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Agrahari MK, Mallik M, Sapkota K, Singh R, Kandel S. Abnormal High Body Mass Index among Adolescents of Secondary Schools. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 2024; 62:34-36. [PMID: 38410008 PMCID: PMC10924490 DOI: 10.31729/jnma.8405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The rapid increase in the cases of childhood obesity and overweight and its potential to pose other non-communicable diseases has made it a global public health issue. Urbanisation and changing lifestyles also pose a threat to disease in Nepal, but the prevalence of such diseases in Nepal is still not known according to the method recommended by World Health Organization for children's obesity and overweight. This study aimed to find out the prevalence of abnormal high body mass index among adolescents of secondary schools. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among children aged 5-19 years at two secondary schools from 7 June to 14 June 2023 after getting ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee. A convenience sampling method was used. The point estimate was calculated at a 95% Confidence Interval. Results Out of 157 children, 29 (18.47%) (12.40-24.54, 95% Confidence Interval) had abnormal high body mass index. Out of 29 children, 19 (65.51%) were male. Conclusions The prevalence of abnormal high body mass index among adolescents was found to be higher than other studies done in similar settings. Keywords children; obesity; overweight; prevalence; schools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mukesh Mallik
- College of Medical Sciences, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Kalyan Sapkota
- Department of Medicine, Bharatpur Hospital, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Ranjita Singh
- Department of Pathology, BP Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital, Yagyapuri, Bharatpur, Nepal
| | - Suresh Kandel
- Purbanchal University School of Health Sciences, Gothgaun, Morang, Nepal
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Biadgilign S, Mgutshini T, Gebremichael B, Berhanu L, Cook C, Deribew A, Gebre B, Memiah P. Association between dietary Intake, eating behavior, and childhood obesity among children and adolescents in Ethiopia. BMJ Nutr Prev Health 2023; 6:203-211. [PMID: 38618527 PMCID: PMC11009522 DOI: 10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The upsurge of overweight/obesity (OW/OB) among children and adolescents is as a result of complex interactions between lifestyle behaviours and socioeconomic factors. The objective of this study was to determine socioeconomic and sociodemographic factors, dietary intake and eating behaviours of children and adolescents in Ethiopia and their association with OW/OB. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 632 children and adolescents-parent dyads. To identify overweight/obese among children and adolescents, body mass index-for-age Z-scores by sex and age relative to WHO 2007 reference was calculated using WHO AnthroPlus software. A multivariable logistic regression model fitted to determine the adjusted associations between the outcome and the predictors selected from the bivariate analyses. Data analysis was carried out using STATA V.15.0. Results The proportion of participants with low, medium and high dietary diversity scores was 7.28%, 22.5%, and 70.2%, respectively. Participants aged 13-18 years were less likely to be overweight or obese [adjusted OR (aOR) = 0.40; 95%CI: 0.26, 0.64] to those aged 5-12 years. Children in a family with the richest or highest socioeconomic status (SES) were more likely to be overweight or obese than those in families with the poorest or lowest status. Children and adolescents who consumed soft drinks (sugar-sweetened beverages) four or more times per week [aOR = 3.24; 95%CI: 1.13, 7.95] were more likely to be overweight or obese to those who did not consume soft drinks. Conclusions The study identified factors such as younger age (<12 years), high SES and consumption of soft drinks as key contributors to overweight and obesity among children and adolescents. Therefore, interventions targeting behavioural prevention and reduction of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents should be cognizant of the above factors during implementation in order to achieve desired outcomes, further guided by exploratory qualitative studies to identify public perceptions and attitudes affecting dietary practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibhatu Biadgilign
- Department of Health Studies, College of Human Sciences, University of South Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Bereket Gebremichael
- Pediatrics and Child Health, Addis Ababa University College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Lioul Berhanu
- Nutrition Unit, Save the Children International, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Courtney Cook
- Department of Nursing, Fortis Institute - Pensacola, Pensacola, Florida, USA
| | - Amare Deribew
- School of Public Health, Saint Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Nutrition International, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Betemariam Gebre
- Public Health Unit, International Medical Corps, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Peter Memiah
- Graduate School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Sitaula D, Dhakal A, Lageju N, Silwal A, Basnet SK, Shrestha N, Anup Bikram BC, Phoju N. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Adolescent Obesity among Rural School Adolescents in Nepal: A Cross-Sectional Study. Glob Health Epidemiol Genom 2023; 2023:2957278. [PMID: 37808524 PMCID: PMC10558264 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2957278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Overweight and obesity are major risk factors for chronic diseases and are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Obesity during adolescence is strongly associated with adulthood obesity leading to increased morbidities and mortality. As a developing country undergoing rapid urbanization, Nepal is in a transitional phase where undernutrition coexists with obesity; however, there is a dearth of literature on the status of adolescent obesity in the rural section of Nepal. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of adolescent obesity in a rural district of Nepal and find out its associated factors. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among the adolescent students studying in classes 8, 9, and 10 in four secondary schools of Gosaikunda rural municipality of Rasuwa district, Nepal. Total enumerative sampling was used, and Global School-based Health Survey (GSHS) standard questionnaires were used in collecting the information. Height and weight measurements were taken, and the body mass index was classified according to Asia-Pacific criteria. The collected data were analyzed using "SPSS" version 22. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the associated factors, and a p value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Out of 267 adolescents, 14.6% were obese and 14.6% were overweight. Of the female participants, 39.6% were either obese or overweight, while 12.6% of the male adolescents were overweight/obese. Among the total participants, 16.5% were underweight, including 14.0% females and 20.4% males. Female adolescents were about five times (AOR: 5.2, 95% CI (2.5-10.9), p < 0.01) more likely of being overweight/obese than male adolescents. Conclusions More than one-quarter of the adolescents were found to be obese/overweight, and the prevalence was significantly more among female adolescents. It emphasizes the necessity of school-based programs promoting a healthy lifestyle among students to maintain healthy weight status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aarati Dhakal
- Department of Community Programs, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University, Kavre, Nepal
| | - Nimesh Lageju
- Rasuwa Hospital, Dhunche, Rasuwa, Bagmati Province, Nepal
| | - Amisha Silwal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Nepal Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | | | - Niki Shrestha
- Department of Community Medicine, Chitwan Medical College, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - B. C. Anup Bikram
- NCD and Mental Health Section, Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Niraj Phoju
- Rasuwa Hospital, Dhunche, Rasuwa, Bagmati Province, Nepal
