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Ibáñez SJ, Gómez-Carmona CD, González-Espinosa S, Mancha-Triguero D. Examining the Effects of Altitude on Workload Demands in Professional Basketball Players during the Preseason Phase. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3245. [PMID: 38794099 PMCID: PMC11125985 DOI: 10.3390/s24103245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Basketball involves frequent high-intensity movements requiring optimal aerobic power. Altitude training can enhance physiological adaptations, but research examining its effects in basketball is limited. This study aimed to characterize the internal/external workload of professional basketball players during preseason and evaluate the effects of altitude and playing position. Twelve top-tier professional male basketball players (Liga Endesa, ACB; guards: n = 3, forwards: n = 5, and centers: n = 4) participated in a crossover study design composed of two training camps with nine sessions over 6 days under two different conditions: high altitude (2320 m) and sea level (10 m). Internal loads (heart rate, %HRMAX) and external loads (total distances covered across speed thresholds, accelerations/decelerations, impacts, and jumps) were quantified via wearable tracking and heart rate telemetry. Repeated-measures MANOVA tested the altitude x playing position effects. Altitude increased the total distance (+10%), lower-speed running distances (+10-39%), accelerations/decelerations (+25-30%), average heart rate (+6%), time in higher-intensity HR zones (+23-63%), and jumps (+13%) across all positions (p < 0.05). Positional differences existed, with guards accruing more high-speed running and centers exhibiting greater cardiovascular demands (p < 0.05). In conclusion, a 6-day altitude block effectively overloads training, providing a stimulus to enhance fitness capacities when structured appropriately. Monitoring workloads and individualizing training by playing position are important when implementing altitude training, given the varied responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio J. Ibáñez
- Research Group in Optimization of Training and Sports Performance (GOERD), Department of Didactics of Music Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Extremadura, Spain; (S.J.I.); (C.D.G.-C.); (S.G.-E.)
| | - Carlos D. Gómez-Carmona
- Research Group in Optimization of Training and Sports Performance (GOERD), Department of Didactics of Music Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Extremadura, Spain; (S.J.I.); (C.D.G.-C.); (S.G.-E.)
- BioVetMed & SportSci Research Group, International Excellence Campus “Mare Nostrum”, Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720 San Javier, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sergio González-Espinosa
- Research Group in Optimization of Training and Sports Performance (GOERD), Department of Didactics of Music Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Extremadura, Spain; (S.J.I.); (C.D.G.-C.); (S.G.-E.)
- NÌKE: Research Group in Education, Health and Sports Performance, Didactics of Physical Education and Health, International University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - David Mancha-Triguero
- Research Group in Optimization of Training and Sports Performance (GOERD), Department of Didactics of Music Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Extremadura, Spain; (S.J.I.); (C.D.G.-C.); (S.G.-E.)
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Cardenal Spínola CEU, Andalucía University, 41930 Bormujos, Sevilla, Spain
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Fundación San Pablo CEU, Andalucía University, 41930 Bormujos, Sevilla, Spain
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2
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Ishida A, Draper G, White JB, Travis SK. Does Prematch Neuromuscular Performance Affect Running Performance in Collegiate Elite Female Soccer? J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:854-858. [PMID: 36731019 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ishida, A, Draper, G, White, JB, and Travis, SK. Does prematch neuromuscular performance affect running performance in collegiate elite female soccer? J Strength Cond Res 37(4): 854-858, 2023-The purpose of this study was to investigate whether prematch neuromuscular performance affected match physical performance by player position in Division I collegiate female soccer. Fourteen players participated (20.7 ± 1.3 years; 165.1 ± 6.0 cm; 63.3 ± 7.0 kg) in this study. Players were selected based on being free from injuries, playing for a duration of ≥72 minutes, and match intervals were ≥2 days. Data included 73 observations ( n = 5 defenders, n = 7 midfielders, and n = 2 forward) from 14 official matches. Prematch neuromuscular performance was assessed using countermovement jump (CMJ) with polyvinyl chloride pipe on dual force plates. Countermovement jump variables included jump height (JH) and relative peak power (RPP). Match physical performance included average speed, high-speed running (HSR), and number of high accelerations and decelerations. Linear mixed model was compiled with fixed effects of loaded with fixed effect of JH, RPP, and position and random effects per individual player. In CMJ and player position model, RPP was a significant predictor for average HSR ( p = 0.003) while fixed effects of JH and position were not significant ( p = 0.15-0.86). The fixed and random effects explained 34.8 and 42.1% of variances in average HSR. In CMJ-only model, RPP significantly predicted the variances in average HSR ( p = 0.001). The fixed effects and random effects of the model explained 22.7 and 51.8% of the variance in average HSR. However, position-only was not a significant predictor for average HSR in the position-only model ( p = 0.26 and 0.33). Prematch CMJ RPP may be the greatest predictor of average HSR in collegiate female soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Garrison Draper
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
- Philadelphia Union, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jason B White
- School of Applied Health Science and Wellness, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio; and
| | - S Kyle Travis
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, College of Public Health & Health Professions, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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3
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Draper G, Wright MD, Ishida A, Chesterton P, Portas M, Atkinson G. Do environmental temperatures and altitudes affect physical outputs of elite football athletes in match conditions? A systematic review of the 'real world' studies. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2023; 7:81-92. [PMID: 35068376 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2033823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Players involved in the various football codes compete throughout the calendar year around the world. Therefore, environmental stressors such as temperature and altitude should be considered in preparation for, and during, matches. We aimed to systematically review the observational and quasi-experimental studies that have been specifically designed to quantify the effects of temperature (hot or cold) high altitude on in-match physical performance indicators. A search of electronic databases (Web of Science, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, PubMed/MEDLINE) was conducted, with 19,424 papers identified as relevant. Following sifting in relation to the eligibility criteria, 12 papers were deemed directly relevant. The reviewed studies scored 6-9 (on a 0-9 scale) for quality assessment using a previously used scale. The major outcome variables relevant to the current review were total distance (m), high-speed running (m) and high-speed runs (count) measured during matches. Standardized effect sizes (ES) were heterogeneous across studies for total distance (ES: -0.96 to -0.14) and high-speed running (ES: -0.69 to 0.12) for >1000 m vs sea-level, time spent at the given altitude being a putative factor for this heterogeneity. Heat had mainly detrimental effects on performance, but ES were, again, heterogeneous across studies (ES: -1.25 to 0.26), dependent on temperature. Given the small number of studies that involved mostly male athletes, and large heterogeneity across studies, more research needs be conducted on physical performance in these environmental conditions, with attention paid to standardizing outcomes and broadening the approaches of studies to guide future decision-making in professional sporting environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrison Draper
