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Sinha AP, Raja D, Mahajan KS, Sharma P, Gupta SS, Poluru R, Kawade AS, Dayma G, Sazawal S, Bavdekar A, Parida S, Nangia S, Raut AV, Bethou A, Devi P, Gorpade M, Fatima T, Nayak R, Kapil A, Azam M, Khan PA, Pandey RM, Arora NK. Role of central endpoint adjudication and challenges in trials on neonatal sepsis-a case of ProSPoNS trial. Trials 2024; 25:458. [PMID: 38970042 PMCID: PMC11227181 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-024-08298-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite progress in reducing the infant mortality in India, the neonatal mortality decline has been slower, necessitating concerted efforts to achieve Sustainable Development Goal-3. A promising strategy aiming to prevent neonatal sepsis in high-risk, vulnerable, low birth weight neonates through an innovative intervention includes probiotic supplementation. This article communicates the decision by the ProSPoNS trial investigators to establish a Central Endpoint Adjudication Committee (CEAC) as an addendum to the protocol published in Trials in 2021 for the purpose of clarifying the primary outcome. In the published protocol, the study hypothesis and primary objective are based on "sepsis," the primary outcome has been specified as sepsis/PSBI, whereas the sample size estimation was performed based on the "physician diagnosed sepsis." To align all the three above, the investigators meeting, held on 17th-18th August 2023, at MGIMS Sevagram, Wardha, deliberated and unanimously agreed that "physician diagnosed sepsis" is the primary study outcome which includes sepsis/PSBI. The CEAC, chaired by an external subject expert and members including trial statistician, a microbiologist, and all site principal investigators will employ four criteria to determine "physician diagnosed sepsis": (1) blood culture status, (2) sepsis screen status, (3) PSBI/non-PSBI signs and symptoms, and (4) the clinical course for each sickness event. Importantly, this clarification maintains consistency with the approved study protocol (Protocol No. 5/7/915/2012 version 3.1 dated 14 Feb 2020), emphasizing the commitment to methodological transparency and adherence to predefined standards. The decision to utilize the guidance of a CEAC is recommended as the gold standard in multicentric complex clinical trials to achieve consistency and accuracy in assessment of outcomes.Trial registrationClinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI) CTRI/2019/05/019197. Registered on 16 May 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Pradhan Sinha
- Division of Reproductive, Child Health and Nutrition (RCN), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) Headquarters, V Ramalingaswami Bhawan, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Dilip Raja
- Division of Reproductive, Child Health and Nutrition (RCN), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) Headquarters, V Ramalingaswami Bhawan, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Kamlesh S Mahajan
- Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Sushila Nayar School of Public Health, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences (MGIMS), Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, 442102, India
| | - Piyu Sharma
- Division of Reproductive, Child Health and Nutrition (RCN), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) Headquarters, V Ramalingaswami Bhawan, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Subodh S Gupta
- Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Sushila Nayar School of Public Health, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences (MGIMS), Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, 442102, India
| | - Ramesh Poluru
- The International Clinical Epidemiology Network (INCLEN) Trust International, F-1/5, 2Nd Floor, Okhla Industrial Area Phase - 1, New Delhi, Delhi, 110019, India
| | - Anand S Kawade
- Department of Pediatrics, KEM Hospital Research Centre, 489 Rasta Peth, Sardar Moodliar Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411011, India
| | - Girish Dayma
- Department of Pediatrics, KEM Hospital Research Centre, 489 Rasta Peth, Sardar Moodliar Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411011, India
| | - Sunil Sazawal
- Centre for Public Health Kinetics (CPHK), 214 A, Vinoba Puri, Lajpat Nagar-II, New Delhi, Delhi, 110024, India
| | - Ashish Bavdekar
- Department of Pediatrics, KEM Hospital Research Centre, 489 Rasta Peth, Sardar Moodliar Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411011, India
| | - Sailajanandan Parida
- Neonatal Health & Human Nutrition, Asian Institute of Public Health (AIPH), 8A, Unit-6, Ganga Nagar (Near Raj Bhawan), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751001, India
| | - Sushma Nangia
- Department of Neonatology, Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital (KSCH), Near Gole Market, Central Dist. New Delhi, Delhi, 110001, India
| | - Abhishek V Raut
- Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Sushila Nayar School of Public Health, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences (MGIMS), Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, 442102, India
| | - Adhisivam Bethou
- Department of Neonatology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Dhanvantri Nagar, Gorimedu, Puducherry, 605006, India
| | - Prabhabati Devi
- Centre for Public Health Kinetics (CPHK), 214 A, Vinoba Puri, Lajpat Nagar-II, New Delhi, Delhi, 110024, India
| | - Makrand Gorpade
- Department of Pediatrics, KEM Hospital Research Centre, 489 Rasta Peth, Sardar Moodliar Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411011, India
| | - Tharika Fatima
- Department of Neonatology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Dhanvantri Nagar, Gorimedu, Puducherry, 605006, India
| | - Rashmita Nayak
- Neonatal Health & Human Nutrition, Asian Institute of Public Health (AIPH), 8A, Unit-6, Ganga Nagar (Near Raj Bhawan), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751001, India
| | - Arti Kapil
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Mohd Azam
- Department of Neonatology, Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital (KSCH), Near Gole Market, Central Dist. New Delhi, Delhi, 110001, India
| | - Pearlin A Khan
- Division of Reproductive, Child Health and Nutrition (RCN), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) Headquarters, V Ramalingaswami Bhawan, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Ravindra Mohan Pandey
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Narendra Kumar Arora
- The International Clinical Epidemiology Network (INCLEN) Trust International, F-1/5, 2Nd Floor, Okhla Industrial Area Phase - 1, New Delhi, Delhi, 110019, India
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Batta VK, Rao SC, Patole SK. Bifidobacterium infantis as a probiotic in preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Res 2023; 94:1887-1905. [PMID: 37460707 PMCID: PMC10665187 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02716-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bifidobacterium infantis has special abilities to utilise human milk oligosaccharides. Hence we hypothesised that probiotic supplements containing B. infantis may confer greater benefits to preterm infants than probiotic supplements without B. infantis. METHODS A systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted according to standard guidelines. We selected RCTs evaluating probiotics compared to placebo or no treatment in preterm and/or low birth weight infants. Probiotic effects on Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC), Late Onset Sepsis (LOS) and Mortality were analysed separately for RCTs in which the supplemented probiotic product contained B. infantis and those that did not contain B. infantis. RESULTS 67 RCTs were included (n = 14,606), of which 16 used probiotics containing B. infantis (Subgroup A) and 51 RCTs did not (Subgroup B) Meta-analysis of all RCTs indicated that probiotics reduced the risk of NEC, LOS, and mortality. The subgroup meta-analysis demonstrated greater reduction in the incidence of NEC in subgroup A than subgroup B [(relative risk in subgroup A: 0.38; 95% CI, 0.27-0.55) versus (0.67; 95% CI, 0.55-0.81) in subgroup B; p value for subgroup difference: 0.01]. CONCLUSIONS These results provide indirect evidence that probiotic supplements that include B. infantis may be more beneficial for preterm infants. Well-designed RCTs are necessary to confirm these findings. IMPACT Evidence is emerging that beneficial effects of probiotics are species and strain specific. This systematic review analyses if B. infantis supplementation provides an advantage to preterm infants. This is the first systematic review evaluating the effects of probiotics containing B. infantis in preterm infants. The results of this systematic review provides indirect evidence that probiotics that include B. infantis may be more beneficial for preterm infants. These results will help in guiding future research and clinical practice for using B. infantis as a probiotic in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamsi K Batta
