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Durgun KX, Sikka N, Davey K, Hood C, Khokhar O, Sadur A, Labine M, Zaslavsky J. Emergency department documentation of legal intervention injuries at a Washington, DC, hospital. Acad Emerg Med 2024. [PMID: 38661226 DOI: 10.1111/acem.14927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines legal intervention injuries as injuries caused by law enforcement agents in the course of official duties. Public health databases utilize International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10), coding to collect these data through the "Y35" family ICD-10 code. Prior studies report deficiencies in public health recording of fatal legal intervention injuries. Few studies have characterized nonfatal injuries. This study investigates emergency department (ED) capture of legal intervention injury diagnostic coding. METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed on ED encounter data from January 1, 2017, to June 30, 2019, at an academic hospital in Washington, DC. Charts were identified using a keyword search program for "police." Chart abstracters reviewed the flagged charts and abstracted those that met injury definition. Primary outcomes included injury severity, patient demographics, and documented ICD-10 codes. One sample proportion testing was performed comparing sample census ED data. RESULTS A total of 340 encounters had sufficient descriptions of legal intervention injuries. A total of 259 had descriptions consistent with the patient specifier of "suspect." Hospital coders recorded 74 charts (28.6%) with the Y35 family legal intervention injury code. A total of 212 involved a Black patient. A total of 122 patients had Medicaid and 94 were uninsured. Black patients made up a higher proportion of individuals in the "suspect identified legal intervention injury" group than the total population (0.819 vs. 0.609, p < 0.01, 95% CI 0.772-0.866). Patients with Medicaid or who were uninsured made up substantial proportions as well (0.471 vs. 0.175, p < 0.01, 95% CI 0.410-0.532 for Medicaid patients and 0.363 vs. 0.155, p < 0.01, 95% CI 0.304-0.424 for the uninsured patients). CONCLUSION A large proportion of nonfatal legal intervention injuries remain unreported. Black and low-income patients are disproportionately affected. More research is needed but benefits from interprofessional data sharing, injury pattern awareness, and diagnostic coding guidance may improve reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Xerxes Durgun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Neal Sikka
- Department of Emergency Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kevin Davey
- Department of Emergency Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Colton Hood
- Department of Emergency Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Omair Khokhar
- George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alana Sadur
- George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Monica Labine
- George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Justin Zaslavsky
- George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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Bhatt MP, Heller SB, Kapustin M, Bertrand M, Blattman C. Predicting and Preventing Gun Violence: An Experimental Evaluation of READI Chicago. THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 2024; 139:1-56. [PMID: 38414485 PMCID: PMC10898100 DOI: 10.1093/qje/qjad031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Gun violence is the most pressing public safety problem in American cities. We report results from a randomized controlled trial (N = 2 , 456 ) of a community-researcher partnership called the Rapid Employment and Development Initiative (READI) Chicago. The program offered an 18-month job alongside cognitive behavioral therapy and other social support. Both algorithmic and human referral methods identified men with strikingly high scope for gun violence reduction: for every 100 people in the control group, there were 11 shooting and homicide victimizations during the 20-month outcome period. Fifty-five percent of the treatment group started programming, comparable to take-up rates in programs for people facing far lower mortality risk. After 20 months, there is no statistically significant change in an index combining three measures of serious violence, the study's primary outcome. Yet there are signs that this program model has promise. One of the three measures, shooting and homicide arrests, declines 65 percent (p = 0 . 13 after multiple testing adjustment). Because shootings are so costly, READI generates estimated social savings between $182,000 and $916,000 per participant (p = 0 . 03 ), implying a benefit-cost ratio between 4:1 and 18:1. Moreover, participants referred by outreach workers-a pre-specified subgroup-show enormous declines in both arrests and victimizations for shootings and homicides (79 and 43 percent, respectively) that remain statistically significant even after multiple testing adjustments. These declines are concentrated among outreach referrals with higher predicted risk, suggesting that human and algorithmic targeting may work better together.
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Hernandez-Meier J, Xu Z, Kohlbeck SA, Levas M, Shepherd J, Hargarten S. Linking emergency care and police department data to strengthen timely information on violence-related paediatric injuries. Emerg Med J 2023; 40:653-659. [PMID: 37611955 DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2023-213370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combined ED and police department (PD) data have improved violence surveillance in the UK, enabling significantly improved prevention. We sought to determine if the addition of emergency medical service (EMS) data to ED data would contribute meaningful information on violence-related paediatric injuries beyond PD record data in a US city. METHODS Cross-sectional data on self-reported violence-related injuries of youth treated in the ED between January 2015 and September 2016 were combined with incidents classified by EMS as intentional interpersonal violence and incidents in which the PD responded to a youth injury from a simple or aggravated assault, robbery or sexual offence. Nearest neighbour hierarchical spatial clustering detected areas in which 10 or more incidents occurred during this period (hotspots), with the radii of the area being 1000, 1500, 2000 and 3000 ft. Overlap of PD incidents within ED&EMS hotspots (and vice versa) was calculated and Spearman's r tested statistical associations between the data sets, or ED&EMS contribution to PD violence information. RESULTS There were 935 unique ED&EMS records (ED=381; EMS=554). Of these, 877 (94%) were not in PD records. In large hotspots >2000 ft, ED&EMS records identified one additional incident for every three in the PD database. ED and EMS provided significant numbers of incidents not reported to PD. Significant correlations of ED&EMS incidents in PD hotspots imply that the ED&EMS incidents are as pervasive across the city as that reported by PD. In addition, ED and EMS provided unique violence information, as ED&EMS hotspots never included a majority (>50%) of PD records. Most (676/877; 77%) incidents unique to ED&EMS records were within 1000 ft of a school or park. CONCLUSIONS Many violence locations in ED and EMS data were not present in PD records. A combined PD, ED and EMS database resulted in new knowledge of the geospatial distribution of violence-related paediatric injuries and can be used for data-informed and targeted prevention of violence in which children are injured-especially in and around schools and parks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zengwang Xu
- Geography, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sara A Kohlbeck
- Psychiatry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael Levas
- Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jonathan Shepherd
- Crime and Intelligence Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Stephen Hargarten
- Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Lightowlers C, Coomber K, Quigg Z. The impact of COVID-19 and associated public health restrictions on trends in police-recorded violence in an English police force area. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1448. [PMID: 37507712 PMCID: PMC10375687 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16366-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic, and associated public health measures, had a marked impact on a number of health and wellbeing outcomes, including alcohol use and violence. Current literature presents a mixed view of the impact of the pandemic on violence trends. The current study utilises police offence data from a region of northern England to examine the impact of lockdowns, and subsequent relaxation of restrictions, on trends in violent offences. METHODS Time series analyses using seasonal auto-regressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) modelling was used to investigate the impacts of the COVID-19 public health measures on weekly offence trends from April 1 2018 to March 20 2021. Additionally, pre-pandemic data were used to forecast expected trends had the pandemic not occurred. These expected trends were then compared to actual data to determine if the average levels of violence were outside the forecasted expectations. Overall violence and six subtypes (violence with and without injury, sexual offences including rape, domestic violence, and alcohol-related violent offences) were examined. RESULTS Overall, the observed trend in police recorded violent offences demonstrated fluctuating patterns in line with commencement and easing of public health restrictions. That is, offence numbers declined during lockdowns and increased after relaxation of restrictions. However, the majority of observed values fell within the expected range. This broad pattern was also found for subtypes of violent offences. CONCLUSIONS While violent crime trends demonstrated fluctuations with lockdowns, and subsequent easing of restrictions, these changes were not demonstrably larger than expected trends within this English region, suggesting that a sustained amplification in violence was not observed within this data. However, it is important to acknowledge the high levels of violence reported in this region across the study period, which should be used as a key driver for investing in long-term approaches to violence prevention. Given the extent of unreported violence generally, and that victims/survivors may come into contact with other support services (without reporting to the police), it is vital that policy and practice decisions take a holistic approach, considering a broad range of data sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Lightowlers
- Department of Sociology, Social Policy and Criminology, School of Law and Social Justice, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Kerri Coomber
- Centre for Drug Use, Addictive and Anti-social behaviour Research, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Zara Quigg
- Public Health Institute (PHI), Liverpool John Moores University (LJMU), World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Violence Prevention, Liverpool, UK
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Baker T, Taylor N, Kloot K, Miller P, Egerton‐Warburton D, Shepherd J. Using the Cardiff model to reduce late-night alcohol-related presentations in regional Australia. Aust J Rural Health 2023; 31:532-539. [PMID: 37078513 PMCID: PMC10947014 DOI: 10.1111/ajr.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Cardiff model is a data sharing approach that aims to reduce the volume of intoxicated patients in emergency departments (EDs). This approach has not been tested in a rural setting. OBJECTIVE This study assessed whether this approach would reduce the number of alcohol-associated presentations during high-alcohol hours (HAH) in a regional ED. DESIGN From July 2017, people over the age of 18 attending the ED were asked by the triage nurse (1) whether they had consumed alcohol in the past 12 h, (2) their typical alcohol consumption level, (3) the location where most alcohol was purchased and (4) the location of the last drink. From April 2018, quarterly letters were sent to the top five venues reported within the ED. Deidentified, aggregated data were shared with local police, licensing authorities and local government, identifying the top five venues reported in the ED and providing a summary of alcohol-related attendances to the ED. Interrupted time series analyses were used to estimate the influence of the intervention on monthly injury and alcohol-related ED presentations. FINDINGS ITS models found that there was a significant gradual decrease in the monthly rate of injury attendances during HAH (Coefficient = -0.004, p = 0.044). No other significant results were found. DISCUSSION Our study found that sharing last drinks data collected in the ED with a local violence prevention committee was associated with a small, but significant reduction in the rate of injury presentations compared with all ED presentations. CONCLUSION This intervention continues to have promise for reducing alcohol-related harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Baker
- Centre for Rural Emergency Medicine, Faculty of HealthDeakin UniversityWarrnamboolVictoriaAustralia
- South West HealthcareWarrnamboolVictoriaAustralia
| | - Nicholas Taylor
- School of Psychology, Faculty of HealthDeakin UniversityGeelongVictoriaAustralia
- National Drug Research InstituteCurtin UniversityPerthVictoriaAustralia
| | - Kate Kloot
- South West HealthcareWarrnamboolVictoriaAustralia
- School of MedicineDeakin UniversityWarrnamboolVictoriaAustralia
| | - Peter Miller
- School of Psychology, Faculty of HealthDeakin UniversityGeelongVictoriaAustralia
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Sakran JV, Bornstein SS, Dicker R, Rivara FP, Campbell BT, Cunningham RM, Betz M, Hargarten S, Williams A, Horwitz JM, Nehra D, Burstin H, Sheehan K, Dreier FL, James T, Sathya C, Armstrong JH, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Charles S, Goldberg A, Lee LK, Stewart RM, Kerby JD, Turner PL, Bulger EM. Proceedings from the Second Medical Summit on Firearm Injury Prevention, 2022: Creating a Sustainable Healthcare Coalition to Advance a Multidisciplinary Public Health Approach. J Am Coll Surg 2023; 236:1242-1260. [PMID: 36877809 DOI: 10.1097/xcs.0000000000000662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph V Sakran
