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Qi Y, Si H, Jin X, Guo Y, Xia J, He J, Deng X, Deng M, Yao W, Hao C. Expression levels of key immune indicators and immune checkpoints in manganese-exposed rats. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 272:116029. [PMID: 38290312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Manganese is essential trace elements, to participate in the body a variety of biochemical reactions, has important physiological functions, such as stimulate the immune cell proliferation, strengthen the cellular immunity, etc. However, excessive manganese exposure can cause damage to multiple systems of the body.The immune system is extremely vulnerable to external toxicants, however manganese research on the immune system are inadequate and biomarkers are lacking. Therefore, here we applied a manganese-exposed rat model to make preliminary observations on the immunotoxic effects of manganese. We found that manganese exposure inhibited humoral immune function in rats by decreasing peripheral blood IgG (ImmunoglobulinG, IgG), IgM (ImmunoglobulinM, IgM) and complement C3 levels; It also regulates rat cellular immune activity by influencing peripheral blood, spleen, and thymus T cell numbers and immune organ ICs (Immune Checkpoints, ICs) and cytokine expression. Furthermore, it was revealed that the impact of manganese exposure on the immune function of rats exhibited a correlation with both the dosage and duration of exposure. Notably, prolonged exposure to high doses of manganese had the most pronounced influence on rat immune function, primarily manifesting as immunosuppression.The above findings suggest that manganese exposure leads to impaired immune function and related changes in immune indicators, or may provide clues for the discovery of its biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanmeng Qi
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Henan, China
| | - Huifang Si
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Henan, China; Prevention and Infection Control Section, Xi'an Union Hospital, 710199 Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaofei Jin
- Department of Ultrasound, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450015 Henan, China
| | - Yonghua Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Henan, China
| | - Jiarui Xia
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Henan, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Henan, China
| | - Xuedan Deng
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Henan, China
| | - Meng Deng
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Henan, China
| | - Wu Yao
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Henan, China.
| | - Changfu Hao
- Department of Child and Adolescence Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Henan, China.
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Gupta S. Risk of lung cancer among welders and flame cutters: A systematic review and meta-analysis of case controlled studies. Bull Cancer 2023; 110:1279-1287. [PMID: 37802714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The process of flame-cutting and welding is believed to be highly hazardous for workers involved in related industries. The study aims to provide a comprehensive quantitative effect of the risk of lung cancer due to exposure to welding fumes. METHODS A systematic review was conducted to extract published estimates of Odd's Ratio (OR) of the association of lung cancer and exposure to welding fumes, till 2022. Studies were extracted from the PubMed and Cochrane database and Google Scholar. Studies from all parts of the world were considered. Through a meta-analysis conducted with random effects model, a forest plot was created, and publication bias was checked using a funnel plot. RESULTS The meta-analysis yielded an OR of 1.28 (95% CI 1.055-1.55), with a moderately high heterogeneity between the studies [I2=72%; T2=0.0524;Q=36.12(P<0.001)]. The sensitivity and influence analysis confirmed the absence of highly influential studies that may have led to potentially distorted outcomes. The funnel plot showed no evidence of publication bias among the studies included in this analysis. CONCLUSION As the association between lung cancer and occupational hazards from exposure to welding fumes is certain, there is a need to control and regulate industrial activities that involve welding and flame cutting. Already, restrictions on safe levels of fume in the workplace are in operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptorshi Gupta
- International Institute for Population Sciences, Deonar, Mumbai 400088, India.
