musculoskeletal injury remains unexplored. This article reports the utility of GPS technology to help develop and monitor incremental increases in training load while transitioning from off-season to in season to reduce musculoskeletal injury. A series of daily minimum standards were established based on observed training loads in year 1 to gradually acclimate soccer athletes over a 5-week period prior to competition season in year 2. Daily check-ins with GPS data were used to ensure athletes met the standards to safely reach the expected training load of a competitive season. Following the 5-week GPS guided training program a lower overall prevalence of injury (Year 1: 92.6% (95%CI = 75.7-100) vs. Year 2: 55.2% (95%CI = 35.7-73.6)) (p = .002) and overall injury rate (Year 1: 8.1/1000 exposure hours (95%CI = 5.2-12) vs 4.6/1000 exposure hours (95%CI = 2.7-7.5) in year 2 (p = .08)) was observed. The observed reduction in injury prevalence and incidence demonstrates how GPS data can be used to proactively design and monitor preventative chronic training load acclimatization programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montgomery Bertschy
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Howard
- Department of Public Health, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sakiko Oyama
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kelly Cheever
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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16
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Sport Injuries among Amateur Women and Young Intermediate Level Female Handball Players: A Preliminary Investigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57060565. [PMID: 34199503 PMCID: PMC8228691 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57060565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Handball is a popular sport among women whose practice can lead to marked health benefits but could also show a high injury risk. There is a lack of research on intermediate level female players. We aimed to identify the prevalence of sport injuries in amateur and young intermediate level female handball players and the potential influence of the sport category. Materials and Methods: A group of cadets, juvenile and senior female players of three handball clubs participating in the Spanish regional league were followed throughout the 2018–2019 season. Information on injuries and exposure was collected via questionnaires. Results: Out of 114 players (34 seniors, 33 juvenile and 47 cadets), 77 of them sustained at least one injury. Most of the injuries were either moderate or severe, regardless of the category. A total of 7.93, 5.93 and 4.16 injuries per 1000 h of exposure were registered in the senior, juvenile and cadet categories respectively. The risk of sustaining an injury was 2.14 times higher for senior players Confidence Interval (CI 95%: 1.51–3.03) and 1.92 higher for juvenile players (CI 95%: 1.32–2.78) when compared with cadets. Conclusions: Senior and young female handball athletes playing at an amateur and intermediate level, are exposed to a substantial risk of sustaining a moderate or severe injury. The players’ category does not seem to have a great impact on the injury rate and on the characteristics of the sport injuries registered.
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17
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Bram JT, Magee LC, Mehta NN, Patel NM, Ganley TJ. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Incidence in Adolescent Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med 2021; 49:1962-1972. [PMID: 33090889 DOI: 10.1177/0363546520959619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries among adolescent athletes is steadily increasing. Identification of the highest risk sports for ACL injuries by sex and competitive setting (ie, practice vs match) is important for targeting injury prevention programs. PURPOSE To identify the risk of ACL injuries in adolescent athletes by sport, sex, and setting across a variety of common US and international sports. STUDY DESIGN Meta-analysis. METHODS Essentially, 3 online databases (PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library) were searched for all studies of ACL injuries per athlete-exposure (AE) or hours of exposure in adolescent athletes. Injuries were then pooled and incidence rates (IRs) reported per 1000 AEs or hours of exposure, with the relative risk (RR) of injuries calculated for sex-comparable sports. IRs per competitive setting (match vs practice) were also calculated. RESULTS A total of 1235 ACL injuries over 17,824,251 AEs were identified (IR, 0.069 [95% CI, 0.065-0.074]), with 586 of these injuries in girls across 6,986,683 AEs (IR, 0.084 [95% CI, 0.077-0.091]) versus 649 injuries in boys over 10,837,568 AEs (IR, 0.060 [95% CI, 0.055-0.065]). Girls had a higher overall rate of ACL injuries (RR, 1.40 [95% CI, 1.25-1.57]), with the most disproportionate risk observed in basketball (RR, 4.14 [95% CI, 2.98-5.76]). The risk of ACL injuries by sex was highest in girls' soccer (IR, 0.166 [95% CI, 0.146-0.189]) and boys' football (IR, 0.101 [95% CI, 0.092-0.111]). ACL injuries were over 8 (RR, 8.54 [95% CI, 6.46-11.30]) and 6 (RR, 6.85 [95% CI, 5.52-8.49]) times more likely to occur in a match versus a practice setting for female and male athletes, respectively. CONCLUSION The risk of ACL injuries overall approached nearly 1 per 10,000 AEs for female athletes, who were almost 1.5 times as likely as male athletes to suffer an ACL injury across all adolescent sports. A multisport female athlete was estimated to have a nearly 10% risk of ACL injuries over her entire high school or secondary school career. Specifically, male and female adolescents playing soccer, basketball, lacrosse, and football appeared at particular risk of injuries, a finding that can be used to target an injury intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Bram
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lacey C Magee
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nishank N Mehta
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Neeraj M Patel
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Theodore J Ganley
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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18
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A Hospital Clinic Experience with Isolated Lateral Meniscal Tears in Sports: A Chart Review on Rugby. Asian J Sports Med 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.108983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Rugby is a contact sport, and the frequency of injuries is high. In our clinical experience with patients diagnosed arthroscopically with lateral meniscus tears in the middle segment, rugby players are more prevalent than players of other sports. We hypothesized that a meniscus tear in the middle segment is a common injury in rugby players and is associated with specific positions in rugby. Objectives: This study aimed to describe a series of lateral meniscus tears in rugby players. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical charts of cases with an arthroscopically confirmed isolated lateral meniscus tear in the middle segment associated with rugby players in our center between 2006 and 2020. We investigated the epidemiology of injury, including the player position and phase of play, the symptoms; as well as imaging and arthroscopic findings. Results: Of 4452 cases (4666 knees) diagnosed arthroscopically with meniscus tears, 27 cases (28 knees) were isolated radial lateral meniscus tears in the middle segment, 26 of which were sports-associated, including 11 cases related to rugby. Among the 11 rugby players, 10 were forwards, 5 of whom were in the front row. The injury was associated with a tackle in 4 patients, while the phase of play of injury was unknown in 6 patients. In the clinical manual examination, tenderness and a positive hyperextension test had a relatively high sensitivity. In imaging examination, MRI depicted a characteristic image of a partial meniscal defect in the sagittal view. All patients underwent arthroscopic partial meniscectomy. The postoperative course was favorable. All patients returned to play rugby at the pre-injury competition level. Conclusions: In this study, radial lateral meniscus tears involving the middle segment frequently occurred in rugby players, mostly in forward positions. Arthroscopic partial meniscectomy achieved a return to play in all players.