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Hamann SA, Thorup L, Patsche CB, Hohwü L, Hjortdal VE, Gyawali B, Neupane D, Kallestrup P. Association between nutritional status and socio-economic status among school children aged 9-17 years in a semi-urban area of Nepal. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2023; 42:53. [PMID: 37291650 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-023-00392-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In many low-and middle-income countries (LMICs), childhood overweight is increasing, while underweight remains a problem. This study aimed to investigate the association between socio-economic status (SES) and nutritional status among Nepalese school children. METHODS This cross-sectional study used a multistage random cluster sampling method and included 868 students aged 9-17 years from both public and private schools located in a semi-urban area of Pokhara Metropolitan City, Nepal. SES was determined based on a self-reported questionnaire. Body weight and height were measured by health professionals and body mass index (BMI) was categorized based on the World Health Organization BMI-for-age cut-offs. The association between Lower and Upper SES and BMI was assessed using mixed-effects logistic regression model estimating the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) with a corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) and compared to Middle SES. RESULTS The proportion of obesity, overweight, underweight, and stunting among school children was 4%, 12%, 7%, and 17%, respectively. More girls were overweight/obese compared with boys (20% vs. 13%). The mixed-effects logistic regression model showed that both participants from Lower SES households and Upper SES households had a higher tendency to be overweight compared to participants from Middle SES; aOR = 1.4; 95% CI 0.7-3.1 and aOR = 1.1; 95% CI 0.6-2.1, respectively. Furthermore, stunting and overweight occurred simultaneously. CONCLUSIONS This study found that about one out of four children and adolescents in the study setting was malnourished. There was a tendency that both participants from Lower SES and Upper SES had higher odds of being overweight compared to participants from Middle SES. Furthermore, both stunting and overweight were present simultaneously in some individuals. This emphasizes the complexity and importance of awareness of childhood malnutrition in LMICs like Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Amalie Hamann
- Department of Public Health, Center for Global Health (GloHAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lene Thorup
- Department of Public Health, Center for Global Health (GloHAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | - Lena Hohwü
- The Research Center for Health and Welfare Technology, VIA University College Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vibeke Elisabeth Hjortdal
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bishal Gyawali
- Department of Public Health, Global Health Section, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dinesh Neupane
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
- Nepal Development Society, Bharatpur-05, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Per Kallestrup
- Department of Public Health, Center for Global Health (GloHAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Prevalence of and risk factors for overweight among adolescents of a sub-metropolitan city of Nepal. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0270777. [PMID: 36877713 PMCID: PMC9987791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overweight is a global public health problem with increasing trend especially in middle to lower socioeconomic country like Nepal. The nutritional status of adolescents being shaped by socio-cultural, environmental, and economic factors has also been impacted by their food habits and level of physical activity. The current nutritional shift and rapid urbanization had emerged overweight as an additional burden for consistently prevalent undernutrition issues. So, the study aimed to identify the prevalence of and risk factors for overweight among school adolescents. METHODS A cross-sectional analytical study was carried out among random sample of 279 adolescents from nine schools of a Sub-metropolitan city of Nepal. The anthropometric measurement of the height and the weight were taken as per the standard. The odds ratio with a 95% CI was calculated and a p-value of ≤0.05 was considered as cut off for statistical significance by fitting into the final multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS The overall prevalence of overweight was obtained as 9.31% (95% CI: 6.40-13.3). The early aged adolescents were more overweight than compared to middle-aged adolescents (AOR: 0.27, CI: 0.028-2.67) and late adolescents (AOR: 0.66, CI: 0.068-6.44) respectively. Similarly, adolescents residing in rural areas had 0.35 (AOR = 0.33, CI: 0.030-3.71) odds of being overweight compared to their counterparts. Adolescents with sedentary behavior were about 4 times (AOR = 3.51, CI: 0.79-15.54) more likely of being overweight than their counterparts. CONCLUSION Overweight among adolescents residing in urban areas has emerged as an alarming issue due to their unhealthy lifestyle habits. It is therefore pertinent to emphasize adolescents to maintain healthy weight status through health food habits and physical activity.
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Zhang F, Han Y, Wang H, Li Y, Yan Z. Diagnostic test accuracy of waist-to-height ratio as a screening tool for cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. Ann Hum Biol 2022; 49:217-227. [PMID: 36121693 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2022.2126523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) is a controversial evaluation index of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) in children and adolescents. OBJECTIVE To assess the accuracy of WHtR as a measure to screen for clusters of at least one CVRF (CVRF1), two CVRFs (CVRF2), and three CVRFs (CVRF3) in different ages, sexes, regions and cut-offs. METHODS The PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCOhost, Springer, Taylor & Francis Online, Wiley Online Library, Wanfang, and CNKI databases were searched for eligible publications up to June 2021. The QUADAS-2 checklist was used to assess the methodology of the included studies. RESULTS Twenty-two studies that evaluated 85281 children and adolescents aged 5-19 years were included in the meta-analysis. The AUSROC values were 0.56 (95% CI: 0.54-0.57), 0.82 (95% CI: 0.81-0.83), and 0.89 (95% CI: 0.89-0.90) for CVRF1, CVRF2, and CVRF3, respectively. Higher AUSROC values were found for adolescents (12-19 years), that is, 0.91 (95% CI: 0.88-0.93), 0.90 (95% CI: 0.87-0.92) for males, and 0.91 (95% CI: 0.90-0.91) for a cut-off of ≥ 0.51 in the identification of CVRF3. CONCLUSION WHtR can be used as an accurate screening tool for CVRF3 and CVRF2 in children and adolescents, and it is recommended to select different cut-offs according to different ages, sexes, and regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusheng Zhang
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China.,School of Physical Education, Zhaotong University, Zhaotong, China
| | - Yanbai Han
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Yong Li
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Zhiwei Yan
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, College of Human Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China
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Haghjoo P, Siri G, Soleimani E, Farhangi MA, Alesaeidi S. Screen time increases overweight and obesity risk among adolescents: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. BMC PRIMARY CARE 2022; 23:161. [PMID: 35761176 PMCID: PMC9238177 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-022-01761-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Adolescence is a critical period in human life, associated with reduced physical activity and increased sedentary behaviors. In this systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis, we evaluated the association between screen time and risk of overweight/obesity among adolescents. Methods A systematic search in electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, and Scopus was performed up to September 2021. All published studies evaluating the association between screen time and risk of overweight/obesity among adolescents were retrieved. Finally, a total of 44 eligible studies were included in the meta-analysis. Results The results of the two-class meta-analysis showed that adolescents at the highest category of screen time were 1.27 times more likely to develop overweight/obesity (OR = 1.273; 95% CI = 1.166–1.390; P < 0.001; I-squared (variation in ES attributable to heterogeneity) = 82.1%). The results of subgrouping showed that continent and setting were the possible sources of heterogeneity. Moreover, no evidence of non-linear association between increased screen time and risk of overweight/obesity among adolescents was observed (P-nonlinearity = 0.311). Conclusion For the first time, the current systematic review and meta-analysis revealed a positive association between screen time and overweight/obesity among adolescents without any dose-response evidence. Trial registration The protocol of the current work has been registered in the PROSPERO system (Registration number: CRD42021233899). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12875-022-01761-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purya Haghjoo