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK.,Philadelphia Union, Major League Soccer (MLS), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew D Wright
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Ai Ishida
- Philadelphia Union, Major League Soccer (MLS), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Paul Chesterton
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Matthew Portas
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Greg Atkinson
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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4
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Playing at altitude. Performance of a Mexican professional football team at different level of altitude. APUNTS SPORTS MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apunsm.2022.100391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Henríquez M, Castillo D, Yanci J, Iturricastillo A, Reina R. Physical responses by cerebral palsy footballers in matches played at sea level and moderate altitude. Res Sports Med 2021; 31:296-308. [PMID: 34383571 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1966011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to compare the physical response of para-footballers with cerebral palsy (CP) in official international football matches played at moderate altitude and sea level locations. Eighty-seven international CP footballers participated in this study. We divided participants according to the place of the international competition [sea level group (SLG) and moderate altitude group (MAG)], sport classes (i.e., FT1, FT2, and FT3), and match playing time (i.e., <20 min, 20‒40 min, and >40 min). We recorded the physical response using global position system devices during matches. This study showed that MAG described a lower physical response than SLG on total distance, distance covered at different intensities, and the number of accelerations and decelerations. FT2 and FT3 presented a similar pattern, where we found significant differences for total distance, distance covered at lower and high intensities and moderate accelerations, and decelerations. Considering the playing time during altitude matches, the 20‒40 min and >40 min groups obtained more marked differences in the physical response variables. Para-footballers with CP who competed under altitude conditions showed a lower physical response during football matches, suggesting the implementation of specific preparation and training strategies to face the demanding environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Henríquez
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
| | - Javier Yanci
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Society, Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Aitor Iturricastillo
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Society, Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Raul Reina
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
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Collins J, Maughan RJ, Gleeson M, Bilsborough J, Jeukendrup A, Morton JP, Phillips SM, Armstrong L, Burke LM, Close GL, Duffield R, Larson-Meyer E, Louis J, Medina D, Meyer F, Rollo I, Sundgot-Borgen J, Wall BT, Boullosa B, Dupont G, Lizarraga A, Res P, Bizzini M, Castagna C, Cowie CM, D'Hooghe M, Geyer H, Meyer T, Papadimitriou N, Vouillamoz M, McCall A. UEFA expert group statement on nutrition in elite football. Current evidence to inform practical recommendations and guide future research. Br J Sports Med 2020; 55:416. [PMID: 33097528 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-101961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Football is a global game which is constantly evolving, showing substantial increases in physical and technical demands. Nutrition plays a valuable integrated role in optimising performance of elite players during training and match-play, and maintaining their overall health throughout the season. An evidence-based approach to nutrition emphasising, a 'food first' philosophy (ie, food over supplements), is fundamental to ensure effective player support. This requires relevant scientific evidence to be applied according to the constraints of what is practical and feasible in the football setting. The science underpinning sports nutrition is evolving fast, and practitioners must be alert to new developments. In response to these developments, the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) has gathered experts in applied sports nutrition research as well as practitioners working with elite football clubs and national associations/federations to issue an expert statement on a range of topics relevant to elite football nutrition: (1) match day nutrition, (2) training day nutrition, (3) body composition, (4) stressful environments and travel, (5) cultural diversity and dietary considerations, (6) dietary supplements, (7) rehabilitation, (8) referees and (9) junior high-level players. The expert group provide a narrative synthesis of the scientific background relating to these topics based on their knowledge and experience of the scientific research literature, as well as practical experience of applying knowledge within an elite sports setting. Our intention is to provide readers with content to help drive their own practical recommendations. In addition, to provide guidance to applied researchers where to focus future efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Collins
- Intra Performance Group, London, UK.,Performance and Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK
| | | | - Michael Gleeson
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Johann Bilsborough
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,New England Patriots, Foxboro, MA, USA
| | - Asker Jeukendrup
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,MySport Science, Birmingham, UK
| | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - S M Phillips
- Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lawrence Armstrong
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Louise M Burke
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Graeme L Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rob Duffield
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Medical Department, Football Federation Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Enette Larson-Meyer
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Julien Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniel Medina
- Athlete Care and Performance, Monumental Sports & Entertainment, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Flavia Meyer
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ian Rollo
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Gregory Dupont
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Peter Res
- Dutch Olympic Team, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mario Bizzini
- Research and Human Performance Lab, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Castagna
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Technical Department, Italian Football Federation (FIGC), Florence, Italy.,Italian Football Referees Association, Bologna, Italy
| | - Charlotte M Cowie
- Technical Directorate, Football Association, Burton upon Trent, UK.,Medical Committee, UEFA, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Michel D'Hooghe
- Medical Committee, UEFA, Nyon, Switzerland.,Medical Centre of Excelence, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim Meyer