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19
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Chandran A, Elmi A, Young H, DiPietro L. Determinants of lower-extremity injury severity and recovery in U.S. High School Soccer Players. Res Sports Med 2021; 30:272-282. [PMID: 33678082 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1895782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Lower-extremity injuries are common among soccer players, yet few studies have attempted to identify determinants of lower-extremity injury severity and recovery within this group. We aim to identify determinants of lower-extremity injury severity and recovery among high school (HS) soccer players in the US. We used soccer-related injury observations recorded within the NATION-SP during 2011/12-2013/14. Odds of a season-ending game-related injury were higher than a season-ending practice-related injury (Adj. OR = 2.64, 95% CI = [1.39, 5.01]). Gender, setting, and playing surface emerged as significant determinants of any time loss following lower-extremity injuries in multivariable logistic regression models, and multivariable random effects Poisson regression models also revealed significant differences in recovery durations across levels of these variables for "similarly severe" injuries. Findings suggest that gender, injury setting, playing surface contribute to injury corollaries differently. Similar multi-method approaches are needed to identify determinants of injury severity and recovery in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Chandran
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington D.C., USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Angelo Elmi
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Heather Young
- Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Loretta DiPietro
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington D.C., USA
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20
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Cardiovascular fitness and health effects of various types of team sports for adult and elderly inactive individuals - a brief narrative review. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 63:709-722. [PMID: 33328098 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recreational team sports offer an alternative form of exercise to inactive individuals across the lifespan and sexes. Soccer is the most investigated recreational team sport reporting a wide range of health benefits, including cardiovascular (CV) health. The quest for novel paradigms to promote exercise in the general population, recently extended its interest to other team sports besides soccer. The available research supports the importance of recreational team handball, floorball, basketball, touch rugby, futsal and volleyball as training paradigms to improve CV fitness and other health-related variables in inactive individuals across ages and sexes. In most cases, recreational team sports programs assume the form of small-sided games, eliciting mean heart rates of 72-85% of the individual maximal. The majority of the training interventions were carried out for 12weeks with a reported mean attendance of 2 times 40-60min per week. Maximal oxygen uptake improvements were different in magnitude across the recreational team sports, with recreational team handball providing significant and clinically relevant increases (>3.5ml·kg-1·min-1). Game format, training exposure and pre-intervention health and fitness status are issues that need further investigation with the aim to optimize recreational team sports exercise programs implementation. Furthermore, the nature and effects of grassroots team sports should be further studied in order to provide as many as possible effective training tools for former practitioners and for the general population that has none or little experience of sport. Given the potential positive impact of recreational team sports practice on world population's health, large-scale randomized controlled trials are warranted.
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21
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Seah PZ, Chee JNZH, Feng JXY, Ting YS, Chong SL. Risk Stratification of Paediatric Sports Injuries Seen at a Tertiary Hospital. ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 2020; 49:955-962. [PMID: 33463653 DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.2020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this study, we described paediatric sports injuries seen in the paediatric emergency department of a large, tertiary paediatric hospital in Singapore and evaluated risk factors for severe sports injuries. METHODS This is a retrospective review of a paediatric trauma surveillance registry from February 2012 to October 2017, including patient demographics, type of sports, circumstances, type of injuries, and clinical management in the hospital. Patients 5 to 17 years old with a sports-related injury were included. We performed logistic regression to identify predictors of severe sports injuries (defined by Injury Severity Score of ≥9), injuries requiring hospitalisation, trauma team activation, resuscitation, or those that resulted in death. RESULTS Among 10,951 patients analysed, the most common injuries sustained were fractures (4,819, 44.0%), sprains and contusions (3,334, 30.4%). For patients with severe injuries, the median length of hospital stay was 2 days (IQR 1-3 days), and time away from sports was 162 days (IQR 104-182 days). Predictors for severe injuries include transportation by emergency medical service (aOR 6.346, 95% CI 5.147-7.823), involvement in rugby (aOR 2.067, 95% CI 1.446-2.957), neurological injuries (aOR 4.585, 95% CI 2.393-4.365), dislocations (aOR 2.779, 95% CI 1.744-4.427), fractures (aOR 1.438, 95% CI 1.039-1.990), injuries to the head and neck (aOR 2.274, 95% CI 1.184-4.365), and injuries to the abdomen and pelvis (aOR 5.273, 95% CI 3.225-8.623). CONCLUSION Predictors for severe sports injuries identified may aid in risk stratification and resource allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhen Seah
- Department of Emergency Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
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Lopez V, Ma R, Weinstein MG, Hume PA, Cantu RC, Victoria C, Queler SC, Webb KJA, Allen AA. United States Under-19 Rugby-7s: Incidence and Nature of Match Injuries During a 5-year Epidemiological Study. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2020; 6:41. [PMID: 32852666 PMCID: PMC7452962 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-020-00261-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background There is a lack of injury data for the new Olympic sport of Rugby-7s, particularly for involved youth. Objective To determine injury rates and characteristics for players participating in U.S. Rugby-7s U19 (under 19 years of age) tournaments. Methods Injury data were collected, using the Rugby Injury Survey & Evaluation report methodology, at 24 U.S. Rugby-7 s U19 tournaments over 30 tournament days (2010–2014). Tournament medical-attention injuries and time-loss injuries (days absent before return to training/competition including post tournament) were recorded. Results During the 2101 playing hours (3072 males, aged 17.2 ± 1.5 years; 732 females, 16.6 ± 1.3 years of age), there were 173 tournament injuries with an overall injury incidence of 82.4/1000 player-match-hours (ph) (CI 70.5–95.6). Acute injuries (79.5/1000 ph) occurred during tackling (56.2/1000 ph) and involved joints/ligaments (32.8/1000 ph) of lower extremities (31.9/1000 ph). Head and neck injuries, including concussions, were common (males 21.9/1000 ph; females 22.0/1000 ph). Medical-attention injury incidences (49.5/1000 ph; n = 104; 95% CI 40.5–60.0) were higher than time loss (32.8/1000 ph; n = 69; 95% CI 25.5–41.6). Overall, injury incidences found no difference between sex (RR 0.78; p = 0.369). Time-loss injuries resulted in an average of 35.5 d to return to sport. Discussion This study is the first to report match injury incidences for U19 participants in Rugby-7s. Overall, match injury incidence among U.S. U19 Rugby-7s tournaments was similar compared to adult U.S. community Rugby-7s. Recurrent injury risk was notable in this population. Community injury surveillance studies are essential to understand risk from participation in amateur sports. Knowledge of these injury patterns in U19 Rugby-7s will help identify areas to direct resources to enable growth of Rugby-7s in youths and emerging countries being exposed to Rugby-7 s. Age-based injury frequency and patterns in rugby and its various formats are needed for the development of evidence-based, sport-specific, and population-specific injury prevention initiatives. Conclusions The match injury incidence of U19 participants in U.S. Rugby-7s was similar to the incidence among adult participants. Recurrent match injury risk was high at 23%. There were no significant differences in injury incidences between males and females. The first three matches of a tournament day result in the most injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Lopez
- Rugby Research and Injury Prevention Group, affiliate Hospital for Special Surgery, 118-17 Union Turnpike, Suite 3B, New York, NY, 11375, USA. .,Auckland University of Technology, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, New Zealand, AUT Millennium, 17 Antares Place, Mairangi Bay, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand. .,USA Rugby Empire Geographic Union RFUs, P.O. Box 488, Bowling Green Station, New York, NY, 10274, USA. .,USA Rugby New England Geographic Union RFU, 2193 Commonwealth Ave, Box 364, Brighton, MA, 02135, USA. .,Northeast Rugby Academy, USA Rugby Development Program and USOC-Community Olympic Development Program, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Richard Ma
- Rugby Research and Injury Prevention Group, affiliate Hospital for Special Surgery, 118-17 Union Turnpike, Suite 3B, New York, NY, 11375, USA.,Auckland University of Technology, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, New Zealand, AUT Millennium, 17 Antares Place, Mairangi Bay, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,Northeast Rugby Academy, USA Rugby Development Program and USOC-Community Olympic Development Program, New York, NY, USA.,University of Missouri, Missouri Orthopaedic Institute & Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Meryle G Weinstein
- Rugby Research and Injury Prevention Group, affiliate Hospital for Special Surgery, 118-17 Union Turnpike, Suite 3B, New York, NY, 11375, USA.,New York University, Department of Applied Statistics, Social Sciences, and Humanities, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patria A Hume
- Auckland University of Technology, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, New Zealand, AUT Millennium, 17 Antares Place, Mairangi Bay, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Robert C Cantu
- Center for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Cantu Concussion Center, Department of Neurosurgery and Sports Medicine, Emerson Hospital, Concord, MA, USA.,Neurologic Sports Injury Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Concussion Legacy Foundation, Waltham, MA, USA.,World Rugby, Independent Concussion Group, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christian Victoria
- Rugby Research and Injury Prevention Group, affiliate Hospital for Special Surgery, 118-17 Union Turnpike, Suite 3B, New York, NY, 11375, USA.,New York University, College of Global Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sophie C Queler
- Rugby Research and Injury Prevention Group, affiliate Hospital for Special Surgery, 118-17 Union Turnpike, Suite 3B, New York, NY, 11375, USA.,Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Khalil J A Webb
- Rugby Research and Injury Prevention Group, affiliate Hospital for Special Surgery, 118-17 Union Turnpike, Suite 3B, New York, NY, 11375, USA.,University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Answorth A Allen