- Urology Research Center, Razi Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Goli Siri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amir Alam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ensiye Soleimani
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Samira Alesaeidi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Individual and community-level determinants of overweight and obesity among urban men: Further analysis of the Ethiopian demographic and health survey. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259412. [PMID: 34735510 PMCID: PMC8568163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Overweight and obesity have become a serious public health problem in both developed and developing countries, particularly in urban areas. However, there are limited studies conducted to identify the risk factors of overweight and obesity in Ethiopia, especially among men. Therefore, this study aimed to assess individual and community level determinants of overweight and obesity among urban men in Ethiopia. Methods This study used the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) data. A weighted sample of 2259 urban men aged 15–59 years were included in this analysis. A multilevel logistic regression model was used to assess the determinants of overweight and obesity among the study participants. Results Men aged 30–44 years old (AOR = 3.1, 95% CI: 2.3–4.11), 45–59 years old (AOR = 4.8, 95% CI: 3.4–6.9), married (AOR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.3–2.2), with secondary education (AOR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.6–4.7), with higher education (AOR = 3.6, 95% CI: 2.1–6.2), watching television at least once a week (AOR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.1–2.7), being from high rich communities (AOR = 2.4, 95% CI: 1.5–3.7), and living in three metropolises (Addis Ababa, Harari, Diredawa) were more likely to be overweight or obese (AOR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.1–2.9). However, currently unemployed men were less likely to be overweight or obese (AOR = 0.5, 95% CI: 0.3–0.7). Conclusion Being older age, being married, having higher educational status, having higher frequency of watching television, being residents of three metropolises (Addis Ababa, Harari, and Diredawa), and being from high rich communities were found to be predictors of overweight and obesity in Ethiopian men. Therefore, it is essential to design strategies and programs to reduce or prevent overweight and obesity with special focus on the identified risk factors.
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Grace GA, Edward S, Gopalakrishnan S. Dietary Habits and Obesity among Adolescent School Children: A Case Control Study in an Urban Area of Kancheepuram District. Indian J Community Med 2021; 46:637-640. [PMID: 35068725 PMCID: PMC8729285 DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_1013_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is an important public health problem and is on the rise among adolescents in developed and developing nations. This case-control study was done to assess the dietary risk factors associated with obesity among school children of the adolescent age group. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was done among age-matched 110 cases and 110 controls who were adolescent children between ages 10 and 17 years. Data were collected using a pretested, structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire and was analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics. RESULTS About 52.7% of children belonged to the age group 13-15 years. Adequate fruits intake was reported by 42.7% of obese adolescents and 60% of nonobese adolescents. Adequate intake of vegetables was noted in 20.9% of cases and 24.5% of controls. The risk factors which were found to be statistically associated with adolescent obesity were increased fast food intake, sweets consumption, inadequate fruit intake, and the liberty given by the parents in purchasing snacks. CONCLUSIONS Since adolescent obesity is rising at an alarming rate, the dietary determinants of obesity need to be addressed at the level of schools, families, and community. School health services should include education on healthy food habits and regular monitoring of the health status of children. Parents need to be aware on the significance of balanced diet, avoidance of junk foods, and ensure adequate intake of fruits and vegetables for their children to prevent early onset of noncommunicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Angeline Grace
- Department of Community Medicine, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shanthi Edward
- Department of Community Medicine, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Community Medicine, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Fitsum K, Egata G, Demena M, Gebremichael B. Overweight/Obesity and Associated Factors Among Second Cycle Primary School Children in Kirkos Sub-City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Glob Adv Health Med 2021; 10:21649561211017883. [PMID: 34046251 PMCID: PMC8135206 DOI: 10.1177/21649561211017883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although overweight/obesity is becoming a public health issue in low income countries, there is a paucity of evidence concerning overweight/obesity in Ethiopia. The aim of the study was to assess the magnitude of overweight/obesity and associated factors among second cycle primary school children in Kirkos Sub-City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods A school based cross-sectional study was conducted among 482 children from May to June, 2019. Data were collected using a questionnaire and checklist. Data were entered using EpiData version 3.1 and exported into SPSS version 22.0. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were done to identify factors associated with overweight/obesity. Level of statistical significance was declared at p ≤ 0.05. Results The overall magnitude of overweight/obesity was 21.2%. The magnitude of overweight was 13.7% while obesity was 7.5%. Vehicle availability, being from private school, not having friend(s), preferring sweet foods, eating breakfast irregularly, watching movies/Television while eating and physical inactivity were the factors significantly associated with overweight/obesity among second cycle primary school children. Conclusions The magnitude of overweight/obesity was high in the study area. Therefore, health and education sectors should promote healthy lifestyle to curb child overweight/obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kidus Fitsum
- Nutrition Team, Maternal and Child Health Directorate, Addis Ababa City Administration Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gudina Egata
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Melake Demena
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Berhe Gebremichael
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