- From the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma, Chicago, IL (Sakran, Dicker, Cambell, Sathya, Armstrong, Goldberg, Stewart, Kerby, Turner, Bulger)
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD (Sakran)
| | - Sue S Bornstein
- American College of Physicians, Philadelphia, PA (Bornstein)
| | - Rochelle Dicker
- From the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma, Chicago, IL (Sakran, Dicker, Cambell, Sathya, Armstrong, Goldberg, Stewart, Kerby, Turner, Bulger)
- Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (Dicker)
| | - Frederick P Rivara
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (Rivara)
| | - Brendan T Campbell
- From the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma, Chicago, IL (Sakran, Dicker, Cambell, Sathya, Armstrong, Goldberg, Stewart, Kerby, Turner, Bulger)
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT (Campbell)
| | - Rebecca M Cunningham
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (Cunningham)
| | - Marian Betz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO (Betz)
| | - Stephen Hargarten
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (Hargarten)
| | - Ashley Williams
- Department of Surgery, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL (Williams)
| | - Joshua M Horwitz
- Johns Hopkins Center for Gun Violence Solutions, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (Horwitz)
| | - Deepika Nehra
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (Nehra, Bulger)
| | - Helen Burstin
- Council of Medical Specialty Societies, Washington, DC (Burstin)
| | - Karen Sheehan
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (Sheehan)
| | - Fatimah L Dreier
- The Health Alliance for Violence Intervention, Jersey City, NJ (Dreier)
| | - Thea James
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (James)
| | - Chethan Sathya
- From the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma, Chicago, IL (Sakran, Dicker, Cambell, Sathya, Armstrong, Goldberg, Stewart, Kerby, Turner, Bulger)
- Department of Surgery, Cohen Children's Medical Center, Northwell Health, Queens, NY (Sathya)
| | - John H Armstrong
- From the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma, Chicago, IL (Sakran, Dicker, Cambell, Sathya, Armstrong, Goldberg, Stewart, Kerby, Turner, Bulger)
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (Armstrong)
| | - Ali Rowhani-Rahbar
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA (Rowhani-Rahbar)
| | - Scott Charles
- Department of Surgery, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (Charles, Goldberg)
| | - Amy Goldberg
- From the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma, Chicago, IL (Sakran, Dicker, Cambell, Sathya, Armstrong, Goldberg, Stewart, Kerby, Turner, Bulger)
- Department of Surgery, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (Charles, Goldberg)
| | - Lois K Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (Lee)
| | - Ronald M Stewart
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, TX (Stewart)
| | - Jeffrey D Kerby
- From the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma, Chicago, IL (Sakran, Dicker, Cambell, Sathya, Armstrong, Goldberg, Stewart, Kerby, Turner, Bulger)
- Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (Kerby)
| | - Patricia L Turner
- From the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma, Chicago, IL (Sakran, Dicker, Cambell, Sathya, Armstrong, Goldberg, Stewart, Kerby, Turner, Bulger)
| | - Eileen M Bulger
- From the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma, Chicago, IL (Sakran, Dicker, Cambell, Sathya, Armstrong, Goldberg, Stewart, Kerby, Turner, Bulger)
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (Nehra, Bulger)
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Reitz ACW, Hawk SR, Schwimmer HD, Hanna T, Payne DES. Utilizing a combined hospital and criminal justice database to identify risk factors for repeat firearm injury or violent-crime arrest among firearm victims. MEDICINE, SCIENCE, AND THE LAW 2023; 63:93-104. [PMID: 35726447 DOI: 10.1177/00258024221103695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Identifying firearm victims with the greatest risk of repeat-firearm exposure and offering interventions has the potential to disrupt recurrent violence. This study explored risk factors associated with repeat violence among survivors of intentional firearm injury in a unique clinical and criminal justice (CJ) dataset. Methods: This study analyzed a retrospective cohort (n = 4058) of persons injured by nonfatal intentional firearm violence from 2013 to 2016 in one metropolitan area. Data were collected from a single level I trauma center, city police records, and state CJ databases from 1948 to 2019. The primary outcome of interest was another firearm injury or violent-crime arrest (defined as a violent or firearm felony offense). Results: Among 4058 nonfatal intentional firearm victims, 1202 (29.6%) individuals had a repeat-firearm injury or violent-crime arrest. In a bivariate analysis, history of mental, physical, and/or emotional abuse (odds ratio [OR], 1.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.40-1.86), mental health diagnosis (OR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.51-2.35), or illegal substance use (OR, 2.87; 95% CI, 2.48-3.32) was associated with increased risk of repeat-firearm injury or violent-crime arrest. Prior felony arrest (OR, 3.68; 95% CI, 3.19-4.24), prior incarceration (OR, 3.72; 95% CI, 3.04-4.56), prior firearm charge (OR, 4.06; 95% CI, 3.33-4.96), and suspected gang membership (OR, 8.69; 95% CI, 6.14-12.32) demonstrated the greatest association with significant repeat violence. Conclusions: Thirty percent of those who experienced an intentional firearm injury were found to have a repeat-firearm injury or violent-crime arrest multi-disciplinary interventions that address the complex needs of a CJ-involved population are needed to mitigate significant repeat violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C W Reitz
- Department of Surgery, 12239Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Tarek Hanna
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, 12239Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Degli Esposti M, Coll CVN, da Silva EV, Borges D, Rojido E, Gomes Dos Santos A, Cano I, Murray J. Effects of the Pelotas (Brazil) Peace Pact on violence and crime: a synthetic control analysis. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2023; 19:100447. [PMID: 36874166 PMCID: PMC9982028 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2023.100447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Background City-led interventions are increasingly advocated to achieve the UN's Sustainable Development Goal to reduce violence for all. We used a new quantitative evaluation method to examine whether a flagship programme, called the "Pelotas Pact for Peace" (the Pacto), has been effective in reducing violence and crime in the city of Pelotas, Brazil. Methods We used synthetic control methodology to assess the effects of the Pacto from August 2017 to December 2021, and separately before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Outcomes included monthly rates of homicide and property crime, and yearly rates of assault against women and school drop-out. We constructed synthetic controls (counterfactuals) based on weighted averages from a donor pool of municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul. Weights were identified using pre-intervention outcome trends and confounders (sociodemographics, economics, education, health and development, and drug trafficking). Findings The Pacto led to an overall 9% reduction in homicide and 7% reduction in robbery in Pelotas. These effects were not uniform across the full post-intervention period as clear effects were only seen during the pandemic period. A 38% reduction in homicide was also specifically associated with the criminal justice strategy of Focussed Deterrence. No significant effects were found for non-violent property crimes, violence against women, and school dropout, irrespective of the post-intervention period. Interpretation City-level interventions that combine public health and criminal justice approaches could be effective in tackling violence in Brazil. Continued monitoring and evaluation efforts are increasingly needed as cities are proposed as key opportunities for reducing violence for all. Funding This research was funded by the Wellcome Trust [grant number: 210735_Z_18_Z].
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Degli Esposti
- Human Development and Violence Research Centre, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Carolina V N Coll
- Human Development and Violence Research Centre, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Viegas da Silva
- Human Development and Violence Research Centre, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Doriam Borges
- Laboratório de Análise da Violência, Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emiliano Rojido
- Laboratório de Análise da Violência, Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Ignacio Cano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales, Universidad Autónoma de México, City of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Joseph Murray
- Human Development and Violence Research Centre, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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Swedo EA, Alic A, Law RK, Sumner SA, Chen MS, Zwald ML, Van Dyke ME, Bowen DA, Mercy JA. Development of a Machine Learning Model to Estimate US Firearm Homicides in Near Real Time. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e233413. [PMID: 36930150 PMCID: PMC10024196 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.3413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Firearm homicides are a major public health concern; lack of timely mortality data presents considerable challenges to effective response. Near real-time data sources offer potential for more timely estimation of firearm homicides. Objective To estimate near real-time burden of weekly and annual firearm homicides in the US. Design, Setting, and Participants In this prognostic study, anonymous, longitudinal time series data were obtained from multiple data sources, including Google and YouTube search trends related to firearms (2014-2019), emergency department visits for firearm injuries (National Syndromic Surveillance Program, 2014-2019), emergency medical service activations for firearm-related injuries (biospatial, 2014-2019), and National Domestic Violence Hotline contacts flagged with the keyword firearm (2016-2019). Data analysis was performed from September 2021 to September 2022. Main Outcomes and Measures Weekly estimates of US firearm homicides were calculated using a 2-phase pipeline, first fitting optimal machine learning models for each data stream and then combining the best individual models into a stacked ensemble model. Model accuracy was assessed by comparing predictions of firearm homicides in 2019 to actual firearm homicides identified by National Vital Statistics System death certificates. Results were also compared with a SARIMA (seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average) model, a common method to forecast injury mortality. Results Both individual and ensemble models yielded highly accurate estimates of firearm homicides. Individual models' mean error for weekly estimates of firearm homicides (root mean square error) varied from 24.95 for emergency department visits to 31.29 for SARIMA forecasting. Ensemble models combining data sources had lower weekly mean error and higher annual accuracy than individual data sources: the all-source ensemble model had a weekly root mean square error of 24.46 deaths and full-year accuracy of 99.74%, predicting the total number of firearm homicides in 2019 within 38 deaths for the entire year (compared with 95.48% accuracy and 652 deaths for the SARIMA model). The model decreased the time lag of reporting weekly firearm homicides from 7 to 8 months to approximately 6 weeks. Conclusions and Relevance In this prognostic study of diverse secondary data on machine learning, ensemble modeling produced accurate near real-time estimates of weekly and annual firearm homicides and substantially decreased data source time lags. Ensemble model forecasts can accelerate public health practitioners' and policy makers' ability to respond to unanticipated shifts in firearm homicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Swedo
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Alen Alic
- Division of Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Royal K. Law
- Division of Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Steven A. Sumner
- Office of Strategy and Innovation, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - May S. Chen
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Marissa L. Zwald
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Miriam E. Van Dyke
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Daniel A. Bowen
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - James A. Mercy