- Medical Committee, UEFA, Nyon, Switzerland.,Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | | | - Alan McCall
- Performance and Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK .,Medical Department, Football Federation Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
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7
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Palucci Vieira LH, Carling C, Barbieri FA, Aquino R, Santiago PRP. Match Running Performance in Young Soccer Players: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2020; 49:289-318. [PMID: 30671900 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-01048-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, athletic performance has been extensively assessed in youth soccer players through laboratory and field testing. Only recently has running performance via time-motion analysis been assessed during match play. Match running data are often useful in a practical context to aid game understanding and decision making regarding training content and prescriptions. A plethora of previous reviews have collated and appraised the literature on time-motion analysis in professional senior players, but none have solely examined youth players. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present systematic review was to provide a critical appraisal and summary of the original research articles that have evaluated match running performance in young male soccer players. METHODS Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement, literature searches were performed in four databases: PubMed, ISI Web of Science, SPORTDiscus and SciELO. We used the following descriptors: soccer, football, young, youth, junior, physical performance, running performance, match running performance, movement patterns, time-motion analysis, distances covered, activity profile, work rate, match analysis, and match performance. Articles were included only if they were original articles written in the English language, studied populations of male children and/or adolescents (aged ≤ 20 years), were published/ahead of print on or before 31 December 2017 and showed at least one outcome measure regarding match running performance, such as total distance covered, peak game speed or indicators of activities performed at established speed thresholds. RESULTS A total of 5801 records were found. After duplicates were removed and exclusion and inclusion criteria applied, 50 articles were included (n = 2615 participants). Their outcome measures were extracted and findings were synthesized. The majority of the reviewed papers covered the European continent (62%) and used global positioning systems (GPS) (64%). Measurement error of the tools used to obtain position data and running metrics was systematically overlooked among the studies. The main aims of studies were to examine differences across playing positions (20%), age groups (26%) and match halves (36%). Consistent findings pointed to the existence of positional role and age effects on match running output (using fixed running speed thresholds), but there was no clear consensus about reductions in activity over the course of match play. Congested schedules negatively affected players' running performance. While over 32% of all studies assessed the relationships between match running performance and physical capacity, biochemical markers and body composition, ~ 70% of these did not account for playing position. CONCLUSIONS This review collated scientific evidence that can aid soccer conditioning professionals in understanding external match loads across youth categories. Coaches working with youth development programs should consider that data derived from a given population may not be relevant for other populations, since game rules, match format and configuration are essentially unstandardized among studies for age-matched players. Despite limited evidence, periodization training emphasizing technical-tactical content can improve match running performance. Occurrence of acute and residual impairments in the running performance of young soccer players is common. Prescription of postmatch recovery strategies, such as cold water immersion and spa treatment, can potentially help reduce these declines, although additional research is warranted. This review also highlighted areas requiring further investigation, such as the possible influence of environmental and contextual constraints and a more integrative approach combining tactical and technical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Henrique Palucci Vieira
- FMRP Faculty of Medicine at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenue Bandeirantes 3900-Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil.,LaBioCoM Biomechanics and Motor Control Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Campus Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,MOVI-LAB Human Movement Research Laboratory, Physical Education Department, Faculty of Sciences, São Paulo State University UNESP, Campus Bauru, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Christopher Carling
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Fabio Augusto Barbieri
- MOVI-LAB Human Movement Research Laboratory, Physical Education Department, Faculty of Sciences, São Paulo State University UNESP, Campus Bauru, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Aquino
- FMRP Faculty of Medicine at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenue Bandeirantes 3900-Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil.,CIFI2D, FADEUP Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Roberto Pereira Santiago
- FMRP Faculty of Medicine at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenue Bandeirantes 3900-Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil. .,LaBioCoM Biomechanics and Motor Control Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Campus Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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8
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Girard O, Brocherie F, Millet GP. Effects of Altitude/Hypoxia on Single- and Multiple-Sprint Performance: A Comprehensive Review. Sports Med 2018; 47:1931-1949. [PMID: 28451905 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0733-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Many sport competitions, typically involving the completion of single- (e.g. track-and-field or track cycling events) and multiple-sprint exercises (e.g. team and racquet sports, cycling races), are staged at terrestrial altitudes ranging from 1000 to 2500 m. Our aim was to comprehensively review the current knowledge on the responses to either acute or chronic altitude exposure relevant to single and multiple sprints. Performance of a single sprint is generally not negatively affected by acute exposure to simulated altitude (i.e. normobaric hypoxia) because an enhanced anaerobic energy release compensates for the reduced aerobic adenosine triphosphate production. Conversely, the reduction in air density in terrestrial altitude (i.e. hypobaric hypoxia) leads to an improved sprinting performance when aerodynamic drag is a limiting factor. With the repetition of maximal efforts, however, repeated-sprint ability is more altered (i.e. with earlier and larger performance decrements) at high altitudes (>3000-3600 m or inspired fraction of oxygen <14.4-13.3%) compared with either normoxia or low-to-moderate altitudes (<3000 m or inspired fraction of oxygen >14.4%). Traditionally, altitude training camps involve chronic exposure to low-to-moderate terrestrial altitudes (<3000 m or inspired fraction of oxygen >14.4%) for inducing haematological adaptations. However, beneficial effects on sprint performance after such altitude interventions are still debated. Recently, innovative 'live low-train high' methods, in isolation or in combination with hypoxic residence, have emerged with the belief that up-regulated non-haematological peripheral adaptations may further improve performance of multiple sprints compared with similar normoxic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Doha, Qatar.