- Sports Medicine Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.,National Basketball Association, New York Knickerbockers, New York, NY, USA.,USA Basketball, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
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Sieland J, Krause F, Kalo K, Wilke J, Vogt L, Banzer W, Niederer D. Injuries and functional performance status in young elite football players: a prospective 2-year monitoring. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:1363-1370. [PMID: 32608931 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10886-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor function, such as strength asymmetries of the lower extremities and impaired dynamic stability, have a predictive value for the risk of injury. The present study aimed to reveal potential associations between injury and motor performance. METHODS Two hundred and five male youth elite (association) football (soccer) players (mean: 13.5±4.5 years, 57.2±30.2 kg, 168±35 cm) were included. A test battery was conducted twice per season, over two consecutive seasons (four times). Mobility (Sit and Reach Test, SnR), dynamic stability (Single Leg Hop for Distance, SLHD), linear sprinting speed (10 m, 30 m [s]), agility (Zig-Zag test with and without dribbling a ball [s]), jump performance (countermovement jump (CMJ) and drop jump (DJ), in cm) and maximal isometric voluntary force (MIVF, in N) of the knee extensors and flexors were assessed. All injuries occurring over the two-year period, as well as training and competition exposure time, were collected and used as grouping variables for statistical difference testing. RESULTS One hundred and twenty-five injuries in 93 players occurred (an injury incidence of 2.7/1000 hours of exposure). Age was associated with injury incidence (r=0.191; P=0.006). Neither DJ, CMJ, SnR nor agility performance were statistically different between injured and non-injured participants (P>0.05). Group differences did occur for sprint and strength (P=0.011; P=0.016), but these lapsed after the inclusion of age as a covariate. Only for SLHD symmetry was a non-significant trend evident after the correction for age (P=0.08). CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of musculoskeletal injuries in junior football players are, probably, not related to baseline motor function. Group differences between injured and non-injured youth elite football players are mostly explained by age. Only the symmetry in SLHD could be a potential risk factor for injuries and merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Sieland
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany -
| | - Frieder Krause
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kristin Kalo
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jan Wilke
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lutz Vogt
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Winfried Banzer
- Department of Preventive and Sports Medicine, Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniel Niederer
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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King D, Hume P, Cummins C, Pearce A, Clark T, Foskett A, Barnes M. Match and Training Injuries in Women's Rugby Union: A Systematic Review of Published Studies. Sports Med 2020; 49:1559-1574. [PMID: 31292854 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01151-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a paucity of studies reporting on women's injuries in rugby union. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review was to describe the injury epidemiology for women's rugby-15s and rugby-7s match and training environments. METHODS Systematic searches of PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, CINAHL(EBSCO) and ScienceDirect databases using keywords. RESULTS Ten articles addressing the incidence of injury in women's rugby union players were retrieved and included. The pooled incidence of injuries in women's rugby-15s was 19.6 (95% CI 17.7-21.7) per 1000 match-hours (h). Injuries in women's rugby-15s varied from 3.6 (95% CI 2.5-5.3) per 1000 playing-h (including training and games) to 37.5 (95% CI 26.5-48.5) per 1000 match-h. Women's rugby-7s had a pooled injury incidence of 62.5 (95% CI 54.7-70.4) per 1000 player-h and the injury incidence varied from 46.3 (95% CI 38.7-55.4) per 1000 match-h to 95.4 (95% CI 79.9-113.9) per 1000 match-h. The tackle was the most commonly reported injury cause with the ball carrier recording more injuries at the collegiate [5.5 (95% CI 4.5-6.8) vs. 3.5 (95% CI 2.7-4.6) per 1000 player-game-h; χ2(1) = 6.7; p = 0.0095], and Women's Rugby World Cup (WRWC) [2006: 14.5 (95% CI 8.9-23.7) vs. 10.9 (95% CI 6.2-19.2) per 1000 match-h; χ2(1) = 0.6; p = 0.4497; 2010: 11.8 (95% CI 6.9-20.4) vs. 1.8 (95% CI 0.5-7.3) per 1000 match-h; χ2(1) = 8.1; p = 0.0045] levels of participation. Concussions and sprains/strains were the most commonly reported injuries at the collegiate level of participation. DISCUSSION Women's rugby-7s had a higher un-pooled injury incidence than women's rugby-15s players based on rugby-specific surveys and hospitalisation data. The incidence of injury in women's rugby-15s and rugby-7s was lower than men's professional rugby-15s and rugby-7s competitions but similar to male youth rugby-15s players. Differences in reporting methodologies limited comparison of results. CONCLUSION Women's rugby-7s resulted in a higher injury incidence than women's rugby-15s. The head/face was the most commonly reported injury site. The tackle was the most common cause of injury in both rugby-7s and rugby-15s at all levels. Future studies are warranted on injuries in women's rugby-15s and rugby-7s. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42018109054 (last updated on 17 January 2019).
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Affiliation(s)
- Doug King
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand.
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Faculty of Health and Environment Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.
| | - Patria Hume
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Faculty of Health and Environment Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- National Institute of Stroke and Applied Neuroscience (NISAN), Faculty of Health and Environment Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cloe Cummins
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
- Institute for Sport Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- National Rugby League, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alan Pearce
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Trevor Clark
- Sports Performance, Faculty of Human Performance, Australian College of Physical Education, Sydney Olympic Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Foskett
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Matt Barnes
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
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Fouasson-Chailloux A, Mesland O, Menu P, Dauty M. Soccer injuries documented by F-MARC guidelines in 13- and 14-year old national elite players: A 5-year cohort study. Sci Sports 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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Onofrei RR, Amaricai E, Petroman R, Surducan D, Suciu O. Preseason Dynamic Balance Performance in Healthy Elite Male Soccer Players. Am J Mens Health 2020; 13:1557988319831920. [PMID: 30776956 PMCID: PMC6775551 DOI: 10.1177/1557988319831920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower limb musculoskeletal injuries in sports are linked with balance abnormalities and altered postural control. Dynamic balance screening should be performed in order to identify athletes at risk. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the preseason dynamic balance performance and side-to-side asymmetry of healthy elite male soccer players, using modified Star Excursion Balance Test (mSEBT). Seventy-three elite soccer players (23.8 ± 5.4 years) were evaluated using the mSEBT. Normalized reach distances, side-to-side asymmetries, and composite scores were determined. The composite scores were 93.33% ± 8.99% for dominant leg and 93.36% ± 9.23% for nondominant leg. No significant differences were found between dominant and nondominant limb in any direction. The mSEBT is an easy-to-use tool to measure the dynamic balance performance in elite athletes. It can be applied successfully during preseason physical examinations. Future studies are needed to establish predictive cutoff points in order to increase mSEBT use in screening soccer players for dynamic balance abnormalities and identify those at risk for noncontact lower limb injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana-Ramona Onofrei
- 1 Department of Rehabilitation, Physical Medicine and Rheumatology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania.,2 "Pius Brinzeu" Emergency County Hospital Timisoara, Romania
| | - Elena Amaricai
- 1 Department of Rehabilitation, Physical Medicine and Rheumatology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania.,3 "Luis Turcanu" Emergency Children's Hospital Timisoara, Romania
| | - Radu Petroman
- 1 Department of Rehabilitation, Physical Medicine and Rheumatology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania.,2 "Pius Brinzeu" Emergency County Hospital Timisoara, Romania
| | - Dan Surducan
- 1 Department of Rehabilitation, Physical Medicine and Rheumatology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania
| | - Oana Suciu
- 1 Department of Rehabilitation, Physical Medicine and Rheumatology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania
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Functional Movement Patterns and Body Composition of High-Level Volleyball, Soccer, and Rugby Players. J Sport Rehabil 2019; 28:740-745. [PMID: 30222499 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2018-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Sports practice leads athletes to develop a specific body composition, coordination patterns, and basic motor skills based on the different tactical and physical needs. OBJECTIVES To present and compare a wide range of functional movement patterns and body composition (BC) parameters of high-level male athletes playing different sports and to determine if there was a relationship between the parameters examined. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Team facilities. PARTICIPANTS A total of 30 volleyball, 25 soccer, and 30 rugby players (age = 25.9 [5.0] y and body mass index = 25.6 [4.1] kg/m2). INTERVENTIONS Functional movement patterns and anthropometric measurements were collected by a physician specifically trained. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Body mass index, fat mass, fat-free mass, upper-arm muscle and fat area, calf muscle and fat area, thigh muscle and fat area, and functional movement screen (FMS) scores. In addition to considering the FMS total score, the authors separated the screen into 3 parts: FMSmove, FMSflex, and FMSstab. RESULTS The rugby players showed a higher number of asymmetrical and dysfunctional movements than the other athletes (P < .01), while the highest scores in FMSflex were obtained by the volleyball players (P < .01). In addition, most of the asymmetrical and painful movements in the athletes were measured on the shoulder mobility test. Muscle and fat areas differed significantly among the athletes (P < .05). Significant associations were found between movement patterns and several BC variables. In particular, large negative correlations were measured between percentage of fat mass (r = -.616; P < .01), upper-arm fat area (r = -.519; P < .01), and FMS total score. CONCLUSIONS Functional movement patterns and BC differ in athletes according to the sport practiced. Furthermore, reaching an optimal BC is essential to achieve a satisfactory quality of movement.