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Moore SC, Woolley TE, White J. An Exploration of the Multiplicative Effect of "Other People" and Other Environmental Effects on Violence in the Night-Time Environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16963. [PMID: 36554844 PMCID: PMC9779416 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The characteristics of night-time environments (NTEs) in which alcohol is consumed and that contribute to violence are poorly described. We explore competing explanations for violence in the NTE, with a particular focus on the number of patrons and its association with assault-related visits to a hospital emergency department. Other environmental features including the weather and notable events were also considered. The primary aim was to stimulate debate around the causal mechanisms responsible for violence. METHODS Assault-related ED visits occurring between 8 pm and 4 am were recorded at the University Hospital of Wales, the single Emergency Department (ED) serving Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom. Footfall was derived from the total number of unique MAC addresses recorded per hour collected from ten wireless fidelity monitoring tools located in the city centre. A narrative review of the literature concerning alcohol and violence informed exploratory analyses into the association between night-time footfall, sporting events, the weather, and other potential predictors of assault-related visits to the ED. We developed analytic methods from formal accounts of queueing. RESULTS International rugby matches at home, the weather (temperature), national holidays, the day of the week, and number of patrons in the NTE predicted assault-related injury (R2 = 0.70), with footfall yielding a positive non-linear exponential association consistent with predictions derived from mathematical models of queueing. DISCUSSION Assault-related visits to the ED have a non-linear association with the number of people socialising in the night-time environment and are further influenced by the weather and notable events. Opportunities for further research that might inform policy and interventions aimed at better managing NTEs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C. Moore
- Violence Research Group, Security, Crime & Intelligence Innovation Institute, SPARK, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Thomas E. Woolley
- School of Mathematics, Abacws, Senghennydd Road, Cathays, Cardiff CF24 4AG, UK
| | - James White
- Centre for Trials Research, DECIPHer, School of Medicine, Neuadd Meirionnydd, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK
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11
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Jensen AD, Taneja K, Ahmad MT, Woreta FA, Rajaii F. Incidence and Characteristics of Orbital Hemorrhages in the United States from 2006 to 2018. Clin Ophthalmol 2022; 16:3369-3380. [PMID: 36237493 PMCID: PMC9553320 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s376447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the incidence, characteristics, and costs associated with orbital hemorrhages presenting to US EDs. Patients and Methods This was a retrospective, longitudinal study of the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, 2006 to 2018. Medical records from patients presenting to participating hospital-owned EDs and diagnosed with primary or secondary orbital hemorrhage were examined to determine incidence, demographics, clinical characteristics, mechanism, disposition and related risk factors, and costs. Results From 2006 to 2018, an estimated 20,762 US ED visits included an orbital hemorrhage diagnosis. Most primary diagnosis patients were elderly (35%) and male (51%), and incidence increased from 1.1 (95% CI: 0.8-1.4) to 3.1 per million (95% CI: 2.5-3.7, p < 0.0001). Fall was the most common mechanism (21.6%), particularly among the elderly (39.9%). Fall-related diagnoses increased from 0.03 (95% CI: -0.01-0.07) to 1.0 per million (95% CI: 0.7-1.3, p < 0.0001), while overall falls increased by only 7%. Assault-related orbital hemorrhage increased from 0.1 (95% CI: 0.0-0.2) to 0.6 per million (95% CI: 0.4-0.7, p < 0.0001), while overall assaults decreased by 22%. Annual total ED costs increased from $463,220 (95% CI: 233,993-692,446) to $6,117,320 (95% CI: 4,665,403-7,569,237, p < 0.001). Inpatient admission was uncommon (9.0%), but related costs totaled $18.9 million (95% CI: 13.3-24.5). Odds of admission were lower in fall- and objects-related injuries and higher with certain concurrent injuries. Conclusion Orbital hemorrhages are becoming more frequent and costly. A disproportionately large increase in fall- and assault-related diagnoses highlights the need for targeted injury prevention strategies to reduce cost and morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna D Jensen
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kamil Taneja
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Meleha T Ahmad
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Fasika A Woreta
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fatemeh Rajaii
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Correspondence: Fatemeh Rajaii, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Maumenee 505, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA, Tel +1-410-955-1112, Fax +1-410-614-9987, Email
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12
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Use of a national trauma registry to target violence reduction initiatives. Injury 2022; 53:3227-3232. [PMID: 35817608 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of interpersonal violence resulting in penetrating traumatic injury has increased in the UK. Violence reduction initiatives vary across the world, from reactive diversionary schemes to proactive educational intervention. To be successful a collaborative public health approach to violence reduction is vital. We examined regional data collected in a trauma network area as part of mandatory national trauma data submission to establish whether useful data could be extracted from this type of registry to inform regional violence reduction initiatives. Key information required to accurately target initiatives includes: who are the victims? where do incidents occur? and when do incidents occur? METHODS Data were obtained from the national Trauma Audit and Research Network (TARN). This study utilised TARN inclusion criteria. Data for penetrating trauma patients from hospital sites in the Severn Major Trauma Network over an eight-year period were included in the analysis (1 June 2012 to 5 April 2020). The data were analysed using SPSS Statistics V27 and TARN analytics software. Existing ethical approval for anonymised registry data (PIAG section 60) was used. RESULTS Over the eight-year study period, 299 cases of penetrating trauma were registered in the Major Trauma Network. Overall, the incidence of penetrating trauma is increasing (R value +0.470, and +0.900 when 2020 excluded). Male victims account for 87.3% of cases (n=261). Younger individuals are more likely to be victims of penetrating trauma. The proportion of victims aged 13-18 years increased from 0% in 2012 to 21.6% in 2019. There were 43 (14.3%) incidents of victims presenting more than once during the study period. The early evening and hour after midnight had the highest numbers of penetrating trauma incidents. Most incidents occurred in a small proportion of postcodes. All the postcodes identified as having high incidence of penetrating injuries were also areas with high deprivation. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that national trauma registry data can be used to establish valuable information about serious penetrating trauma in a region. This data provides key information with which to target a proactive approach to violence reduction in our region with implications for public health, police, and clinical policymakers.
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Jabar A, Oni T, London L, Cois A, Matzopoulos R. Matching study using health and police datasets for characterising interpersonal violence in the community of Khayelitsha, South Africa 2013-2015. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e048129. [PMID: 36180122 PMCID: PMC9528606 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Cardiff Model of data sharing for violence prevention is premised on the idea that the majority of injury cases presenting at health facilities as a result of interpersonal violence will not be reported to the police. The aim of this study was to determine the concordance between violent crimes reported to the police with violence-related injuries presenting at health facilities in Cape Town, South Africa. METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis of secondary cross-sectional health and police data, from three health facilities and three police stations in the community of Khayelitsha, Cape Town. 781 cases of injuries arising from interpersonal violence seen at health facilities were compared with 739 violence-related crimes reported at police stations over five separate week-long sampling periods from 2013 to 2015. Personal identifiers, name and surname, were used to match cases. RESULTS Of the 708 cases presenting at health facilities, 104 (14.7%) were matched with police records. The addition of non-reported cases of violence-related injuries from the health dataset to the police-reported crime statistics resulted in an 81.7% increase in potential total violent crimes over the reporting period. Compared with incidents reported to the police, those not reported were more likely to involve male patients (difference: +47.0%; p<0.001) and sharp object injuries (difference: +24.7%; p<0.001). Push/kick/punch injuries were more frequent among reporting than non-reporting patients (difference: +17.5%; p<0.001). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the majority of injuries arising from interpersonal violence presenting at health facilities in Khayelitsha are not reported to the police. A data-sharing model between health services and the police should be implemented to inform violence surveillance and reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardil Jabar
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Burden of Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tolu Oni
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Leslie London
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Annibale Cois
- Department of Global Health, Division of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Richard Matzopoulos
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Burden of Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
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McGill E, Marks D, Petticrew M, Egan M. Addressing alcohol-related harms in the local night-time economy: a qualitative process evaluation from a complex systems perspective. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e050913. [PMID: 36008081 PMCID: PMC9422880 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES English local authorities (LAs) are interested in reducing alcohol-related harms and may use discretionary powers such as the Late Night Levy (LNL) to do so. This study aims to describe how system stakeholders hypothesise the levy may generate changes and to explore how the system, its actors and the intervention adapt and co-evolve over time. DESIGN A process evaluation from a complex systems perspective, using qualitative methods. SETTING A London LA with high densities of residential and commercial properties, which implemented the LNL in 2014. PARTICIPANTS Data were generated through interviews with LNL implementers and alcohol consumers, observations in bars and during LNL patrols and documentary review. INTERVENTION The LNL allows LAs to charge late-night alcohol retailers an annual fee (£299-£4440) to manage and police the night-time economy (NTE). RESULTS When the LNL was being considered, stakeholders from different interest groups advanced diverse opinions about its likely impacts while rarely referencing supporting research evidence. Proponents of the levy argued it could reduce crime and anti-social behaviour by providing additional funds to police and manage the NTE. Critics of the levy hypothesised adverse consequences linked to claims that the intervention would force venues to vary their hours or close, cluster closing times, reduce NTE diversity and undermine public-private partnerships. In the first 2 years, levy-funded patrols developed relationships with the licensed trade and the public. The LNL did not undermine public-private partnerships and while some premises varied their hours, these changes did not undermine the intervention's viability, nor significantly cluster venue closing times, nor obviously damage the area's reputation for having a diverse NTE. CONCLUSIONS This study applies a framework for process evaluation from a complex systems perspective. The evaluation could be extended to measure alcohol-related outcomes and to consider the interplay between the national and local systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth McGill
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Dalya Marks
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Mark Petticrew
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Matt Egan
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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15
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Information Sharing in Solving an Opium Problem: Multiple-Agency Management with Integration of Online and Offline Channels. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14138043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Information-sharing projects in public administration need to pay attention to the organizational stability of the network or communities and the satisfaction of civil users. Therefore, the sustainability of processes and outcomes in resolving the multi-agency problem is necessary. This research aims to explore information sharing in the context of a multi-agency network assigned to eradicate opium cultivation and consumption in Thailand. The research found that three dimensions of management are crucial to the performance of a multi-agency network: firstly, the setting of clear goals; secondly, the balancing of benefits and adequate resources; and thirdly, constructive coordination. In addition, this network applies both online and offline channels in the information-sharing process. At the same time, these two channels have their respective strengths and weaknesses. This network can enhance efficiency and cope with any limitations by integrating both channels. This paper argues that the information-sharing strategy that supports a multi-agency network operation should be integrated between online and offline channels. Moreover, the integration of information-sharing methods is key to the success of a digital government taskforce in providing an efficient network for a long-term problem-solving structure.