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Shripada C Rao
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Sanjay K Patole
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Bui A, Johnson E, Epshteyn M, Schumann C, Schwendeman C. Utilization of a High Potency Probiotic Product for Prevention of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Infants at a Level IV NICU. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2023; 28:473-475. [PMID: 38130501 PMCID: PMC10731933 DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-28.5.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a serious gastrointestinal disease that can be seen in premature infants with high risk for morbidity and mortality. There is currently no US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) medication approved for the prevention of NEC. Despite great heterogeneity among available studies, large meta-analyses of clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of multiple-strain probiotics in reducing NEC and all-cause mortality. In 2020, Medical City Dallas's Level IV neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) implemented a probiotic protocol for NEC prevention. As a result, a reduction in NEC was observed, with no occurrence of probiotic-related sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Bui
- Department of Pharmacy (AB, EJ, ME), Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas, TX
| | - Emory Johnson
- Department of Pharmacy (AB, EJ, ME), Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas, TX
| | - Michael Epshteyn
- Department of Pharmacy (AB, EJ, ME), Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas, TX
| | - Caitlin Schumann
- Department of Nursing (C. Schumann), Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas, TX
| | - Clair Schwendeman
- Department of Neonatology (C. Schwendeman), Pediatrix Medical Group, North Dallas Practice, Dallas, TX
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Sharif S, Meader N, Oddie SJ, Rojas-Reyes MX, McGuire W. Probiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 7:CD005496. [PMID: 37493095 PMCID: PMC10370900 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd005496.pub6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal dysbiosis may contribute to the pathogenesis of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) in very preterm or very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Dietary supplementation with probiotics to modulate the intestinal microbiome has been proposed as a strategy to reduce the risk of NEC and associated mortality and morbidity in very preterm or VLBW infants. OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of supplemental probiotics on the risk of NEC and associated mortality and morbidity in very preterm or very low birth weight infants. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, the Maternity and Infant Care database, and CINAHL from inception to July 2022. We searched clinical trials databases and conference proceedings, and examined the reference lists of retrieved articles. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs comparing probiotics with placebo or no probiotics in very preterm infants (born before 32 weeks' gestation) and VLBW infants (weighing less than 1500 g at birth). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently evaluated risk of bias of the trials, extracted data, and synthesised effect estimates using risk ratios (RRs), risk differences (RDs), and mean differences (MDs), with associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The primary outcomes were NEC and all-cause mortality; secondary outcome measures were late-onset invasive infection (more than 48 hours after birth), duration of hospitalisation from birth, and neurodevelopmental impairment. We used the GRADE approach to assess the certainty of the evidence. MAIN RESULTS We included 60 trials with 11,156 infants. Most trials were small (median sample size 145 infants). The main potential sources of bias were unclear reporting of methods for concealing allocation and masking caregivers or investigators in about half of the trials. The formulation of the probiotics varied across trials. The most common preparations contained Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp., Saccharomyces spp., andStreptococcus spp., alone or in combination. Very preterm or very low birth weight infants Probiotics may reduce the risk of NEC (RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.65; I² = 17%; 57 trials, 10,918 infants; low certainty). The number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) was 33 (95% CI 25 to 50). Probiotics probably reduce mortality slightly (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.90; I² = 0%; 54 trials, 10,484 infants; moderate certainty); the NNTB was 50 (95% CI 50 to 100). Probiotics probably have little or no effect on the risk of late-onset invasive infection (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.82 to 0.97; I² = 22%; 49 trials, 9876 infants; moderate certainty). Probiotics may have little or no effect on neurodevelopmental impairment (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.26; I² = 0%; 5 trials, 1518 infants; low certainty). Extremely preterm or extremely low birth weight infants Few data were available for extremely preterm or extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants. In this population, probiotics may have little or no effect on NEC (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.22, I² = 0%; 10 trials, 1836 infants; low certainty), all-cause mortality (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.18; I² = 0%; 7 trials, 1723 infants; low certainty), or late-onset invasive infection (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.09; I² = 0%; 7 trials, 1533 infants; low certainty). No trials provided data for measures of neurodevelopmental impairment in extremely preterm or ELBW infants. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Given the low to moderate certainty of evidence for the effects of probiotic supplements on the risk of NEC and associated morbidity and mortality for very preterm or VLBW infants, and particularly for extremely preterm or ELBW infants, there is a need for further large, high-quality trials to provide evidence of sufficient validity and applicability to inform policy and practice.
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Key Words
- female
- humans
- infant
- infant, newborn
- enterocolitis, necrotizing
- enterocolitis, necrotizing/epidemiology
- fetal growth retardation
- infant, extremely premature
- infant, premature, diseases
- infant, premature, diseases/etiology
- infant, premature, diseases/prevention & control
- infant, very low birth weight
- probiotics
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Sharif
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
| | - Nicholas Meader
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
| | - Sam J Oddie
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
- Bradford Neonatology, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Maria X Rojas-Reyes
- Institut d'Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
- Evaluation Unit of the Canary Islands Health Service (SESCS), Tenerife, Spain
| | - William McGuire
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
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Effects of Perinatal Antibiotic Exposure and Neonatal Gut Microbiota. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020258. [PMID: 36830169 PMCID: PMC9951864 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic therapy is one of the most important strategies to treat bacterial infections. The overuse of antibiotics, especially in the perinatal period, is associated with long-lasting negative consequences such as the spread of antibiotic resistance and alterations in the composition and function of the gut microbiota, both of which negatively affect human health. In this review, we summarize recent evidence about the influence of antibiotic treatment on the neonatal gut microbiota and the subsequent negative effects on the health of the infant. We also analyze the possible microbiome-based approaches for the re-establishment of healthy microbiota in neonates.
