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Chang L, Zhou G, Xia J. mGWAS-Explorer 2.0: Causal Analysis and Interpretation of Metabolite-Phenotype Associations. Metabolites 2023; 13:826. [PMID: 37512533 PMCID: PMC10384390 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics-based genome-wide association studies (mGWAS) are key to understanding the genetic regulations of metabolites in complex phenotypes. We previously developed mGWAS-Explorer 1.0 to link single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), metabolites, genes and phenotypes for hypothesis generation. It has become clear that identifying potential causal relationships between metabolites and phenotypes, as well as providing deep functional insights, are crucial for further downstream applications. Here, we introduce mGWAS-Explorer 2.0 to support the causal analysis between >4000 metabolites and various phenotypes. The results can be interpreted within the context of semantic triples and molecular quantitative trait loci (QTL) data. The underlying R package is released for reproducible analysis. Using two case studies, we demonstrate that mGWAS-Explorer 2.0 is able to detect potential causal relationships between arachidonic acid and Crohn's disease, as well as between glycine and coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Chang
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Guangyan Zhou
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Jianguo Xia
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
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2
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There Is a Differential Pattern in the Fatty Acid Profile in Children with CD Compared to Children with UC. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11092365. [PMID: 35566490 PMCID: PMC9105551 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11092365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Crohn’s disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC) are classified as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Currently, an increasing number of studies indicate that the metabolic consequences of IBD may include abnormalities in the fatty acid profile. The aim of this study was to compare fatty acid concentrations in IBD in order to identify differences between CD and UC and differences between the phases of both diseases. Methods: Sixty-three adolescent patients with CD (n = 33) and UC (n = 30) aged 13.66 ± 2.67 and 14.15 ± 3.31, respectively, were enrolled in the study. Analysis was performed by gas chromatography. Results: A statistically significant higher concentration of vaccenic acid was observed in the total UC group relative to total CD. In remission CD relative to active CD, a significantly higher concentration of palmitic acid was shown. Whereas in active CD, significantly higher levels of linoleic acid were observed relative to remission. The UC group had significantly higher lauric acid and gamma-linoleic acid levels in active disease relative to remission. Conclusions: The identified differences between FA levels in UC and CD could potentially be involved in the course of both diseases.
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Cortes GM, Marcialis MA, Bardanzellu F, Corrias A, Fanos V, Mussap M. Inflammatory Bowel Disease and COVID-19: How Microbiomics and Metabolomics Depict Two Sides of the Same Coin. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:856165. [PMID: 35391730 PMCID: PMC8981987 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.856165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrity of the gastrointestinal tract structure and function is seriously compromised by two pathological conditions sharing, at least in part, several pathogenetic mechanisms: inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. IBD and COVID-19 are marked by gut inflammation, intestinal barrier breakdown, resulting in mucosal hyperpermeability, gut bacterial overgrowth, and dysbiosis together with perturbations in microbial and human metabolic pathways originating changes in the blood and fecal metabolome. This review compared the most relevant metabolic and microbial alterations reported from the literature in patients with IBD with those in patients with COVID-19. In both diseases, gut dysbiosis is marked by the prevalence of pro-inflammatory bacterial species and the shortfall of anti-inflammatory species; most studies reported the decrease in Firmicutes, with a specific decrease in obligately anaerobic producers short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. In addition, Escherichia coli overgrowth has been observed in IBD and COVID-19, while Akkermansia muciniphila is depleted in IBD and overexpressed in COVID-19. In patients with COVID-19, gut dysbiosis continues after the clearance of the viral RNA from the upper respiratory tract and the resolution of clinical symptoms. Finally, we presented and discussed the impact of gut dysbiosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and increased energy demand on metabolic pathways involving key metabolites, such as tryptophan, phenylalanine, histidine, glutamine, succinate, citrate, and lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Mario Cortes
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Marcialis
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Flaminia Bardanzellu
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Angelica Corrias
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Michele Mussap
- Laboratory Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
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4
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Di Narzo AF, Houten SM, Kosoy R, Huang R, Vaz FM, Hou R, Wei G, Wang WH, Comella PH, Dodatko T, Rogatsky E, Stojmirovic A, Brodmerkel C, Perrigoue J, Hart A, Curran M, Friedman JR, Zhu J, Agrawal M, Cho J, Ungaro R, Dubinsky M, Sands BE, Suárez-Fariñas M, Schadt EE, Colombel JF, Kasarskis A, Hao K, Argmann C. Integrative Analysis of the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Serum Metabolome Improves Our Understanding of Genetic Etiology and Points to Novel Putative Therapeutic Targets. Gastroenterology 2022; 162:828-843.e11. [PMID: 34780722 PMCID: PMC9214725 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Polygenic and environmental factors are underlying causes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We hypothesized that integration of the genetic loci controlling a metabolite's abundance, with known IBD genetic susceptibility loci, may help resolve metabolic drivers of IBD. METHODS We measured the levels of 1300 metabolites in the serum of 484 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 464 patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and 365 controls. Differential metabolite abundance was determined for disease status, subtype, clinical and endoscopic disease activity, as well as IBD phenotype including disease behavior, location, and extent. To inform on the genetic basis underlying metabolic diversity, we integrated metabolite and genomic data. Genetic colocalization and Mendelian randomization analyses were performed using known IBD risk loci to explore whether any metabolite was causally associated with IBD. RESULTS We found 173 genetically controlled metabolites (metabolite quantitative trait loci, 9 novel) within 63 non-overlapping loci (7 novel). Furthermore, several metabolites significantly associated with IBD disease status and activity as defined using clinical and endoscopic indexes. This constitutes a resource for biomarker discovery and IBD biology insights. Using this resource, we show that a novel metabolite quantitative trait locus for serum butyrate levels containing ACADS was not supported as causal for IBD; replicate the association of serum omega-6 containing lipids with the fatty acid desaturase 1/2 locus and identify these metabolites as causal for CD through Mendelian randomization; and validate a novel association of serum plasmalogen and TMEM229B, which was predicted as causal for CD. CONCLUSIONS An exploratory analysis combining genetics and unbiased serum metabolome surveys can reveal novel biomarkers of disease activity and potential mediators of pathology in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio F. Di Narzo
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Sema4, Stamford, CT, 06902, USA,Corresponding Author: Carmen Argmann,
| | - Sander M. Houten
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Roman Kosoy
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Ruiqi Huang
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frédéric M. Vaz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruixue Hou
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gabrielle Wei
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Wen-hui Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Phillip H. Comella
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Tetyana Dodatko
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Eduard Rogatsky
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, New York City, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Amy Hart
- Janssen R&D, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Mark Curran
- Janssen R&D, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | | | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Sema4, Stamford, CT, 06902, USA,Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Manasi Agrawal
- The Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Judy Cho
- The Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ryan Ungaro
- The Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marla Dubinsky
- The Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bruce E Sands
- The Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mayte Suárez-Fariñas
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Center for Biostatistics, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric E. Schadt
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Sema4, Stamford, CT, 06902, USA,Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Jean-Frederic Colombel
- The Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew Kasarskis
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Sema4, Stamford, CT, 06902, USA,Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, New York City, NY, USA,Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ke Hao
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Sema4, Stamford, CT, 06902, USA,Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Carmen Argmann
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, New York, New York.
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Short-Chain and Total Fatty Acid Profile of Faeces or Plasma as Predictors of Food-Responsive Enteropathy in Dogs: A Preliminary Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 12:ani12010089. [PMID: 35011195 PMCID: PMC8749849 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Food-responsive enteropathy is the most common diagnosis given for dogs with chronic enteropathy, and there are no tests that can replace treatment trials. Furthermore, there is a lack of information on the specific nutritional status of these patients regarding the lipid profile that could relate them to the state of health/disease. This study evaluated differences in short-chain fatty acids and the total fatty acid profile of faeces and plasma as possible indicators of food-responsive enteropathy (FRE), as well as its relationship with body condition and the chronic enteropathy activity index. Changes in the long-chain fatty acid of plasma, and short-chain, branched and odd-chain fatty acids of faeces were detected in sick dogs, and high correlations were observed between some of these compounds and the existing calculated indices. Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate differences in short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and the total fatty acid profile of faeces or plasma as possible indicators of FRE in comparison with healthy dogs. FRE dogs had a lower concentration (p = 0.026) of plasma α-tocopherol as an indicator of the oxidative status of the animal, and lower C20:5n-3 (p = 0.033), C22:5n-3 (p = 0.005), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (p = 0.021) and n-6 (p = 0.041) when compared with the control dogs; furthermore, sick dogs had higher proportions of plasma C20:3n-6 (p = 0.0056). The dogs with FRE showed a decrease in the production of faecal levels of SCFAs, mainly propionic acid (C3) (p = 0.0001) and isovaleric acid (iC5) (p = 0.014). FRE dogs also had a lower proportion of C15:0 (p = 0.0003), C16:1n-9 (p = 0.0095), C16:1n-7 (p = 0.0001), C20:5n-3 (p = 0.0034) and monounsaturated fatty acids (p = 0.0315), and tended to have lower n-3 (p = 0.058) and a reduced desaturase activity index in the stool when compared with the control group. However, the dogs with chronic enteropathy tended to have greater C20:4n-6 (p = 0.065) in their faeces as signs of damage at the intestinal level. The faecal parameters were better predictors than plasma. The highest correlations between faecal odd-chain, medium- or long-chain fatty acids and SCFAs were observed for C15:0 that correlated positively with faecal acetic acid (C2) (r = 0.72, p = 0.004), propionic acid (r = 0.95, p = 0.0001), isobutyric acid (iC4) (r = 0.59, p = 0.027) and isovaleric acid (r = 0.64, p = 0.0136), as well as with total SCFAs (r = 0.61, p = 0.02). Conversely, faecal C20:4n-6 showed a high inverse correlation (r = −0.83, p = 0.0002) with C2 and C3 (r = −0.59, p = 0.027). Canine inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) activity (CIBDAI) index correlated negatively mainly with faecal measurements, such as C3 (r = −0.869, p = 0.0005) and C15:0 (r = −0.825, p = 0.0018), followed by C16:1/C16:0 (r = −0.66, p= 0.0374) and iC5 (r = −0.648, p = 0.0310), which would indicate that these fatty acids could be good non-invasive indicators of the chronic inflammatory status, specifically FRE.