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Bohara SS, Thapa K, Bhatt LD, Dhami SS, Wagle S. Determinants of Junk Food Consumption Among Adolescents in Pokhara Valley, Nepal. Front Nutr 2021; 8:644650. [PMID: 33898498 PMCID: PMC8060464 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.644650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Junk food consumption and its consequences has become a major public health concern globally because of its deteriorating health consequences and surging prevalence. Though its adverse health consequences are widely prevalent in all age groups, children and adolescents are more at risk. It may lead to obesity and act as a risk factor for different non-communicable diseases (NCD's) like heart diseases, cardiovascular disease, cancer, hypertension, diabetes, etc. This study was carried out to explore the junk food consumption and its associated factors among adolescent students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 538 adolescent students of Kaski district, Nepal. We used a stratified proportionate sampling technique to recruit the participants. A self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Descriptive and bivariate statistical analysis was performed. The odds ratio was computed to test the association. Results: The study found that more than half of the participants (60.30%) consumed junk foods over the last 30 days, more prevalent among public school participants (65.1%) followed by participants of private school (56.3%). More than half of the participants consumed salty snacks (58.7%) followed by sweets (57.5%). The time of consumption was found to be higher together with friends (83.9%). Similarly, it was consumed more while the participants were on a trip (70.1%). Consumption of junk foods was significantly associated with public school (OR: 1.44, CI = 1.01-2.06), single family (OR: 1.46, CI = 1.01-2.10), living with parents (OR: 1.64, CI = 1.03-2.63), while on travel (OR: 1.99, CI = 1.33-2.98), while reading (OR: 2.01, CI = 1.16-3.47), at home (OR: 2.20, CI = 1.53-3.16), at school (OR: 2.86, CI = 1.98-4.12), friends' influence (OR: 2.01, CI = 1.37-2.94), and junk food availability at home (OR: 1.92, CI = 1.33-2.76). Conclusion: Consumption of junk foods among adolescent students was remarkably high in both public school and private school adolescents. Regardless of adequate knowledge on harmful consequences of junk foods, school-going adolescents are consuming junk foods due to its easy availability and ready-to-use packaging. The government of Nepal should strictly standardize and regulate advertising policies and extravagant health claims advertised by junk food manufacturers. An appropriate intervention targeted to adolescents to improve food behaviors is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Sujan Bohara
- Faculty of Health Science, School of Health and Allied Sciences, Pokhara University, Kaski, Nepal
| | - Kanchan Thapa
- Independent Public Health Researcher, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Laxman Datt Bhatt
- Department of Healthcare Management, National Open College, Pokhara University, Kaski, Nepal
| | - Shankar Singh Dhami
- Faculty of Health Science, School of Health and Allied Sciences, Pokhara University, Kaski, Nepal
| | - Shreejana Wagle
- Faculty of Health Science, School of Health and Allied Sciences, Pokhara University, Kaski, Nepal
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Ferreira CS, Andrade FBD. [Socioeconomic inequalities in the prevalence of excess weight and sedentary behavior among Brazilian adolescents]. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2021; 26:1095-1104. [PMID: 33729362 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232021263.09022019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The scope of this study was to estimate the prevalence of excess weight and a sedentary lifestyle among Brazilian students between 13 and 17 years of age and investigate the magnitude of the socioeconomic inequalities related to these outcomes. A cross-sectional study was carried out based on data from the National School Health Survey (PeNSE) conducted in 2015. Inequalities were evaluated using the Absolute and Relative Index of Inequality. The prevalence of excess weight in Brazil was 24.2%, ranging from 20.7% in the Northeast Region to 27.8% in the Southern Region. The prevalence of a sedentary lifestyle in Brazil was 67.8%, ranging from 61.8 % in the North Region to 70.3% in the Southeast Region. The direct and positive association between better socioeconomic conditions and the prevalence of excess weight and a sedentary lifestyle indicate health inequities in Brazil. The results of this study point to the need to restructure and reinforce public policies directed at adolescents, which should have as guidelines the promotion of a healthy lifestyle and the reduction of health inequities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Souza Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz). Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Barro Preto. 30190-002 Belo Horizonte MG Brasil.
| | - Fabíola Bof de Andrade
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz). Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Barro Preto. 30190-002 Belo Horizonte MG Brasil.
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Tekalegn Y. Determinants of Overweight or Obesity among Men Aged 20-59 Years: A Case-Control Study Based on the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. J Obes 2021; 2021:6627328. [PMID: 33981456 PMCID: PMC8088365 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6627328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence shows that overweight or obesity has become a major public health problem in both developed and developing countries. However, there are limited studies conducted to identify the risk factors of overweight or obesity in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the determinants of overweight or obesity among men aged 20-59 years in Ethiopia. METHODS This study used the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) data. A case-control study was conducted based on the EDHS data; cases were men who were overweight or obese, depending on their body mass index, and controls were men with normal body mass index. Bivariate and multivariate binary logistic regression was performed to assess the determinants of overweight or obesity among the study participants. RESULTS A total of 610 cases and 2440 controls were included in this study. Men aged 30-39 years (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.2, 95% CI: 1.6-3.0) and ≥40 years (AOR = 3.4, 95% CI: 2.5-4.7) had higher odds of being overweight or obese compared to men aged 20-29 years old. The likelihood of overweight or obesity was significantly higher among married men (AOR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.1-2.0), living in urban areas (AOR = 3.1, 95% CI: 2.1-4.4), those in the rich wealth quintile (AOR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.2-2.9), and those with primary (AOR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1-2.3), secondary (AOR = 2.6, 95% CI: 1.7-3.9), and higher education (AOR = 3.6, 95% CI: 2.4-5.6). Additionally, men watching television at least once a week had higher odds (AOR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.1-2.1) of being overweight or obese. CONCLUSION Men in the higher wealth quintile, older age, married, higher educational status, watching television at least once a week, urban dwellers, residents of big cities such as Addis Ababa and Harari, and residents of low land like Afar were more likely to be overweight or obese. Therefore, it is essential to design strategies and programs to reduce or prevent overweight or obesity with a special focus on the identified risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Tekalegn
- Madda Walabu University, Goba Referral Hospital, School of Health Science, Department of Public Health, Goba, Ethiopia
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Worku M, Gizaw Z, Kassahun Belew A, Wagnew A, Hunegnaw MT. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Overweight and Obesity among High School Adolescents in Bahir Dar City, Northwest, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Obes 2021; 2021:8846723. [PMID: 33777450 PMCID: PMC7969120 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8846723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overweight and obesity can be defined as excessive and abnormal fat deposition in our bodies. A body mass index for age of Z scores +2 to +3 was classified as overweight, whereas BMI for age >+3 Z-score was considered as obesity. Overweight and obesity in adolescents are a major health problem in low-income countries like Ethiopia. However, there is not well-established data on adolescents' overweight and obesity. Therefore, this study assessed the prevalence and associated factors of overweight and obesity among high school adolescents in Bahir Dar city, northwest of Ethiopia. METHODS An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from October 30 to November 30/2019 among 551 high school adolescents. Data were collected using a self-administrative questionnaire. Weight and height were measured by trained health professionals. World Health Organization AnthroPlus software was used to analyze anthropometric data into body mass index for age with z-score to ascertained overweight and obesity. Data were entered using Epi Info version 3.5.3 and transferred to SPSS version 22 for further analysis. Frequency and percentage were presented using tables and figures. A bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association between the dependent and independent variables. Adjusted odds ratio with 95% CI and p < 0.05 were used to dictate statistical significance for overweight and obesity. RESULT In this study, 522 high school adolescents aged 10-19 years were selected using a simple random sampling technique with a response rate of 94.74%. The mean age of the respondents was 17 years with SD ± 1.41. The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity was 12.5% (95% CI: 9.6, 15.2). Males (13.3%) were more than females (11.5%), being overweight and obese. Having self-employed mothers (AOR: 4.57; 95% CI: 1.06, 19.78), having government-employed mothers (AOR: 6.49; 95% CI: 1.96, 21.54), and having school feeding habit (AOR: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.26, 0.76) were factors associated with overweight/obesity among high school adolescents. CONCLUSION The prevalence of overweight/obesity in the current study was high. Adolescents having self-employed mothers, adolescents having government-employed mothers, and students having school feeding habits were significant factors of overweight and obesity. Therefore, more emphasis will be given to adolescents having self- and government-employed mothers and adolescents having school feeding habit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulugebeya Worku