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The Department of Pediatrics, Safdarjang Hospital, New Delhi, 1950–2020. Indian Pediatr 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13312-022-2424-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Fidanza M, Panigrahi P, Kollmann TR. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum-Nomad and Ideal Probiotic. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:712236. [PMID: 34690957 PMCID: PMC8527090 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.712236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are increasingly recognized as capable of positively modulating several aspects of human health. There are numerous attributes that make an ideal probiotic. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (Lp) exhibits an ecological and metabolic flexibility that allows it to thrive in a variety of environments. The present review will highlight the genetic and functional characteristics of Lp that make it an ideal probiotic and summarizes the current knowledge about its potential application as a prophylactic or therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pinaki Panigrahi
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Washington, DC, United States
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Probiotics for the Management of Sepsis: Advances in Animal Models and Intensive Care Unit Environments. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres12030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis frequently leads to multiple organ failure and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Although intensive care protocols and antibiotic therapy have improved sepsis treatment, specific management is lacking with respect to efficient protection from tissue damage and long-term outcomes. Probiotics are live microbes that modulate the immune system and inflammation and colonize the gut. In this narrative review, we have traced the evolution of the administration of probiotics in an animal model of sepsis and treatment alternatives in the intensive care unit setting. First, probiotics are categorized by species before describing their modulation of the microbiota, repair of tissue-specific damage, immune response, and molecular pathways to prevent complications. The impact on therapy for infant and adult patients is also addressed. Finally, we have emphasized the challenges and gaps in current studies as well as future perspectives for further investigation. The present review can open up avenues for new strategies that employ promising probiotic strains for the treatment of sepsis and discusses their ability to prevent disease-associated long-term complications.
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Sinha AP, Gupta SS, Poluru R, Raut AV, Arora NK, Pandey RM, Sahu AR, Bethou A, Sazawal S, Parida S, Bavdekar A, Saili A, Gaind R, Kapil A, Garg BS, Maliye C, Jain M, Mahajan KS, Dhingra P, Pradhan KC, Kawade AS, Nangia S, Mukherjee A, Rasaily R, Sharma RS. Evaluating the efficacy of a multistrain probiotic supplementation for prevention of neonatal sepsis in 0-2-month-old low birth weight infants in India-the "ProSPoNS" Study protocol for a phase III, multicentric, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Trials 2021; 22:242. [PMID: 33794969 PMCID: PMC8017823 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05193-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Progress has been made in the reduction of under-five mortality in India; however, neonatal mortality is reducing at a slower rate. Efforts are required to bring down neonatal mortality in order to attain the Sustainable Development Goal-3. Prevention of sepsis among the high-risk, vulnerable low birth weight neonates by a newer intervention with probiotic supplementation is promising. Methods A phase III, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study is being conducted at six sites in India. A total of 6144 healthy low birth weight (LBW) infants fulfilling the eligibility criteria would be enrolled within the first week of life, after obtaining written informed consent from the parents of the infant. Randomization in 1:1 ratio, stratified by site, sex, and birth weight, would be done through an interactive web response system (IWRS) using a standard web browser and email service. Vivomixx®, a probiotic containing a mix of 8 strains of bacteria, in a suspension form standardized to deliver 10 billion CFU/ml, or an organoleptically similar placebo would be fed to enrolled infants in a 1-ml/day dose for 30 days. The follow-up of enrolled infants for 60 days would take place as per a pre-specified schedule for recording morbidities and outcome assessments at the six participating sites. Screening for morbidities would be conducted by trained field workers in the community, and sick infants would be referred to designated clinics/hospitals. A physician would examine the referred infants presenting with complaints and clinical signs, and blood samples would be collected from sick infants for diagnosis of neonatal sepsis by performing sepsis screen and blood culture. Appropriate treatment would be provided as per hospital protocol. The study would be implemented as per the MRC guideline for the management of Global Health Trials in accordance with ICH-GCP and Indian Regulatory guidelines. A contract research organization would be engaged for comprehensive monitoring and quality assurance. The final analysis would be conducted in a blinded manner as per the statistical analysis plan (SAP) to estimate the primary outcomes of sepsis, possible serious bacterial infection (PSBI), and secondary outcomes. The codes will be broken after DMC permission. The protocol has been reviewed by the Research Ethics Committee of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (REC-LSTM), from Research Ethics Committees of the six subject recruitment participating sites. Discussion This adequately powered and well-designed trial would conclusively answer the question whether probiotics can prevent neonatal sepsis in the high-risk group of low birth weight infants as indicated by a pilot study in 1340 LBW infants, evidence from systematic reviews of hospital-based studies, and a primary study on healthy newborns in Orissa. Results of the study would be generalizable to India and other low–middle-income countries. Trial registration Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI) CTRI/2019/05/019197. Registered on 16 May 2019
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Pradhan Sinha
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Maternal & Child Health (RBM&CH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) Headquarters, V Ramalingaswami Bhawan, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Subodh S Gupta
- Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Sushila Nayar School of Public Health, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences (MGIMS), Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, 442102, India
| | - Ramesh Poluru
- The International Clinical Epidemiology Network (INCLEN) Trust International, F-1/5, 2nd Floor, Okhla Industrial Area Phase - 1, New Delhi, Delhi, 110019, India
| | - Abhishek V Raut
- Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Sushila Nayar School of Public Health, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences (MGIMS), Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, 442102, India
| | - Narendra Kumar Arora
- The International Clinical Epidemiology Network (INCLEN) Trust International, F-1/5, 2nd Floor, Okhla Industrial Area Phase - 1, New Delhi, Delhi, 110019, India
| | - Ravindra Mohan Pandey
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Aditya Ranjan Sahu
- Next Gen Pharma India Pvt. Ltd., 331, Sector 15A, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - Adhisivam Bethou
- Department of Neonatology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Dhanvantri Nagar, Gorimedu, Puducherry, 605006, India
| | - Sunil Sazawal
- Centre for Public Health Kinetics (CPHK), 214 A, Vinoba Puri, Lajpat Nagar-II, New Delhi, Delhi, 110024, India
| | - Sailajanandan Parida
- Neonatal Health & Human Nutrition, Asian Institute of Public Health (AIPH), 8A, Unit-6, Ganga Nagar (Near Raj Bhawan), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751001, India
| | - Ashish Bavdekar
- Department of Pediatrics, KEM Hospital Research Centre, 489 Rasta Peth, Sardar Moodliar Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411011, India
| | - Arvind Saili
- Department of Neonatology, Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital (KSCH), Near Gole Market, Central Dist., New Delhi, Delhi, 110001, India
| | - Rajni Gaind
- Department of Microbiology, Vardhaman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital (VMMC & SJH), Ansari Nagar (W), New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Arti Kapil
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Bishan S Garg
- Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Sushila Nayar School of Public Health, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences (MGIMS), Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, 442102, India
| | - Chetna Maliye
- Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Sushila Nayar School of Public Health, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences (MGIMS), Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, 442102, India
| | - Manish Jain
- Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Sushila Nayar School of Public Health, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences (MGIMS), Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, 442102, India