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28
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The Epidemiology of Sport-Related Concussion: What the Rehabilitation Clinician Needs to Know. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2019; 49:768-778. [PMID: 31672116 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2019.9105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sport-related concussion is common in full-contact and collision sports. Epidemiology studies use different types of surveillance systems and concussion definitions. Concussion incidence rates vary across age, sex, sport, and level of competition. Incidence rates are increasing, likely due to higher rates of reporting following improved knowledge and increased regulations. In this review, we summarize 7 key concepts related to concussion epidemiology: concussion definition, changes in concussion knowledge, reliability and accuracy of injury surveillance systems, conservative management and return to play, reliability of self-report, incidence of concussion across levels of play, and understanding the behaviors of players, coaches, and medical personnel from a multidisciplinary management perspective. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2019;49(11):768-778. doi:10.2519/jospt.2019.9105.
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Injury surveillance in school Rugby: A systematic review of injury epidemiology & surveillance practices. Phys Ther Sport 2019; 38:170-178. [PMID: 31158741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Background Rugby union is a physically demanding, full-contact team sport that has gained worldwide popularity. The incidence of injury in rugby union has been widely reported in the literature. While comprehensive injury surveillance and prevention programmes have been implemented within the professional game, there is a need for similar strategies in the amateur game. Despite recent increases in the volume of research in rugby, there is little consensus regarding the true incidence rate of match and training injuries in senior amateur male rugby union players. Objective The aim of the current review was to systematically review the available evidence on the epidemiology of time-loss injuries in senior amateur male rugby union players and to subsequently conduct a meta-analysis of the findings. Methods A comprehensive search of the PubMed, Scopus, SportDiscus and Google Scholar electronic databases was performed using the following keywords; (‘rugby’ OR ‘rugby union’) AND (‘amateur’ OR ‘community’) AND (‘injur*’ OR ‘pain*’). Six articles regarding the incidence of injury in senior amateur male rugby union players, in both matches and training, were retrieved and included in the meta-analysis to determine the overall incidence rate of match injury, with descriptive analyses also provided for other reported variables. Results The overall incidence rate of match injuries within senior amateur rugby union players was 46.8/1000 player hours [95% confidence interval (CI) 34.4–59.2]. Contact events accounted for the majority of injuries, with the tackler more at risk than the player being tackled, and with respective incidence rates of 15.9/1000 player hours (95% CI 12.4–19.5) and 12.2/1000 player hours (95% CI 9.3–15.1). Conclusion This meta-analysis found that the incidence rate of injury in amateur rugby union players was lower than that in professional players, but higher than the incidences reported in adolescent and youth rugby players. By understanding the true incidence and nature of injuries in rugby, injury prevention strategies can best be implemented. Future prevention strategies may best be aimed towards the tackle area, specifically to the tackler, in order to minimize injury risk.
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Hausken S, Barker-Ruchti N, Schubring A, Grau S. Injury-Free Children and Adolescents: Towards Better Practice in Swedish Football (FIT project). RESEARCH IDEAS AND OUTCOMES 2018. [DOI: 10.3897/rio.4.e30729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This interdisciplinary research project will produce evidence-based recommendations on how injuries in Swedish youth football (soccer) can be prevented. Fewer injuries will positively impact athlete health, performance and career longevity and have the potential to promote life-long physical activity and wellbeing.
Injury pattern research demonstrates that injuries are a significant problem in (Swedish) youth sport. Football has a higher traumatic and overuse injury rate than many contact/collision sports (e.g., field hockey, basketball). In research on youth football, the incidence of overuse training injuries was measured as high as 15.4 injuries per 1000 training hours, and the incidence of traumatic and overuse match injuries was 47.5 injuries per 1000 match hours. The injury frequency is alarming and applies to the 54% of children aged 7-14 and the 39% of youths aged 15-19 years who participate in Swedish organised sports. A large body of research identifies injury risk factors and preventative strategies; however, as the recent IOC consensus statement on youth athletic development points out, the existing, mostly bio-medical knowledge does not provide effective evidence-based injury prevention strategies. To address this deficit, interdisciplinary and context-driven knowledge on injury development in youth sport is needed.
The proposed project will produce scientific evidence through four consecutive studies: a) Questionnaire to register the types, frequency and management of injuries; b) Laboratory testing of biomechanical, clinical and training-specific parameters to establish individual physical and sport-specific dispositions; c) Observation of sporting contexts to understand sporting cultures, coaching methods and coach-athlete relationships; and d) Interviews with coaches and players to recognize knowledge that shapes coaching and training. The sample of youth players will be recruited from Sweden’s most popular and injury-prone sport: football. Each of the four studies will conduct its own data production and analyses, and a collective analysis will produce integrated evidence. Concrete recommendations for best sporting practice will be developed, which will serve sporting federations, sport education institutions, coaches, sport support staff and players.