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Zemichael Gizaw
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Aysheshim Kassahun Belew
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Alemakef Wagnew
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Melkamu Tamir Hunegnaw
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Seidu AA, Ahinkorah BO, Agbaglo E, Nyaaba AA. Overweight and obesity among women of reproductive age in Mali: what are the determinants? Int Health 2020; 13:428-435. [PMID: 33210112 PMCID: PMC8417097 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihaa094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Existing evidence suggests that there has been a surge of overweight and obesity in low- and middle-income countries around the world. In this study we investigated the prevalence and factors associated with overweight and obesity among women in Mali. Methods We conducted the study among 5198 women using the 2018 Mali Demographic and Health Survey data. We used binary logistic regression for the analysis and pegged statistical significance at p<0.05. Results The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 26.9%. The likelihood of overweight and obesity was high among women 40–44 y of age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 5.94 [confidence interval {CI} 4.10 to 8.60]), those who were widowed/divorced/separated (AOR 1.59 [CI 1.04 to 2.43]), those with secondary education (AOR 1.41 [CI 1.13 to 1.75]), richest women (AOR 3.61 [CI 2.63 to 4.95]), those who watched television at least once a week (AOR 1.28 [CI 1.07 to 1.52]) and those who lived in the Kidal region (AOR 10.71 [CI 7.05 to 16.25]). Conversely, the likelihood of overweight and obesity was low among women who belonged to other religions compared with Muslims (AOR 0.63 [CI 0.43 to 0.92]). Conclusions This study found a predominance of overweight and obesity among women in Mali. The study showed that age, marital status, education, religion, region of residence, wealth status and frequency of watching television are associated with overweight and obesity among women in Mali. It is therefore critical for public health promotion programs in Mali to sensitize people to the negative effects associated with overweight and obesity. This implies that policies aimed at controlling overweight and obesity in Mali must take these factors into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul-Aziz Seidu
- Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.,College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Bright Opoku Ahinkorah
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ebenezer Agbaglo
- Department of English, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Albert Apotele Nyaaba
- Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.,Youth Harvest Foundation Ghana, Bolgatanga, Ghana
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Hossain MT, Luies SK, Biswas T. Prevalence and Factors Associated with Overweight and Obesity among Primary School Children (9-14 Years) in a Selected Area of Dhaka, Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study. Indian J Community Med 2020; 45:429-434. [PMID: 33623195 PMCID: PMC7877426 DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_466_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Childhood obesity is a threat worldwide; notably, some Asian nations are experiencing a shift toward obesity at a younger age. The context of overweight/obesity remains unexplored, more among younger age groups in Bangladesh. This study assessed prevalence and factors associated with overweight/obesity among 9–14-year-old school-going children studying in public and private primary schools in a selected area of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study involved 150 children recruited from four purposively selected primary schools, following simple random sampling technique. Body mass index was assessed to classify children following the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention age and sex-specific cutoff points. Data were analyzed using SPSS, version 20, and Chi-square/Fisher's exact test was done to determine association. Results: A higher prevalence of overweight/obesity was observed among boys (67.1%) compared to girls, and the mean age was 11.6 years. Overweight and obesity were prevalent among girls (35.7% and 17.9%, respectively) in public schools and boys (38.8% and 32.7%, respectively) in private schools. The magnitude was higher (>80.0%) among those not participating in sports at school (P = 0.002) or outside school (P < 0.001). They exposed (97.5%) to sedentary behaviors (P < 0.001) and preferred fast food (60.8%) as regular meals (P = 0.001). Their dietary chart lacked an adequate serving of vegetables and fruits in a week. Conclusions: Overweight/obesity is prevalent among 9–14-year-old school-going children, and behavior factors are major determinants of childhood obesity. Effective public health interventions are required to address this emerging health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Tarek Hossain
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Khan Luies
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tuhin Biswas
- Life Course Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Evaluating Vitamin D levels in Rheumatic Heart Disease patients and matched controls: A case-control study from Nepal. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237924. [PMID: 32822412 PMCID: PMC7444549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diagnosis and treatment for Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) is inaccessible for many of the 33 million people in low and middle income countries living with this disease. More knowledge about risk factors and pathophysiologic mechanisms involved is needed in order to prevent disease and optimize treatment. This study investigated risk factors in a Nepalese population, with a special focus on Vitamin D deficiency because of its immunomodulatory effects. Methods Ninety-nine patients with confirmed RHD diagnosis and 97 matched, cardiac-healthy controls selected by echocardiography were recruited from hospitals in the Central and Western region of Nepal. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were assessed using dried blood spots and anthropometric values measured to evaluate nutritional status. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to define association between vitamin D deficiency and RHD. Results The mean age of RHD patients was 31 years (range 9–70) and for healthy controls 32 years (range 9–65), with a 4:1 female to male ratio. Vitamin D levels were lower than expected in both RDH and controls. RHD patients had lower vitamin D levels than controls with a mean s-25(OH)D concentration of 39 nmol/l (range 8.7–89.4) compared with controls 45 nmol/l (range 14.5–86.7) (p-value = 0.02). People with Vitamin D insufficiency had a higher risk (OR = 2.59; 95% CI: 1.04–6.50) of also having RHD compared to people with Vitamin D concentrations >50 nmol/l. Body mass index was significantly lower in RHD patients (22.6; 95% CI, 21.5–23.2) compared to controls (24.2; 95% CI, 23.3–25.1). Conclusion RHD patients in Nepal have lower Vitamin D levels and overall poor nutritional status compared to the non-RHD controls. Longitudinal studies are needed to explore the causality between RHD and vitamin D level. Future research is also recommended among Nepali general population to confirm the low level of vitamin D as reported in our control group.