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6
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Schwarz J, Vecka M, Stožický F, Pomahačová R, Staňková B, Tvrzická E, Kreslová M, Zahálková R, Sýkora J. The assessment of plasma fatty acid profiles in newly diagnosed treatment-naive paediatric Crohn's disease. Physiol Res 2021; 70:799-808. [PMID: 34505533 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid (FA) profiles as potentially relevant components of Crohn's disease (CD) have been insufficiently analysed. We sought to explore the plasma profiles of n-3 and n-6 polyunsa-turated fatty acids (PUFAs) in newly diagnosed untreated active CD. We included 26 consecutive CD pediatric patients (<19 years) and 14 healthy controls (HCs). Disease characteristics, including inflammatory markers, dietary histories, and the Pediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index (PCDAI), were obtained. The profiles of plasma FAs in plasma lipid classes were analysed by gas chromatography with FID detection of methyl esters. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein level and fecal calprotectin level (all p<0.001) were significantly higher in CD patients than in HCs. Most changes were observed in plasma phospholipids (PLs), such as a higher content of n-3 and changes in n-6 long-chain PUFAs in the CD group. The CD group had a lower ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFAs in PLs (p<0.001) and triacylglycerols (TAGs) (p<0.01). Correlations of the FA content in plasma PLs with disease activity scores of CD were also observed, which were positive for the sum of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) as well as oleic acid (18:1n-9) (both p<0.05). The metabolism of PUFAs is significantly altered even in treatment-naive newly diagnosed active pediatric CD, and the content of major FAs in PLs correlates with disease activity and inflammatory markers, thus probably contributing to the still unclear early disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schwarz
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty Hospital, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic.
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7
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The Fatty Acid-Based Erythrocyte Membrane Lipidome in Dogs with Chronic Enteropathy. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092604. [PMID: 34573570 PMCID: PMC8469057 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine chronic enteropathies (CEs) are inflammatory processes resulting from complex interplay between the mucosal immune system, intestinal microbiome, and dietary components in susceptible dogs. Fatty acids (FAs) play important roles in the regulation of physiologic and metabolic pathways and their role in inflammation seems to be dual, as they exhibit pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions. Analysis of red blood cell (RBC) membrane fatty acid profile represents a tool for assessing the quantity and quality of structural and functional molecular components. This study was aimed at comparing the FA membrane profile, determined by Gas Chromatography and relevant lipid parameter of 48 CE dogs compared with 68 healthy dogs. In CE patients, the levels of stearic (p < 0.0001), dihomo-gamma-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic (p = 0.02), and docosahexaenoic (p = 0.02) acids were significantly higher, and those of palmitic (p < 0.0001) and linoleic (p = 0.0006) acids were significantly lower. Non-responder dogs presented higher percentages of vaccenic acid (p = 0.007), compared to those of dogs that responded to diagnostic trials. These results suggest that lipidomic status may reflect the "gut health", and the non-invasive analysis of RBC membrane might have the potential to become a candidate biomarker in the evaluation of dogs affected by CE.
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8
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Akazawa Y, Morisaki T, Fukuda H, Norimatsu K, Shiota J, Hashiguchi K, Tabuchi M, Kitayama M, Matsushima K, Yamaguchi N, Kondo H, Fujita F, Takeshita H, Nakao K, Takeshima F. Significance of serum palmitoleic acid levels in inflammatory bowel disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16260. [PMID: 34376800 PMCID: PMC8355139 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95923-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), are chronic intestinal diseases of unknown etiology that present with variable disease extents and outcomes. The use of biomarkers for the diagnosis and management of IBDs is considered beneficial. Palmitoleic acid (PO) is an adipose tissue-derived mono-unsaturated free fatty acid that potentially serves as a lipokine in metabolic and inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the significance of PO levels in the serum of patients with UC and CD. The study included patients with UC (n = 22), patients with CD (n = 35), and controls (n = 22). The levels of serum PO were analyzed using gas chromatography. The association of serum PO levels with the clinical features and disease outcomes in IBD was examined. Serum PO levels were significantly higher in patients with CD than in controls, whereas no difference in these levels was observed between patients with UC and controls. Serum PO levels were significantly associated with the CD activity index. Additionally, high serum PO levels were associated with an increased risk of surgical intervention requirement during follow-up. In a pilot study with a few patients, high PO levels were observed in the mesenteric tissue in the active disease site of patients with CD (n = 7) compared with those with colon cancer (n = 6). Elevated serum PO levels might serve as a marker for local inflammation and prognosis in patients with CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Akazawa
- Tissue and Histopathology Section, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | | | | | - Kiyuu Norimatsu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Junya Shiota
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Keiichi Hashiguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Maiko Tabuchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Moto Kitayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kayoko Matsushima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Yamaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Kondo
- Biostatistics Section, Division of Scientific Data Registry, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | | | - Kazuhiko Nakao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Fuminao Takeshima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Nagasaki Goto Chuoh Hospital, Goto, Japan
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9
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Chu X, Jaeger M, Beumer J, Bakker OB, Aguirre-Gamboa R, Oosting M, Smeekens SP, Moorlag S, Mourits VP, Koeken VACM, de Bree C, Jansen T, Mathews IT, Dao K, Najhawan M, Watrous JD, Joosten I, Sharma S, Koenen HJPM, Withoff S, Jonkers IH, Netea-Maier RT, Xavier RJ, Franke L, Xu CJ, Joosten LAB, Sanna S, Jain M, Kumar V, Clevers H, Wijmenga C, Netea MG, Li Y. Integration of metabolomics, genomics, and immune phenotypes reveals the causal roles of metabolites in disease. Genome Biol 2021; 22:198. [PMID: 34229738 PMCID: PMC8259168 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-021-02413-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies highlight the role of metabolites in immune diseases, but it remains unknown how much of this effect is driven by genetic and non-genetic host factors. RESULT We systematically investigate circulating metabolites in a cohort of 500 healthy subjects (500FG) in whom immune function and activity are deeply measured and whose genetics are profiled. Our data reveal that several major metabolic pathways, including the alanine/glutamate pathway and the arachidonic acid pathway, have a strong impact on cytokine production in response to ex vivo stimulation. We also examine the genetic regulation of metabolites associated with immune phenotypes through genome-wide association analysis and identify 29 significant loci, including eight novel independent loci. Of these, one locus (rs174584-FADS2) associated with arachidonic acid metabolism is causally associated with Crohn's disease, suggesting it is a potential therapeutic target. CONCLUSION This study provides a comprehensive map of the integration between the blood metabolome and immune phenotypes, reveals novel genetic factors that regulate blood metabolite concentrations, and proposes an integrative approach for identifying new disease treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Chu
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700, RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, CiiM, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Jaeger
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, HP, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Joep Beumer
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584, CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Olivier B Bakker
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700, RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Raul Aguirre-Gamboa
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700, RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marije Oosting
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, HP, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sanne P Smeekens
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, HP, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Simone Moorlag
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, HP, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Vera P Mourits
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, HP, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Valerie A C M Koeken
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, CiiM, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, HP, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte de Bree
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, HP, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Trees Jansen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, HP, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ian T Mathews
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- La Jolla Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Khoi Dao
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mahan Najhawan
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jeramie D Watrous
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Irma Joosten
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Hans J P M Koenen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sebo Withoff
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700, RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Iris H Jonkers
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700, RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Romana T Netea-Maier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, HP, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology and Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700, RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Cheng-Jian Xu
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, CiiM, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, HP, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, HP, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Serena Sanna
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700, RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mohit Jain
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700, RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584, CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584, CS, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700, RB, Groningen, the Netherlands.
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, 0372, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, HP, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
- Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700, RB, Groningen, the Netherlands.
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, CiiM, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.
- TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, HP, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Bauset C, Gisbert-Ferrándiz L, Cosín-Roger J. Metabolomics as a Promising Resource Identifying Potential Biomarkers for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10040622. [PMID: 33562024 PMCID: PMC7915257 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a relapsing chronic disorder of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by disruption of epithelial barrier function and excessive immune response to gut microbiota. The lack of biomarkers providing early diagnosis or defining the status of the pathology difficulties an accurate assessment of the disease. Given the different metabolomic profiles observed in IBD patients, metabolomics may reveal prime candidates to be studied, which may help in understanding the pathology and identifying novel therapeutic targets. In this review, we summarize the most current advances describing the promising metabolites such as lipids or amino acids found through untargeted metabolomics from serum, faecal, urine and biopsy samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bauset
- Department of Pharmacology and CIBER, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (C.B.); (L.G.-F.)
| | - Laura Gisbert-Ferrándiz
- Department of Pharmacology and CIBER, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (C.B.); (L.G.-F.)