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Gkrilias P, Zavvos A, Fousekis K, Billis E, Matzaroglou C, Tsepis E. Dynamic balance asymmetries in pre-season injury-prevention screening in healthy young soccer players using the Modified Star Excursion Balance Test-a pilot study. J Phys Ther Sci 2018; 30:1141-1144. [PMID: 30214113 PMCID: PMC6127494 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.30.1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this preliminary study was to investigate whether young players
with no history of injury, have developed early asymmetries in dynamic balance ability
tested via the recommended for screening in sports, Modified Star Excursion Balance Test
(MSEBT). [Participants and Methods] Twenty-four young healthy male soccer players
participated in the study having at least 4 years of systematic soccer training. The
Waterloo Footedness Questionnaire was used to discriminate the stability dominant leg
(STAB) from the non-stability dominant leg (NSTAB). Dynamic balance was assessed via the
MSEBT. Participants, after familiarization, made 3 attempts in each direction for both
legs: a) Anterior (AN), b) Posterolateral (PL) and c) Posteromedial (PM). [Results] The
sole statistically significant performance asymmetry was in the PL direction, in favor of
the STAB (94.5 ± 13.3 cm vs. 98.1 ± 10.4 cm). [Conclusion] The results of this pilot study
showed a potential for developing dynamic balance asymmetries, in soccer players at the
age of 13–14 years. Since asymmetry was significant in only one direction, further long
term monitoring would be helpful to evaluate whether this is a growing functional deficit,
potentially involving any of the other two directions of testing or if it is alleviated
with increasing training age. These asymmetries could comprise an injury risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Gkrilias
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Welfare, Technological Educational Institute (TEI) of Western Greece: Psarron 6, Aigio Achaias 25100, Greece
| | - Athanasios Zavvos
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Welfare, Technological Educational Institute (TEI) of Western Greece: Psarron 6, Aigio Achaias 25100, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Fousekis
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Welfare, Technological Educational Institute (TEI) of Western Greece: Psarron 6, Aigio Achaias 25100, Greece
| | - Evdokia Billis
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Welfare, Technological Educational Institute (TEI) of Western Greece: Psarron 6, Aigio Achaias 25100, Greece
| | - Charalampos Matzaroglou
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Welfare, Technological Educational Institute (TEI) of Western Greece: Psarron 6, Aigio Achaias 25100, Greece
| | - Elias Tsepis
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Welfare, Technological Educational Institute (TEI) of Western Greece: Psarron 6, Aigio Achaias 25100, Greece
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Armstrong R, Greig M. INJURY IDENTIFICATION: THE EFFICACY OF THE FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT SCREEN™ IN FEMALE AND MALE RUGBY UNION PLAYERS. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2018; 13:605-617. [PMID: 30140554 PMCID: PMC6088116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rugby union is a collision sport which is associated with a high injury rate and therefore the development of effective injury prevention strategies is required. PURPOSE This study aimed to determine whether the Functional Movement Screen™ (FMS™) components can predict injury in female and male rugby union players and whether differences exist in the FMS™ scores of injured and non-injured players. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS Sixty-four female university rugby union players (age: 20.39 ± 1.91 years) and 55 male university rugby union players (age: 21.05 ± 1.35 years) completed the FMS™ which assesses seven functional movements on a scale of 0 to 3 and provides a total or composite score out of 21. Players were subsequently monitored for injury during the season and injury rates calculated. RESULTS The training injury rates for females were 5.80 injuries/1000 hours and males 5.34 injuries/1000 hours while the match injury rates for females was 55.56 injuries/1000 hours and males 46.30 injuries/1000 hours. FMS™ composite score demonstrated a significant difference between injured females and non-injured males (p = 0.01) and a combined sample comparison of injured and non-injured subjects was significant (p = 0.01). FMS™ composite score was not a good predictor of injury however as FMS™ individual components predicted 37.4% of the variance in total days injured in females. ROC curve analysis revealed an injury cut off score of 11.5 for females and males and provided a sensitivity and specificity of 0.90 and 0.86 and 0.88 and 1.00 respectively. The combined sample FMS™ composite score of 'multiple injuries' participants demonstrated no significant difference between non-injured (p = 0.31) and single injury subjects (p = 0.76). CONCLUSION Injury rates between female rugby and male rugby were similar with match injury rates higher in females. The FMS™ can be used to identify those players with the potential to develop injury and the FMS™ injury cut off point was 11.5 for both female rugby and male rugby players. Individual components of the FMS™ are a better predictor of injury than FMS™ composite score. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE 2b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Armstrong
- Sports Injuries Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Greig
- Sports Injuries Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, United Kingdom
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Slimani M, Bragazzi NL, Znazen H, Paravlic A, Azaiez F, Tod D. Psychosocial predictors and psychological prevention of soccer injuries: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Phys Ther Sport 2018; 32:293-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Silver D, Brown N, Gissane C. Reported concussion incidence in youth community Rugby Union and parental assessment of post head injury cognitive recovery using the King-Devick test. J Neurol Sci 2018; 388:40-46. [PMID: 29627029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the frequency of reported head injuries in youth community Rugby Union and determine whether the King-Devick (K-D) test could be used by parents as a means to chart cognitive recovery following head injury. METHODS A prospective cohort study of 489 junior players (U9-U18) conducted at a community level Rugby Union club over four seasons. All players undertook a baseline K-D test at the start of each season. Players identified with suspected concussion performed the K-D test post injury and results were compared to their most recent baseline assessment. Parent/Guardians of the player then oversaw repeated daily testing until baseline scores were surpassed. RESULTS 49 players were sent for assessment after suspected head injury. 46 parents oversaw daily repeated K-D testing (93.8% engagement). The median reduction in K-D test performance speed post-injury from baseline was 7.32 s (IQR 2.46 - 7.98). A median of 5.1 days/tests were taken for players to surpass baseline performance. No correlation was found between initial post-injury test and cognitive recovery time. 38 head injuries were reported from match play with an incidence rate of 12.7 per 1000 match hours (95% CI 9.2-17.5). CONCLUSION The K-D test is a practical tool for baseline, post injury and parentally supervised repeated testing within youth community Rugby Union. Incidence of reported head injuries following match play is higher than previously reported. Parental engagement was high. Post-Injury K-D test performance should not be used as a means to predict symptom recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Silver
- School of Sport, Health and applied Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, Middlesex, United Kingdom.
| | - Nicola Brown
- School of Sport, Health and applied Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Conor Gissane
- School of Sport, Health and applied Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, Middlesex, United Kingdom
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Błażkiewicz A, Grygorowicz M, Białostocki A, Czaprowski D. Characteristics of goalkeeping injuries: a retrospective, self-reported study in adolescent soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 58:1823-1830. [PMID: 29479994 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.07849-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Characteristic types of actions and training/matches loads of soccer goalkeepers show that goalkeeper's performance differs from other soccer's formations. Such situation may predispose to the occurrence of other kinds of injuries in this position. The aim of this study was to analyze epidemiology of injuries in young soccer goalkeepers. METHODS Forty-eight soccer goalkeepers (aged:15.2±1.9 years) filled the questionnaire aimed at collecting information about all injuries sustained within 12 months before the data collection. The anthropometric data, soccer experience and information regarding the injury types and occurrence were analyzed. The injury rate proportion for acute and overuse injuries and values of injuries including the burden of the match game and training were evaluated. The level of significance was set at P<0.05. RESULTS Thirty-three (68.8%) questionnaires were given back. Twenty-four (72.7%) goalkeepers reported the history of soccer related injury within a year before the survey. 52 injuries were reported. Significantly higher number of acute (76.9%) vs. overuse (23.1%) injuries was described (P=0.0012). Acute injuries involved fractures/subluxations of the fingers and thigh muscle strain/tears. The group of overuse injuries was dominated by trauma of the knee and pelvic girdle muscles. Majority of injuries occurred during training (88.5% of all injuries), and there was significant higher number of injuries sustained on artificial vs. natural grass for all, acute and overuse types of injuries (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Young soccer goalkeepers suffer mostly acute injuries (within the fingers of hands and muscles of thighs). It might be associated with specific characteristic of performance related to goalkeeper's position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Błażkiewicz
- Department of Rehabilitation, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education, Warsaw, Poland - .,Rehasport Clinic, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Poznań, Poland -
| | - Monika Grygorowicz
- Rehasport Clinic, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Poznań, Poland.,Department of Spondylo-orthopedics and Biomechanics of the Spine, Karol Marcinkowski Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Dariusz Czaprowski
- Department of Physiotherapy, Józef Rusiecki University College, Olsztyn, Poland.,Center of Body Posture, Olsztyn, Poland