| | - Kamlesh S Mahajan
- Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Sushila Nayar School of Public Health, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences (MGIMS), Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, 442102, India
| | - Pratibha Dhingra
- Centre for Public Health Kinetics (CPHK), 214 A, Vinoba Puri, Lajpat Nagar-II, New Delhi, Delhi, 110024, India
| | - Keshab C Pradhan
- Neonatal Health & Human Nutrition, Asian Institute of Public Health (AIPH), 8A, Unit-6, Ganga Nagar (Near Raj Bhawan), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751001, India
| | - Anand S Kawade
- Department of Pediatrics, KEM Hospital Research Centre, 489 Rasta Peth, Sardar Moodliar Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411011, India
| | - Sushma Nangia
- Department of Neonatology, Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital (KSCH), Near Gole Market, Central Dist., New Delhi, Delhi, 110001, India
| | - Ajit Mukherjee
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Maternal & Child Health (RBM&CH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) Headquarters, V Ramalingaswami Bhawan, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Reeta Rasaily
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Maternal & Child Health (RBM&CH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) Headquarters, V Ramalingaswami Bhawan, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Radhey Shyam Sharma
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Maternal & Child Health (RBM&CH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) Headquarters, V Ramalingaswami Bhawan, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India
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Imdad A, Rehman F, Davis E, Ranjit D, Surin GSS, Attia SL, Lawler S, Smith AA, Bhutta ZA. Effects of neonatal nutrition interventions on neonatal mortality and child health and development outcomes: A systematic review. CAMPBELL SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2021; 17:e1141. [PMID: 37133295 PMCID: PMC8356300 DOI: 10.1002/cl2.1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Background The last two decades have seen a significant decrease in mortality for children <5 years of age in low and middle-income countries (LMICs); however, neonatal (age, 0-28 days) mortality has not decreased at the same rate. We assessed three neonatal nutritional interventions that have the potential of reducing morbidity and mortality during infancy in LMICs. Objectives To determine the efficacy and effectiveness of synthetic vitamin A, dextrose oral gel, and probiotic supplementation during the neonatal period. Search Methods We conducted electronic searches for relevant studies on the following databases: PubMed, CINAHL, LILACS, SCOPUS, and CENTRAL, Cochrane Central Register for Controlled Trials, up to November 27, 2019. Selection Criteria We aimed to include randomized and quasi-experimental studies. The target population was neonates in LMICs. The interventions included synthetic vitamin A supplementation, oral dextrose gel supplementation, and probiotic supplementation during the neonatal period. We included studies from the community and hospital settings irrespective of the gestational age or birth weight of the neonate. Data Collection and Analysis Two authors screened the titles and extracted the data from selected studies. The risk of bias (ROB) in the included studies was assessed according to the Cochrane Handbook of Systematic Reviews. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. The secondary outcomes were neonatal sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), prevention and treatment of neonatal hypoglycaemia, adverse events, and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Data were meta-analyzed by random effect models to obtain relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for dichotomous outcomes and mean difference with 95% CI for continuous outcomes. The overall rating of evidence was determined by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Main Results Sixteen randomized studies (total participants 169,366) assessed the effect of vitamin A supplementation during the neonatal period. All studies were conducted in low- and middle-income (LMIC) countries. Thirteen studies were conducted in the community setting and three studies were conducted in the hospital setting, specifically in neonatal intensive care units. Studies were conducted in 10 different countries including India (four studies), Guinea-Bissau (three studies), Bangladesh (two studies), and one study each in China, Ghana, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. The overall ROB was low in most of the included studies for neonatal vitamin A supplementation. The pooled results from the community based randomized studies showed that there was no significant difference in all-cause mortality in the vitamin A (intervention) group compared to controls at 1 month (RR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.90-1.08; six studies with 126,548 participants, statistical heterogeneity I 2 0%, funnel plot symmetrical, grade rating high), 6 months (RR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.89-1.07; 12 studies with 154,940 participants, statistical heterogeneity I 2 43%, funnel plot symmetrical, GRADE quality high) and 12 months of age (RR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.94-1.14; eight studies with 118,376 participants, statistical heterogeneity I 2 46%, funnel plot symmetrical, GRADE quality high). Neonatal vitamin A supplementation increased the incidence of bulging fontanelle by 53% compared to control (RR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.12-2.09; six studies with 100,256 participants, statistical heterogeneity I 2 65%, funnel plot symmetrical, GRADE quality high). We did not identify any experimental study that addressed the use of dextrose gel for the prevention and/or treatment of neonatal hypoglycaemia in LMIC. Thirty-three studies assessed the effect of probiotic supplementation during the neonatal period (total participants 11,595; probiotics: 5854 and controls: 5741). All of the included studies were conducted in LMIC and were randomized. Most of the studies were done in the hospital setting and included participants who were preterm (born < 37 weeks gestation) and/or low birth weight (<2500 g birth weight). Studies were conducted in 13 different countries with 10 studies conducted in India, six studies in Turkey, three studies each in China and Iran, two each in Mexico and South Africa, and one each in Bangladesh, Brazil, Colombia, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, and Thailand. Three studies were at high ROB due to lack of appropriate randomization sequence or allocation concealment. Combined data from 25 studies showed that probiotic supplementation reduced all-cause mortality by 20% compared to controls (RR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.66-0.96; total number of participants 10,998, number needed to treat 100, statistical heterogeneity I 2 0%, funnel plot symmetrical, GRADE quality high). Twenty-nine studies reported the effect of probiotics on the incidence of NEC, and the combined results showed a relative reduction of 54% in the intervention group compared to controls (RR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.35-0.59; total number of participants 5574, number needed to treat 17, statistical heterogeneity I 2 24%, funnel plot symmetrical, GRADE quality high). Twenty-one studies assessed the effect of probiotic supplementation during the neonatal period on neonatal sepsis, and the combined results showed a relative reduction of 22% in the intervention group compared to controls (RR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.70-0.86; total number of participants 9105, number needed to treat 14, statistical heterogeneity I 2 23%, funnel plot symmetrical, GRADE quality high). Authors' Conclusions Vitamin A supplementation during the neonatal period does not reduce all-cause neonatal or infant mortality in LMICs in the community setting. However, neonatal vitamin A supplementation increases the risk of Bulging Fontanelle. No experimental or quasi-experimental studies were available from LMICs to assess the effect of dextrose gel supplementation for the prevention or treatment of neonatal hypoglycaemia. Probiotic supplementation during the neonatal period seems to reduce all-cause mortality, NEC, and sepsis in babies born with low birth weight and/or preterm in the hospital setting. There was clinical heterogeneity in the use of probiotics, and we could not recommend any single strain of probiotics for wider use based on these results. There was a lack of studies on probiotic supplementation in the community setting. More research is needed to assess the effect of probiotics administered to neonates in-home/community setting in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamer Imdad
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionSUNY Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseNew YorkUSA
| | - Faseeha Rehman
- Department of MedicineRaritan Bay Medical CenterPerth AmboyNew YorkUSA
| | - Evans Davis
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Prevention and ControlUniversity of BuffaloBuffaloNew YorkUSA
| | - Deepika Ranjit
- College of MedicineSUNY Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Suzanna L. Attia
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Sarah Lawler