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Factors Associated with the Nutritional Status among Male Workers of Iron and Steel Industries in Bara District, Nepal. J Nutr Metab 2020; 2020:7432716. [PMID: 32685207 PMCID: PMC7338971 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7432716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Overweight and obesity are major serious public health problems, since their prevalence is accelerating rapidly not only in developed but also in developing countries. The aim of this study was to find out the factors associated with the nutritional status of the industrial workers in Bara District of Nepal. Methods An industry-based analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among the 271 male workers using pretested semistructured questionnaires, food frequency questionnaire, 24-hour recall method, and anthropometric measurement after obtaining informed consent from the workers. For the categorical independent variables, bivariate and multivariate regression tests were used for the analysis, and for numerical independent variables, Student's t-test was used. A P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Ethical approval was taken from the Research Committee of the College of Applied Food and Diary Technology (CAFODAT). Results Overweight /obesity was observed among 27.3% of the participants of which 22.1% were overweight and 5.2% were obese. Age (OR: 2.54; 95% CI: 1.346-4.823); ethnicity, Brahmin/Chhetri (OR: 6.14; 95% CI: 1.971-19.123) and Madhesi (OR: 4.641; 95% CI: 1.534-14.04); and smoking (OR: 4.165; 95% CI: 1.972-8.80) were associated with nutritional status of industrial workers. Additionally, food frequency (OR: 2.232; 95% CI: 1.101-4.522), dietary diversity, and total calorie intake were also significantly associated with nutritional status of industrial workers. Conclusions The study has indicated that more than one-fourth of workers of iron and steel industries in Bara District of Nepal are overweight or obese. Different sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors and lifestyle-related factors were associated with overweight and obesity. There is need for programs for industrial workers focused on nutrition education to raise awareness about nutrition-related problems and risk factors.
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Subedi N, Paudel S, Nepal S, Karki A, Magar M, Mehata S, Lee EY. Results from Nepal's 2018 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth. J Exerc Sci Fit 2020; 18:74-79. [PMID: 32127906 PMCID: PMC7042413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Nepal's Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth summarises the available evidence on ten physical activity-related indicators among Nepalese children and youth. METHODS Published scientific papers on physical activity of Nepalese children and youth (5-17 years) were searched systematically in four databases (Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, and PubMed Central) while some survey reports were manually searched. Letter grades were assigned to ten indicators (Overall Physical Activity, Organized Sport Participation, Active Play, Active Transportation, Sedentary Behaviours, Physical Fitness, Family and Peers, School, Community and Environment, and Government) by the country's report card team based on available data. RESULTS Among the ten indicators, five indicators were successfully graded based on available data. Overall Physical Activity was graded as D+. Active Transportation and Family and Peers were assigned as A- and A, respectively. Community and Environment was graded as C-. The other five indicators could not be graded due to insufficient data. CONCLUSIONS Though a majority of Nepalese children and youth use active modes of transport and have adequate support for physical activity from family and peers, overall participation in physical activity appears to be low. Lack of data identified with five incomplete indicators reflects the need for further research. Studies with larger sample, more rigorous study design and objective assessment of physical activity is recommended for future physical activity surveillance in Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayan Subedi
- Central Department of Public Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
- Nepal Public Health Foundation, Nepal
- Nepal Development Society, Nepal
| | - Susan Paudel
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Australia
| | - Sudip Nepal
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
| | - Ashmita Karki
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
| | | | | | - Eun-Young Lee
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Association between the frequency of television watching and overweight and obesity among women of reproductive age in Nepal: Analysis of data from the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228862. [PMID: 32040537 PMCID: PMC7010261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of overweight and obesity, particularly among women, is increasing in Nepal. Previous studies in the South Asia have found television watching to be a risk factor for overweight and obesity among women of reproductive age. However, this association had not been studied in the context of Nepal. This study aims to identify the association between frequency of television watching and overweight and obesity among Nepalese women of reproductive age. Methods This cross-sectional study utilized the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016 (NDHS 2016) data. A total weighted sample of 6,031 women were included in the final analyses. The women were 15–49 years of age and were either not pregnant or had not delivered a child within the two months prior to the survey. Body mass index (BMI) was the primary outcome of this study, which was categorized using an Asia-specific cutoff value. Normal and/or underweight was defined as a BMI <23.0 kg/m2, overweight was defined as a BMI between 23.0 kg/m2 and <27.5 kg/m2, and obesity was defined as a BMI ≥27.5 kg/m2. Frequency of watching television was the main independent variable of this study, which was divided into the following three categories: not watching television at all, watching television less than once a week, and watching television at least once a week. Multilevel ordered logistic regression was conducted to find the factors associated with overweight and obesity. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant in the final model. Results Around 35% of the participants were overweight or obese (overweight: 23.7% and obese: 11.6%). A majority of the study participants was aged between 15 and 24 years (36.5%), and resided in an urban area (63.2%), Province No. 3 (22.3%), and the Terai ecological region (49.5%). Around one-third (34.0%) of the participants received no formal education while an almost similar proportion (35.5%) completed secondary education. Approximately half of the study participants (50.6%) reported watching television at least once a week, whereas more than a quarter (28.7%) of them did not watch television at all. Women who watched television at least once a day had a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity than the other groups (p-value <0.0001). Women who watched television at least once a week were 1.3 times more likely to be overweight or obese in comparison to women who never watched television (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 1.3, 95% CI: 1.0–1.7; p-value <0.05). In the urban areas, women who watched television at least once a week were 40% more likely to be overweight or obese than those who did not watch television at all (AOR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1–1.7; p-value <0.01). No significant association between overweight and obesity and the frequency of viewing television was observed in the rural area. Conclusions Watching television at least once a week is associated with overweight and obesity in women of reproductive age living in the urban areas of Nepal. Public health promotion programs should raise awareness among women regarding harmful health consequences of sedentary lifestyle due to television watching.