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Cathorall ML, Peachey AA. Incidence and predictors of roller derby injuries among female roller derby athletes. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot 2018; 25:387-392. [PMID: 29431011 DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2018.1431946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about roller derby injuries. To describe the types of injuries that female roller derby athletes experience, quantify the incidence of injuries and examine the relationship between selected demographic variables and injuries. Women's roller derby leagues were contacted explaining the study and requesting participation. A second message was sent with the link to the electronic questionnaire to collect data from March to June 2015. Of the 1 395 respondents, 48.7% (679) reported having at least one injury in the previous 12 months. The skaters' average age was 32 and have played roller derby for four years. The most common injuries were to the ankles (22.5%), knees (21%) and head (11%). Of the head injuries, 75% were diagnosed with a concussion. This is the first study of woman's roller derby injuries. Understanding injuries that skaters incur may help leagues as they develop policies and specific injury prevention programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Cathorall
- a Department of Applied Health , Southern Illinois University Edwardsville , Edwardsville , IL , USA
| | - Andrew A Peachey
- b Department of Health Sciences , James Madison University , Harrisonburg , VA , USA
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Saggini R, Migliorini M, Carmignano SM, Ancona E, Russo C, Bellomo RG. Inferior heel pain in soccer players: a retrospective study with a proposal for guidelines of treatment. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2018. [PMID: 29527319 PMCID: PMC5841518 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2015-000085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cause of heel pain among soccer players is multifactorial and is related to repetitive microtrauma due to impact forces involving technical moves, but also the playground, the exercise mode, the recovery time, the climatic conditions and the footwear used. Aim To investigate the aetiology of plantar heel pain of soccer players with the objective of proposing an example of guidelines for treatment. Methods We investigated the prevalence and characteristics of inferior heel pain of 1473 professional, semiprofessional and amateur players. All evaluated subjects were submitted to a specific rehabilitation protocol that involved advanced physical therapies and viscoelastic insoles depending on the aetiology of pain. Results Clinical and instrumental examinations revealed that 960 of 1473 athletes had inferior heel pain. These patients were divided into seven groups based on aetiology: sural nerve compression, abductor digiti minimi compression, atrophy and inflammation of the fat pad, plantar fasciitis, stress injury of the heel spur, stress fracture of the heel bone and heel spur. The proposed rehabilitation treatment aims for a reduction of pain and an early return to sports, with excellent results. Conclusions According to what was observed in the present study, related also to the specific treatment of inferior heel pain, and considering the technological progress achieved in recent years, we can now propose an integrated therapeutic approach to treatment of heel pain, properly differentiated according to specific aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoul Saggini
- Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, 'G d'Annunzio' University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Maurizio Migliorini
- Dipartimento di Medical Orale and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Emilio Ancona
- School of Specialty in PRM, 'G d'Annunzio' University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Chiara Russo
- School of Specialty in PRM, 'G d'Annunzio' University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Rosa Grazia Bellomo
- Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, 'G d'Annunzio' University, Chieti, Italy
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Sadigursky D, Braid JA, De Lira DNL, Machado BAB, Carneiro RJF, Colavolpe PO. The FIFA 11+ injury prevention program for soccer players: a systematic review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2017; 9:18. [PMID: 29209504 PMCID: PMC5704377 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-017-0083-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Soccer is one of the most widely played sports in the world. However, soccer players have an increased risk of lower limb injury. These injuries may be caused by both modifiable and non-modifiable factors, justifying the adoption of an injury prevention program such as the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) 11+. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the FIFA 11+ injury prevention program for soccer players. Methodology This meta-analysis was based on the PRISMA 2015 protocol. A search using the keywords “FIFA,” “injury prevention,” and “football” found 183 articles in the PubMed, MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO, and ScienceDirect databases. Of these, 6 studies were selected, all of which were randomized clinical trials. Results The sample consisted of 6,344 players, comprising 3,307 (52%) in the intervention group and 3,037 (48%) in the control group. The FIFA 11+ program reduced injuries in soccer players by 30%, with an estimated relative risk of 0.70 (95% confidence interval, 0.52–0.93, p = 0.01). In the intervention group, 779 (24%) players had injuries, while in the control group, 1,219 (40%) players had injuries. However, this pattern was not homogeneous throughout the studies because of clinical and methodological differences in the samples. This study showed no publication bias. Conclusion The FIFA 11+ warm-up program reduced the risk of injury in soccer players by 30%.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sadigursky
- Division of knee Surgery, Clínica Ortopédica Traumatológica - COT., Rua Colmar Americano da Costa, 121, Pituba. Apt 1404C, Salvador, Bahia 41830-600 Brazil
| | - Juliana Almeida Braid
- Medical School; Department of Orthopedics, Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências - FTC, Salvador, Bahia Brazil
| | - Diogo Neiva Lemos De Lira
- Division of knee Surgery, Clínica Ortopédica Traumatológica - COT., Rua Colmar Americano da Costa, 121, Pituba. Apt 1404C, Salvador, Bahia 41830-600 Brazil
| | - Bruno Almeida Barreto Machado
- Division of knee Surgery, Clínica Ortopédica Traumatológica - COT., Rua Colmar Americano da Costa, 121, Pituba. Apt 1404C, Salvador, Bahia 41830-600 Brazil
| | - Rogério Jamil Fernandes Carneiro
- Division of knee Surgery, Clínica Ortopédica Traumatológica - COT., Rua Colmar Americano da Costa, 121, Pituba. Apt 1404C, Salvador, Bahia 41830-600 Brazil
| | - Paulo Oliveira Colavolpe
- Division of knee Surgery, Clínica Ortopédica Traumatológica - COT., Rua Colmar Americano da Costa, 121, Pituba. Apt 1404C, Salvador, Bahia 41830-600 Brazil
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40
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Leung FT, Franettovich Smith MM, Brown M, Rahmann A, Mendis MD, Hides JA. Epidemiology of injuries in Australian school level rugby union. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 20:740-744. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Pollock AM, White AJ, Kirkwood G. Evidence in support of the call to ban the tackle and harmful contact in school rugby: a response to World Rugby. Br J Sports Med 2017; 51:1113-1117. [PMID: 28701366 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In a paper published in BJSM (June 2016), World Rugby employees Ross Tucker and Martin Raftery and a third coauthor Evert Verhagen took issue with the recent call to ban tackling in school rugby in the UK and Ireland. That call (to ban tackling) was supported by a systematic review published in BJSM Tucker et al claim that: (1) the mechanisms and risk factors for injury along with the incidence and severity of injury in youth rugby union have not been thoroughly identified or understood; (2) rugby players are at no greater risk of injury than other sports people, (3) this is particularly the case for children under 15 years and (4) removing the opportunity to learn the tackle from school pupils might increase rates of injuries. They conclude that a ban 'may be unnecessary and may also lead to unintended consequences such as an increase in the risk of injury later in participation.' Here we aim to rebut the case by Tucker et al We share new research that extends the findings of our original systematic review and meta-analysis. A cautionary approach requires the removal of the tackle from school rugby as the quickest and most effective method of reducing high injury rates in youth rugby, a public health priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson M Pollock
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Adam John White
- Department of Sport and Exercise, University of Winchester, Winchester, Hampshire, UK
| | - Graham Kirkwood
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Patton DA, McIntosh AS, Denny G. A Review of the Anthropometric Characteristics, Grading and Dispensation of Junior and Youth Rugby Union Players in Australia. Sports Med 2017; 46:1067-81. [PMID: 26886476 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0481-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The grading of Australian junior and youth rugby union players has received substantial media attention in recent years. Media reports have focussed on size mismatches observed between players, especially players with Polynesian heritage, and the concerned parents who fear for the safety of their child owing to perceived mismatches. Although such concerns are well meaning, few media reports recognise the need for substantial evidence to determine the best grading system for junior and youth rugby union players. The current study reviewed relevant literature pertinent to the grading and dispensation of junior and youth rugby union players. Using primary and secondary search strategies, a total of 33 articles reporting the anthropometric characteristics of junior and youth rugby players were identified. Anthropometric data from the literature were compared with normative population data and currently used dispensation criteria. Junior and youth rugby players were found to be taller and heavier than normative population data. Current dispensation criteria, in terms of body mass, were found to vary and it is suggested that criteria be revised and standardised across rugby unions throughout Australia. Although it is acknowledged that other factors are important for grading players, anthropometric characteristics should be considered as potential dispensation criteria to supplement current age-based grading for junior and youth rugby union players. Measuring the body mass and stature of each junior player upon pre-season registration is suggested, which would provide data to establish valid dispensation criteria for the following season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan Alexander Patton
- Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention, Federation University Australia, Lydiard Street, Ballarat, VIC, 3350, Australia. .,Australian Rugby Union, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.