- Health Science LibrarySUNY Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseNew YorkUSA
| | - Abigail A. Smith
- Health Science LibraraySUNY Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseNew YorkUSA
| | - Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
- Centre for Global Child HealthThe Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoOntarioCanada
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Chi C, Li C, Buys N, Wang W, Yin C, Sun J. Effects of Probiotics in Preterm Infants: A Network Meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2021; 147:peds.2020-0706. [PMID: 33323491 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-0706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Probiotics have proven to be effective in promoting premature infants' health, but the optimal usage is unknown. OBJECTIVE To compare probiotic supplements for premature infants. DATA SOURCES We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and ProQuest from inception of these databases to June 1, 2020. STUDY SELECTION Randomized trials of probiotic supplement intervention for preterm infants were screened by 2 reviewers independently. The primary outcomes were mortality and the morbidity of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Secondary outcomes were morbidity of sepsis, time to achieve full enteral feeding, and length of hospital stay. DATA EXTRACTION The data of primary and secondary outcomes were extracted by 2 reviewers and pooled with a random-effects model. RESULTS The meta-analysis included 45 trials with 12 320 participants. Bifidobacterium plus Lactobacillus was associated with lower rates of mortality (risk ratio 0.56; 95% credible interval 0.34-0.84) and NEC morbidity (0.47; 0.27-0.79) in comparison to the placebo; Lactobacillus plus prebiotic was associated with lower rates of NEC morbidity (0.06; 0.01-0.41) in comparison to the placebo; Bifidobacterium plus prebiotic had the highest probability of having the lowest rate of mortality (surface under the cumulative ranking curve 83.94%); and Lactobacillus plus prebiotic had the highest probability of having the lowest rate of NEC (surface under the cumulative ranking curve 95.62%). LIMITATIONS In few studies did authors report the data of infants with a lower birth weight or gestational age. CONCLUSIONS The efficacy of single probiotic supplements is limited, compared to combined use of probiotics. To achieve optimal effect on premature infant health, combined use of prebiotic and probiotic, especially Lactobacillus or Bifidobacterium, is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chi
- School of Nursing, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital and Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; and.,School of Medicine and
| | - Cheng Li
- School of Nursing, Jining Medical University, Jining, China; .,Department of Internal Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital and Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Nicholas Buys
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Wenjun Wang
- School of Nursing, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Chenghong Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital and Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; and
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Sherrill-Mix S, Connors K, Aldrovandi GM, Brenchley JM, Boucher C, Bushman FD, Collman RG, Dandekar S, Klatt NR, Lagenaur LA, Paredes R, Tachedjian G, Turpin JA, Landay AL, Ghosh M. A Summary of the Fifth Annual Virology Education HIV Microbiome Workshop. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2020; 36:886-895. [PMID: 32777940 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In October of 2019, researchers and community members from around the world met at the NIH for the fifth annual International Workshop on Microbiome in HIV. New research was presented on the role of the microbiome on chronic inflammation and vaccine design, interactions of genetics, environment, sexual practice and HIV infection with the microbiome and the development and clinical trials of microbiome-based therapeutic approaches intended to decrease the probability of HIV acquisition/transmission or ameliorate sequelae of HIV. The keynote address by Dr. Jacques Ravel focused on his work on the vaginal microbiome and efforts to improve the analysis and resolution of microbiome data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Sherrill-Mix
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kaleigh Connors
- Department of Epidemiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Grace M. Aldrovandi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Charles Boucher
- Department of Virosciences, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frederic D. Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ronald G. Collman
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Satya Dandekar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Nichole R. Klatt
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Roger Paredes
- Institut de Recerca de la SIDA IrsiCaixa i Unitat VIH, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Universitat de Vic, Vic, Spain
| | | | - Jim A. Turpin
- Divison of AIDS, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan L. Landay
- Division of Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mimi Ghosh
- Department of Epidemiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Sharif S, Meader N, Oddie SJ, Rojas-Reyes MX, McGuire W. Probiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 10:CD005496. [PMID: 33058137 PMCID: PMC8094746 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd005496.pub5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal dysbiosis may contribute to the pathogenesis of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) in very preterm or very low birth weight infants. Dietary supplementation with probiotics to modulate the intestinal microbiome has been proposed as a strategy to reduce the risk of NEC and associated mortality and morbidity. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of supplemental probiotics on the risk of NEC and mortality and morbidity in very preterm or very low birth weight infants. SEARCH METHODS We searched Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2020, Issue 2) in the Cochrane Library; MEDLINE Ovid (1946 to 17 Feb 2020), Embase Ovid (1974 to 17 Feb 2020), Maternity & Infant Care Database Ovid (1971 to 17 Feb 2020), the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (1982 to 18 Feb 2020). We searched clinical trials databases, conference proceedings, and the reference lists of retrieved articles for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs. SELECTION CRITERIA We included RCTs and quasi-RCTs comparing probiotic supplementation with placebo or no probiotics in very preterm or very low birth weight infants. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used the standard methods of Cochrane Neonatal. Two review authors separately evaluated trial quality, extracted data, and synthesised effect estimates using risk ratio (RR), risk difference (RD), and mean difference. We used the GRADE approach to assess the certainty of evidence for effects on NEC, all-cause mortality, late-onset infection, and severe neurodevelopmental impairment. MAIN RESULTS We included 56 trials in which 10,812 infants participated. Most trials were small (median sample size 149). Lack of clarity on methods to conceal allocation and mask caregivers or investigators were the main potential sources of bias in about half of the trials. Trials varied by the formulation of the probiotics. The most commonly used preparations contained Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp., Saccharomyces spp., and Streptococcus spp. alone or in combinations. Meta-analysis showed that probiotics may reduce the risk of NEC: RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.65 (54 trials, 10,604 infants; I² = 17%); RD -0.03, 95% CI -0.04 to -0.02; number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) 33, 95% CI 25 to 50. Evidence was assessed as low certainty because of the limitations in trials design, and the presence of funnel plot asymmetry consistent with publication bias. Sensitivity meta-analysis of trials at low risk of bias showed a reduced risk of NEC: RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.89 (16 trials, 4597 infants; I² = 25%); RD -0.02, 95% CI -0.03 to -0.01; NNTB 50, 95% CI 33 to 100. Meta-analyses showed that probiotics probably reduce mortality (RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.65 to 0.89; (51 trials, 10,170 infants; I² = 0%); RD -0.02, 95% CI -0.02 to -0.01; NNTB 50, 95% CI 50 to 100), and late-onset invasive infection (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.82 to 0.97; (47 trials, 9762 infants; I² = 19%); RD -0.02, 95% CI -0.03 to -0.01; NNTB 50, 95% CI 33 to 100). Evidence was assessed as moderate certainty for both these outcomes because of the limitations in trials design. Sensitivity meta-analyses of 16 trials (4597 infants) at low risk of bias did not show an effect on mortality or infection. Meta-analysis showed that probiotics may have little or no effect on severe neurodevelopmental impairment (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.26 (five trials, 1518 infants; I² = 0%). The certainty on this evidence is low because of limitations in trials design and serious imprecision of effect estimate. Few data (from seven of the trials) were available for extremely preterm or extremely low birth weight infants. Meta-analyses did not show effects on NEC, death, or infection (low-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Given the low to moderate level of certainty about the effects of probiotic supplements on the risk of NEC and associated morbidity and mortality for very preterm or very low birth weight infants, and particularly for extremely preterm or extremely low birth weight infants, further, large, high-quality trials are needed to provide evidence of sufficient quality and applicability to inform policy and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Sharif