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Khanal P, Nielsen MO. Is Foetal Programming by Mismatched Pre- and Postnatal Nutrition Contributing to the Prevalence of Obesity in Nepal? Prev Nutr Food Sci 2019; 24:235-244. [PMID: 31608248 PMCID: PMC6779080 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2019.24.3.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nepal and many developing countries are currently suffering from increased prevalence of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other metabolic disorders. Unhealthy dietary habits and physical inactivity are traditionally considered as responsible factors for these disorders. The relatively new concept of foetal programming suggests that development of metabolic diseases later in life may be associated with poor nutritional status in utero, and such phenomenon could be amplified by subsequent exposure to unhealthy diets after birth. We suggest that foetal programming and mismatched nutritional situations during foetal and postnatal life are important causative factors for increased prevalence of obesity and metabolic disorders in Nepal. Issues highlighted in this paper may also be relevant to other developing countries with similar socioeconomic status. Undernutrition in foetal life can predispose for visceral fat deposition and may alter dietary preferences towards unhealthy diets, amplifying the risk of nutritional mismatch after birth; this can lead to metabolic disturbances in a number of pathways including glucose and lipid metabolism. Providing attention to early life nutrition could therefore be an important tool to reduce the prevalence of lifestyle diseases in Nepal. Future national health policies should thus include changes in research and intervention activities towards preventing averse early life nutritional programming. Availability of free-of-cost and mandatory nutritional education and medical services to pregnant women and their families and better management of national health care systems including digitalization of national health data could be viable strategies to achieve these goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Khanal
- Animal Science, Production and Welfare Division, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Steinkjer 7713,
Norway
| | - Mette Olaf Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1353,
Denmark
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Das Gupta R, Haider SS, Sutradhar I, Hashan MR, Sajal IH, Hasan M, Haider MR, Sarker M. Association of frequency of television watching with overweight and obesity among women of reproductive age in India: Evidence from a nationally representative study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221758. [PMID: 31465465 PMCID: PMC6715273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background For women of reproductive age, overweight and obesity are an established risk factor for several medical complications. To address the increasing rate of obesity in India through public health awareness programs, the association between common behaviors and overweight and obesity needs to be investigated. This study aims to determine whether there is any association between the frequency of television watching and overweight and obesity among women of reproductive age (15–49 years) in India. Methods This is a cross-sectional study that utilized data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), which utilized a nationally representative sample from all 29 states and 7 union territories of India. The survey itself followed a two-staged stratified random sampling technique. The primary outcome of interest was overweight (23.0 kg/m2 to <27.5 kg/m2) and obesity (≥27.5 kg/m2), measured by using the Asian body mass index cut-off. The major explanatory variable was the frequency of television watching, measured in days per week. Sample weight of NFHS-4 was adjusted during the analysis. Multilevel ordered logistic regression was conducted to identify the factors associated with overweight and obesity. To show the strength of association, both the unadjusted Crude Odds Ratio (COR) and the Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) were reported with a 95% confidence interval (CI). A p-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The analysis included weighted data from 644,006 Indian women of reproductive age (15–49 years). Among the respondents, 33.5% were overweight or obese (BMI ≥23.0 kg/m2). The prevalence of overweight and obesity increased with age (p-value <0.0001) and almost half of the women aged 35–49 years were either overweight or obese (48.6%). The prevalence was significantly higher among those living in an urban area compared to a rural area (urban 46.5% vs. rural 26.5%; p-value <0.001). The prevalence of overweight and obesity increased with the frequency of watching television and was the highest among the individuals who reported watching television almost every day (p-value <0.0001). Women watching television almost every day had 24% (AOR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.21–1.26; p-value <0.001) increased odds of being overweight and obese compared to their counterparts who never watched television. Conclusions This study found that the likelihood of being overweight and obese significantly increased with the frequency of watching television; likely due to physical inactivity during leisure time. Further studies should examine the physical activity and food habits of this target group. Public health promotion programs in India should raise awareness regarding the harmful effects of the sedentary lifestyle associated with watching television.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Das Gupta
- Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Centre for Science of Implementation & Scale-Up, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Shams Shabab Haider
- Centre for Science of Implementation & Scale-Up, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ipsita Sutradhar
- Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Centre for Science of Implementation & Scale-Up, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Ibrahim Hossain Sajal
- Centre for Science of Implementation & Scale-Up, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, School of Natural Sciences & Mathematics, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mehedi Hasan
- Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Centre for Science of Implementation & Scale-Up, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Rifat Haider
- Department of Social and Public Health, College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Malabika Sarker
- Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Centre for Science of Implementation & Scale-Up, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Manandhar S, Suksaroj TT, Rattanapan C. The Association between Green Space and the Prevalence of Overweight/Obesity among Primary School Children. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE 2019; 10:1-10. [PMID: 30685772 PMCID: PMC6522213 DOI: 10.15171/ijoem.2019.1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Childhood overweight and obesity is a major health problem in many low- and middle-income countries such as Nepal. There is evidence indicating a significant association between health and access to green space.