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16
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Hullenaar KL, Lyons VH, Shepherd JP, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Vavilala MS, Rivara FP. Assault-related injuries reported to police and treated by healthcare providers in the United States. Prev Med 2022; 159:107060. [PMID: 35460720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Research suggests that assault-related injuries known by the police significantly differ from those known by healthcare providers, but the magnitude and nature of these differences are poorly understood. To address this gap, our study examined the empirical differences between assault-related injuries reported to police and treated by healthcare providers. In June of 2021, we analyzed the National Crime Victimization Survey (1993-2019) to estimate the prevalence of police reporting and healthcare use among 5093 nonfatal victimizations that caused injury and were either reported to the police or treated by healthcare in the United States. Quasi-Poisson models identified the factors associated with whether people who sustained the injuries used healthcare (v. only reported to police) and reported to police (v. only used healthcare). Among victimizations that caused only minor injuries, 43% involved only a police report, 11% involved only healthcare, and 46% involved both services. Among victimizations that caused serious injuries, 14% involved only a police report, 13% involved only healthcare, and 73% involved both services. Whether people with violent injuries used healthcare (v. only reported to police) and reported to police (v. only used healthcare) was significantly associated with 13 different person- and incident-level factors. The number and nature of assault-related injuries reported to law enforcement significantly differ from those treated by healthcare providers. Therefore, public health efforts to link police and healthcare data are warranted and recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith L Hullenaar
- Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America.
| | - Vivian H Lyons
- Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America; Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Jonathan P Shepherd
- Crime and Security Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Rowhani-Rahbar
- Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Monica S Vavilala
- Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Frederick P Rivara
- Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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Gebo E. Intersectoral violence prevention: the potential of public health-criminal justice partnerships. Health Promot Int 2022; 37:6631500. [PMID: 35788309 PMCID: PMC9384415 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daac062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Building successful intersectoral partnerships to address health is critical to reaching health promotion goals. With the confluence of the COVID-19 pandemic, the increase in violence during the pandemic and the heightened demand for racial justice resulting from police killings of people of color, particularly young, black males, intersectoral public health-criminal justice partnerships must be more thoroughly examined. Violence prevention is both a public health and criminal justice issue, with public health systems emphasizing primary prevention and criminal justice systems addressing violence prevention at secondary and tertiary levels. Public health-criminal justice collaborations can provide an opportunity to seize upon unrealized violence reduction goals across the spectrum of prevention. At the same time, issues remain that are at odds across field boundaries as exemplified through community violence prevention. While there have been successful examples of such collaborations, past public health-criminal justice partnerships also demonstrate the challenges of working together. These challenges have yet to be systematically described and rooted in the larger literature on partnerships. In this paper, collaborative challenges are enumerated and evidence-informed strategies to overcome those barriers to achieve violence reduction goals are identified as a way to ground further intersectoral partnership work between public health and criminal justice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Gebo
- Department of Sociology & Criminal Justice, Suffolk University, 8 Ashburton Place, Boston, MA 02108, USA
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18
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Houry DE, Simon TR, Crosby AE. Firearm Homicide and Suicide During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications for Clinicians and Health Care Systems. JAMA 2022; 327:1867-1868. [PMID: 35536830 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2022.6924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debra E Houry
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Thomas R Simon
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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19
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Botelle R, Bhavsar V, Kadra-Scalzo G, Mascio A, Williams MV, Roberts A, Velupillai S, Stewart R. Can natural language processing models extract and classify instances of interpersonal violence in mental healthcare electronic records: an applied evaluative study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e052911. [PMID: 35172999 PMCID: PMC8852656 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper evaluates the application of a natural language processing (NLP) model for extracting clinical text referring to interpersonal violence using electronic health records (EHRs) from a large mental healthcare provider. DESIGN A multidisciplinary team iteratively developed guidelines for annotating clinical text referring to violence. Keywords were used to generate a dataset which was annotated (ie, classified as affirmed, negated or irrelevant) for: presence of violence, patient status (ie, as perpetrator, witness and/or victim of violence) and violence type (domestic, physical and/or sexual). An NLP approach using a pretrained transformer model, BioBERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers for Biomedical Text Mining) was fine-tuned on the annotated dataset and evaluated using 10-fold cross-validation. SETTING We used the Clinical Records Interactive Search (CRIS) database, comprising over 500 000 de-identified EHRs of patients within the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, a specialist mental healthcare provider serving an urban catchment area. PARTICIPANTS Searches of CRIS were carried out based on 17 predefined keywords. Randomly selected text fragments were taken from the results for each keyword, amounting to 3771 text fragments from the records of 2832 patients. OUTCOME MEASURES We estimated precision, recall and F1 score for each NLP model. We examined sociodemographic and clinical variables in patients giving rise to the text data, and frequencies for each annotated violence characteristic. RESULTS Binary classification models were developed for six labels (violence presence, perpetrator, victim, domestic, physical and sexual). Among annotations affirmed for the presence of any violence, 78% (1724) referred to physical violence, 61% (1350) referred to patients as perpetrator and 33% (731) to domestic violence. NLP models' precision ranged from 89% (perpetrator) to 98% (sexual); recall ranged from 89% (victim, perpetrator) to 97% (sexual). CONCLUSIONS State of the art NLP models can extract and classify clinical text on violence from EHRs at acceptable levels of scale, efficiency and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley Botelle
- School of Medical Education, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Vishal Bhavsar
- Section of Women's Mental Health, Department of Health Services and Population Research, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Giouliana Kadra-Scalzo
- Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Aurelie Mascio
- Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marcus V Williams
- School of Medical Education, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Angus Roberts
- Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King's College London, London, UK
- Health Data Research UK, London, UK
| | - Sumithra Velupillai
- Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Robert Stewart
- Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley Mental Health NHS Trust, London, UK
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Nguyen P, Kohlbeck SA, Levas M, Hernandez-Meier J. Implementation and initial analysis of Cardiff Model data collection procedures in a level I trauma adult emergency department. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e052344. [PMID: 34992109 PMCID: PMC8739060 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our understanding of community violence is limited by incomplete information, which can potentially be resolved by collecting violence-related injury information through healthcare systems in tandem with prior data streams. This study assessed the feasibility of implementing Cardiff Model data collection procedures in the emergency department (ED) setting to improve multisystem data sharing capabilities and create more representative datasets. DESIGN Information collection fields were incorporated into the ED electronic health record (EHR), which gathered additional information from patients reporting assaultive injuries. ED nurses were surveyed to evaluate implementation and feasibility of information collection. Logistic regression was performed to determine associations between missing location information and patient demographic data. SETTING 60-bed academic level I trauma adult ED in a large Midwestern city. PARTICIPANTS 2648 patients screened positive for assault injuries between 2017 and 2020. 198 patients were omitted due to age outside the range served by this ED. Unselected inclusion of 150 ED nurses was surveyed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Main outcomes include nursing staff survey responses and ORs for providing complete injury information across various patient demographics. RESULTS Most ED nurses believed that information collection aligned with the hospital's mission (92%), wanted information collection to continue (88%), did not believe that information collection impacted their workflow (88%), and reported taking under 1 min to screen and document violence information (77%). 825 patients (31.2%) provided sufficient information for geospatial mapping. Likelihood of providing complete location information was significantly associated with patient gender, race, arrival means, accompaniment, trauma type and year. CONCLUSIONS It is feasible to implement information collection procedures about location-based, assault-related injuries through the EHR in the adult ED setting. Nurses reported being receptive to collecting information. Analyses suggest patient-level and time variables impact information collection completeness. The geospatial information collected can greatly improve preexisting law enforcement and emergency medical systems datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Nguyen
- School of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sara A Kohlbeck
- Comprehensive Injury Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael Levas
- Comprehensive Injury Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jennifer Hernandez-Meier
- Comprehensive Injury Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Bowen DA, Anthony KM, Sumner SA. Business and property types experiencing excess violent crime: a micro-spatial analysis. J Inj Violence Res 2022; 14:1-10. [PMID: 34785629 PMCID: PMC9115817 DOI: 10.5249/jivr.v14i1.1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Beyond alcohol retail establishments, most business and property types receive limited attention in studies of violent crime. We sought to provide a comprehensive examination of which properties experience the most violent crime in a city and how that violence is distributed throughout a city. Methods: For a large urban city, we merged violent incident data from police reports with municipal tax assessor data from 2012-2017 and tabulated patterns of violent crime for 15 commercial and public property types. To describe outlier establishments, we calculated the proportion of individual parcels within each property-type that experienced more than 5 times the average number of crimes for that property-type and also mapped the 25 parcels with the highest number of violent incidents to explore what proportion of violent crime in these block groups were contributed by the outlier establishments. Results: While the hotel/lodging property-type experienced the highest number of violent crimes per parcel (2.72), each property-type had outlier establishments experiencing more than 5 times the average number of violent crimes per business. Twelve of 15 property-types (80%) had establishments with more than 10 times the mean number of violent incidents. The 25 parcels with the most violent crime comprised a wide variety of establishments, ranging from a shopping center, grocery store, gas station, motel, public park, vacant lot, public street, office building, transit station, hospital, pharmacy, school, community center, and movie theatre, and were distributed across the city. Eight of the 25 parcels with the highest amount of violent crime, accounted for 50% or more of the violent crime within a 400-meter buffer. Conclusions: All property-types had outlier establishments experiencing elevated counts of violent crimes. Furthermore, the 25 most violent properties in the city demonstrated remarkable diversity in property-type. Further studies assessing the risk of violent crime among additional property-types may aid in violence prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Bowen
- a Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
,
Daniel A. Bowen: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Violence Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, NE, Mailstop S106-10, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA, Phone: 404-498-1506, (Bowen DA.). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9670-2909
| | - Kurtis M. Anthony
- a Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
| | - Steven A. Sumner
- a Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
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Magee LA, Ranney ML, Fortenberry JD, Rosenman M, Gharbi S, Wiehe SE. Identifying nonfatal firearm assault incidents through linking police data and clinical records: Cohort study in Indianapolis, Indiana, 2007-2016. Prev Med 2021; 149:106605. [PMID: 33992657 PMCID: PMC8238077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nonfatal firearm assault incidents are more prevalent than gun homicides, however, little is understood about nonfatal firearm assault incidents due to a lack of accurate data in the United States. This is a descriptive study of all nonfatal firearm assault incidents identified through police and clinical records from 2007 to 2016 in Indianapolis, Indiana. Records were linked at the incident level to demonstrate the overlap and non-overlap of nonfatal firearm assault incidents in police and clinical records and describe differences in demographic characteristics of the victims. Incidents were matched within a 24-h time window of the recorded date of the police incident. Data were analyzed in fall 2020. There were 3797 nonfatal firearm assault incidents identified in police reports and 3131 clinical encounters with an ICD 9/10 diagnosis-based nonfatal firearm-related injury. 62% (n = 2366) of nonfatal firearm assault incidents matched within 24 h to a clinical encounter, 81% (n = 1905) had a firearm related ICD code: 40% (n = 947) were coded as a firearm-related assault, 32% (n = 754) were coded as a firearm-related accident; and 8.6% (n = 198) were coded as undetermined, self-inflicted or law enforcement firearm-related. The other 20% (n = 461) did not have an ICD firearm related diagnosis code. Results indicate most nonfatal firearm assault incidents overlap between police and clinical records systems, however, discrepancies between the systems exist. These findings also demonstrate an undercounting of nonfatal firearm assault incidents when relying on clinical data systems alone and more efforts are needed to link administrative police and clinical data in the study of nonfatal firearm assaults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Magee
- Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, 801 W. Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46204, United States.