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Research Department, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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9
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Trewin J, Meylan C, Varley MC, Cronin J, Ling D. Effect of Match Factors on the Running Performance of Elite Female Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:2002-2009. [PMID: 29570576 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Trewin, J, Meylan, C, Varley, MC, Cronin, J, and Ling, D. Effect of match factors on the running performance of elite female soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 32(7): 2002-2009, 2018-The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of match factors on the match running of elite female soccer players. Players from the same women's national team (n = 45) were monitored during 47 international fixtures (files = 606) across 4 years (2012-2015) using 10-Hz global positioning system devices. A mixed model was used to analyze the effects of altitude, temperature, match outcome, opposition ranking, and congested schedules. At altitude (>500 m), a small increase in the number of accelerations (effect size [ES] = 0.40) and a small decrease in total distance (ES = -0.54) were observed, whereas at higher temperatures, there were decreases in all metrics (ES = -0.83 to -0.16). Playing a lower ranked team in a draw resulted in a moderate increase in high-speed running (ES = 0.89), with small to moderate decreases in total distance and low-speed running noted in a loss or a win. Winning against higher ranked opponents indicated moderately higher total distance and low-speed running (ES = 0.75), compared with a draw. Although the number of accelerations were higher in a draw against lower ranked opponents, compared with a win and a loss (ES = 0.95 and 0.89, respectively). Practitioners should consider the effect of match factors on match running in elite female soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Trewin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Canadian Soccer Association, Ottawa, Canada.,Canadian Sport Institute-Pacific, Vancouver, Canada
| | - César Meylan
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Canadian Soccer Association, Ottawa, Canada.,Canadian Sport Institute-Pacific, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Matthew C Varley
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Daphne Ling
- Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
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10
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The match-to-match variation of match-running in elite female soccer. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:196-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Trewin J, Meylan C, Varley MC, Cronin J. The influence of situational and environmental factors on match-running in soccer: a systematic review. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2017.1329589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Trewin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Women’s EXCEL Program Sport Science, Canadian Soccer Association, Ottawa, Canada
- Strength and Conditioning, Canadian Sport Institute - Pacific, Vancouver, Canada
| | - César Meylan
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Women’s EXCEL Program Sport Science, Canadian Soccer Association, Ottawa, Canada
- Strength and Conditioning, Canadian Sport Institute - Pacific, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Matthew C. Varley
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
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12
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Sweeting AJ, Billaut F, Varley MC, Rodriguez RF, Hopkins WG, Aughey RJ. Variations in Hypoxia Impairs Muscle Oxygenation and Performance during Simulated Team-Sport Running. Front Physiol 2017; 8:80. [PMID: 28239359 PMCID: PMC5301029 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To quantify the effect of acute hypoxia on muscle oxygenation and power during simulated team-sport running. Methods: Seven individuals performed repeated and single sprint efforts, embedded in a simulated team-sport running protocol, on a non-motorized treadmill in normoxia (sea-level), and acute normobaric hypoxia (simulated altitudes of 2,000 and 3,000 m). Mean and peak power was quantified during all sprints and repeated sprints. Mean total work, heart rate, blood oxygen saturation, and quadriceps muscle deoxyhaemoglobin concentration (assessed via near-infrared spectroscopy) were measured over the entire protocol. A linear mixed model was used to estimate performance and physiological effects across each half of the protocol. Changes were expressed in standardized units for assessment of magnitude. Uncertainty in the changes was expressed as a 90% confidence interval and interpreted via non-clinical magnitude-based inference. Results: Mean total work was reduced at 2,000 m (-10%, 90% confidence limits ±6%) and 3,000 m (-15%, ±5%) compared with sea-level. Mean heart rate was reduced at 3,000 m compared with 2,000 m (-3, ±3 min-1) and sea-level (-3, ±3 min-1). Blood oxygen saturation was lower at 2,000 m (-8, ±3%) and 3,000 m (-15, ±2%) compared with sea-level. Sprint mean power across the entire protocol was reduced at 3,000 m compared with 2,000 m (-12%, ±3%) and sea-level (-14%, ±4%). In the second half of the protocol, sprint mean power was reduced at 3,000 m compared to 2,000 m (-6%, ±4%). Sprint mean peak power across the entire protocol was lowered at 2,000 m (-10%, ±6%) and 3,000 m (-16%, ±6%) compared with sea-level. During repeated sprints, mean peak power was lower at 2,000 m (-8%, ±7%) and 3,000 m (-8%, ±7%) compared with sea-level. In the second half of the protocol, repeated sprint mean power was reduced at 3,000 m compared to 2,000 m (-7%, ±5%) and sea-level (-9%, ±5%). Quadriceps muscle deoxyhaemoglobin concentration was lowered at 3,000 m compared to 2,000 m (-10, ±12%) and sea-level (-11, ±12%). Conclusions: Simulated team-sport running is impaired at 3,000 m compared to 2,000 m and sea-level, likely due to a higher muscle deoxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice J Sweeting
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - François Billaut
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia; Département de Kinesiology, Université LavalQuébec, QC, Canada
| | - Matthew C Varley
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ramón F Rodriguez
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - William G Hopkins
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert J Aughey
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Aldous JWF, Chrismas BCR, Akubat I, Dascombe B, Abt G, Taylor L. Hot and Hypoxic Environments Inhibit Simulated Soccer Performance and Exacerbate Performance Decrements When Combined. Front Physiol 2016; 6:421. [PMID: 26793122 PMCID: PMC4709924 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of heat and/or hypoxia have been well-documented in match-play data. However, large match-to-match variation for key physical performance measures makes environmental inferences difficult to ascertain from soccer match-play. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the hot (HOT), hypoxic (HYP), and hot-hypoxic (HH) mediated-decrements during a non-motorized treadmill based soccer-specific simulation. Twelve male University soccer players completed three familiarization sessions and four randomized crossover experimental trials of the intermittent Soccer Performance Test (iSPT) in normoxic-temperate (CON: 18°C 50% rH), HOT (30°C; 50% rH), HYP (1000 m; 18°C 50% rH), and HH (1000 m; 30°C; 50% rH). Physical performance and its performance decrements, body temperatures (rectal, skin, and estimated muscle temperature), heart rate (HR), arterial blood oxygen saturation (SaO2), perceived exertion, thermal sensation (TS), body mass changes, blood lactate, and plasma volume were all measured. Performance decrements were similar in HOT and HYP [Total Distance (−4%), High-speed distance (~−8%), and variable run distance (~−12%) covered] and exacerbated in HH [total distance (−9%), high-speed distance (−15%), and variable run distance (−15%)] compared to CON. Peak sprint speed, was 4% greater in HOT compared with CON and HYP and 7% greater in HH. Sprint distance covered was unchanged (p > 0.05) in HOT and HYP and only decreased in HH (−8%) compared with CON. Body mass (−2%), temperatures (+2–5%), and TS (+18%) were altered in HOT. Furthermore, SaO2 (−8%) and HR (+3%) were changed in HYP. Similar changes in body mass and temperatures, HR, TS, and SaO2 were evident in HH to HOT and HYP, however, blood lactate (p < 0.001) and plasma volume (p < 0.001) were only significantly altered in HH. Perceived exertion was elevated (p < 0.05) by 7% in all conditions compared with CON. Regression analysis identified that absolute TS and absolute rise in skin and estimated muscle temperature (r = 0.82, r = 0.84 r = 0.82, respectively; p < 0.05) predicted the hot-mediated-decrements in HOT. The hot, hypoxic, and hot-hypoxic environments impaired physical performance during iSPT. Future interventions should address the increases in TS and body temperatures, to attenuate these decrements on soccer performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W F Aldous