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
| | - Nicholas Meader
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
| | - Sam J Oddie
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
- Bradford Neonatology, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Maria Ximena Rojas-Reyes
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health, Institut de Recerca Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - William McGuire
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
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Morgan RL, Preidis GA, Kashyap PC, Weizman AV, Sadeghirad B. Probiotics Reduce Mortality and Morbidity in Preterm, Low-Birth-Weight Infants: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of Randomized Trials. Gastroenterology 2020; 159:467-480. [PMID: 32592699 PMCID: PMC8014956 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS We aimed to compare the effectiveness of single- vs multiple-strain probiotics in a network meta-analysis of randomized trials. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Science Citation Index Expanded, CINAHL, Scopus, Cochrane CENTRAL, BIOSIS Previews, and Google Scholar through January 1, 2019, for studies of single-strain and multistrain probiotic formulations on the outcomes of preterm, low-birth-weight neonates. We used a frequentist approach for network meta-analysis and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach to assess the certainty of evidence. Primary outcomes included all-cause mortality, severe necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) (Bell stage II or more), and culture-proven sepsis. RESULTS We analyzed data from 63 trials involving 15,712 preterm infants. Compared with placebo, a combination of 1 or more Lactobacillus species (spp) and 1 or more Bifidobacterium spp was the only intervention with moderate- or high-quality evidence of reduced all-cause mortality (odds ratio [OR], 0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39-0.80). Among interventions with moderate- or high-quality evidence for efficacy compared with placebo, combinations of 1 or more Lactobacillus spp and 1 or more Bifidobacterium spp, Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis, Lactobacillus reuteri, or Lactobacillus rhamnosus significantly reduced severe NEC (OR, 0.35 [95% CI, 0.20-0.59]; OR, 0.31 [95% CI, 0.13-0.74]; OR, 0.55 [95% CI, 0.34-0.91]; and OR, 0.44 [95% CI, 0.21-0.90], respectively). There was moderate- or high-quality evidence that combinations of 1 or more Lactobacillus spp and 1 or more Bifidobacterium spp and Saccharomyces boulardii reduced the number of days to reach full feeding (mean reduction of 3.30 days [95% CI, reduction of 5.91-0.69 days]). There was moderate- or high-quality evidence that, compared with placebo, the single-species product B animalis subsp lactis or L reuteri significantly reduced duration of hospitalization (mean reduction of 13.00 days [95% CI, reduction of 22.71-3.29 days] and mean reduction of 7.89 days [95% CI, reduction of 11.60-4.17 days], respectively). CONCLUSIONS In a systematic review and network meta-analysis of studies to determine the effects of single-strain and multistrain probiotic formulations on outcomes of preterm, low-birth-weight neonates, we found moderate to high evidence for the superiority of combinations of 1 or more Lactobacillus spp and 1 or more Bifidobacterium spp vs single- and other multiple-strain probiotic treatments. The combinations of Bacillus spp and Enterococcus spp, and 1 or more Bifidobacterium spp and Streptococcus salivarius subsp thermophilus, might produce the largest reduction in NEC development. Further trials are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Morgan
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geoffrey A. Preidis
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Purna C. Kashyap
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Adam V. Weizman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Behnam Sadeghirad
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; The Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Preidis GA, Weizman AV, Kashyap PC, Morgan RL. AGA Technical Review on the Role of Probiotics in the Management of Gastrointestinal Disorders. Gastroenterology 2020; 159:708-738.e4. [PMID: 32531292 PMCID: PMC8018518 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A. Preidis
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Adam V. Weizman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Purna C. Kashyap
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Rebecca L. Morgan
- Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Understanding the Elements of Maternal Protection from Systemic Bacterial Infections during Early Life. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041045. [PMID: 32290170 PMCID: PMC7230816 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Late-onset sepsis (LOS) and other systemic bloodstream infections are notable causes of neonatal mortality, particularly in prematurely born very low birth weight infants. Breastfeeding in early life has numerous health benefits, impacting the health of the newborn in both the short-term and in the long-term. Though the known benefits of an exclusive mother's own milk diet in early life have been well recognized and described, it is less understood how breastfed infants enjoy a potential reduction in risk of LOS and other systemic infections. Here we review how gut residing pathogens within the intestinal microbiota of infants can cause a subset of sepsis cases and the components of breastmilk that may prevent the dissemination of pathogens from the intestine.
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Imdad A, Rehman F, Davis E, Attia S, Ranjit D, Surin GS, Lawler S, Smith A, Bhutta ZA. Effect of Synthetic Vitamin A and Probiotics Supplementation for Prevention of Morbidity and Mortality during the Neonatal Period. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies from Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Nutrients 2020; 12:E791. [PMID: 32192165 PMCID: PMC7146603 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Suboptimal nutritional status of a newborn is a risk factor for short- and long-term morbidity and mortality. The objectives of this review were to assess the efficacy and effectiveness of neonatal synthetic vitamin A supplementation, dextrose gel and probiotic supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality during infancy in low and middle-income countries. Methods: We included randomized trials. Primary outcome was all-cause mortality. We conducted electronic searches on multiple databases. Data were meta-analyzed to obtain relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Studies for vitamin A and Probiotics were analyzed separately. No studies were found for dextrose gel supplementation during neonatal period. The overall rating of evidence was determined by Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Results: Sixteen studies assessed the effect of vitamin A supplementation during the neonatal period. Based on pooled data from community-based studies only, there was no significant effect of vitamin A on all-cause mortality at age 1 month (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.90, 1.08), 6 months (RR 0.98; 95% CI 0.89-1.08) and 12 months (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.94, 1.14) but increased risk of bulging fontanelle (RR 1.53, 95% CI 1.12, 2.09). The overall quality of evidence was high for the above outcomes. Thirty-three studies assessed the effect of probiotic supplementation during the neonatal period and were mostly conducted in the hospital setting. Probiotics reduced the risk of all-cause mortality (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.66, 0.96), necrotizing enterocolitis (RR 0.46, 95% CI 0.35, 0.59) and neonatal sepsis (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.70, 0.86). The grade ratings for the above three outcomes were high. Conclusions: Vitamin A supplementation during the neonatal period does not reduce all-cause neonatal or infant mortality in low and middle-income countries in the community setting. Probiotic supplementation during the neonatal period seems to reduce all-cause mortality, NEC, and sepsis in babies born low birth weight and/or preterm in the hospital setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamer Imdad
- Department of Pediatric, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; (A.I.); (F.R.)
| | - Faseeha Rehman
- Department of Pediatric, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; (A.I.); (F.R.)
| | - Evan Davis
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; (E.D.); (D.R.); (G.S.S.)
| | - Suzanna Attia
- College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
| | - Deepika Ranjit
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; (E.D.); (D.R.); (G.S.S.)
| | - Gamael Saint Surin
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; (E.D.); (D.R.); (G.S.S.)