| | - Jesús Cosín-Roger
- Hospital Dr. Peset, Fundación para la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana, FISABIO, 46017 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-963851234
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11
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Iwatani S, Iijima H, Otake Y, Amano T, Tani M, Yoshihara T, Tashiro T, Tsujii Y, Inoue T, Hayashi Y, Takeda K, Hayashi A, Fujita S, Shinzaki S, Takehara T. Novel mass spectrometry-based comprehensive lipidomic analysis of plasma from patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 35:1355-1364. [PMID: 32285970 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Lipids play important roles in inflammation and may be involved in the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Here, we evaluated the characteristics of the plasma lipid profile in patients with IBD. METHODS Plasma samples were collected from 20 patients with Crohn's disease (CD), 20 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), and 10 healthy volunteers (HVs) after overnight fasting. The subjects were men between 20 and 49 years of age with no history of hyperlipidemia. A total of 698 molecular species in 22 lipid classes were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Lipid classes of lysophosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidylserine (LPS), phosphatidylserine (PS), and shingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) were significantly increased in UC patients compared with the HV. The LPS, PS, and S1P levels were significantly increased, while those of lysophosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine were significantly decreased in CD patients compared with HV. Among PS species, the levels of PSacyl (PSa) 40:3, PSa 38:3, and PSa 42:4 were significantly higher in CD patients, both active and remissive stage, than in HV. The LPS 18:0 level was significantly higher in CD and UC patients compared with HV. PSa 40:3 and PSa 38:3 levels positively correlated with the Crohn's Disease Activity Index, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and platelet count and negatively correlated with hemoglobin, hematocrit, and albumin levels in CD patients. CONCLUSION The lipid profile in IBD patients exhibits significant alterations, and PS levels are associated with clinical disease activity in CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuko Iwatani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki Iijima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuriko Otake
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Amano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mizuki Tani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshihara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taku Tashiro
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Tsujii
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Inoue
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshito Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takeda
- Department of Immunoregulation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akio Hayashi
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, Ono Pharmaceutical Company, Osaka, Japan
| | - Setsuko Fujita
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, Ono Pharmaceutical Company, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Shinzaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Takehara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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12
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Daniluk U, Daniluk J, Kucharski R, Kowalczyk T, Pietrowska K, Samczuk P, Filimoniuk A, Kretowski A, Lebensztejn D, Ciborowski M. Untargeted Metabolomics and Inflammatory Markers Profiling in Children With Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis-A Preliminary Study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2019; 25:1120-1128. [PMID: 30772902 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic profiling might be used to identify disease biomarkers. The aim of our study was to determine the usefulness of untargeted metabolomics analysis to detect differences in serum metabolites between newly diagnosed and untreated pediatric patients with Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) in comparison with a control group (Ctr). Moreover, we investigated the potential of profiling metabolomics and inflammatory markers to improve the noninvasive diagnosis of CD and UC in children. METHODS Metabolic fingerprinting of serum samples was estimated with liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry in children with CD (n = 9; median age, 14 years), UC (n = 10; median age, 13.5 years), and controls (n = 10; median age, 12.5 years). RESULTS The majority of chemically annotated metabolites belonged to phospholipids and were downregulated in CD and UC compared with the Ctr. Only 1 metabolite, lactosylceramide 18:1/16:0 (LacCer 18:1/16:0), significantly discriminated CD from UC patients. Interestingly, combining LacCer 18:1/16:0 with other inflammatory markers resulted in a significant increase in the area under the curve with the highest specificity and sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Using serum untargeted metabolomics, we have shown that LacCer 18:1/16:0 is a very unique metabolite for CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Daniluk
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutrition and Allergology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Daniluk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Rafal Kucharski
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kowalczyk
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Karolina Pietrowska
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Paulina Samczuk
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Filimoniuk
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutrition and Allergology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Kretowski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Dariusz Lebensztejn
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutrition and Allergology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Michal Ciborowski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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13
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Scoville EA, Allaman MM, Adams DW, Motley AK, Peyton SC, Ferguson SL, Horst SN, Williams CS, Beaulieu DB, Schwartz DA, Wilson KT, Coburn LA. Serum Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Correlate with Serum Cytokines and Clinical Disease Activity in Crohn's Disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2882. [PMID: 30814550 PMCID: PMC6393448 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39232-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) has been associated with an increased consumption of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), while greater intake of n-3 PUFA has been associated with a reduced risk. We sought to investigate serum fatty acid composition in CD, and associations of fatty acids with disease activity, cytokines, and adipokines. Serum was prospectively collected from 116 CD subjects and 27 non-IBD controls. Clinical disease activity was assessed by the Harvey Bradshaw Index (HBI). Serum fatty acids were measured by gas chromatography. Serum cytokines and adipokines were measured by Luminex assay. Dietary histories were obtained from a subset of patients. Nine serum cytokines and adipokines were increased in CD versus controls. CD subjects had increased percentage serum monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), dihomo-gamma linolenic acid (DGLA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and oleic acid, but decreased arachidonic acid (AA) versus controls. The % total n-3 fatty acids and % EPA directly correlated with pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and HBI, whereas the % total n-6 fatty acids were inversely correlated with pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and HBI. CD subjects had increased caloric intake versus controls, but no alterations in total fat or PUFA intake. We found differences in serum fatty acids, most notably PUFA, in CD that correlated both with clinical disease activity and inflammatory cytokines. Our findings indicate that altered fatty acid metabolism or utilization is present in CD and is related to disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Scoville
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Margaret M Allaman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dawn W Adams
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Amy K Motley
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shannon C Peyton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sarah L Ferguson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sara N Horst
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Christopher S Williams
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dawn B Beaulieu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David A Schwartz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Keith T Wilson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lori A Coburn
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Vanderbilt Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Jezernik G, Potočnik U. Comprehensive genetic study of fatty acids helps explain the role of noncoding inflammatory bowel disease associated SNPs and fatty acid metabolism in disease pathogenesis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 130:1-10. [PMID: 29549916 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids and their derivatives play an important role in inflammation. Diet and genetics influence fatty acid profiles. Abnormalities of fatty acid profiles have been observed in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), a group of complex diseases defined by chronic gastrointestinal inflammation. IBD associated fatty acid profile abnormalities were observed independently of nutritional status or disease activity, suggesting a common genetic background. However, no study so far has attempted to look for overlap between IBD loci and fatty acid associated loci or investigate the genetics of fatty acid profiles in IBD. To this end, we conducted a comprehensive genetic study of fatty acid profiles in IBD using iCHIP, a custom microarray platform designed for deep sequencing of immune-mediated disease associated loci. This study identifies 10 loci associated with fatty acid profiles in IBD. The most significant associations were a locus near CBS (p = 7.62 × 10-8) and a locus in LRRK2 (p = 1.4 × 10-7). Of note, this study replicates the FADS gene cluster locus, previously associated with both fatty acid profiles and IBD pathogenesis. Furthermore, we identify 18 carbon chain trans-fatty acids (p = 1.12 × 10-3), total trans-fatty acids (p = 4.49 × 10-3), palmitic acid (p = 5.85 × 10-3) and arachidonic acid (p = 8.58 × 10-3) as significantly associated with IBD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Jezernik
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia.
| | - Uroš Potočnik
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia.
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15
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Scoville EA, Allaman MM, Brown CT, Motley AK, Horst SN, Williams CS, Koyama T, Zhao Z, Adams DW, Beaulieu DB, Schwartz DA, Wilson KT, Coburn LA. Alterations in Lipid, Amino Acid, and Energy Metabolism Distinguish Crohn's Disease from Ulcerative Colitis and Control Subjects by Serum Metabolomic Profiling. Metabolomics 2018; 14:17. [PMID: 29681789 PMCID: PMC5907923 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-017-1311-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biomarkers are needed in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to help define disease activity and identify underlying pathogenic mechanisms. We hypothesized that serum metabolomics, which produces unique metabolite profiles, can aid in this search. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to characterize serum metabolomic profiles in patients with IBD, and to assess for differences between patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn's disease (CD), and non- IBD subjects. METHODS Serum samples from 20 UC, 20 CD, and 20 non-IBD control subjects were obtained along with patient characteristics, including medication use and clinical disease activity. Non-targeted metabolomic profiling was performed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) optimized for basic or acidic species and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC/UPLC-MS/MS). RESULTS In total, 671 metabolites were identified. Comparing IBD and control subjects revealed 173 significantly altered metabolites (27 increased and 146 decreased). The majority of the alterations occurred in lipid-, amino acid-, and energy-related metabolites. Comparing only CD and control subjects revealed 286 significantly altered metabolites (54 increased and 232 decreased), whereas comparing UC and control subjects revealed only 5 significantly altered metabolites (all decreased). Hierarchal clustering using significant metabolites separated CD from UC and control subjects. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that a number of lipid-, amino acid-, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle- related metabolites were significantly altered in IBD patients, more specifically in CD. Therefore, alterations in lipid and amino acid metabolism and energy homeostasis may play a key role in the pathogenesis of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Scoville
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215B Garland Ave., 1030C MRB IV, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Margaret M Allaman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215B Garland Ave., 1030C MRB IV, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Caroline T Brown
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215B Garland Ave., 1030C MRB IV, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Amy K Motley
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215B Garland Ave., 1030C MRB IV, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Sara N Horst
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215B Garland Ave., 1030C MRB IV, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Christopher S Williams
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215B Garland Ave., 1030C MRB IV, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tatsuki Koyama
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Zhiguo Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dawn W Adams
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215B Garland Ave., 1030C MRB IV, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dawn B Beaulieu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215B Garland Ave., 1030C MRB IV, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - David A Schwartz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215B Garland Ave., 1030C MRB IV, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Keith T Wilson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215B Garland Ave., 1030C MRB IV, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Nashville, TN, USA
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lori A Coburn
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215B Garland Ave., 1030C MRB IV, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Vanderbilt Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Serum Fatty Acids Are Correlated with Inflammatory Cytokines in Ulcerative Colitis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156387. [PMID: 27227540 PMCID: PMC4882051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Ulcerative colitis (UC) is associated with increased dietary intake of fat and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Modification of fat metabolism may alter inflammation and disease severity. Our aim was to assess differences in dietary and serum fatty acid levels between control and UC subjects and associations with disease activity and inflammatory cytokines. Methods Dietary histories, serum, and colonic tissue samples were prospectively collected from 137 UC subjects and 38 controls. Both histologic injury and the Mayo Disease Activity Index were assessed. Serum and tissue cytokines were measured by Luminex assay. Serum fatty acids were obtained by gas chromatography. Results UC subjects had increased total fat and oleic acid (OA) intake, but decreased arachidonic acid (AA) intake vs controls. In serum, there was less percent saturated fatty acid (SFA) and AA, with higher monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), linoleic acid, OA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) in UC. Tissue cytokine levels were directly correlated with SFA and inversely correlated with PUFA, EPA, and DPA in UC subjects, but not controls. 5-aminosalicylic acid therapy blunted these associations. Conclusions In summary, we found differences in serum fatty acids in UC subjects that correlated with pro-inflammatory tissue cytokines. We propose that fatty acids may affect cytokine production and thus be immunomodulatory in UC.