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Activity, Institute of Sport and Physical Activity Research, University of Bedfordshire Bedford, UK
| | - Bryna C R Chrismas
- Sport Science Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University Doha, Qatar
| | - Ibrahim Akubat
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Studies, Newman University Birmingham, UK
| | - Ben Dascombe
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Grant Abt
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, The University of Hull Hull, UK
| | - Lee Taylor
- ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspire ZoneDoha, Qatar; Department of Sport Science and Physical Activity, Institute of Sport and Physical Activity Research, University of BedfordshireBedford, UK
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14
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Garvican-Lewis LA, Clark B, Martin DT, Schumacher YO, McDonald W, Stephens B, Ma F, Thompson KG, Gore CJ, Menaspà P. Impact of Altitude on Power Output during Cycling Stage Racing. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143028. [PMID: 26629912 PMCID: PMC4668098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to quantify the effects of moderate-high altitude on power output, cadence, speed and heart rate during a multi-day cycling tour. METHODS Power output, heart rate, speed and cadence were collected from elite male road cyclists during maximal efforts of 5, 15, 30, 60, 240 and 600 s. The efforts were completed in a laboratory power-profile assessment, and spontaneously during a cycling race simulation near sea-level and an international cycling race at moderate-high altitude. Matched data from the laboratory power-profile and the highest maximal mean power output (MMP) and corresponding speed and heart rate recorded during the cycling race simulation and cycling race at moderate-high altitude were compared using paired t-tests. Additionally, all MMP and corresponding speeds and heart rates were binned per 1000 m (<1000 m, 1000-2000, 2000-3000 and >3000 m) according to the average altitude of each ride. Mixed linear modelling was used to compare cycling performance data from each altitude bin. RESULTS Power output was similar between the laboratory power-profile and the race simulation, however MMPs for 5-600 s and 15, 60, 240 and 600 s were lower (p ≤ 0.005) during the race at altitude compared with the laboratory power-profile and race simulation, respectively. Furthermore, peak power output and all MMPs were lower (≥ 11.7%, p ≤ 0.001) while racing >3000 m compared with rides completed near sea-level. However, speed associated with MMP 60 and 240 s was greater (p < 0.001) during racing at moderate-high altitude compared with the race simulation near sea-level. CONCLUSION A reduction in oxygen availability as altitude increases leads to attenuation of cycling power output during competition. Decrement in cycling power output at altitude does not seem to affect speed which tended to be greater at higher altitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Garvican-Lewis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
- Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Bradley Clark
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
- Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - David T. Martin
- Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Fuhai Ma
- Qinghai Institute of Sport Science, Duoba, China
| | - Kevin G. Thompson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Gore
- Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Paolo Menaspà
- Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
- Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
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Girard O, Brocherie F, Morin JB, Millet GP. Running mechanical alterations during repeated treadmill sprints in hot versus hypoxic environments. A pilot study. J Sports Sci 2015; 34:1190-8. [PMID: 26473996 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1101482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We determined if performance and mechanical running alterations during repeated treadmill sprinting differ between severely hot and hypoxic environments. Six male recreational sportsmen (team- and racket-sport background) performed five 5-s sprints with 25-s recovery on an instrumented treadmill, allowing the continuous (step-by-step) measurement of running kinetics/kinematics and spring-mass characteristics. These were randomly conducted in control (CON; 25°C/45% RH, inspired fraction of oxygen = 20.9%), hot (HOT; 38°C/21% RH, inspired fraction of oxygen = 20.9%; end-exercise core temperature: ~38.6°C) and normobaric hypoxic (HYP, 25°C/45% RH, inspired fraction of oxygen = 13.3%/simulated altitude of ~3600 m; end-exercise pulse oxygen saturation: ~84%) environments. Running distance was lower (P < 0.05) in HOT compared to CON and HYP for the first sprint but larger (P < 0.05) sprint decrement score occurred in HYP versus HOT and CON. Compared to CON, the cumulated distance covered over the five sprints was lower (P < 0.01) in HYP but not in HOT. Irrespective of the environmental condition, significant changes occurred from the first to the fifth sprint repetitions (all three conditions compounded) in selected running kinetics (mean horizontal forces, P < 0.01) or kinematics (contact and swing times, both P < 0.001; step frequency, P < 0.001) and spring-mass characteristics (vertical stiffness, P < 0.001; leg stiffness, P < 0.01). No significant interaction between sprint number and condition was found for any mechanical data. Preliminary evidence indicates that repeated-sprint ability is more impaired in hypoxia than in a hot environment, when compared to a control condition. However, as sprints are repeated, mechanical alterations appear not to be exacerbated in severe (heat, hypoxia) environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- a ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine , University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland.,b Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital , Doha , Qatar
| | - Franck Brocherie
- a ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine , University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Jean-Benoit Morin
- c Laboratory of Human Motricity, Education Sport and Health (LAMHESS) , University of Nice Sophia Antipolis , Nice , France
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- a ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine , University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
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Buchheit M, Hammond K, Bourdon PC, Simpson BM, Garvican-Lewis LA, Schmidt WF, Gore CJ, Aughey RJ. Relative Match Intensities at High Altitude in Highly-Trained Young Soccer Players (ISA3600). J Sports Sci Med 2015; 14:98-102. [PMID: 25729296 PMCID: PMC4306790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To compare relative match intensities of sea-level versus high-altitude native soccer players during a 2-week camp at 3600 m, data from 7 sea-level (Australian U17 National team, AUS) and 6 high-altitude (a Bolivian U18 team, BOL) native soccer players were analysed. Two matches were played at sea-level and three at 3600 m on Days 1, 6 and 13. The Yo-Yo Intermittent recovery test (vYo-YoIR1) was performed at sea-level, and on Days 3 and 10. Match activity profiles were measured via 10-Hz GPS. Distance covered >14.4 km.h(-1) (D>14.4 km·h(-1)) and >80% of vYo-YoIR1 (D>80%vYo-YoIR1) were examined. Upon arrival at altitude, there was a greater decrement in vYo-YoIR1 (Cohen's d +1.0, 90%CL ± 0.8) and D>14.4 km·h(-1) (+0.5 ± 0.8) in AUS. D>14.4 km.h(-1) was similarly reduced relative to vYo-YoIR1 in both groups, so that D>80%vYo-YoIR1 remained similarly unchanged (-0.1 ± 0.8). Throughout the altitude sojourn, vYo-YoIR1 and D>14.4 km·h(-1) increased