| | - Megan L Ranney
- Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, 593 Eddy Street, Claverick 2, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | - J Dennis Fortenberry
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Adolescent Medicine, 410 W. 10(th) Street, Suite 1000, Indianapolis, IN 46204, United States
| | - Marc Rosenman
- Department of Pediatrics, Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University, 225 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Sami Gharbi
- Children's Health Services Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 410 W. 10(th) Street, Suite 2000, Indianapolis, IN 46204, United States
| | - Sarah E Wiehe
- Children's Health Services Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 410 W. 10(th) Street, Suite 2000, Indianapolis, IN 46204, United States
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Kohlbeck S, Levas M, Hernandez-Meier J, Hargarten S. Implementing the Cardiff Model for violence prevention: using the diffusion of innovation theory to understand facilitators and barriers to implementation. Inj Prev 2021; 28:49-53. [PMID: 33963057 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2020-044105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interpersonal violence is an ongoing, vexing public health issue. Communities require comprehensive timely data on violence to plan and implement effective violence prevention strategies. Emergency departments (EDs) can play an important role in violence prevention. EDs treat injuries associated with violent crime, and they are well-positioned to systematically collect information about these injuries, including the location where the injury occurred. The Cardiff Model for Violence Prevention (The Cardiff Model) provides a framework for interdisciplinary data collection and sharing. METHODS This paper uses the Diffusion of Innovation Theory as a framework to present our experiences of implementing the Cardiff Model in several EDs that serve the Milwaukee area, and to detail the processes of data collection, linking and presentation across four different hospital systems. RESULTS Implementing a city-wide data collection effort that involves multiple hospital systems is challenging. Viewing our findings through the lens of the Diffusion of Innovations theory provides a way to anticipate facilitators and challenges to Cardiff Model implementation in a hospital setting. CONCLUSIONS Facilitators and barriers to Cardiff Model adoption in the ED setting can be understood using the Diffusion of Innovation theory, and barriers can be interrupted through careful planning and continuous communication between partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kohlbeck
- Comprehensive Injury Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael Levas
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Stephen Hargarten
- Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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24
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Shepherd JP, Moore SC, Long A, Mercer Kollar LM, Sumner SA. Association Between COVID-19 Lockdown Measures and Emergency Department Visits for Violence-Related Injuries in Cardiff, Wales. JAMA 2021; 325:885-887. [PMID: 33651083 PMCID: PMC7926284 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.25511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates emergency department visits for violence-related injuries occurring at home and outside the home in Cardiff, Wales, before and after COVID-19 lockdown measures were instituted in March 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon C. Moore
- Crime and Security Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Abigail Long
- Informatics and Reporting Team, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Laura M. Mercer Kollar
- Division of Violence Prevention, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Steven A. Sumner
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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25
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Fulchand S. The surgeon solving violent crime with data sharing. BMJ 2020; 371:m2987. [PMID: 33055232 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m2987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Cook M, Livingston M, Wilkinson C, Shanthosh J, Morrison CN. Alcohol Industry vs. Public Health Presentations at Judicial Reviews of Liquor Licence Applications in Australia. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2020; 82:102808. [PMID: 32531514 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Greater densities of alcohol outlets are associated with greater incidence of alcohol-related harms. In Australia, public health advocates aiming to limit alcohol availability expend significant energy objecting to new outlets in licensing and planning hearings. This study identifies and reviews the key scientific arguments put forward by industry and public health representatives in liquor and planning hearings to determine the factors that contribute to decisions by the presiding authority and to identify ways forward for researchers wishing to facilitate harm minimisation through these regulatory forums. Scientific evidence presented in 23 cases from Victoria, New South Wales and Western Australia between 2010 and 2018 were assessed using directed content analysis. Cases were identified through the AustLii and Westlaw online databases. The full transcripts of two cases that were identified as representative of the scientific arguments presented in other included cases were also reviewed. Four main arguments that industry used during hearings were identified-causal inference, non-linearities, differentiation and risk mitigation. These arguments were used across many included hearings and raised fundamental questions that public health evidence was often ill-equipped to respond to. The overall success of industry arguments in liquor and planning hearings highlighted the challenges of applying epidemiological evidence to individual case studies. These findings have particular implications and will be of use for researchers and public health experts participating in future licensing hearings, especially those wishing to prevent alcohol-related harm through regulatory mechanisms such as state licensing authorities (i.e. courts).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cook
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne.
| | - M Livingston
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne
| | - C Wilkinson
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne; Drug Policy Modelling Program (DPMP) at the Social Policy Research Centre (SPRC), University of New South Wales
| | - J Shanthosh
- The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, New South Wales; The Australian Prevention Partnership Centre, New South Wales
| | - C N Morrison
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria
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Moore SC, Allen D, Amos Y, Blake J, Brennan A, Buykx P, Goodacre S, Gray L, Irving A, O’Cathain A, Sivarajasingam V, Young T. Evaluating alcohol intoxication management services: the EDARA mixed-methods study. HEALTH SERVICES AND DELIVERY RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.3310/hsdr08240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Front-line health-care services are under increased demand when acute alcohol intoxication is most common, which is in night-time environments. Cities have implemented alcohol intoxication management services to divert the intoxicated away from emergency care.
Objectives
To evaluate the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and acceptability to patients and staff of alcohol intoxication management services and undertake an ethnographic study capturing front-line staff’s views on the impact of acute alcohol intoxication on their professional lives.
Methods
This was a controlled mixed-methods longitudinal observational study with an ethnographic evaluation in parallel. Six cities with alcohol intoxication management services were compared with six matched control cities to determine effects on key performance indicators (e.g. number of patients in the emergency department and ambulance response times). Surveys captured the impact of alcohol intoxication management services on the quality of care for patients in six alcohol intoxication management services, six emergency departments with local alcohol intoxication management services and six emergency departments without local alcohol intoxication management services. The ethnographic study considered front-line staff perceptions in two cities with alcohol intoxication management services and one city without alcohol intoxication management services.
Results
Alcohol intoxication management services typically operated in cities in which the incidence of acute alcohol intoxication was greatest. The per-session average number of attendances across all alcohol intoxication management services was low (mean 7.3, average minimum 2.8, average maximum 11.8) compared with the average number of emergency department attendances per alcohol intoxication management services session (mean 78.8), and the number of patients diverted away from emergency departments, per session, required for services to be considered cost-neutral was 8.7, falling to 3.5 when ambulance costs were included. Alcohol intoxication management services varied, from volunteer-led first aid to more clinically focused nurse practitioner services, with only the latter providing evidence for diversion from emergency departments. Qualitative and ethnographic data indicated that alcohol intoxication management services are acceptable to practitioners and patients and that they address unmet need. There was evidence that alcohol intoxication management services improve ambulance response times and reduce emergency department attendance. Effects are uncertain owing to the variation in service delivery.
Limitations
The evaluation focused on health service outcomes, yet evidence arose suggesting that alcohol intoxication management services provide broader societal benefits. There was no nationally agreed standard operating procedure for alcohol intoxication management services, undermining the evaluation. Routine health data outcomes exhibited considerable variance, undermining opportunities to provide an accurate appraisal of the heterogenous collection of alcohol intoxication management services.
Conclusions
Alcohol intoxication management services are varied, multipartner endeavours and would benefit from agreed national standards. Alcohol intoxication management services are popular with and benefit front-line staff and serve as a hub facilitating partnership working. They are popular with alcohol intoxication management services patients and capture previously unmet need in night-time environments. However, acute alcohol intoxication in emergency departments remains an issue and opportunities for diversion have not been entirely realised. The nurse-led model was the most expensive service evaluated but was also the most likely to divert patients away from emergency departments, suggesting that greater clinical involvement and alignment with emergency departments is necessary. Alcohol intoxication management services should be regarded as fledgling services that require further work to realise benefit.
Future work
Research could be undertaken to determine if a standardised model of alcohol intoxication management services, based on the nurse practitioner model, can be developed and implemented in different settings. Future evaluations should go beyond the health service and consider outcomes more generally, especially for the police. Future work on the management of acute alcohol intoxication in night-time environments could recognise the partnership between health-care, police and ambulance services and third-sector organisations in managing acute alcohol intoxication.
Trial registration
Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN63096364.