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18
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Sewell GW, Hannun YA, Han X, Koster G, Bielawski J, Goss V, Smith PJ, Rahman FZ, Vega R, Bloom SL, Walker AP, Postle AD, Segal AW. Lipidomic profiling in Crohn's disease: abnormalities in phosphatidylinositols, with preservation of ceramide, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine composition. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:1839-46. [PMID: 22728312 PMCID: PMC3778899 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory condition largely affecting the terminal ileum and large bowel. A contributing cause is the failure of an adequate acute inflammatory response as a result of impaired secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages. This defective secretion arises from aberrant vesicle trafficking, misdirecting the cytokines to lysosomal degradation. Aberrant intestinal permeability is also well-established in Crohn's disease. Both the disordered vesicle trafficking and increased bowel permeability could result from abnormal lipid composition. We thus measured the sphingo- and phospholipid composition of macrophages, using mass spectrometry and stable isotope labelling approaches. Stimulation of macrophages with heat-killed Escherichia coli resulted in three main changes; a significant reduction in the amount of individual ceramide species, an altered composition of phosphatidylcholine, and an increased rate of phosphatidylcholine synthesis in macrophages. These changes were observed in macrophages from both healthy control individuals and patients with Crohn's disease. The only difference detected between control and Crohn's disease macrophages was a reduced proportion of newly-synthesised phosphatidylinositol 16:0/18:1 over a defined time period. Shotgun lipidomics analysis of macroscopically non-inflamed ileal biopsies showed a significant decrease in this same lipid species with overall preservation of sphingolipid, phospholipid and cholesterol composition.
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Key Words
- cct, phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase
- cd, crohn's disease
- gwas, genome-wide association study
- hc, healthycontrol
- hkec, heat-killed escherichia coli
- pa, phosphatidic acid
- pc, phosphatidylcholine
- pi, phosphatidylinositol
- ps, phosphatidylserine
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- crohn's disease
- macrophage
- lipids
- ceramide
- sphingolipid
- phospholipid
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin W. Sewell
- Division of Medicine, UCL, 5 University Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yusuf A. Hannun
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Xianlin Han
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Grielof Koster
- Division of Infection, Inflammation & Immunity, University of Southampton, School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Mailpoint 803, South Block, Tremona Road, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jacek Bielawski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Victoria Goss
- Division of Infection, Inflammation & Immunity, University of Southampton, School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Mailpoint 803, South Block, Tremona Road, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J. Smith
- Division of Medicine, UCL, 5 University Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Farooq Z. Rahman
- Department of Gastroenterology, University College Hospital, 235 Euston Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roser Vega
- Department of Gastroenterology, University College Hospital, 235 Euston Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart L. Bloom
- Department of Gastroenterology, University College Hospital, 235 Euston Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ann P. Walker
- Division of Medicine, UCL, 5 University Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony D. Postle
- Division of Infection, Inflammation & Immunity, University of Southampton, School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Mailpoint 803, South Block, Tremona Road, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony W. Segal
- Division of Medicine, UCL, 5 University Street, London, United Kingdom
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Hur SJ, Kang SH, Jung HS, Kim SC, Jeon HS, Kim IH, Lee JD. Review of natural products actions on cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease. Nutr Res 2012. [PMID: 23176791 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the effects that natural products have on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and to provide insight into the relationship between these natural products and cytokines modulation. More than 100 studies from the past 10 years were reviewed herein on the therapeutic approaches for treating IBD. The natural products having anti-IBD actions included phytochemicals, antioxidants, microorganisms, dietary fibers, and lipids. The literature revealed that many of these natural products exert anti-IBD activity by altering cytokine production. Specifically, phytochemicals such as polyphenols or flavonoids are the most abundant, naturally occurring anti-IBD substances. The anti-IBD effects of lipids were primarily related to the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The anti-IBD effects of phytochemicals were associated with modulating the levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and myeloperoxide. The anti-IBD effects of dietary fiber were mainly mediated via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, TNF-α, nitric oxide, and IL-2, whereas the anti-IBD effects of lactic acid bacteria were reported to influence interferon-γ, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, and nuclear factor-κ light-chain enhancer of activated B cells. These results suggest that the anti-IBD effects exhibited by natural products are mainly caused by their ability to modulate cytokine production. However, the exact mechanism of action of natural products for IBD therapy is still unclear. Thus, future research is needed to examine the effect of these natural products on IBD and to determine which factors are most strongly correlated with reducing IBD or controlling the symptoms of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Jin Hur
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM Despite their well known anti-inflammatory actions, the clinical usefulness of omega-3 PUFA in inflammatory bowel disease is controversial. We aimed to systematically review the available data on the performance of omega-3 PUFA as therapeutic agents in these patients. METHODS Electronic databases were systematically searched for RCT of fish oil or omega-3 PUFA therapy in both active and inactive ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, without limitation on either the length of therapy or the form it was given, including nutritional supplements and enteral formula diets. Eligible articles were assessed for methodological quality on the basis of the adequacy of the randomisation process, concealment of allocation, blinding of intervention and outcome, possible biases, and completeness of follow-up. The five-point Oxford quality score was calculated. RESULTS A total of 19 RCT were finally selected for this review. Overall, available data do not allow to support the use of omega-3 PUFA supplementation for the treatment of both active and inactive inflammatory bowel disease. Negative results are quite consistent in trials assessing the use of omega-3 PUFA to maintain disease remission, particularly ulcerative colitis, and to a lesser extent Crohn's disease. Trials on their use in active disease do not allow to draw firm conclusions mainly because the heterogeneity of design (ulcerative colitis) or their short number (Crohn's disease). In most trials, the appropriateness of the selected placebo is questionable. CONCLUSION The present systematic review does not allow to make firm recommendations about the usefulness of omega-3 PUFA in inflammatory bowel disease.
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SUNDSTRÖM BJÖRN, JOHANSSON GUNNAR, KOKKONEN HEIDI, CEDERHOLM TOMMY, WÅLLBERG-JONSSON SOLVEIG. Plasma Phospholipid Fatty Acid Content Is Related to Disease Activity in Ankylosing Spondylitis. J Rheumatol 2011; 39:327-33. [DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.110575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective.To investigate fatty acid composition in the diet, plasma phospholipids, and adipose tissue in a cohort of patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and to determine their correlations to disease activity and blood lipids in a cross-sectional study.Methods.Diet was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire in 66 patients with AS. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma phospholipids and gluteal adipose tissue were measured using gas chromatography. Disease status was quantified using the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), high sensitivity C-reactive protein, and proinflammatory cytokines.Results.Diet did not correlate with disease activity assessed by the BASDAI, but there were negative correlations between the dietary intake of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and ESR (rs = –0.27, p < 0.05). The plasma phospholipid content of arachidonic acid correlated significantly with the BASDAI score (rs = 0.39, p < 0.01). There were correlations between the intake of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and high-density lipoproteins and serum triglycerides (rs = 0.26 and rs = –0.25, respectively, p < 0.05).Conclusion.There was a positive correlation between levels of arachidonic acid in plasma phospholipids and disease activity assessed by BASDAI in patients with AS. A Western diet does not appear to influence this correlation, but seems to affect blood lipids involved in atherogenic processes.
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Shores DR, Binion DG, Freeman BA, Baker PR. New insights into the role of fatty acids in the pathogenesis and resolution of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:2192-204. [PMID: 21910181 PMCID: PMC4100336 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dietary and endogenously modified lipids modulate inflammation by functioning as intra- and intercellular signaling molecules. Proinflammatory lipid mediators such as the eicosanoids compete against the signaling actions of newly discovered modified fatty acids that act to resolve inflammation. In inflammatory bowel disease, multiple aberrancies in lipid metabolism have been discovered, which shed further light on the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation. Mechanisms by which lipids modulate inflammation, abnormalities of lipid metabolism in the setting of inflammatory bowel disease, and potential therapeutic application of lipid derivatives in this setting are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darla R. Shores
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David G. Binion
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bruce A. Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Paul R.S. Baker
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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23
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1H-NMR-based metabolic signatures of clinical outcomes in trauma patients--beyond lactate and base deficit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 69:31-40. [PMID: 20622576 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e3181e043fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The determination of reliable biomarkers capable to predict clinical outcome of a trauma patient remains essential toward better therapeutic management of the patient in the intensive care unit. Assessment of global metabolic profiling using quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics offers an attractive modern methodology for fast and comprehensive determination of multiple circulating metabolites and for establishing metabolic phenotype of survivors versus nonsurvivors. Multivariate data analysis on 43 quantitative metabolic parameters identified three lipid metabolites, triacylglycerol, glycerol heads of phospholipids, and monounsaturated fatty acids, as being the most discriminative markers to separate survivors versus nonsurvivors at the time of admission. Glucose and glutamate were intermediate predictors, followed by lactate and hydroxybutyrate as two low-weight predictors. Ultimately, cellular and subcellular failure in nonsurviving trauma patients results in multiple systemic biochemical effects and in changes in circulating metabolites in the blood that are characteristic for decreased lipid synthesis and urea cycle activity in the liver, and for increased hyperglycemia, lactic, and ketoacidosis.
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24
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Wu T, Ji G. Abnormal glucose, lipid and protein metabolism in patients with Crohn's disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2010; 18:160-168. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v18.i2.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), consisting of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), poses a great threat to human health. It results from an inappropriate immune response, in genetically susceptible individuals, to microbial antigens of commensal microorganisms. This paper reviews abnormal glucose, lipid and protein metabolism in patients with CD and highlights the application of metabonomics in biomarker revelation for CD.