in parallel in AUS, so that D>80%vYo-YoIR1 remained stable in AUS (+6.0%/match, 90%CL ± 6.7); conversely D>80%vYo-YoIR1 decreased largely in BOL (-12.2%/match ± 6.2). In sea-level natives competing at high-altitude, changes in match running performance likely follow those in high-intensity running performance. Bolivian data confirm that increases in 'fitness' do not necessarily translate into greater match running performance, but rather in reduced relative exercise intensity. Key pointsWhen playing at high-altitude, players may alter their activities during matches in relation to their transient maximal physical capacities, possibly to maintain a 'tolerable' relative exercise intensity.While there is no doubt that running performance per se in not the main determinant of match outcomes (Carling, 2013), fitness levels influence relative match intensity (Buchheit et al., 2012, Mendez-Villanueva et al., 2013), which in-turn may impact on decision making and skill performance (Rampinini et al., 2008).In the context of high-altitude competitions, it is therefore recommended to arrive early enough (i.e., ~2 weeks) to allow (at least partial) acclimatisation, and in turn, allow sea-level native players to regulate their running activities in relation to both actual game demands and relative match intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Buchheit
- Sport Science Department, Myorobie Association , Montvalezan, France ; Performance Department, Paris Saint Germain FC, Saint-Germain-en-Laye , France
| | - Kristal Hammond
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University , Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Laura A Garvican-Lewis
- Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport , Canberra, Australia ; University of Canberra, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise , Canberra, Australia
| | - Walter F Schmidt
- Department of Sports Medicine / Sports Physiology, University of Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Christopher J Gore
- Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport , Canberra, Australia ; Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Flinders University , Adelaide, Australia
| | - Robert J Aughey
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University , Melbourne, Australia
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Gore CJ, Aughey RJ, Bourdon PC, Garvican-Lewis LA, Soria R, Claros JCJ, Sargent C, Roach GD, Buchheit M, Simpson BM, Hammond K, Kley M, Wachsmuth N, Pepper M, Edwards A, Cuenca D, Vidmar T, Spielvogel H, Schmidt WF. Methods of the international study on soccer at altitude 3600 m (ISA3600). Br J Sports Med 2014; 47 Suppl 1:i80-5. [PMID: 24282214 PMCID: PMC3903310 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Background We describe here the 3-year process underpinning a multinational collaboration to investigate soccer played at high altitude—La Paz, Bolivia (3600 m). There were two main aims: first, to quantify the extent to which running performance would be altered at 3600 m compared with near sea level; and second, to characterise the time course of acclimatisation of running performance and underlying physiology to training and playing at 3600 m. In addition, this project was able to measure the physiological changes and the effect on running performance of altitude-adapted soccer players from 3600 m playing at low altitude. Methods A U20 Bolivian team (‘The Strongest’ from La Paz, n=19) played a series of five games against a U17 team from sea level in Australia (The Joeys, n=20). 2 games were played near sea level (Santa Cruz 430 m) over 5 days and then three games were played in La Paz over the next 12 days. Measures were (1) game and training running performance—including global positioning system (GPS) data on distance travelled and velocity of movement; (2) blood—including haemoglobin mass, blood volume, blood gases and acid–base status; (3) acclimatisation—including resting heart rate variability, perceived altitude sickness, as well as heart rate and perceived exertion responses to a submaximal running test; and (4) sleep patterns. Conclusions Pivotal to the success of the project were the strong professional networks of the collaborators, with most exceeding 10 years, the links of several of the researchers to soccer federations, as well as the interest and support of the two head coaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Gore
- Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, , Canberra, Australia
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18
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Billaut F, Aughey RJ. Update in the understanding of altitude-induced limitations to performance in team-sport athletes. Br J Sports Med 2014; 47 Suppl 1:i22-5. [PMID: 24282202 PMCID: PMC3903141 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The internationalism of field-based team sports (TS) such as football and rugby requires teams to compete in tournaments held at low to moderate altitude (∼1200–2500 m). In TS, acceleration, speed and aerobic endurance are physical characteristics associated with ball possession and, ultimately, scoring. While these qualities are affected by the development of neuromuscular fatigue at sea level, arterial hypoxaemia induced by exposure to altitude may further hinder the capacity to perform consecutive accelerations (CAC) or sprint endurance and thereby change the outcome of a match. The higher the altitude, the more severe the hypoxaemia, and thus, the larger the expected decline in aerobic endurance, CAC and match running performance. Therefore, it is critical for athletes and coaches to understand how arterial hypoxaemia affects aerobic endurance and CAC and the magnitude of decline they may face at altitude for optimal preparation and increased chances of success. This mini review summarises the effects of acute altitude/hypoxia exposure on aerobic endurance, CAC and activity profiles of TS athletes performing in the laboratory and during matches at natural altitude, and analyses the latest findings about the consequences of arterial hypoxaemia on the relationship between peripheral perturbations, neural adjustments and performance during repeated sprints or CAC. Finally, we briefly discuss how altitude training can potentially help athletes prepare for competition at altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Billaut
- Institut national du sport du Québec, , Montréal, Québec, Canada
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19
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Buchheit M, Simpson BM, Garvican-Lewis LA, Hammond K, Kley M, Schmidt WF, Aughey RJ, Soria R, Sargent C, Roach GD, Claros JCJ, Wachsmuth N, Gore CJ, Bourdon PC. Wellness, fatigue and physical performance acclimatisation to a 2-week soccer camp at 3600 m (ISA3600). Br J Sports Med 2014; 47 Suppl 1:i100-6. [PMID: 24282195 PMCID: PMC3903314 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To examine the time course of wellness, fatigue and performance during an altitude training camp (La Paz, 3600 m) in two groups of either sea-level (Australian) or altitude (Bolivian) native young soccer players. Methods Wellness and fatigue were assessed using questionnaires and resting heart rate (HR) and HR variability. Physical performance was assessed using HR responses to a submaximal run, a Yo-Yo Intermittent recovery test level 1 (Yo-YoIR1) and a 20 m sprint. Most measures were performed daily, with the exception of Yo-YoIR1 and 20 m sprints, which were performed near sea level and on days 3 and 10 at altitude. Results Compared with near sea level, Australians had moderate-to-large impairments in wellness and Yo-YoIR1 relative to the Bolivians on arrival at altitude. The acclimatisation of most measures to altitude was substantially slower in Australians than Bolivians, with only Bolivians reaching near sea-level baseline high-intensity running by the end of the camp. Both teams had moderately impaired 20 m sprinting at the end of the camp. Exercise HR had large associations (r>0.5–0.7) with changes in Yo-YoIR1 in both groups. Conclusions Despite partial physiological and perceptual acclimatisation, 2 weeks is insufficient for restoration of physical performance in young sea-level native soccer players. Because of the possible decrement in 20 m sprint time, a greater emphasis on speed training may be required during and after altitude training. The specific time course of restoration for each variable suggests that they measure different aspects of acclimatisation to 3600 m; they should therefore be used in combination to assess adaptation to altitude.