Funding
This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Services and Delivery Research programme and will be published in full in Health Services and Delivery Research; Vol. 8, No. 24. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Moore
- Crime and Security Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Violence Research Group, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Davina Allen
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Yvette Amos
- Violence Research Group, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Joanne Blake
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Alan Brennan
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Penny Buykx
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- School of Humanities and Social Science, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Steve Goodacre
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Laura Gray
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Andy Irving
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Alicia O’Cathain
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Tracey Young
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Hinkle JC, Weisburd D, Telep CW, Petersen K. Problem-oriented policing for reducing crime and disorder: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. CAMPBELL SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2020; 16:e1089. [PMID: 37133256 PMCID: PMC8356283 DOI: 10.1002/cl2.1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Herman Goldstein developed problem-oriented policing (POP) to focus police on more proactively addressing chronic problems, rather than using traditional reactive efforts. POP has been utilized to target a wide range of problems and has become commonly used in agencies across the United States and the world, although implementation is often uneven. POP interventions commonly use the SARA (scanning, analysis, response, assessment) model to identify problems, carefully analyze the conditions contributing to the problem, develop a tailored response to target these underlying factors, and evaluate outcome effectiveness. Objectives To extend and update the findings of the original POP systematic review by synthesizing the findings of published and unpublished evaluations of POP through December 2018 to assess its overall impacts on crime and disorder. The review also examined impacts of POP on crime displacement, police financial costs, and noncrime outcomes. Search Methods Searches using POP keywords of the Global Policing Database at the University of Queensland were conducted to identify published and unpublished evaluations between 2006 and 2018. We supplemented these searches with forward searches, hand searches of leading journals and the Center for Problem-Oriented Policing, and consultation with experts. Selection Criteria Eligible studies had to include a target area or group that received a POP intervention AND a control area/group that received standard police services. The control condition could be either experimental or quasi-experimental. Units of analysis could be places or people. We defined POP as studies that generally followed the tenets of the SARA model. Data Collection and Analysis We identified 39 new (published between 2006 and 2018) studies that met our eligibility criteria as an evaluation of POP. Twenty-four of these studies had sufficient data available to calculate an effect size. Along with the 10 studies from our initial systematic review of POP, these 34 studies are included in our meta-analytic review of POP. Nine of these studies were randomized experiments and 25 were quasi-experiments. We calculated effect sizes for each study using Cohen's D and relative incidence risk ratios and used random effects meta-analyses to synthesize studies. Results Our meta-analyses suggest statistically significant impacts of POP. Our relative incident risk ratio analysis of mean effects suggests a 33.8% reduction in crime/disorder in the POP treatment areas/groups relative to the controls. We find no evidence of significant crime displacement as a result of POP and some evidence for a greater likelihood of a diffusion of crime control benefits. Few studies assessed noncrime outcomes, but our narrative review suggests POP is cost-effective, but has limited impacts on fear of crime, legitimacy, and collective efficacy. Authors’ Conclusions Our review provides strong and consistent evidence that POP is an effective strategy for reducing crime and disorder. There is a great deal of heterogeneity in the magnitude of effect sizes across factors such as study type, study rigor and crime type. Despite this heterogeneity, 31 out of 34 studies (91.2%) have effect sizes in favor of a treatment effect and the overall mean effect is positive and significant in all of our models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C. Hinkle
- Department of Criminal Justice and CriminologyGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgia
| | - David Weisburd
- Criminology, Law and SocietyGeorge Mason UniversityFairfaxVirginia
- Institute of Criminology, Faculty of LawHebrew UniversityJerusalemIsrael
| | - Cody W. Telep
- School of Criminology and Criminal JusticeArizona State UniversityPhoenixArizona
| | - Kevin Petersen
- Criminology, Law and SocietyGeorge Mason UniversityFairfaxVirginia
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Malik NS, Munoz B, de Courcey C, Imran R, Lee KC, Chernbumroong S, Bishop J, Lord JM, Gkoutos G, Bowley DM, Foster MA. Violence-related knife injuries in a UK city; epidemiology and impact on secondary care resources. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 20:100296. [PMID: 32300742 PMCID: PMC7152819 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of knife-related injuries is rising across the UK. This study aimed to determine the spectrum of knife-related injuries in a major UK city, with regards to patient and injury characteristics. A secondary aim was to quantify their impact on secondary care resources. METHODS Observational study of patients aged 16+ years admitted to a major trauma centre following knife-related injuries resulting from interpersonal violence (May 2015 to April 2018). Patients were identified using Emergency Department and discharge coding, blood bank and UK national Trauma Audit and Research prospective registries. Patient and injury characteristics, outcome and resource utilisation were collected from ambulance and hospital records. FINDINGS 532 patients were identified; 93% male, median age 26 years (IQR 20-35). Median injury severity score was 9 (IQR 3-13). 346 (65%) underwent surgery; 133 (25%) required intensive care; 95 (17·9%) received blood transfusion. Median length of stay was 3·3 days (IQR 1·7-6·0). In-hospital mortality was 10/532 (1·9%). 98 patients (18·5%) had previous attendance with violence-related injuries. 24/37 females (64·9%) were injured in a domestic setting. Intoxication with alcohol (19·2%) and illicit drugs (17·6%) was common. Causative weapon was household knife in 9%, knife (other/unspecified) in 38·0%, machete in 13·9%, small folding blade (2·8%) and, unrecorded in 36·3%. INTERPRETATION Knife injuries constitute 12·9% of trauma team workload. Violence recidivism and intoxication are common, and females are predominantly injured in a domestic setting, presenting opportunities for targeted violence reduction interventions. 13·9% of injuries involved machetes, with implications for law enforcement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeela S. Malik
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre (SRMRC), Heritage Building, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom
- University Hospitals Birmingham, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2WB, United Kingdom
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- 212 Field Hospital (Volunteers), Encliffe Hall, Endcliffe Vale Road, Sheffield S10 3EU, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author at: NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre (SRMRC), Heritage Building, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom.
| | - Beau Munoz
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre (SRMRC), Heritage Building, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom
- Uniformed Services University (USU) Surgical Critical Care Initiative (SC2i), Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (WRNMMC), Bethesda 20889, Maryland, United States
| | - Cynthia de Courcey
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre (SRMRC), Heritage Building, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom
- University Hospitals Birmingham, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2WB, United Kingdom
| | - Rizwana Imran
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre (SRMRC), Heritage Building, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom
- University Hospitals Birmingham, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2WB, United Kingdom
| | - Kwang C. Lee
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre (SRMRC), Heritage Building, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom
- University Hospitals Birmingham, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2WB, United Kingdom
| | - Saisakul Chernbumroong
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre (SRMRC), Heritage Building, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Bishop
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre (SRMRC), Heritage Building, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom
| | - Janet M. Lord
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre (SRMRC), Heritage Building, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - George Gkoutos
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre (SRMRC), Heritage Building, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- MRC Health Data Research UK (HDR UK), United Kingdom
| | - Douglas M. Bowley
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre (SRMRC), Heritage Building, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom
- University Hospitals Birmingham, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2WB, United Kingdom
- Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Level 2 Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2WB, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Foster
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre (SRMRC), Heritage Building, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom
- University Hospitals Birmingham, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2WB, United Kingdom
- Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Level 2 Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2WB, United Kingdom
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Rodrigues LG, Barbosa KGN, Silva CJDP, Alencar GP, D’avila S, Ferreira EFE, Ferreira RC. Trends of maxillofacial injuries resulting from physical violence in Brazil. Dent Traumatol 2019; 36:69-75. [DOI: 10.1111/edt.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlos José de Paula Silva
- Department of Social and Preventive Dentistry Faculty of Dentistry Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | | | - Sérgio D’avila
- Department of Dentistry Universidade Estadual da Paraíba Campina Grande Brazil
| | - Efigênia Ferreira e Ferreira
- Department of Social and Preventive Dentistry Faculty of Dentistry Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Raquel Conceição Ferreira
- Department of Social and Preventive Dentistry Faculty of Dentistry Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
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Jabar A, Fong F, Chavira M, Cerqueira MT, Barth D, Matzopoulos R, Engel ME. Is the introduction of violence and injury observatories associated with a reduction in violence-related injury in adult populations? A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e027977. [PMID: 31371289 PMCID: PMC6678008 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to summarise the results from existing studies reporting on the effectiveness of the introduction of violence and injury observatories (VIOs). DESIGN This is a systematic review and meta-analysis study. DATA SOURCES We searched multiple electronic databases including but not limited to PubMed, PsycINFO, SCOPUS, Cochrane Collaboration, Campbell Collaboration and Web of Knowledge. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA We included non-randomised controlled trials, quasi-experimental designs, prospective and retrospective cohort studies, controlled before-and-after studies and cross-sectional studies. We sought to include studies performed in any country and published in any language. The primary outcome was homicide, while the secondary outcome was assault. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS We searched a number of databases, supplemented by searches in grey literature including technical reports. Searches comprised studies from January 1990 to October 2018. RESULTS Of 3105 potentially relevant unique citations from all literature searches, 3 empirical studies and 4 technical reports met our inclusion criteria. Studies were conducted in the UK (n=3), Colombia (n=2), Brazil (n=1) and Uruguay (n=1). Subgroup analyses according to the two types of models implemented, the VIO and the injury surveillance system (ISS), provided evidence for an association between implementing the VIO model and a reduction in homicide count in high-violence settings (incidence rate ratio (IRR)=0.06; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.19; four studies), while the introduction of ISS showed significant results in reducing assault (IRR=0.80; 95% CI 0.71 to 0.91; three studies). CONCLUSION This systematic review provides the best evidence available for the effectiveness of the introduction of VIOs and ISSs in reducing violence outcomes in adults in high-violence settings. The implementation of VIOs should be considered in high-violence communities where reduction in homicide rates is desired. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42014009818.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardil Jabar
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Francisco Fong
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Monica Chavira
- College of Health Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Maria Teresa Cerqueira
- United States–Mexico Border Office, Pan American Health Organization, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Dylan Barth
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Richard Matzopoulos
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
- Burden of Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Mark E Engel
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
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Abstract
Purpose of review Violence prevention research has enhanced our understanding of individual and community risk and protective factors for aggression and violence. However, our knowledge of risk and protective factors for violence is highly dependent on observational studies, since there are few randomized trials of risk and protective factors for violence. Observational studies are susceptible to systematic errors, specifically confounding, and may lack internal validity. Recent findings Many violence prevention studies utilize methods that do not correctly identify the set of covariates needed for statistical adjustment. This results in unwarranted matching and restriction leading to further confounding or selection bias. Covariate adjustment based on purely statistical criteria generates inconsistent results and uncertain conclusions. Summary Conventional methods used to identify confounding in violence prevention research are often inadequate. Causal diagrams have potential to improve the understanding and identification of potential confounding biases in observational violence prevention studies, and methods like sensitivity analysis using quantitative bias analysis can help to address unmeasured confounding. Violence research studies should make more use of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabbar I Ranapurwala