Objective: To estimate the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity, and to identify its association with green space among primary school children in Kathmandu metropolitan city, Nepal. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 440 (195 male and 245 female) students studying in selected primary schools of Kathmandu metropolitan city. Mothers/caretakers of the participating children were also studied. Results: Of the 440 children, 13.2% were overweight; 6.8% were obese. 4 of 16 studied variables that had significant associations with overweight/obesity in bivariate analyses, were found independent predictors of overweight/obesity after being adjusted for confounders. They included mode of transportation to school (aOR 2.08, 95% CI 1.12 to 3.88), consumption of sugary snack (aOR 2.57, 95% CI 1.12 to 5.91) and salty/savory snack (aOR 4.13, 95% CI 1.71 to 9.96), and the distance of a green space from child's residence (aOR 27.46, 95% CI 6.10 to 123.54). Conclusion: One-fifth of the children in urban schools were found to be overweight or obese. The distance to a green space was identified as the most significant factor influencing childhood overweight/obesity
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Pandey S, Rai S, Paudel N, Shrestha A, Gautam S. Parental child feeding practices and their relationship with children's dietary intake and weight status in Nepal. J Multidiscip Healthc 2019; 12:325-333. [PMID: 31118656 PMCID: PMC6505462 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s195106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Small children have less control over their dietary intake and parents have a major role to play in it. The aim of our study was to determine parental child feeding practices and their association with the weight status and dietary intake of the child. Design and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 138 parents and preschool children attending two private schools in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal using a structured questionnaire. Parents filled in a self-report questionnaire to assess child feeding practices, perceived activity level of the child, and dietary intake at home. Child's height and weight was measured using a standard height scale and a digital weighing scale. A digital food scale was used for measuring dietary intake. Results: Eight percent of the children were overweight and another 8% were obese. On bivariate analysis, the BMI of parents had weak, positive, and significant correlation (r=0.206, p=0.016 for fathers; r=0.307, p≤0.001 for mothers) with child's weight status. Similarly, concern about child's overweight had a significant, positive correlation (r=0.232, p=0.006) with the weight status of the child. Furthermore, these three independent variables were found to be significant predictors of a child's weight status on multivariate analysis. None of the studied independent variables was associated with dietary intake. Conclusion: The study concludes that parental BMI and parental concern about the child being overweight is significantly associated with the weight status of the child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrijana Pandey
- Department of Nursing, Kathmandu Medical College, Kathmandu University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Suja Rai
- Department of Nursing, Kathmandu Medical College, Kathmandu University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Narayani Paudel
- Department of Nursing, Kathmandu Medical College, Kathmandu University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Anu Shrestha
- Department of Nursing, Kathmandu Medical College, Kathmandu University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Saroj Gautam
- Department of Orthopedics, Kathmandu Medical College, Kathmandu University, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Agho KE, Osuagwu UL, Ezeh OK, Ghimire PR, Chitekwe S, Ogbo FA. Gender differences in factors associated with prehypertension and hypertension in Nepal: A nationwide survey. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203278. [PMID: 30212519 PMCID: PMC6136738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nepal has one of the highest prevalence of hypertension in South Asia. However, no national studies have examined the gender differences in the determinants of prehypertension and hypertension in the country to inform targeted interventions. This study aimed to investigate gender differences in factors associated with prehypertension and hypertension in Nepal using the 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). METHODS Sociodemographic, behavioural, anthropometric and health status data and information on hypertension were obtained from 14,857 (males: 6,245 and females: 8,612) individuals aged 15 years or above from the biomarker sample of the 2016 NDHS. Factors associated with prehypertension and hypertension by gender were investigated using generalized linear latent and mixed models (GLLAM) with the mlogit link and binomial family that adjusted for clustering and sampling weights. RESULTS The overall prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension was 26.9% [95% confidence interval (CI): 25.7, 28.1] and 17.2% (95% CI 16.1, 18.3), respectively. Prehypertension was present in 30.4% (95%CI: 28.7, 32.2) of males and 24.3% (95% CI: 23.1, 25.6) of females, while hypertension was present in 20.4%, (95% CI 18.9, 22.0) of males and 14.8% (95% CI: 13.7, 16.0) of females. Key modifiable factors that were strongly associated with prehypertension and hypertension in both genders included overweight and obesity, caffeine intake, tobacco use, no schooling, previously informed of hypertension in a health facility, and alcohol consumption (for males). Other significant factors associated with prehypertension and hypertension included increasing age (> 30 years), ecological zone (Hill), Developmental zone (Western) and being married. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that prehypertension and hypertension were higher in males compared to females. Interventions to improve awareness, screening, treatment and control of prehypertension and hypertension in Nepal are warranted and should target key modifiable factors, as well as people aged 30 years and above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingsley Emwinyore Agho
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Uchechukwu L. Osuagwu
- School of Medicine | Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism Translational Research Unit (DOMTRU), Macarthur Clinical School, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Osita K. Ezeh
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pramesh Raj Ghimire
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stanley Chitekwe
- United Nations Children Funds (UNICEF), United Nations House, Pulchowk, Lalitpur Nepal
| | - Felix Akpojene Ogbo
- Translational Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- Prescot Specialist Medical Centre, Welfare Quarters, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
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26
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Godakanda I, Abeysena C, Lokubalasooriya A. Sedentary behavior during leisure time, physical activity and dietary habits as risk factors of overweight among school children aged 14-15 years: case control study. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:186. [PMID: 29558977 PMCID: PMC5859428 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3292-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the risk of sedentary behavior during leisure time, physical activity and dietary habits on overweight among school children aged 14-15 years in Kalutara District, Sri Lanka. RESULTS School based case-control study was conducted during September to November 2013 including 176 overweight children as cases and 704 children with normal weight as controls. Cases were defined as body mass index for age and sex of ≥ +1SD and controls as those in the range of -2SD to +1SD. Validated instruments were used for data collection. Multiple logistic regression was applied and results were expressed with adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Risk factors for overweight were insufficient physical activity (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.4), watching video/DVD ≥ 2 h (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.8-5.3), watching television ≥ 2 h (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.7-3.8) and doing homework ≥ 2 h, (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2-2.7). Consuming meat (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2-3.1), fish or other sea foods (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.8), fast food/fried rice/oily foods (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2-2.9), carbonated drinks or sugary drinks (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2-2.8), sweets, cookies or ice cream (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2-2.9) were dietary risk factors for overweight. Consuming legumes and seeds (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.3-0.7), vegetables and fruits (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4-0.9) were protective factors for overweight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chrishantha Abeysena
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
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27
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Results from Nepal's 2018 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth. J Phys Act Health 2018; 15:S386-S387. [PMID: 30475148 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2018-0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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