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20
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Wachsmuth N, Kley M, Spielvogel H, Aughey RJ, Gore CJ, Bourdon PC, Hammond K, Sargent C, Roach GD, Sanchez RS, Claros JCJ, Schmidt WF, Garvican-Lewis LA. Changes in blood gas transport of altitude native soccer players near sea-level and sea-level native soccer players at altitude (ISA3600). Br J Sports Med 2014; 47 Suppl 1:i93-9. [PMID: 24282216 PMCID: PMC3903154 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The optimal strategy for soccer teams playing at altitude is not known, that is, ‘fly-in, fly-out’ versus short-term acclimatisation. Here, we document changes in blood gas and vascular volumes of sea-level (Australian, n=20) and altitude (Bolivian, n=19) native soccer players at 3600 m. Methods Haemoglobin-oxygen saturation (Hb-sO2), arterial oxygen content (CaO2), haemoglobin mass (Hbmass), blood volume (BV) and blood gas concentrations were measured before descent (Bolivians only), together with aerobic fitness (via Yo-YoIR1), near sea-level, after ascent and during 13 days at 3600 m. Results At baseline, haemoglobin concentration [Hb] and Hbmass were higher in Bolivians (mean±SD; 18.2±1.0 g/dL, 12.8±0.8 g/kg) than Australians (15.0±0.9 g/dL, 11.6±0.7 g/kg; both p≤0.001). Near sea-level, [Hb] of Bolivians decreased to 16.6±0.9 g/dL, but normalised upon return to 3600 m; Hbmass was constant regardless of altitude. In Australians, [Hb] increased after 12 days at 3600 m to 17.3±1.0 g/dL; Hbmass increased by 3.0±2.7% (p≤0.01). BV decreased in both teams at altitude by ∼400 mL. Arterial partial pressure for oxygen (PaO2), Hb-sO2 and CaO2 of both teams decreased within 2 h of arrival at 3600 m (p≤0.001) but increased over the following days, with CaO2 overcompensated in Australians (+1.7±1.2 mL/100 mL; p≤0.001). Yo-YoIR1 was lower on the 3rd versus 10th day at altitude and was significantly related to CaO2. Conclusions The marked drop in PaO2 and CaO2 observed after ascent does not support the ‘fly-in, fly-out’ approach for soccer teams to play immediately after arrival at altitude. Although short-term acclimatisation was sufficient for Australians to stabilise their CaO2 (mostly due to loss of plasma volume), 12 days appears insufficient to reach chronic levels of adaption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Wachsmuth
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology, University of Bayreuth, , Bayreuth, Germany
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21
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Sargent C, Schmidt WF, Aughey RJ, Bourdon PC, Soria R, Claros JCJ, Garvican-Lewis LA, Buchheit M, Simpson BM, Hammond K, Kley M, Wachsmuth N, Gore CJ, Roach GD. The impact of altitude on the sleep of young elite soccer players (ISA3600). Br J Sports Med 2014; 47 Suppl 1:i86-92. [PMID: 24282215 PMCID: PMC3903148 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Altitude training is used by elite athletes to improve sports performance, but it may also disrupt sleep. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of 2 weeks at high altitude on the sleep of young elite athletes. Methods Participants (n=10) were members of the Australian under-17 soccer team on an 18-day (19-night) training camp in Bolivia, with six nights at near sea level in Santa Cruz (430 m) and 13 nights at high altitude in La Paz (3600 m). Sleep was monitored using polysomnography during a baseline night at 430 m and three nights at 3600 m (immediately after ascent, 1 week after ascent and 2 weeks after ascent). Data were analysed using effect size statistics. Results All results are reported as comparisons with baseline. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was likely lower immediately upon ascent to altitude, possibly lower after 1 week and similar after 2 weeks. On all three nights at altitude, hypopneas and desaturations were almost certainly higher; oxygen saturation was almost certainly lower; and central apnoeas, respiratory arousals and periodic breathing were very likely higher. The effects on REM sleep were common to all but one participant, but the effects on breathing were specific to only half the participants. Conclusions The immediate effects of terrestrial altitude of 3600 m are to reduce the amount of REM sleep obtained by young elite athletes, and to cause 50% of them to have impaired breathing during sleep. REM sleep returns to normal after 2 weeks at altitude, but impaired breathing does not improve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charli Sargent
- Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Central Queensland University, , Adelaide, Australia
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Roach GD, Schmidt WF, Aughey RJ, Bourdon PC, Soria R, Claros JCJ, Garvican-Lewis LA, Buchheit M, Simpson BM, Hammond K, Kley M, Wachsmuth N, Gore CJ, Sargent C. The sleep of elite athletes at sea level and high altitude: a comparison of sea-level natives and high-altitude natives (ISA3600). Br J Sports Med 2014; 47 Suppl 1:i114-20. [PMID: 24282197 PMCID: PMC3903309 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altitude exposure causes acute sleep disruption in non-athletes, but little is known about its effects in elite athletes. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of altitude on two groups of elite athletes, that is, sea-level natives and high-altitude natives. METHODS Sea-level natives were members of the Australian under-17 soccer team (n=14). High-altitude natives were members of a Bolivian under-20 club team (n=12). Teams participated in an 18-day (19 nights) training camp in Bolivia, with 6 nights at near sea level in Santa Cruz (430 m) and 13 nights at high altitude in La Paz (3600 m). Sleep was assessed on every day/night using activity monitors. RESULTS The Australians' sleep was shorter, and of poorer quality, on the first night at altitude compared with sea level. Sleep quality returned to normal by the end of the first week at altitude, but sleep quantity had still not stabilised at its normal level after 2 weeks. The quantity and quality of sleep obtained by the Bolivians was similar, or greater, on all nights at altitude compared with sea level. The Australians tended to obtain more sleep than the Bolivians at sea level and altitude, but the quality of the Bolivians' sleep tended to be better than that of the Australians at altitude. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to high altitude causes acute and chronic disruption to the sleep of elite athletes who are sea-level natives, but it does not affect the sleep of elite athletes who are high-altitude natives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D Roach
- Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Central Queensland University, , Adelaide, Australia