| | - Sarah Lawler
- Health Science Library, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; (S.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Abigail Smith
- Health Science Library, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; (S.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
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Cheng D, Song J, Xie M, Song D. The bidirectional relationship between host physiology and microbiota and health benefits of probiotics: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Bozzi Cionci N, Baffoni L, Gaggìa F, Di Gioia D. Therapeutic Microbiology: The Role of Bifidobacterium breve as Food Supplement for the Prevention/Treatment of Paediatric Diseases. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1723. [PMID: 30423810 PMCID: PMC6265827 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human intestinal microbiota, establishing a symbiotic relationship with the host, plays a significant role for human health. It is also well known that a disease status is frequently characterized by a dysbiotic condition of the gut microbiota. A probiotic treatment can represent an alternative therapy for enteric disorders and human pathologies not apparently linked to the gastrointestinal tract. Among bifidobacteria, strains of the species Bifidobacterium breve are widely used in paediatrics. B. breve is the dominant species in the gut of breast-fed infants and it has also been isolated from human milk. It has antimicrobial activity against human pathogens, it does not possess transmissible antibiotic resistance traits, it is not cytotoxic and it has immuno-stimulating abilities. This review describes the applications of B. breve strains mainly for the prevention/treatment of paediatric pathologies. The target pathologies range from widespread gut diseases, including diarrhoea and infant colics, to celiac disease, obesity, allergic and neurological disorders. Moreover, B. breve strains are used for the prevention of side infections in preterm newborns and during antibiotic treatments or chemotherapy. With this documentation, we hope to increase knowledge on this species to boost the interest in the emerging discipline known as "therapeutic microbiology".
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bozzi Cionci
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Viale Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Loredana Baffoni
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Viale Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Francesca Gaggìa
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Viale Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Diana Di Gioia
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Viale Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
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Evaluation of Effect of Probiotics on Cytokine Levels in Critically Ill Children With Severe Sepsis. Crit Care Med 2018; 46:1656-1664. [DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000003279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Probiotics for Preterm Infants: A Strain-Specific Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2018; 67:103-122. [PMID: 29384838 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the use of probiotics to reduce morbidity and mortality in preterm infants have provided inconsistent results. Although meta-analyses that group all of the used strains together are suggesting efficacy, it is not possible to determine the most effective strain that is more relevant to the clinician. We therefore used a network meta-analysis (NMA) approach to identify strains with greatest efficacy. METHODS A PubMed search identified placebo-controlled or head-to-head RCTs investigating probiotics in preterm infants. From trials that recorded mortality, necrotizing enterocolitis, late-onset sepsis, or time until full enteral feeding as outcomes, data were extracted and Bayesian hierarchical random-effects models were run to construct a NMA. RESULTS Fifty-one RCTs involving 11,231 preterm infants were included. Most strains or combinations of strains were only studied in one or a few RCTs. Only 3 of 25 studied probiotic treatment combinations showed significant reduction in mortality rates. Seven treatments reduced necrotizing enterocolitis incidence, 2 reduced late-onset sepsis, and 3 reduced time until full enteral feeding. There was no clear overlap of strains, which were effective on multiple outcome domains. CONCLUSIONS This NMA showed efficacy in reducing mortality and morbidity only in a minority of the studied strains or combinations. This may be due to an inadequate number, or size, of RCTs, or due to a true lack of effect for certain species. Further large and adequately powered RCTs using strains with the greatest apparent efficacy will be needed to more precisely define optimal treatment strategies.
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Saksena R, Gaind R, Sinha A, Kothari C, Chellani H, Deb M. High prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance amongst commensal flora of antibiotic naïve neonates: a study from India. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:481-488. [PMID: 29458558 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of resistance amongst commensal flora is a serious threat to the community. However, there is paucity of data regarding antibiotic resistance in commensals in the absence of antibiotic pressure. METHODS Altogether, 100 vaginally delivered antibiotic naïve exclusively breastfed neonates were selected. Stool samples collected on day (D)1, D21 and D60 of birth were cultured. Enterobacteriaceae isolates were screened for nalidixic acid (NA) and ciprofloxacin susceptibility as per CLSI guidelines. In 28 randomly selected neonates, isolates (n=92) resistant to NA and ciprofloxacin were characterized for the presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes (qnrA, qnrB and qnrS, qepAand aac(6')-Ib-cr) and mutations in the quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR) of gyrA and parC genes by specific primers and confirmed by sequencing. RESULTS A total of 343 Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from 100 neonates. On D1, 58 % of neonates were colonized with at least one Enterobacteriaceae predominantly E. coli. Overall resistance to NA was 60 % but ciprofloxacin resistance increased significantly from 15 % (14/96) on D1 to 38 % (50/132) on D60 (P-value <0.001). The predominant mechanism of fluoroquinolone resistance was mutation in gyrA (n=49) with or without PMQR. PMQR carrying isolates increased more than fivefold from D1 to D60. CONCLUSION A high level of fluoroquinolone resistance in gut flora of antibiotic naïve and exclusively breastfed neonates suggests a rampant rise of resistance in the community. The source of resistance genes on D1 is probably maternal flora acquired at birth. High load of PMQR genes in commensal flora are a potential source of spread to pathogenic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushika Saksena
- Department of Microbiology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajni Gaind
- Department of Microbiology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Anju Sinha
- Department of Reproductive and Child Health, Indian council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Charu Kothari
- Department of Microbiology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Harish Chellani
- Department of Paediatrics, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Manorama Deb
- Department of Microbiology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Emerging research on the pediatric microbiome implicates the importance of the microbiome on the development of the immune system, nervous system, and growth. Changes to the microbiome during infancy are associated with the development of chronic illnesses such as asthma and inflammatory bowel disease. Additionally, the microbiome provides protection against certain pathogens, affects vaccine responses, and alters drug metabolism. This review highlights what is known about the microbiome, the establishment of a healthy microbiome and the significance that changes to the microbiome composition have on growth and health of children and adolescents. RECENT FINDINGS Vaginal delivery, breastfeeding, maternal health, and nutrition help shape a healthy microbiome. Caesarian delivery, formula feeding, and antibiotic use perturb the microbiome and are associated with the development of type II diabetes, asthma, allergic diseases, and obesity later in life. Specific interventions using pre and probiotics in multiple settings are under investigation with limited success. SUMMARY A better understanding of the microbiome and the interaction with the immune system may help guide interventions to alter the microbiome toward a state of lifelong health.