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Mercer Kollar LM, Sumner SA, Bartholow B, Wu DT, Moore JC, Mays EW, Atkins EV, Fraser DA, Flood CE, Shepherd JP. Building capacity for injury prevention: a process evaluation of a replication of the Cardiff Violence Prevention Programme in the Southeastern USA. Inj Prev 2019; 26:221-228. [PMID: 30992331 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2018-043127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Violence is a major public health problem in the USA. In 2016, more than 1.6 million assault-related injuries were treated in US emergency departments (EDs). Unfortunately, information about the magnitude and patterns of violent incidents is often incomplete and underreported to law enforcement (LE). In an effort to identify more complete information on violence for the development of prevention programme, a cross-sectoral Cardiff Violence Prevention Programme (Cardiff Model) partnership was established at a large, urban ED with a level I trauma designation and local metropolitan LE agency in the Atlanta, Georgia metropolitan area. The Cardiff Model is a promising violence prevention approach that promotes combining injury data from hospitals and LE. The objective was to describe the Cardiff Model implementation and collaboration between hospital and LE partners. METHODS The Cardiff Model was replicated in the USA. A process evaluation was conducted by reviewing project materials, nurse surveys and interviews and ED-LE records. RESULTS Cardiff Model replication centred around four activities: (1) collaboration between the hospital and LE to form a community safety partnership locally called the US Injury Prevention Partnership; (2) building hospital capacity for data collection; (3) data aggregation and analysis and (4) developing and implementing violence prevention interventions based on the data. CONCLUSIONS The Cardiff Model can be implemented in the USA for sustainable violent injury data surveillance and sharing. Key components include building a strong ED-LE partnership, communicating with each other and hospital staff, engaging in capacity building and sustainability planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Mercer Kollar
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Steven A Sumner
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Brad Bartholow
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniel T Wu
- School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Miller P, Droste N, Egerton‐Warburton D, Caldicott D, Fulde G, Ezard N, Preisz P, Walby A, Lloyd‐Jones M, Stella J, Sheridan M, Baker T, Hall M, Shakeshaft A, Havard A, Bowe S, Staiger PK, D'Este C, Doran C, Coomber K, Hyder S, Barker D, Shepherd J. Driving change: A partnership study protocol using shared emergency department data to reduce alcohol‐related harm. Emerg Med Australas 2019; 31:942-947. [DOI: 10.1111/1742-6723.13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Miller
- School of PsychologyDeakin University Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - Nicolas Droste
- School of PsychologyDeakin University Geelong Victoria Australia
| | | | - David Caldicott
- Calvary Health Care Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Gordian Fulde
- St Vincent's Hospital Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Nadine Ezard
- St Vincent's Hospital Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Paul Preisz
- St Vincent's Hospital Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Andrew Walby
- St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | | | | | | | - Tim Baker
- Southwest Health Care Warrnambool Victoria Australia
| | - Michael Hall
- The Canberra Hospital and Health Service Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Anthony Shakeshaft
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Alys Havard
- Centre for Big Data Research in HealthThe University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Steve Bowe
- School of PsychologyDeakin University Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - Petra K Staiger
- School of PsychologyDeakin University Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - Catherine D'Este
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population HealthThe Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
- The University of Newcastle Newcastle New South Wales Australia
| | - Chris Doran
- Central Queensland University Rockhampton Queensland Australia
| | - Kerri Coomber
- School of PsychologyDeakin University Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - Shannon Hyder
- School of PsychologyDeakin University Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - Daniel Barker
- Central Queensland University Rockhampton Queensland Australia
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van Dijk AJ, Herrington V, Crofts N, Breunig R, Burris S, Sullivan H, Middleton J, Sherman S, Thomson N. Law enforcement and public health: recognition and enhancement of joined-up solutions. Lancet 2019; 393:287-294. [PMID: 30663598 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32839-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Public security and law enforcement have a crucial but often largely unacknowledged role in protecting and promoting public health. Although the security sector is a key partner in many specific public health programmes, its identity as an important part of the public health endeavour is rarely recognised. This absence of recognition has resulted in a generally inadequate approach to research and investigation of ways in which law enforcement, especially police at both operational and strategic levels, can be effectively engaged to actively promote and protect public health as part of a broader multisectoral public health effort. However, the challenge remains to engage police to consider their role as one that serves a public health function. The challenge consists of overcoming the continuous and competitive demand for police to do so-called policing, rather than serve a broader public health function-often derogatively referred to as social work. This Series paper explores the intersect between law enforcement and public health at the global and local levels and argues that public health is an integral aspect of public safety and security. Recognition of this role of public health is the first step towards encouraging a joined-up approach to dealing with entrenched social, security, and health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auke J van Dijk
- Police of the Netherlands, The Hague, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Nick Crofts
- Centre for Law Enforcement and Public Health, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert Breunig
- Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Scott Burris
- Center for Public Health Law Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Helen Sullivan
- Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Susan Sherman
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas Thomson
- Centre for Public Health and Human Rights, John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Nossal Institute for Global Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Wu DT, Moore JC, Bowen DA, Mercer Kollar LM, Mays EW, Simon TR, Sumner SA. Proportion of Violent Injuries Unreported to Law Enforcement. JAMA Intern Med 2019; 179:111-112. [PMID: 30419102 PMCID: PMC6382513 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.5139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Wu
- Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia.,Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Daniel A Bowen
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.,Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Laura M Mercer Kollar
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Thomas R Simon
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Steven A Sumner
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Andreuccetti G, Cherpitel CJ, Carvalho HB, Leyton V, Miziara ID, Munoz DR, Reingold AL, Lemos NP. Alcohol in combination with illicit drugs among fatal injuries in Sao Paulo, Brazil: An epidemiological study on the association between acute substance use and injury. Injury 2018; 49:2186-2192. [PMID: 30270012 PMCID: PMC6289625 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2018.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Injury deaths have a major impact on public health systems, particularly in the Latin American region; however, little is known about how different drugs, in combination or not with alcohol, interact with each injury type. We tested an epidemiological protocol for investigating alcohol and other drug acute use among fatally injured victims taking into account the injury context for all injury causes in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Blood alcohol and drug content were fully screened and confirmed following a probability sample selection of decedents (n = 365) during 19 consecutive months (2014-2015). Drug concentrations, including benzodiazepines, cannabis, cocaine, and opioids were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Toxicology data were interpreted in combination with injury context retrieved from police records regarding cause, place of injury, and victims' criminal history. More than half of all fatally injured victims studied were under the influence of at least one substance (55.3%). Alcohol was the leading substance consumed before a fatal injury event (30.1%), followed by cocaine (21.9%) and cannabis (14%). Illicit drug use (cocaine and cannabis) comprised more than two thirds of all drug-related deaths. Alcohol-positive deaths are over-represented among road traffic injuries, while drug-positive deaths are more prevalent among intentional injuries. Victims who had previous criminal convictions were significantly more likely to have used illicit drugs compared to those who did not have a criminal background. We estimated that one in every two fatal injuries in the city of Sao Paulo is associated with acute substance use by the victim. The health burden attributed to alcohol- and drug-related fatal injury events has reached significant higher levels in Latin American cities such as Sao Paulo compared globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Andreuccetti
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Alcohol Research Group, Emeryville, CA, United States; Department of Legal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Brazil.
| | - C J Cherpitel
- Alcohol Research Group, Emeryville, CA, United States
| | - H B Carvalho
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Brazil
| | - V Leyton
- Department of Legal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Brazil
| | - I D Miziara
- Department of Legal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Technical-Scientific Police Superintendency of the State of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - D R Munoz
- Department of Legal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Brazil
| | - A L Reingold
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - N P Lemos
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Boyle AA, Martin MS, Ahmed H, Snelling K, Dean J, Price J. Changing epidemiology of assault victims in an emergency department participating in information sharing with police: a time series analysis. J Accid Emerg Med 2018; 35:608-613. [PMID: 29941427 DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2017-207087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Violent injury places a large burden on the NHS. We had implemented information sharing in our ED in 2007 and aimed to see which patient groups were most affected by information sharing, as this would provide clues as to how this complex intervention works. METHODS Retrospective time series study of all the assault victims presenting for ED care between 2005 and 2014 at a single ED in England. RESULTS 10 328 patients presented during the study period. There was a 37% decrease in the number of patients presenting after assault, consistent with national trends. The proportions of people arriving by ambulance, and the proportion of men did not change during the study period. There were no important changes in the age of our assault patients in this study. Greater, disproportionate, decreases in rates of violence were seen in patients who presented at the weekend up (incidence rate ratio (IRR)=0.57, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.64) versus weekdays (IRR=0.72; 95% CI 0.62 to 0.83) There were also disproportionately greater decreases over the study period in patients who were discharged with no hospital follow-up (IRR=0.51, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.56) versus those leading to either an inpatient admission (IRR=1.05, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.31) or outpatient follow-up (IRR=1.23, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.64). CONCLUSIONS The epidemiology of violent injury at our institution has changed over the last 10 years and is most marked in a reduction of visits at the weekend, and in those who leave without follow up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian A Boyle
- Emergency Department, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael S Martin
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Haroon Ahmed
- Clinical School, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katrina Snelling
- Emergency Department, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathon Dean
- Clinical School, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Price
- Emergency Department, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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Has the Licensing Act 2003 affected violence rates in England and Wales? A systematic review of hospital and police studies. Eur J Emerg Med 2018; 25:304-311. [DOI: 10.1097/mej.0000000000000522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sivarajasingam V, Read S, Svobodova M, Wight L, Shepherd J. Injury resulting from targeted violence: An emergency department perspective. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2018; 28:295-308. [PMID: 29266565 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hate crimes - those perpetrated because of perceived difference, including disability, race, religion, sexual orientation or transgender status - have not been studied at the point of the victim's hospital emergency department (ED) use. AIM To investigate the frequency, levels of physical harm and circumstances of targeted violence in those seeking treatment at EDs in three UK cities. METHOD In a multimethods study, face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted with 124 adult ED attenders with violent injuries. Victim and perpetrator socio-demographics were recorded. Patient narratives about perceived motives and circumstances were transcribed, uploaded onto NVivo for thematic analysis. RESULTS Nearly a fifth (23, 18.5%) of the injured patients considered themselves to have been attacked by others motivated by hostility or prejudice to their 'difference' (targeted violence). Thematic analyses suggested these prejudices were to appearance (7 cases), racial tension (5 cases), territorial association (3 cases) and race, religious or sexual orientation (8 cases). According to victims, alcohol intoxication was particularly relevant in targeted violence (estimated reported frequency 90% and 56% for targeted and non-targeted violence, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our findings support a broader concept of hate victimisation and suggest that emergency room violence surveys could act as a community tension sensor and early warning system in this regard. Tackling alcohol misuse seems as important in this as in other forms of violence perpetration. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Read
- Violence Research Group, Cardiff University, School of Dentistry, Cardiff, CF14 4XY, UK
| | - Martina Svobodova
- Violence Research Group, Cardiff University, School of Dentistry, Cardiff, CF14 4XY, UK
| | - Lucy Wight
- Violence Research Group, Cardiff University, School of Dentistry, Cardiff, CF14 4XY, UK
| | - Jonathan Shepherd
- Violence Research Group, Cardiff University, School of Dentistry, Cardiff, CF14 4XY, UK
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41