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Sightings edited by Erik R. Swenson and Peter Bärtsch. High Alt Med Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1089/ham.2014.1523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Girard O, Pluim BM. Improving team-sport player's physical performance with altitude training: from beliefs to scientific evidence. Br J Sports Med 2013; 47 Suppl 1:i2-3. [PMID: 24282201 PMCID: PMC3903311 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-093119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- Research and Education Centre, ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, , Doha, Qatar
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25
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Aughey RJ, Buchheit M, Garvican-Lewis LA, Roach GD, Sargent C, Billaut F, Varley MC, Bourdon PC, Gore CJ. Yin and yang, or peas in a pod? Individual-sport versus team-sport athletes and altitude training. Br J Sports Med 2013; 47:1150-4. [PMID: 24255910 PMCID: PMC3841751 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The question of whether altitude training can enhance subsequent sea-level performance has been well investigated over many decades. However, research on this topic has focused on athletes from individual or endurance sports, with scant number of studies on team-sport athletes. Questions that need to be answered include whether this type of training may enhance team-sport athlete performance, when success in team-sport is often more based on technical and tactical ability rather than physical capacity per se. This review will contrast and compare athletes from two sports representative of endurance (cycling) and team-sports (soccer). Specifically, we draw on the respective competition schedules, physiological capacities, activity profiles and energetics of each sport to compare the similarities between athletes from these sports and discuss the relative merits of altitude training for these athletes. The application of conventional live-high, train-high; live-high, train-low; and intermittent hypoxic training for team-sport athletes in the context of the above will be presented. When the above points are considered, we will conclude that dependent on resources and training objectives, altitude training can be seen as an attractive proposition to enhance the physical performance of team-sport athletes without the need for an obvious increase in training load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Aughey
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Western Bulldogs Football Club, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martin Buchheit
- Sport Science Department, Physiology Unit, ASPIRE Academy for Sports Excellence, Doha, Qatar
| | - Laura A Garvican-Lewis
- Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- National Institute of Sports Studies, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Gregory D Roach
- Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Charli Sargent
- Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Matthew C Varley
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pitre C Bourdon
- Sport Science Department, Physiology Unit, ASPIRE Academy for Sports Excellence, Doha, Qatar
| | - Christopher J Gore
- Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Girard O, Amann M, Aughey R, Billaut F, Bishop DJ, Bourdon P, Buchheit M, Chapman R, D'Hooghe M, Garvican-Lewis LA, Gore CJ, Millet GP, Roach GD, Sargent C, Saunders PU, Schmidt W, Schumacher YO. Position statement--altitude training for improving team-sport players' performance: current knowledge and unresolved issues. Br J Sports Med 2013; 47 Suppl 1:i8-16. [PMID: 24282213 PMCID: PMC3903313 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-093109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the limited research on the effects of altitude (or hypoxic) training interventions on team-sport performance, players from all around the world engaged in these sports are now using altitude training more than ever before. In March 2013, an Altitude Training and Team Sports conference was held in Doha, Qatar, to establish a forum of research and practical insights into this rapidly growing field. A round-table meeting in which the panellists engaged in focused discussions concluded this conference. This has resulted in the present position statement, designed to highlight some key issues raised during the debates and to integrate the ideas into a shared conceptual framework. The present signposting document has been developed for use by support teams (coaches, performance scientists, physicians, strength and conditioning staff) and other professionals who have an interest in the practical application of altitude training for team sports. After more than four decades of research, there is still no consensus on the optimal strategies to elicit the best results from altitude training in a team-sport population. However, there are some recommended strategies discussed in this position statement to adopt for improving the acclimatisation process when training/competing at altitude and for potentially enhancing sea-level performance. It is our hope that this information will be intriguing, balanced and, more importantly, stimulating to the point that it promotes constructive discussion and serves as a guide for future research aimed at advancing the bourgeoning body of knowledge in the area of altitude training for team sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- Research and Education Centre, ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Markus Amann
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Robert Aughey
- Exercise and Active Living, Institute of Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Western Bulldogs Football Club, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - David J Bishop
- Exercise and Active Living, Institute of Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Robert Chapman
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, High Performance Department, USA Track & Field, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Michel D'Hooghe
- Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) Medical Commission and FIFA Medical Assessment and Research Centre (F-MARC), Langerei, 71, 8000 Brugge, Belgium
| | - Laura A Garvican-Lewis
- Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
- University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Christopher J Gore
- Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Department of Physiology—Faculty of Biology and Medicine, ISSUL—Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gregory D Roach
- Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Charli Sargent
- Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Philo U Saunders
- Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
- University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Walter Schmidt
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Yorck O Schumacher
- Research and Education Centre, ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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