| | - Andrew Stuart McIntosh
- Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention, Federation University Australia, Lydiard Street, Ballarat, VIC, 3350, Australia
| | - Greg Denny
- Australian Rugby Union, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
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43
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Hislop MD, Stokes KA, Williams S, McKay CD, England ME, Kemp SPT, Trewartha G. Reducing musculoskeletal injury and concussion risk in schoolboy rugby players with a pre-activity movement control exercise programme: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med 2017; 51:1140-1146. [PMID: 28515056 PMCID: PMC5530334 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-097434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Injury risk in youth rugby has received much attention, highlighting the importance of establishing evidence-based injury reduction strategies. Aim To determine the efficacy of a movement control exercise programme in reducing injuries in youth rugby players and to investigate the effect of programme dose on injury measures. Methods In a cluster-randomised controlled trial, 40 independent schools (118 teams, 3188 players aged 14–18 years) were allocated to receive either the intervention or a reference programme, both of which were to be delivered by school coaches. The intervention comprised balance training, whole-body resistance training, plyometric training, and controlled rehearsal of landing and cutting manoeuvres. Time-loss (>24 hours) injuries arising from school rugby matches were recorded by coaches and medical staff. Results 441 time-loss match injuries (intervention, 233; control, 208) were reported across 15 938 match exposure-hours (intervention, 9083; control, 6855). Intention-to-treat results indicated unclear effects of trial arm on overall match injury incidence (rate ratio (RR)=0.85, 90% confidence limits 0.61 to 1.17), although clear reductions were evident in the intervention arm for concussion incidence (RR=0.71, 0.48 to 1.05). When trial arm comparisons were limited to teams who had completed three or more weekly programme sessions on average, clear reductions in overall match injury incidence (RR=0.28, 0.14 to 0.51) and concussion incidence (RR=0.41, 0.17 to 0.99) were noted in the intervention group. Conclusion A preventive movement control exercise programme can reduce match injury outcomes, including concussion, in schoolboy rugby players when compared with a standardised control exercise programme, although to realise the greatest effects players should complete the programme at least three times per week.
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Abstract
Football is currently the most popular sporting activity in the world. Multiple reports have shown that a high incidence of osteoarthritis is found in football players. Evidence clearly shows that traumatic injury significantly predisposes players for such pathophysiology. Injuries are frequent in amateur as well as professional football players, with knee and ankle accounting for the most severe injuries. Many professional athletes lose playing time due to injuries and many are forced into early retirement. Posttraumatic osteoarthritis is a common finding among ex-football players with numbers well above the normal population. Today's surgical techniques are advanced and capable of restoring the joint to a certain extent. However, a restitution ad integrum is reached only in very rare cases. Professional football players that return to play after serious injuries perform their extremely strenuous activity on morphologically compromised joints. Incomplete rehabilitation and pressure to return to play after an injurious event clearly put the athlete at an even higher risk for joint degeneration. Prevention strategies, improved surgical management, strict rehabilitation, as well as future aspects such as early suppression of inflammation, personalized medicine, and predictive genomics DNA profiling are needed to reduce incidence and improve the health perspectives of football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian M. Salzmann
- Musculoskeletal Centre, Orthopaedics Lower Extremities, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland,Gian M. Salzmann, Schulthess Klinik, Lengghalde 2, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Stefan Preiss
- Musculoskeletal Centre, Orthopaedics Lower Extremities, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcy Zenobi-Wong
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Cartilage Engineering and Regeneration Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laurent P. Harder
- Musculoskeletal Centre, Orthopaedics Lower Extremities, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Maier
- Department for Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Freiburg University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jirí Dvorák
- Musculoskeletal Centre, Orthopaedics Lower Extremities, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland,FIFA Medical Assessment and Research Centre (F-MARC), FIFA, Zurich, Switzerland
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45
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Meyers MC. Incidence, Mechanisms, and Severity of Match-Related Collegiate Men's Soccer Injuries on FieldTurf and Natural Grass Surfaces: A 6-Year Prospective Study. Am J Sports Med 2017; 45:708-718. [PMID: 27872124 DOI: 10.1177/0363546516671715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous injuries have been attributed to playing on artificial turf. More recently, newer generations of artificial turf have been developed to duplicate the playing characteristics of natural grass. Although artificial turf has been deemed safer than natural grass in some studies, few long-term studies have been conducted comparing match-related collegiate soccer injuries between the 2 playing surfaces. HYPOTHESIS Collegiate male soccer athletes do not experience any difference in the incidence, mechanisms, or severity of match-related injuries between FieldTurf and natural grass. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. METHODS Male soccer athletes from 11 universities were evaluated over 6 seasons. Demographic features and predictors included player position, cleat design, player weight, turf age, and environmental factors. Outcomes of interest included injury incidence, injury category, time loss, injury mechanism and situation, type of injury, injury grade and anatomic location, injury severity, head and lower extremity trauma, and elective medical procedures. All match-related injuries were evaluated by the attending head athletic trainer and team physicians on site and subsequently in the physician's office when further follow-up and treatment were deemed necessary. In sum, 765 collegiate games were evaluated for match-related soccer injuries sustained on FieldTurf or natural grass during 6 seasons. RESULTS Overall, 380 team games (49.7%) were played on FieldTurf versus 385 team games (50.3%) played on natural grass. A total of 722 injuries were documented, with 268 (37.1%) occurring on FieldTurf and 454 (62.9%) on natural grass. Multivariate analysis per 10 team games indicated a significant playing surface effect: F2,720 = 7.260, P = .001. A significantly lower total injury incidence rate (IIR) of 7.1 (95% CI, 6.6-7.5) versus 11.8 (95% CI, 11.3-12.2; P < .0001) and lower rate of substantial injuries, 0.7 (95% CI, 0.5-1.0) versus 1.9 (95% CI, 1.5-2.3; P < .03), were documented on FieldTurf versus natural grass, respectively. Analyses also indicated significantly less trauma on FieldTurf when comparing injury category, time loss, player position, injury mechanism and situation, injuries under various environmental conditions, cleat design, turf age, anatomic location, and elective medical procedures. No significant difference (F11,710 = 0.822, P = .618) between surfaces by knee injury was observed, with the majority of knee injuries involving patellar tendinopathies/syndromes followed by medial collateral ligament injuries on both surfaces. CONCLUSION Although similarities existed between FieldTurf and natural grass during competitive match play, FieldTurf is, in many cases, safer than natural grass when comparing injuries in collegiate men's soccer. The findings of this study, however, may not be generalizable to other levels of competition or to other artificial surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Meyers
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA
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46
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Differences in the Dominant and Non-Dominant Knee Valgus Angle in Junior Elite and Amateur Soccer Players after Unilateral Landing. Sports (Basel) 2017; 5:sports5010014. [PMID: 29910374 PMCID: PMC5969013 DOI: 10.3390/sports5010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 70% of all knee injuries in soccer occur in non-contact situations. It is known that increased lower limb dynamic knee valgus is associated with such situations. Little has been found out about differences in knee kinematics of the dominant (kicking) and non-dominant (supporting) leg during a single leg landing. A total of 114 male adolescent soccer players (age 14.6 ± 1.1 years) from elite (N = 66) and amateur soccer clubs (N = 48) performed a single leg drop landing down from a box. For each leg, the two-dimensional dynamic knee valgus angle (DKVA) was calculated. Paired t-tests were used to statistically determine significant differences between dominant and non-dominant leg DKVA, and t-tests were calculated between the two performance groups. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were identified for the DKVA between the dominant and non-dominant leg for both amateur and elite players, showing a greater DKVA for the dominant leg. Group differences for the DKVA between amateur and elite players were not found, neither for the dominant, nor for the non-dominant leg. It can be concluded that the non-dominant leg showed more stable dynamics than the dominant leg during unilateral landing regardless of the player’s performance level. This could be due to adaptions to sport-specific requirements. Therefore, it is recommended that programs to prevent knee injuries among soccer players consider the dynamics of each leg individually.