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Integrating Population Health Data on Violence Into the Emergency Department: A Feasibility and Implementation Study. J Trauma Nurs 2018; 25:149-158. [DOI: 10.1097/jtn.0000000000000361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Anderson P, Jané-Llopis E, Hasan OSM, Rehm J. City-based action to reduce harmful alcohol use: review of reviews. F1000Res 2018; 7:120. [PMID: 29862017 PMCID: PMC5843824 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.13783.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The World Health Organization global strategy on alcohol called for municipal policies to reduce the harmful use of alcohol. Yet, there is limited evidence that documents the impact of city-level alcohol policies. Methods: Review of reviews for all years to July 2017. Searches on OVID Medline, Healthstar, Embase, PsycINFO, AMED, Social Work Abstracts, CAB Abstracts, Mental Measurements Yearbook, Health and Psychosocial Instruments, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, International Political Science Abstracts, NASW Clinical Register, and Epub Ahead of Print databases. All reviews that address adults, without language or date restrictions resulting from combining the terms ("review" or "literature review" or "review literature" or "data pooling" or "comparative study" or "systematic review" or "meta-analysis" or "pooled analysis"), and "alcohol", and "intervention" and ("municipal" or "city" or "community"). Results: Five relevant reviews were identified. Studies in the reviews were all from high income countries and focussed on the acute consequences of drinking, usually with one target intervention, commonly bars, media, or drink-driving. No studies in the reviews reported the impact of comprehensive city-based action. One community cluster randomized controlled trial in Australia, published after the reviews, failed to find convincing evidence of an impact of community-based interventions in reducing adult harmful use of alcohol. Conclusions: To date, with one exception, the impact of adult-oriented comprehensive community and municipal action to reduce the harmful use of alcohol has not been studied. The one exception failed to find a convincing effect. We conclude with recommendations for closing this evidence gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Anderson
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Baddiley-Clark Building, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne , NE2 4AX, UK
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, P. Debyeplein 1, Maastricht, 6221 HA , Netherlands
| | - Eva Jané-Llopis
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMH, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada
- ESADE Business School, Ramon Llull University, Av. Esplugues 92-96, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
| | - Omer Syed Muhammad Hasan
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMH, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMH, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science (IMS) , University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building,1 King’s College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th Floor, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
- Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TU Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, Dresden, 01187 , Germany
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Anderson P, Jané-Llopis E, Hasan OSM, Rehm J. City-based action to reduce harmful alcohol use: review of reviews. F1000Res 2018; 7:120. [PMID: 29862017 PMCID: PMC5843824 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.13783.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The World Health Organization global strategy on alcohol called for municipal policies to reduce the harmful use of alcohol. Yet, there is limited evidence that documents the impact of city-level alcohol policies. Methods: Review of reviews for all years to July 2017. Searches on OVID Medline, Healthstar, Embase, PsycINFO, AMED, Social Work Abstracts, CAB Abstracts, Mental Measurements Yearbook, Health and Psychosocial Instruments, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, International Political Science Abstracts, NASW Clinical Register, and Epub Ahead of Print databases. All reviews that address adults, without language or date restrictions resulting from combining the terms ("review" or "literature review" or "review literature" or "data pooling" or "comparative study" or "systematic review" or "meta-analysis" or "pooled analysis"), and "alcohol", and "intervention" and ("municipal" or "city" or "community"). Results: Five relevant reviews were identified. Studies in the reviews were all from high income countries and focussed on the acute consequences of drinking, usually with one target intervention, commonly bars, media, or drink-driving. No studies in the reviews reported the impact of comprehensive city-based action. One community cluster randomized controlled trial in Australia, published after the reviews, failed to find convincing evidence of an impact of community-based interventions in reducing adult harmful use of alcohol. Conclusions: To date, with one exception, the impact of adult-oriented comprehensive community and municipal action to reduce the harmful use of alcohol has not been studied. The one exception failed to find a convincing effect. We conclude with recommendations for closing this evidence gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Anderson
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Baddiley-Clark Building, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne , NE2 4AX, UK
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, P. Debyeplein 1, Maastricht, 6221 HA , Netherlands
| | - Eva Jané-Llopis
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMH, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada
- ESADE Business School, Ramon Llull University, Av. Esplugues 92-96, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
| | - Omer Syed Muhammad Hasan
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMH, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMH, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science (IMS) , University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building,1 King’s College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th Floor, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
- Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TU Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, Dresden, 01187 , Germany
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[Public health interventions against hate violence]. GACETA SANITARIA 2018; 32:114-116. [PMID: 29370937 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Jabar A, Oni T, Engel ME, Cvetkovic N, Matzopoulos R. Rationale and design of the violence, injury and trauma observatory (VITO): the Cape Town VITO pilot studies protocol. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e016485. [PMID: 29275338 PMCID: PMC5770818 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of violence and injury observatories elsewhere has been found to reduce the burden within a relatively short period. Currently no integrated system exists in South Africa to provide collated data on violence, to allow for targeted interventions and routine monitoring and evaluation.This research seeks to identify if bringing multiple data sources, including but not limited to data from the South African Police Service (SAPS), Forensic Pathology Services (FPS), Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and local hospital clinical databases, together are (1) feasible; (2) able to generate data for action, that is valid, reliable and robust and (3) able to lead to interventions.The violence, injury and trauma observatory (VITO) is a planned collaborative, multicentre study of clinical, police and forensic data for violence and injury in the City of Cape Town, where a local context exists of access to multiple source of health and non-health data. The VITO will initially be piloted in Khayelitsha, a periurban community characterised by increased rates of violence, where fatal and non-fatal injury data will be sourced from within the community for the period 2012-2015 and subjected to descriptive statistics and time-trend analyses. Analysed data will be visualised using story maps, data clocks, web maps and other geographical information systems-related products.This study has been approved by the University of Cape Town's Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC 861/2016). We intend to disseminate our findings among stakeholders within the local government safety cluster, non-governmental organisations working within the violence prevention sector and the afflicted communities through the SAPS and violence prevention through urban upgrading community forums. Findings from this work will serve to identify important issues and trends, influence public policy and develop evidence-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardil Jabar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tolu Oni
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark E Engel
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Richard Matzopoulos
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Lemon DJ, Partridge R. Is weather related to the number of assaults seen at emergency departments? Injury 2017; 48:2438-2442. [PMID: 28870621 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2017.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is often suggested that the weather can effect behaviour, increasing the likelihood of assaults and resulting in increased admissions to emergency departments (ED). Therefor a better understanding of the effect of climatic conditions could be useful to help EDs in capacity planning. Whilst other studies have looked at this, none have used data collected specifically to look at ED attendance for assaults or have taken account of potential behaviour modifiers. METHODS We use data from our ED violence surveillance system, the Cardiff Model (CM), married to daily meteorological data to construct negative-binomial regression models. The models are used to estimate changes in the assault rate with changes in temperature, adjusting for day of the week and alcohol consumption. RESULTS We find that there is 1% increase in the assault rate for every degree increase in the maximum daily temperature (IRR=1.01, P-value=0.033). Additionally, different patterns in alcohol consumption at weekends also provide a significant contribution. However, when we generalise this model to represent temperature in terms of factors of standard deviation from the mean temperature, the IRR relationship changes, plateauing at unusually high temperatures (±1.5 SD above the mean). CONCLUSIONS The results presented here suggest that whilst temperature does increase the risk of assaults in Dorset, there may be a limit to its effect. This implies the 'curve-linear' relationship for temperature as suggested by others.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Lemon
- Public Health Dorset, United Kingdom.
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- Public Health Dorset, United Kingdom
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Gray BJ, Barton ER, Davies AR, Long SJ, Roderick J, Bellis MA. A shared data approach more accurately represents the rates and patterns of violence with injury assaults. J Epidemiol Community Health 2017; 71:1218-1224. [PMID: 29056592 PMCID: PMC5751925 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2017-209872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Background To investigate whether sharing and linking routinely collected violence data across health and criminal justice systems can provide a more comprehensive understanding of violence, establish patterns of under-reporting and better inform the development, implementation and evaluation of violence prevention initiatives. Methods Police violence with injury (VWI) crimed data and emergency department (ED) assault attendee data for South Wales were collected between 1 April 2014 and 31 March 2016 to examine the rates and patterns of VWI. Person identifiable data (PID) were cross-referenced to establish if certain victims or events were less likely to be reported to criminal justice services. Results A total of 18 316 police crimed VWI victims and 10 260 individual ED attendances with an assault-related injury were considered. The majority of ED assault attendances (59.0%) were unknown to police. The key demographic identified as under-reporting to police were young males aged 18–34 years, while a significant amount of non-reported assaults involved a stranger. The combined monthly age-standardised rates were recalculated and on average were 74.7 (95% CI 72.1 to 77.2) and 66.1 (95% CI 64.0 to 68.2) per 100 000 population for males and females, respectively. Consideration of the additional ED cases resulted in a 35.3% and 18.1% increase on the original police totals for male and female VWI victims. Conclusions This study identified that violence is currently undermeasured, demonstrated the importance of continued sharing of routinely collected ED data and highlighted the benefits of using PID from a number of services in a linked way to provide a more comprehensive picture of violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Gray
- Policy, Research and International Development, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Emma R Barton
- Policy, Research and International Development, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Alisha R Davies
- Policy, Research and International Development, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sara J Long
- Centre for the Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions for Public Health Improvement, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Janine Roderick
- Policy, Research and International Development, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mark A Bellis
- Policy, Research and International Development, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK
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Injury prevention in the emergency department: An ongoing challenge Reference to: Emergency Physicians as human billboards for injury prevention: A randomized controlled trial by Emily Sullivan et al. CAN J EMERG MED 2017; 19:321-323. [PMID: 28728612 DOI: 10.1017/cem.2017.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Harris JK, Jonson-Reid M, Carothers BJ, Fowler P. The Structure of Policy Networks for Injury and Violence Prevention in 15 US Cities. Public Health Rep 2017; 132:381-388. [PMID: 28426291 DOI: 10.1177/0033354917705367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Changes in policy can reduce violence and injury; however, little is known about how partnerships among organizations influence policy development, adoption, and implementation. To understand partnerships among organizations working on injury and violence prevention (IVP) policy, we examined IVP policy networks in 15 large US cities. METHODS In summer 2014, we recruited 15 local health departments (LHDs) to participate in the study. They identified an average of 28.9 local partners (SD = 10.2) working on IVP policy. In late 2014, we sent survey questionnaires to 434 organizations, including the 15 LHDs and their local partners, about their partnerships and the importance of each organization to local IVP policy efforts; 319 participated. We used network methods to examine the composition and structure of the policy networks. RESULTS Each IVP policy network included the LHD and an average of 21.3 (SD = 6.9) local partners. On average, nonprofit organizations constituted 50.7% of networks, followed by government agencies (26.3%), schools and universities (11.8%), coalitions (11.2%), voluntary organizations (9.6%), hospitals (8.5%), foundations (2.2%), and for-profit organizations (0.7%). Government agencies were perceived as important by the highest proportion of partners. Perceived importance was significantly associated with forming partnerships in most networks; odds ratios ranged from 1.07 (95% CI, 1.02-1.13) to 2.35 (95% CI, 1.68-3.28). Organization type was significantly associated with partnership formation in most networks after controlling for an organization's importance to the network. CONCLUSIONS Several strategies could strengthen local IVP policy networks, including (1) developing connections with partners from sectors that are not well integrated into the networks and (2) encouraging indirect or less formal connections with important but missing partners and partner types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenine K Harris
- 1 Brown School, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Bobbi J Carothers
- 1 Brown School, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Patrick Fowler
- 1 Brown School, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Shepherd
- Violence Research Group, Crime and Security Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Steven A Sumner
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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