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25
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Romanato G, Scarpa M, Angriman I, Faggian D, Ruffolo C, Marin R, Zambon S, Basato S, Zanoni S, Filosa T, Pilon F, Manzato E. Plasma lipids and inflammation in active inflammatory bowel diseases. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 29:298-307. [PMID: 19035968 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03886.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) can cause metabolic and inflammatory alterations. AIM To evaluate the relationships between inflammatory parameters, plasma lipids and phospholipid fatty acid (FA) composition in patients with active UC and CD. METHODS Diet, the Harvey-Bradshaw Activity Index (HBAI), inflammatory parameters, lipoproteins and FA composition were assessed in 60 CD and 34 UC. RESULTS No differences in clinical parameters were observed in the two groups. Total cholesterol correlated inversely with the number of bowel movements in both groups and directly with BMI in UC. Arachidonic acid correlated inversely with HBAI in UC and total and HDL cholesterol were inversely related to C-reactive protein (CRP) in CD while HDL correlated with CRP in UC. Docosapentaenoic acid was the only polyunsaturated n-3 FA that was correlated to CRP in both groups. Total cholesterol was independently associated in the multiple regression analysis with the number of bowel movements and systemic inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Total and LDL cholesterol were lower in the active UC and CD than in the healthy subjects and were correlated with the systemic inflammatory status. Phospholipid FA composition was correlated to the systemic inflammatory status, but was unrelated to dietary intake and intestinal disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Romanato
- CNR-Institute of Neurosciences-Aging Section, Padova, Italy.
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26
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Lipid and phospholipid profile after bowel resection for Crohn's disease. Int J Colorectal Dis 2008; 23:931-8. [PMID: 18597099 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-008-0503-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Chronic inflammation, impaired intestinal adsorption, and bowel resection may have an impact on lipid metabolism before and after intestinal surgery for Crohn's disease (CD). The aim of this prospective study was to define the impact of intestinal surgery for CD on plasma phospholipid fatty acid (FA) composition and of serum plasma lipoprotein concentrations and to investigate the role of CD recurrence on lipid parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-four consecutive patients who had intestinal surgery for CD since December 2004 to March 2006 were enrolled in this prospective study. The total amount of calorie intake and the quality of the aliments, systemic inflammatory activity, and plasma lipoproteins and phospholipid fatty acid composition were determined at operation and at follow-up. Statistical analysis was performed with pair-matched tests. RESULTS The median follow-up was 6 (4-20) months. During the follow-up, no significant modification of body mass index was observed. An increase of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (p=0.02) without other modifications in the plasma phospholipid FA composition were evidenced after surgery. The comparison between colectomy and ileo-colonic or ileal resection groups did not show any significant difference in the lipoprotein concentration and phospholipid FA profile. The length of resected bowel did not show any significant correlation with any relevant difference in lipid, phospholipid profile, or in inflammatory parameters. Patients who experienced a recurrence of CD reported significantly higher levels of total (p<0.01), HDL (p=0.01), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p=0.01) were observed in patients in remission than in those with recurrent active disease. CONCLUSIONS Patients who are submitted to intestinal resection for CD improve their inflammatory status as well as their lipid metabolism, and CD recurrence, but not the extent of bowel resection, is the main predictor of alteration of serum lipid concentration.
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27
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Metabolic Syndrome Affects Fatty Acid Composition of Plasma Lipids in Obese Prepubertal Children. Lipids 2008; 43:723-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-008-3203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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28
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Hengstermann S, Valentini L, Schaper L, Buning C, Koernicke T, Maritschnegg M, Buhner S, Tillinger W, Regano N, Guglielmi F, Winklhofer-Roob BM, Lochs H. Altered status of antioxidant vitamins and fatty acids in patients with inactive inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Nutr 2008; 27:571-8. [PMID: 18316141 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2008.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Data regarding the nutritional status, antioxidant compounds and plasma fatty acid (FA) composition in inactive IBD are conflicting. We compared plasma levels of antioxidants and FA of patients with inactive IBD with active IBD and controls. METHODS Plasma levels of vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated FA, inflammatory markers and nutritional status were determined after an overnight fast in 132 patients with quiescent IBD (40.6+/-13.2 years, 87F/45M), 35 patients with active disease (37.9+/-12.1 years, 25F/10M) and 45 age- and BMI-matched healthy controls (38.1+/-10.5 years, 39F/6M). Results are expressed as mean+/-SD or median [25th percentile;75th percentile]. RESULTS Body mass index (BMI) was normal in inactive (23.9+/-4.7 kg/m(2)), active IBD (22.7+/-4.2 kg/m(2)) and controls (22.3+/-1.9 kg/m(2)). Compared with controls patients with quiescent IBD showed significantly decreased plasma levels of carotenoids (1.85 [1.37;2.56] vs 1.39 [0.88;1.87] micromol/L) and vitamin C (62.3 [48.7;75.0] vs 51.0 [36.4;77.6] micromol/L), increased levels of saturated FA (3879 [3380;4420] vs 3410 [3142;3989] micromol/L) and monounsaturated FA (2578 [2258;3089] vs 2044 [1836;2434] micromol/L) and similar levels of vitamin E and polyunsaturated FA. Results in active disease were similar to inactive disease. CONCLUSION This study shows that antioxidant status and FA profile in a larger population of IBD patients are disturbed independently from disease activity and despite normal overall nutritional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Hengstermann
- Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Department of Gastroenterology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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29
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Scarpa M, Romanato G, Manzato E, Ruffolo C, Marin R, Basato S, Zambon S, Filosa T, Zanoni S, Pilon F, Polese L, Sturniolo GC, D'Amico DF, Angriman I. Restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis: impact on lipid metabolism and adipose tissue and serum fatty acids. J Gastrointest Surg 2008; 12:279-87. [PMID: 17955308 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-007-0380-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the changes of the metabolism of circulating and storage lipids in patients with ulcerative colitis after restorative proctocolectomy. Fifteen consecutive patients and 15 sex- and age-matched healthy controls were enrolled. Disease activity, diet, inflammatory parameters, plasma lipoprotein concentrations, and fatty acids (FA) of serum phospholipids and of the subcutaneous adipose tissue were assessed at colectomy and at ileostomy closure. In ulcerative colitis patients, total cholesterol and docosahexaenoic acid were lower than in healthy subjects (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05). The median interval between colectomy and ileostomy closure was 6 (range 2-9) months. During that interval, the inflammatory parameters improved, high-density lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol increased (p < 0.01), and low-density (LDL) cholesterol decreased (p = 0.01). At ileostomy closure, serum arachidonic acid levels were increased (p = 0.04), whereas serum oleic acid level was decreased (p = 0.02). In this interval, no significant alteration, either in serum n-3 FA precursors or in the FA of subcutaneous adipose tissue, was observed. The increase of serum arachidonic acid after colectomy might suggest a lower utilization for inflammatory process. The reduction of LDL cholesterol is an index of malabsorption probably due to the accelerated transit and to the exclusion of the terminal ileum caused by the covering ileostomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Scarpa
- Clinica Chirurgica I, Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche e Gastroenterologiche, Policlinico Universitario, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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30
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Li Q, Zhang Q, Wang M, Zhao S, Ma J, Luo N, Li N, Li Y, Xu G, Li J. Interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha disrupt epithelial barrier function by altering lipid composition in membrane microdomains of tight junction. Clin Immunol 2007; 126:67-80. [PMID: 17964857 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Revised: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) are specialized membrane microdomains of plasma membrane and play an important role in barrier function. IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha have been implicated in intestinal barrier dysfunction. In the present study, we analyzed the effect of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha on epithelial barrier function and determined the contribution of apoptosis to this process using T84 cells, a model intestinal epithelial cell line. We found that TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma synergistically affected the epithelial barrier and disrupted the structure of TJs. We demonstrated for the first time that treatment with TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma changed lipid composition and fatty acyl substitutions of phospholipids in membrane microdomains of TJs. Alterations of lipid environment affected TJs barrier function and partly removed flotillin-1 and displaced occludin from membrane microdomains of TJs to detergent-soluble fractions. The distribution of claudin isoforms was unaffected by TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma treatment. These findings indicated the interaction between inflammatory cytokines and alterations of lipid composition in membrane microdomains of TJs in the inflammatory processes. The apoptosis inhibitor did not prevent cytokine-induced decrease in TER and increase in permeability to FITC-dextran. Our results suggest that the cytokines directly influence TJ function and modulate both the membrane microdomain localization of TJ proteins and lipid composition of TJs. The effects of proinflammatory cytokines on TJ structure and function provide a mechanism in the pathophysiology of Crohn's disease (CD). Understanding the intracellular mechanisms involved could be important in devising future therapeutic strategies to induce retightening of the leaky TJ barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiurong Li
- Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, PR China
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31