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47
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Burger N, Lambert MI, Viljoen W, Brown JC, Readhead C, den Hollander S, Hendricks S. Mechanisms and Factors Associated With Tackle-Related Injuries in South African Youth Rugby Union Players. Am J Sports Med 2017; 45:278-285. [PMID: 28125898 DOI: 10.1177/0363546516677548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of injuries in rugby union occur during tackle events. The mechanisms and causes of these injuries are well established in senior rugby union. PURPOSE To use information from an injury database and assess video footage of tackle-related injuries in youth rugby union matches to identify environmental factors and mechanisms that are potentially confounding to these injuries. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive epidemiological study. METHODS Injury surveillance was conducted at the under-18 Craven Week rugby tournament. Tackle-related injury information was used to identify injury events in match video footage (role-matched noninjury tackle events were identified for the cohort of injured players). Events were coded using match situational variables (precontact, contact, and postcontact). Relative risk ratio (RRR; ratio of probability of an injury or noninjury outcome occurring when a characteristic was observed) was reported by use of logistic regression. RESULTS In comparison with the first quarter, injury risk was greater in the third (RRR = 9.75 [95% CI, 1.71-55.64]; P = .010) and fourth quarters (RRR = 6.97 [95% CI, 1.09-44.57]; P = .040) for ball carriers and in the fourth quarter (RRR = 9.63 [95% CI, 1.94-47.79]; P = .006) for tacklers. Ball carriers were less likely to be injured when they were aware of impending contact (RRR = 0.14 [95% CI, 0.03-0.66]; P = .012) or when they executed a moderate fend (hand-off) (RRR = 0.22 [95% CI, 0.06-0.84]; P = .026). Tacklers were less likely to be injured when performing shoulder tackles (same side as leading leg) in comparison to an arm-only tackle (RRR = 0.02 [95% CI, 0.001-0.79]; P = .037). Ball carriers (RRR = 0.09 [95% CI, 0.01-0.89]; P = .040) and tacklers (RRR = 0.02 [95% CI, 0.001-0.32]; P =.006) were less likely to be injured when initial contact was made with the tackler's shoulder/arm instead of his head/neck. CONCLUSION The relative risk of tackle-related injury was higher toward the end of matches. Incorrect technique may contribute to increased injury risk. Implementing recovery strategies between matches, training safe and effective techniques, and improving levels of conditioning may counter the negative effects of fatigue. These findings may assist stakeholders in youth rugby to formulate injury prevention strategies and may improve the preparation of field-side medical staff for managing tackle-related injuries at these or similar tournaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Burger
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mike Ian Lambert
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Public & Occupational Health and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wayne Viljoen
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,South African Rugby Union (SA Rugby), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - James Craig Brown
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Public & Occupational Health and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Clint Readhead
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,South African Rugby Union (SA Rugby), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Steve den Hollander
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sharief Hendricks
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Centre for Sport Performance, School of Sport, Fairfax Hall, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
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Abstract
There is a high incidence of injuries in rugby union due to the physical nature of the game. In youth rugby union, there are large variations in injury rates reported. Our study investigated the rates of injuries in school-level rugby union players in Australia using the consensus statement for rugby union injuries. Injury surveillance was conducted on 480 rugby players from 1 school in Queensland, Australia. Injury data were collected using paper-based injury recording forms during the 8-week rugby season using a "medical-attention" injury definition. In total, 76 players sustained one or more injuries, with a total of 80 injuries recorded. The overall injury rate was 31.8 injuries/1000 match player hours (95% CI, 25.4-39.4). Concussion had an incidence rate of 6.0/1000 match player hours (95% CI, 3.5-9.6). The incidence of upper limb and lower limb injuries were 9.1 and 9.9/1000 match player hours, respectively (95% CI, 5.9-13.5 and 6.6-14.5). The older age divisions had higher injury rates and most injuries occurred while tackling or being tackled. The injury rates observed in this sample of Australian school rugby union players provides direction for future studies to enable informed decisions relating to development of injury prevention programmes at this level of rugby.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix T Leung
- a Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research , Australian Catholic University , Woolloongabba , QLD , Australia
| | - Melinda M Franettovich Smith
- a Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research , Australian Catholic University , Woolloongabba , QLD , Australia
| | - Julie A Hides
- a Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research , Australian Catholic University , Woolloongabba , QLD , Australia.,b Mater/ACU Back Stability Clinic , Mater Health Services , South Brisbane , QLD , Australia
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Sabesan V, Steffes Z, Lombardo DJ, Petersen-Fitts GR, Jildeh TR. Epidemiology and location of rugby injuries treated in US emergency departments from 2004 to 2013. Open Access J Sports Med 2016; 7:135-142. [PMID: 27822128 PMCID: PMC5087755 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s114019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rugby participation in the US is increasing, and with its inclusion in the 2016 Summer Olympics, the increased participation rates are expected to continue. Naturally, as participation increases, so too do rugby-related injuries. The difference in injury patterns with regard to age and gender illustrates differences in how the game is being played. Understanding what accounts for these emerging injury patterns will help guide future injury prevention efforts. This study provides an update on injury rates for the growing population of rugby players in the US, especially young players. Our results focus on the variation of injury types and the injury rates of various levels of rugby players, including youth, collegiate, and recreational. Using injury data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, we analyzed data in rugby patients for age, gender, body region, type of injury, and severity. We employed statistical weights to calculate national injury estimates. During the 10 years studied, the trend in the number of rugby injuries among all age groups showed a statistically significant increase (R=0.804, P=0.005). The average age of injury was 21.5±6.3 years with facial and head injuries constituting >33% of all injuries, representing a proportional increase of >10%. Men were most frequently injured in the face (18.2%) and head (15.9%); women were most frequently injured in the head (23%) and shoulder (12.3%). There were 9,059 concussions, constituting 7% of all injuries.
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Incidence and Factors Associated With Concussion Injuries at the 2011 to 2014 South African Rugby Union Youth Week Tournaments. Clin J Sport Med 2016; 26:398-404. [PMID: 27604072 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the concussion incidence and to identify factors associated with concussion in South African youth rugby union players. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Injury surveillance was completed at the South African Rugby Union Youth Week tournaments (under-13, under-16, and under-18 age groups). PARTICIPANTS South African youth rugby union players. A total of 7216 players participated in 531 matches between 2011 and 2014. INTERVENTIONS None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Concussion incidence was calculated per 1000 player-match-hours with 95% CIs. Poisson regression was used to calculate the incidence rate ratio (IRR) between factors (age, time period, playing position, and activity at the time of concussion) potentially associated with concussions. RESULTS The concussion incidence was 6.8/1000 player-match-hours (95% CI, 5.5-8.1) across all age groups. Under-13s (IRR, 1.5; P = 0.09) and under-16s (IRR, 1.7; P = 0.03) had higher concussion incidence rates than the under-18 age group. The incidence was higher in the third (IRR, 2.1; P = 0.04) and fourth (IRR, 2.5; P = 0.01) quarters of matches compared with the first quarter. Sixty-two percent of concussions occurred in the tackle situation. The tackler had a 4-fold greater concussion rate (IRR, 4.3; P < 0.001) compared with the ball carrier. The hooker and loose forwards had higher incidence rates than several other player positions (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The reported concussion incidence falls within the broad range previously reported in youth rugby. The evidence highlighted in this study may contribute to targeted concussion prevention strategies and provide a baseline against which the effectiveness of future interventions can be measured.
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