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Deshpande G, Jape G, Rao S, Patole S. Benefits of probiotics in preterm neonates in low-income and medium-income countries: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e017638. [PMID: 29222137 PMCID: PMC5728295 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although there is an overall reduction in underfive mortality rate, the progress in reducing neonatal mortality rate has been very slow. Over the last 20 years, preterm births have steadily increased in low-income and medium-income countries (LMICs) particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Preterm birth is associated with increased mortality and morbidity, particularly in LMICs. Based on systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials (RCTs), many neonatal units in high-income countries have adopted probiotics as standard of care for preterm neonates. We aimed to systematically review the safety and efficacy of probiotics in reducing mortality and morbidity in preterm neonates in LMICs. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs. DATA SOURCES Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature and E-abstracts from Pediatric Academic Society meetings and other paediatric and neonatal conference proceedings were searched in January 2017. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA RCTs comparing probiotics versus placebo/no probiotic in preterm neonates (gestation<37 weeks) conducted in LMICs. RESULTS Total 23 (n=4783) RCTs from 4 continents and 10 LMICs were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis using fixed effect model. The risk of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC greater than or equal to stage II) (risk ratio (RR) 0.46 (95% CI 0.34 to 0.61), P<0.00001, numbers needed to treat (NNT) 25 (95% CI 20 to 50)), late-onset sepsis (LOS) (RR 0.80 (95% CI 0.71 to 0.91), P=0.0009, NNT 25 (95% CI 17 to 100)) and all-cause mortality (RR 0.73 (95% CI 0.59 to 0.90), P=0.003, NNT 50 (95% CI 25 to 100)) were significantly lower in probiotic supplemented neonates. The results were significant on random effects model analysis and after excluding studies with high risk of bias. No significant adverse effects were reported. CONCLUSION Probiotics have significant potential to reduce mortality and morbidity (eg, NEC, LOS) in preterm neonates in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Deshpande
- Department of Neonatology, Nepean Hospital Sydney, Kingswood, Australia
- Sydney Medical School Nepean, University of Sydney, Kingswood, NSW, Australia
| | - Gayatri Jape
- Department of Neonatal Paediatrics, KEM Hospital for Women, Subiaco, Australia
- Department of Neonatal Paediatrics, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Subiaco, Australia
| | - Shripada Rao
- Department of Neonatal Paediatrics, KEM Hospital for Women, Subiaco, Australia
- Department of Neonatal Paediatrics, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Subiaco, Australia
| | - Sanjay Patole
- Department of Neonatal Paediatrics, KEM Hospital for Women, Subiaco, Australia
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Gut Microbiota and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Insights on Mechanisms and Therapy. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9101124. [PMID: 29035308 PMCID: PMC5691740 DOI: 10.3390/nu9101124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays critical roles in development of obese-related metabolic diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), type 2 diabetes(T2D), and insulin resistance(IR), highlighting the potential of gut microbiota-targeted therapies in these diseases. There are various ways that gut microbiota can be manipulated, including through use of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, antibiotics, and some active components from herbal medicines. In this review, we review the main roles of gut microbiota in mediating the development of NAFLD, and the advances in gut microbiota-targeted therapies for NAFLD in both the experimental and clinical studies, as well as the conclusions on the prospect of gut microbiota-targeted therapies in the future.
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Probiotics Prevent Late-Onset Sepsis in Human Milk-Fed, Very Low Birth Weight Preterm Infants: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9080904. [PMID: 28829405 PMCID: PMC5579697 DOI: 10.3390/nu9080904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence supports the role of probiotics in reducing the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis, time to achieve full enteral feeding, and late-onset sepsis (LOS) in preterm infants. As reported for several neonatal clinical outcomes, recent data have suggested that nutrition might affect probiotics' efficacy. Nevertheless, the currently available literature does not explore the relationship between LOS prevention and type of feeding in preterm infants receiving probiotics. Thus, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of probiotics for LOS prevention in preterm infants according to type of feeding (exclusive human milk (HM) vs. exclusive formula or mixed feeding). Randomized-controlled trials involving preterm infants receiving probiotics and reporting on LOS were included in the systematic review. Only trials reporting on outcome according to feeding type were included in the meta-analysis. Fixed-effects models were used and random-effects models were used when significant heterogeneity was found. The results were expressed as risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Twenty-five studies were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, probiotic supplementation resulted in a significantly lower incidence of LOS (RR 0.79 (95% CI 0.71-0.88), p < 0.0001). According to feeding type, the beneficial effect of probiotics was confirmed only in exclusively HM-fed preterm infants (RR 0.75 (95% CI 0.65-0.86), p < 0.0001). Among HM-fed infants, only probiotic mixtures, and not single-strain products, were effective in reducing LOS incidence (RR 0.68 (95% CI 0.57-0.80) p < 0.00001). The results of the present meta-analysis show that probiotics reduce LOS incidence in exclusively HM-fed preterm infants. Further efforts are required to clarify the relationship between probiotics supplementation, HM, and feeding practices in preterm infants.
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A randomized synbiotic trial to prevent sepsis among infants in rural India. Nature 2017; 548:407-412. [PMID: 28813414 DOI: 10.1038/nature23480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis in early infancy results in one million annual deaths worldwide, most of them in developing countries. No efficient means of prevention is currently available. Here we report on a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of an oral synbiotic preparation (Lactobacillus plantarum plus fructooligosaccharide) in rural Indian newborns. We enrolled 4,556 infants that were at least 2,000 g at birth, at least 35 weeks of gestation, and with no signs of sepsis or other morbidity, and monitored them for 60 days. We show a significant reduction in the primary outcome (combination of sepsis and death) in the treatment arm (risk ratio 0.60, 95% confidence interval 0.48-0.74), with few deaths (4 placebo, 6 synbiotic). Significant reductions were also observed for culture-positive and culture-negative sepsis and lower respiratory tract infections. These findings suggest that a large proportion of neonatal sepsis in developing countries could be effectively prevented using a synbiotic containing L. plantarum ATCC-202195.
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Sawh SC, Deshpande S, Jansen S, Reynaert CJ, Jones PM. Prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis with probiotics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2429. [PMID: 27761306 PMCID: PMC5068355 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most frequent gastrointestinal emergency in neonates. The microbiome of the preterm gut may regulate the integrity of the intestinal mucosa. Probiotics may positively contribute to mucosal integrity, potentially reducing the risk of NEC in neonates. OBJECTIVE To perform an updated systematic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy and safety of probiotics for the prevention of NEC in premature infants. DATA SOURCES Structured searches were performed in: Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (all via Ovid, from 2013 to January 2015). Clinical trial registries and electronically available conference materials were also searched. An updated search was conducted June 3, 2016. STUDY SELECTION Randomized trials including infants less than 37 weeks gestational age or less than 2,500 g on probiotic vs. standard therapy. DATA EXTRACTION Data extraction of the newly-identified trials with a double check of the previously-identified trials was performed using a standardized data collection tool. RESULTS Thirteen additional trials (n = 5,033) were found. The incidence of severe NEC (RR 0.53 95% CI [0.42-0.66]) and all-cause mortality (RR 0.79 95% CI [0.68-0.93]) were reduced. No difference was shown in culture-proven sepsis RR 0.88 95% CI [0.77-1.00]. LIMITATIONS Heterogeneity of organisms and dosing regimens studied prevent a species-specific treatment recommendation from being made. CONCLUSIONS Preterm infants benefit from probiotics to prevent severe NEC and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja C Sawh
- Department of Pharmacy, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Santosh Deshpande
- Department of Pharmacy, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandy Jansen
- Department of Pharmacy, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Philip M Jones
- Departments of Anesthesia & Perioperative Medicine and Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Probiotics for prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis in preterm infants. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2016; 29:256-61. [DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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