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Gil-Campos M, Larqué E, Ramírez-Tortosa MC, Linde J, Villada I, Cañete R, Gil A. Changes in plasma fatty acid composition after intake of a standardised breakfast in prepubertal obese children. Br J Nutr 2007; 99:909-17. [PMID: 17903339 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507831722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Obese patients typically show a pattern of dyslipidaemia and changes in plasma fatty acid composition reflecting abnormalities in lipoprotein metabolism and dietary habits. Animals and obese adults have been widely studied; however, contradictory results have been published in children. The objective was to assess changes in plasma fatty acid composition in total plasma lipids and plasma lipid fractions in obese prepubertal children compared with those of normal weight and to evaluate changes in postprandial plasma fatty acids during a 3 h period after intake of a standardised breakfast. The study was a case-control study with thirty-four obese and twenty normal-weight prepubertal children (Tanner 1). Anthropometric and metabolic variables and fatty acid concentrations were measured in plasma and its fractions. Liquid chromatography was used to separate lipid fractions and GLC to quantify fatty acids. Plasma total fatty acids (TFA), SFA, MUFA and PUFA concentrations were higher in obese than in control children. Except for 18 : 0, 18 : 3n-3, 20 : 4n-6 and n-3 PUFA, all fatty acids in TAG were also elevated in the obese group. Fatty acids 16 : 1n-7, 18 : 0, 18 : 1n-9, 20 : 2n-6, TFA and MUFA significantly decreased between the 2nd and 3rd hour in normal-weight v. obese children. The concentration of 16 : 1n-7 was positively and the proportion of 20 : 4n-6 inversely associated with a significant increase in risk of obesity. Obese prepubertal children show an altered plasma fatty acid profile and concentrations, mainly related to the TAG fatty acid profile, with a lower clearance of fatty acids v. normal-weight prepubertal children.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gil-Campos
- Unit of Paediatric Endocrinology, Reina Sofia University Hospital Córdoba, Spain
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32
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Fernández-Bañares F, Esteve-Comas M, Mañé J, Navarro E, Bertrán X, Cabré E, Bartolí R, Boix J, Pastor C, Gassull MA. Changes in mucosal fatty acid profile in inflammatorybowel disease and in experimental colitis: a common response to bowel inflammation. Clin Nutr 2007; 16:177-83. [PMID: 16844596 DOI: 10.1016/s0261-5614(97)80003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/1997] [Accepted: 05/05/1997] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plasma polyunsaturated fatty acid profile in patients with inflammatory bowel disease is abnormal. We aimed to assess the mucosal fatty acid pattern in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, and in rats with trinitrobenzene-sulfonic acid (TNB) induced colitis. METHODS Fatty acids were measured in colonic mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis (n = 30), Crohn's disease (n = 21), and healthy controls (n = 13). Likewise, they were assessed in the colonic mucosa of rats with TNB- and sham-colitis. RESULTS There was an increase of the end-products (C22:5n3, C22:6n3, C20:4n6, C22:5n6) and a decrease of the precursors (C18:3n3, C18:2n6) of both n3 and n6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the mucosa of active ulcerative colitis and TNB-colitis. Also, high values of saturated (C16:0, C18:0) and low values of monounsaturated fatty acids (C18:1n9) were observed. Furthermore, the mucosa of active Crohn's disease showed substantial changes in saturated, monounsaturated and essential fatty acids, but not in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Mucosa of patients with inactive disease showed intermediate fatty acid values between the mucosa of active patients and healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Colonic inflammation causes a characteristic modification of the mucosal fatty acid profile which appears to be common to different aetiologies and seems to be related to the degree of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fernández-Bañares
- Department of Gastroenterology, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Carretera del Canyet s/n, 08916 Badalona, Spain
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33
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Figler M, Gasztonyi B, Cseh J, Horváth G, Kisbenedek AG, Bokor S, Decsi T. Association of n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma lipid classes with inflammatory bowel diseases. Br J Nutr 2007; 97:1154-61. [PMID: 17381967 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507682956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to establish the biochemical basis for dietary interventions, we investigated the fatty acid composition of plasma lipid classes in patients with inactive inflammatory bowel disease. In this cross-sectional study thirty patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), twenty-one with Crohn disease (CD) and twenty-four controls were investigated (mean age: UC, 40.8 (sd 12.1); CD, 37.6 (sd 11.0); control, 31.5 (sd 8.4) years). Fatty acid composition of plasma lipids was determined by high-resolution capillary GLC. In plasma phospholipids, significantly higher values of eicosapentaenoic (20 : 5n-3), docosapentaenoic (22 : 5n-3) and gamma-linolenic (18 : 3n-6) acids were found in control patients and patients with UC as compared to patients with CD [median % (weight by weight), control v. UC v. CD : 20 : 5n-3, 0.09 (interquartile range (IQR) 0.05) v. 0.14 (IQR 0.10) v. 0.16 (IQR 0.10), P < 0.05; 22 : 5n-3, 0.14 (IQR 0.10) v. 0.27 (IQR 0.16) v. 0.31 (IQR 0.10), P < 0.001; 18 : 3n-6, 0.02 (IQR 0.02) v. 0.03 (IQR 0.02) v. 0.05 (IQR 0.03), P < 0.05]. When compared to the control, values of the principal n-3 and n-6 long-chain PUFA, arachidonic acid (20 : 4n-6) and DHA (22 : 6n-3) were significantly higher in patients with UC but not in patients with CD [median % (w/w), UC v. control: 20 : 4n-6, 8.43 (IQR 3.23) v. 6.92 (IQR 2.96), P < 0.05; 22 : 6n-3, 1.22 (IQR 0.56) v. 0.73 (IQR 0.39), P < 0.05]. As seen there are considerable differences between the long-chain PUFA status of patients suffering from UC or CD. The data obtained in the present study do not support the concept of eicosapentaenoic acid or DHA deficiency in patients with either UC or CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Figler
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pécs, Ifjusag u. 13., 7624 Pécs, Hungary.
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Trebble TM. Bone turnover and nutritional status in Crohn's disease: relationship to circulating mononuclear cell function and response to fish oil and antioxidants. Proc Nutr Soc 2007; 64:183-91. [PMID: 15960863 DOI: 10.1079/pns2005419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease is associated with osteoporosis, malnutrition and altered function of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The responses of circulating immune cells and extra-intestinal manifestations to increased inflammatory activity and to modulation by dietary supplementation are uncertain. The relationships between disease status, bone turnover and body mass and composition, PBMC function and fatty acid availability have been investigated in patients with Crohn's disease. The availability of n-3 and n-6 PUFA is altered in adult patients and interferon (IFN)-γ production by PBMC is lower. Increased inflammatory activity is associated with increased bone resorption in adult patients and decreased body mass in paediatric patients. In healthy male subjects there is a proportionate relationship between supplementary intake of EPA and DHA (0.3–2.0 g as fish oil/d) in combination with antioxidants (vitamins A, C and E and Se) and incorporation into plasma phospholipids and PBMC, and a non-linear relationship with PBMC synthesis of TNF-α, IL-6 and prostaglandin E2 (decrease) and IFN-γ (increase). In adults with Crohn's disease high-dose fish oil (2.7 g EPA+DHA/d) in combination with antioxidants (vitamins A, C and E and Se) increases the EPA and DHA content of PBMC and decreases the production of IFN-γ by PBMC, but is not associated with effects on bone turnover or nutritional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Trebble
- Institute of Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK.
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Almendingen K, Høstmark AT, Fausa O, Mosdøl A, Aabakken L, Vatn MH. Familial adenomatous polyposis patients have high levels of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and low levels of linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid in serum phospholipids. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:632-7. [PMID: 17096349 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) provides a model of APC inactivation as an early genetic event for the approximately 85% of colorectal cancers that develop from polyps. Abnormal fatty acid composition of tissues and serum phospholipids has been linked to cancer risk. Our aim was to describe the composition of fatty acids in serum phospholipids in 38 colectomized FAP patients as compared to 160 healthy subjects. Mean fatty acid intakes were similar between the groups. Colectomy was done on average 16 years prior to inclusion, and 18% were diagnosed with colorectal cancer at colectomy. The levels (weight %) of linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid were higher among the reference subjects (difference: 3.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.87, 5.04, and difference: 0.06, 95% CI = 0.04, 0.08, respectively), and the levels of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid were lower (difference: -3.70, 95% CI = -4.35, -3.06, and difference: -5.26, 95% CI = -6.25, -4.28, respectively) as compared to the FAP patients (all p < or = 0.0001). The abnormal fatty acid composition was not related to time since colectomy, intestinal reconstruction or history of colorectal cancer for any of the fatty acids assessed. Compositional differences in the fatty acid profile of serum phospholipids have not been described before in FAP patients. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and assess clinical significances of a possible distorted fatty acid metabolism, including a potentially different dietary need of essential fatty acids. The relevance of these findings for APC induced cancers remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Almendingen
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Molecular Biology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.
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Bengmark S. Bioecological control of inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Nutr 2006; 26:169-81. [PMID: 17113199 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is today generally accepted, that the intestinal bacterial flora is deeply involved in the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), although the exact presence of unwanted or lack of specific crucial bacteria are not yet known. Westerners lack to large extent important immunomodulatory and fibre-fermenting lactic acid bacteria (LAB), bacteria which are present in all with a more primitive rural lifestyle. Acute reduction of flora is observed in disease, including IBD, as well as in mental and physical stress. Some observations suggest the mucosa has lost its ability of holding back the pathogenic flora and prevent close contacts between resident microflora and the epithelial surface. Among the manifestations of IBD are increased inflammation and coagulability, impaired cellular membrane function, exaggerated nitric oxide production and impaired short-chain fatty acid production. Animal studies suggest, in addition to reduced flora, an intimate association with immunostimulatory DNA, malfunctioning trifoil factors, increased splanchnic metabolism and reduced availability of natural antioxidants. Treatment with plant fibres, antioxidants and sometimes probiotics have had limited success. The most dramatic effects are seen in the few cases where total faecal replacement (TFR) has been tried. The general experience this far is that the best effects are obtained with compositions of probiotics rather than with single LAB treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stig Bengmark
- UCL Department of Hepatology, University College, London Medical School, 69-75 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UK.
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Bene J, Komlósi K, Havasi V, Talián G, Gasztonyi B, Horváth K, Mózsik G, Hunyady B, Melegh B, Figler M. Changes of plasma fasting carnitine ester profile in patients with ulcerative colitis. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:110-3. [PMID: 16440427 PMCID: PMC4077497 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i1.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To determine the plasma carnitine ester profile in adult patients with ulcerative culitis (UC) and compared with healthy control subjects.
METHOD: Using ESI triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry, the carnitine ester profile was measured in 44 patients with UC and 44 age- and sex-matched healthy controls.
RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the fasting free carnitine level between the patients with UC and the healthy controls. The fasting propionyl- (0.331 ± 0.019 vs 0.392 ± 0.017 μmol/L), butyryl- (0.219 ± 0.014 vs 0.265 ± 0.012), and isovalerylcarnitine (0.111 ± 0.008 vs 0.134 ± 0.008) levels were decreased in the UC patients. By contrast, the level of octanoyl- (0.147 ± 0.009 vs 0.114 ± 0.008), decanoyl- (0.180 ± 0.012 vs 0.137 ± 0.008), myristoyl- (0.048 ± 0.003 vs 0.039 ± 0.003), palmitoyl- (0.128 ± 0.006 vs 0.109 ± 0.004), palmitoleyl- (0.042 ± 0.003 vs 0.031 ± 0.002) and oleylcarnitine (0.183 ± 0.007 vs 0.163 ± 0.007; P < 0.05 in all comparisons) were increased in the patients with UC.
CONCLUSION: Our data suggest selective involvement of the carnitine esters in UC patients, probably due to their altered metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Bene
- Clinical Genetics Research Group of Hungarian Academy Sciences at University of Pécs, Hunagry
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Solakivi T, Jaakkola O, Kalela A, Pispa M, Salomäki A, Lehtimäki T, Höyhtyä M, Jokela H, Nikkari ST. Lipoprotein docosapentaenoic acid is associated with serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 concentration. Lipids Health Dis 2005; 4:8. [PMID: 15826319 PMCID: PMC1112613 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-4-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2005] [Accepted: 04/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are thought to play important roles in inflammation. The n-3 series is considered as anti-inflammatory, and some studies have reported increased plasma n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid pattern in chronic inflammatory conditions. In this study we sought to clarify relationships of the levels of arachidonic acid and the polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acid compositions of isolated LDL, HDL2 and HDL3 particles with matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), a marker of inflammation. RESULTS The subjects were divided into two groups: those with lower and those with higher than the median serum MMP-9 concentration. In all lipoprotein fractions, the mean percentage of docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5n-3) was higher in the group of subjects with higher MMP-9 level than in those with lower serum MMP-9 concentration (P < 0.01 for all). Likewise, the ratio of docosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6) was higher in the subjects with higher MMP-9 compared with the lower MMP-9 group (P < 0.001 for all). CONCLUSION So far, the evidence for an anti-inflammatory role of the n-3 PUFA has come from dietary interventions. Our results were obtained from a free-living population and indicate that there is a positive correlation between n-3 docosapentaenoic acid and MMP-9. What had triggered the rise in MMP-9 is not known, since serum level of MMP-9 is raised in many inflammatory conditions. These findings may indicate an increased biosynthesis of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in subclinical inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Solakivi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli Jaakkola
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anne Kalela
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mari Pispa
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anne Salomäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Laboratory of Atherosclerosis Genetics, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Hannu Jokela
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Seppo T Nikkari
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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Trebble TM, Arden NK, Wootton SA, Mullee MA, Calder PC, Burdge GC, Fine DR, Stroud MA. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell fatty acid composition and inflammatory mediator production in adult Crohn's disease. Clin Nutr 2005; 23:647-55. [PMID: 15297102 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2003.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2003] [Accepted: 10/31/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Crohn's disease (CD) is associated with nutritional deficiencies, altered plasma concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and an anti-inflammatory response to fish oil that contains n-3 PUFA. This suggests that, in CD, immune cells may have altered n-3 PUFA composition with functional consequences. The aim of this study is to investigate n-3 and n-6 PUFA composition and synthetic function of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in the basal state. METHODS A case control study of 52 adult CD patients and healthy, age- and sex-matched controls. Composition of PBMC and plasma phospholipids were measured by gas chromatography and production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) by PBMC were measured by ELISA. RESULTS CD was associated with higher concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid and other n-3 PUFA, and lower arachidonic acid (AA) (n-6 PUFA) in PBMC. This was not explained by differences in dietary fat intake. Lower rates of production of PGE2 and IFN-gamma by PBMC were noted in quiescent and active CD, respectively, compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS CD is associated with a greater availability, and not a deficiency, of n-3 PUFA in PBMC, but lower concentrations of AA, and lower rates of production of PGE2 and IFN-gamma, compared to healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Trebble
- School of Medicine, Institute of Human Nutrition, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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40
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Trebble TM, Arden NK, Wootton SA, Calder PC, Mullee MA, Fine DR, Stroud MA. Fish oil and antioxidants alter the composition and function of circulating mononuclear cells in Crohn disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80:1137-44. [PMID: 15531659 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/80.5.1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crohn disease (CD) is associated with osteoporosis and other extraintestinal manifestations that might be mediated by cytokines from circulating (peripheral blood) mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Fish oil rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) reduces disease activity in patients with CD with raised laboratory markers of inflammation and in healthy subjects alters PBMC function. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effect of fish oil plus antioxidants on cytokine production by PBMCs from patients with CD with raised C-reactive protein concentrations (>/=6.9 mg/L) or erythrocyte sedimentation rates (>/=18 mm/h). DESIGN A randomized placebo-controlled trial of fish oil (2.7 g EPA and DHA/d; n = 31) or placebo (olive oil; n = 31) for 24 wk was conducted in patients with CD. The fish-oil group additionally received an antioxidant preparation (vitamins A, C, and E and selenium). Exclusion criteria included corticosteroid use. Fatty acid composition was measured by gas chromatography. Production of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays after stimulation with mitogen and endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide). RESULTS Fish-oil plus antioxidant dietary supplementation was associated with higher EPA and DHA incorporation into PBMCs (P < 0.001) and lower arachidonic acid (P = 0.006) and lower production of IFN-gamma by mitogen-stimulated PBMCs (P = 0.012) and of PGE(2) by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated PBMCs (P = 0.047). CONCLUSION Dietary supplementation with fish oil plus antioxidants is associated with modified PBMC composition and lower production of PGE(2) and IFN-gamma by circulating monocytes or macrophages. The response of extraintestinal manifestations of CD should be investigated in a randomized controlled trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Trebble
- Institute of Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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Alzoghaibi MA, Walsh SW, Willey A, Yager DR, Fowler AA, Graham MF. Linoleic acid induces interleukin-8 production by Crohn's human intestinal smooth muscle cells via arachidonic acid metabolites. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004; 286:G528-37. [PMID: 14656710 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00189.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Previously we reported that linoleic acid (LA), but not oleic acid, caused a marked increase in the secretion of IL-8 by Crohn's human intestinal smooth muscle (HISM) cells. Antioxidants inhibited this response, implicating a role for oxidative stress and NF-kappaB, a transcription factor for IL-8 that is activated by oxidative stress. In this study, we examined two mechanisms whereby LA, the dietary precursor for arachidonic acid (AA), could increase the production of IL-8 via activation of AA pathways: 1) by generation of reactive oxygen species by the AA-pathway enzymes to activate NF-kappaB or 2) by AA metabolites. Normal and Crohn's HISM cells were exposed to LA, oxidizing solution (Ox), or oxidizing solution enriched with LA (OxLA). Exposure of cells to Ox or OxLA induced oxidative stress as determined by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. In normal cells, Ox but not LA activated NF-kappaB as determined by transfection experiments and Western blot. In Crohn's cells, NF-kappaB was spontaneously activated and was not further activated by Ox or LA. In contrast, TNF-alpha markedly increased activation of NF-kappaB in both normal and Crohn's cells. These results indicated that LA did not increase IL-8 by activating NF-kappaB, so we evaluated the second mechanism of an effect of AA metabolites. In normal cells, OxLA, but not LA, markedly stimulated IL-8, whereas in Crohn's cells, both OxLA and LA stimulated IL-8. OxLA, also stimulated production of AA metabolites leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)), PGE(2), and thromboxane B(2) (TXB(2)) by normal and Crohn's cells. To determine whether AA metabolites mediated the IL-8 response, cells were treated with OxLA plus indomethacin (Indo), a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), a lipoxygenase inhibitor. Both Indo and NDGA blocked the IL-8 response to OxLA. To determine more specifically a role for AA metabolites, AA was used. Similar to OxLA, OxAA stimulated production of IL-8 and AA metabolites. Pinane thromboxane, a selective thromboxane synthase inhibitor and receptor blocker, inhibited OxAA stimulation of TXB(2) and IL-8 in a dose-response manner. MK886, a selective 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, inhibited OxAA stimulation of LTB(4) and IL-8 also in a dose-response manner. Analysis of specific gene products by RT-PCR demonstrated that HISM cells expressed receptors for both thromboxane and LTB(4). We conclude that AA metabolites mediated the IL-8 response to LA in HISM cells. Both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways were involved. LA did not increase IL-8 by activating NF-kappaB, but NF-kappaB appeared to be involved, because LA increased IL-8 only in situations where NF-kappaB was activated, either spontaneously in Crohn's cells or by Ox in normal cells. We speculate that AA metabolites increased IL-8 production by enhancing NF-kappaB-dependent transcription of IL-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Alzoghaibi
- Department of Physiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0034, USA.
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Gassler N, Kopitz J, Tehrani A, Ottenwälder B, Schnölzer M, Kartenbeck J, Lyer S, Autschbach F, Poustka A, Otto HF, Mollenhauer J. Expression of acyl-CoA synthetase 5 reflects the state of villus architecture in human small intestine. J Pathol 2004; 202:188-96. [PMID: 14743501 DOI: 10.1002/path.1504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Several disorders of the small intestine are associated with disturbances in villus architecture. Thus, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with the differentiation of villi represents an important step in the improvement of the understanding of small intestinal pathology. Screening of antibodies from a hybridoma library led to the identification of an acyl-CoA synthetase 5-specific monoclonal antibody. Protein synthesis, mRNA expression, and the enzyme activity of acyl-CoA synthetase 5 were studied by several methods in human small intestinal tissues with Crohn's disease or coeliac disease, respectively. Acyl-CoA synthetase 5 mRNA and protein levels were substantially reduced in injured small intestinal mucosa. Moreover, impaired synthesis of the acyl-CoA synthetase 5 protein was reflected by a decrease in intramucosal enzyme activity. Subtle changes of the acyl-CoA synthetase 5 pattern correlate with conversion of intestinal epithelial cells to a gastric phenotype. These results suggest that deranged acyl-CoA synthetase 5 expression, synthesis, and activity are closely related to the state of villus architecture and epithelial homeostasis in human small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Gassler
- Department of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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43
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Llor X. [Role of dietary lipids in the mechanisms of inflammation, proliferation, differentiation and cell death in the gastrointestinal tract]. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2003; 26:507-13. [PMID: 14534023 DOI: 10.1016/s0210-5705(03)70402-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X Llor
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo. Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol. Badalona. Barcelona. España
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44
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Trebble TM, Wootton SA, May A, Erlewyn-Lajeunesse MDS, Chakraborty A, Mullee MA, Stroud MA, Beattie RM. Essential fatty acid status in paediatric Crohn's disease: relationship with disease activity and nutritional status. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 18:433-42. [PMID: 12940929 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01707.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Active paediatric Crohn's disease is associated with nutritional deficiencies and altered nutrient intake. The availability of essential fatty acids (linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids) or their derivatives (arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids) may alter in plasma and cell membrane phospholipid in protein-energy malnutrition in children and in Crohn's disease in adults. AIM To investigate the relationship of fatty acid phospholipid profiles with disease activity and nutritional status in paediatric Crohn's disease. METHODS The fatty acid (proportionate) composition of plasma and erythrocyte phosphatidylcholine was determined in 30 patients (10.3-17.0 years) stratified into active and quiescent Crohn's disease (paediatric Crohn's disease activity index) and high and low body mass (body mass index centile). RESULTS In plasma phosphatidylcholine, active disease activity was associated with a lower level of alpha-linolenic acid compared with that in quiescent disease (P < 0.05). A body mass index below the 50th centile was associated with active Crohn's disease, low linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids and high arachidonic acid (P < 0.05) in plasma phosphatidylcholine, and low alpha-linolenic acid in erythrocyte phosphatidylcholine. These findings could not be explained through differences in habitual dietary fat intake. CONCLUSION In paediatric Crohn's disease, a low body mass index centile and high disease activity are associated with altered profiles of essential fatty acids and their derivatives, which may reflect altered metabolic demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Trebble
- Institute of Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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Pereira SP, Bain IM, Kumar D, Dowling RH. Bile composition in inflammatory bowel disease: ileal disease and colectomy, but not colitis, induce lithogenic bile. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 17:923-33. [PMID: 12656695 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01529.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease is a risk factor for gall-bladder stones, but there is controversy about the composition of these stones and whether such patients develop lithogenic bile. METHODS In 54 gallstone-free inflammatory bowel disease patients and 13 non-inflammatory bowel disease patients with cholesterol-rich gallstones, we measured the biliary cholesterol saturation indices, nucleation times and bilirubin concentrations, and determined the bile acid composition and molecular species of phosphatidylcholine, in gall-bladder bile. RESULTS Patients with Crohn's colitis or ulcerative colitis had less saturated bile (mean cholesterol saturation index, 0.9) and longer nucleation times (median, 21 days) than those with ileal Crohn's disease (1.5; 14 days) or those who had undergone colectomy (1.6; 5 days). In patients with ileal Crohn's disease, the mean biliary bilirubin concentration was two- to three-fold higher than that in the other groups, and was associated with a decrease in the percentage of biliary deoxycholate and an increase in the percentage of ursodeoxycholate, compared with disease controls, but phosphatidylcholine species were similar. CONCLUSIONS Patients with small bowel Crohn's disease, or who have undergone colonic resection, have supersaturated bile and an increased risk of cholesterol gallstone formation. In patients with ileal disease, the presence of high biliary bilirubin concentrations and low percentage of deoxycholic acid may also favour the formation of mixed, pigment-rich, gallstones.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Pereira
- Gastroenterology Unit, Guy's Hospital Campus, GKT School of Medicine, London, UK.
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Zuijdgeest-van Leeuwen SD, van der Heijden MS, Rietveld T, van den Berg JWO, Tilanus HW, Burgers JA, Wilson JHP, Dagnelie PC. Fatty acid composition of plasma lipids in patients with pancreatic, lung and oesophageal cancer in comparison with healthy subjects. Clin Nutr 2002; 21:225-30. [PMID: 12127931 DOI: 10.1054/clnu.2001.0530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Despite the general notion of impaired nutritional status in cancer patients, studies on fatty acid status in cancer patients are limited. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether plasma n-3 fatty acids concentrations are reduced in patients with different tumour types. METHODS We measured fatty acid composition in plasma phospholipids (PLs) and cholesteryl esters (CEs) in 71 newly diagnosed, untreated cancer patients of three tumour types: oesophageal or cardia cancer (n = 35), non-small cell lung cancer (n = 22) and pancreatic cancer (n = 15) and in 45 healthy subjects. RESULTS In pancreatic cancer, plasma n-3 fatty acids showed a substantial reduction in both plasma PLs and CES. Although n-3 fatty acids in lung cancer also tended to be reduced, this difference failed to reach statistical significance. n-3 Fatty acid levels were especially reduced in pancreatic cancer patients without diabetes mellitus, and in lung cancer patients with weight loss. In oesophageal cancer, n-3 fatty acid concentrations were comparable to those in healthy subjects. CONCLUSION We conclude that plasma n-3 fatty acid levels were reduced in pancreatic cancer, tended to be reduced in lung cancer, but were not altered in oesophageal cancer. Further studies are needed to assess the mechanisms underlying the observed changes in n-3 fatty acid concentrations.
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47
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Abstract
The biologic role of fatty acids as immunomodulators has been extensively studied in the in vitro and experimental setting because of its potential therapeutic applications in chronic immune-based diseases. Unlike the conventional treatments for such conditions, this approach seldom produces severe side effects. The possibility of manipulating dietary fat as a treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been explored for a number of years. However, to date, few epidemiologic and experimental studies support the potential use of dietary fatty-acid modification. Most of the attempts to demonstrate the usefulness of this therapeutic approach in clinical studies for both active and maintenance treatment in IBD have not succeeded. This lack of success is due in the majority of cases to defects in study design and the use of inappropriate "placebo" substances. This review analyzes the potential role of manipulating dietary fatty acids in IBD with respect to disease treatment and as a possible public health tool. Also discussed is the fact that fat sources may be at least as important as the individual fatty acids because of their non-fatty acid components.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Gassull
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Carretera del Canyet s/n 08916 Badalona, Spain.
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48
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Esteve-Comas M, Gassull MA. Abnormal fatty acid status in patients with Crohn disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 73:661-2. [PMID: 11237956 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/73.3.661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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49
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Teitelbaum JE, Allan Walker W. Review: the role of omega 3 fatty acids in intestinal inflammation. J Nutr Biochem 2001; 12:21-32. [PMID: 11179858 DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(00)00141-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in inflammatory lesions of the intestines is the subject of increasing research. This review begins with a background discussion of the source, elongation, and desaturation of PUFAs, as well as the role they have played in the human diet through evolution. The available data and hypotheses as to how manipulation of PUFAs might effect the various components of the immune system are then provided. Possible mechanisms by which PUFAs result in immunomodulation include alterations in eicosanoid synthesis, membrane fluidity, signal transduction, intraluminal bacteria, and gene expression. Attention is then turned to the known effects that these polyunsaturated fatty acids have on the various individual components of the immune system including lymphocytes, neutrophils, and antigen presenting cells, as well as the immunoregulatory process of apoptosis. Finally, laboratory data on the role of PUFAs in necrotizing enterocolitis, and to a greater extent inflammatory bowel disease, first as demonstrated in animal models of the disease, and second in human studies are then summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E. Teitelbaum
- MCP Hahnemann School of Medicine, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Monmouth Medical Center, Long Branch, NJ, USA
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50
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Levy E, Rizwan Y, Thibault L, Lepage G, Brunet S, Bouthillier L, Seidman E. Altered lipid profile, lipoprotein composition, and oxidant and antioxidant status in pediatric Crohn disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71:807-15. [PMID: 10702177 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/71.3.807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence supports a role for peroxidation in the pathogenesis of Crohn disease (CD). The activation of inflammatory cells, the release of their mediators, and the excessive production of free radicals may affect circulating lipids. OBJECTIVE We examined the lipid profile, lipoprotein composition, and oxidant-antioxidant status of children with CD. DESIGN We studied 22 pediatric CD patients and 10 healthy control subjects. RESULTS The proportion of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in plasma of CD patients was higher but that of polyunsaturated fatty acids was lower than in control subjects. This resulted in higher ratios in CD patients of palmitoleic acid to linoleic acid (P < 0. 05) and of eicosatrienoic acid to arachidonic acid (P < 0.04), 2 established indexes of essential fatty acid deficiency. Hypocholesterolemia was noted in CD patients as a result of lower LDL-cholesterol concentrations than in control subjects (P < 0.02). Plasma apolipoproteins B (P < 0.02) and A-I (P < 0.02) were also lower in CD patients, whereas plasma triacylglycerols were higher (P < 0.005). Lipoprotein composition was altered in CD patients, with relative triacylglycerol depletion and protein enrichment in VLDL. In contrast, intermediate-density lipoprotein of CD patients was characterized by an increased percentage of triacylglycerol and protein (P < 0.005) and a reduced proportion of phospholipids (P < 0. 01). Additional abnormalities were observed in the chemical distribution of HDL(2) and HDL(3) moieties. Lipid peroxidation was documented by higher plasma malondialdehyde concentrations in CD patients (P < 0.05), accompanied by lower retinol concentrations (P < 0.02). CONCLUSION Disturbances in the lipid profile, in lipoprotein concentrations and composition, and in oxidant-antioxidant status occur in CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Levy
- Gastroenterology-Nutrition Unit, Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Departments of Pediatrics and Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Canada.
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