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Qi Y, Si H, Jin X, Guo Y, Xia J, He J, Deng X, Deng M, Yao W, Hao C. Changes in serum TIM-3 and complement C3 expression in workers due to Mn exposure. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1289838. [PMID: 38026392 PMCID: PMC10666638 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1289838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mn (Manganese, Mn) is an essential trace element involved in various biological processes such as the regulation of immune, nervous and digestive system functions. However, excessive Mn exposure can lead to immune damage. Occupational workers in cement and ferroalloy manufacturing and other related industries are exposed to low levels of Mn for a long time. Mn exposure is one of the important occupational hazards, but the research on the effect of Mn on the immune system of the occupational population is not complete, and there is no reliable biomarker. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the immunotoxicity of Mn from the soluble immune checkpoint TIM-3 (T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin containing protein 3, TIM-3) and complement C3. A total of 144 Mn-exposed workers were recruited from a bus manufacturing company and a railroad company in Henan Province. An inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer was used to detect the concentration of RBC Mn (Red blood cell Mn, RBC Mn), and ELISA kits were used to detect serum complement C3 and TIM-3. Finally, the subjects were statistically analyzed by dividing them into low and high Mn groups based on the median RBC Mn concentration. We found that Mn exposure resulted in elevated serum TIM-3 expression and decreased complement C3 expression in workers; that serum TIM-3 and complement C3 expression showed a dose-response relationship with RBC Mn; and that the mediating effect of complement C3 between RBC Mn and TIM-3 was found to be significant. The above findings indicate that this study has a preliminary understanding of the effect of Mn exposure on the immune system of the occupational population exposed to Mn, and complement C3 and TIM-3 may be biomarkers of Mn exposure, which may provide clues for the prevention and control of Mn occupational hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanmeng Qi
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huifang Si
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Prevention and Infection Control Section, Xi’an Union Hospital, Xi’an, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaofei Jin
- Department of Ultrasound, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yonghua Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiarui Xia
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xuedan Deng
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Meng Deng
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wu Yao
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Changfu Hao
- Department of Child and Adolescence Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Zhao L, Liu M, Liu L, Guo W, Yang H, Chen S, Yu J, Li M, Fang Q, Lai X, Yang L, Zhang X. The association of co-exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and phthalates with blood cell-based inflammatory biomarkers in children: A panel study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119479. [PMID: 35598818 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The association of co-exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phthalates (PAEs) with blood cell-based inflammatory biomarkers is largely unknown. We conducted a panel study of 144 children aged 4-12 years, with up to 3 repeated visits across 3 seasons. For each visit, we collected the first-morning urine for 4 consecutive days and fasting blood on the day of physical examination. We developed a gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method to detect the metabolites of 10 PAHs (OH-PAHs) and 10 PAEs (mPAEs) in urine samples. We employed linear mixed-effects models to evaluate the individual associations of each OH-PAH and mPAE with blood cell-based inflammatory biomarkers over different lag times. Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) and quantile g-computation were used to evaluate the overall associations of OH-PAHs and mPAEs mixtures with blood cell-based inflammatory biomarkers. After multiple adjustments, we found positive associations of summed hydroxylphenanthrene (∑OHPHE), summed OH-PAHs, and mono-n-butyl phthalate with inflammatory biomarkers such as neutrophil count, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, and the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) at lag 0 (the day of physical examination). Each 1% increase in ∑OHPHE was related to a 0.18% (95% confidence interval: 0.10%, 0.25%) increase in SII, which was the strongest among the above associations. The results of BKMR and quantile g-computation suggested that co-exposure to PAHs and PAEs mixture was associated with an elevated white blood cell count, neutrophil count, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, and SII, to which ∑OHPHE and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHPYR) might be the major contributors. In addition, gender and age modified the associations of ∑OHPHE and 1-OHPYR with inflammatory biomarkers, where girls and younger children were more susceptible. In conclusion, co-exposure to PAHs and PAEs was associated with elevated inflammation in children, in which ∑OHPHE and 1-OHPYR might play important roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Department of Public Health, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Miao Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenting Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huihua Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qin Fang
- Department of Medical Affairs, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuefeng Lai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liangle Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Use of Low-Cost Sensors to Characterize Occupational Exposure to PM2.5 Concentrations Inside an Industrial Facility in Santa Ana, CA: Results from a Worker- and Community-Led Pilot Study. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13050722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 is an air contaminant that has been widely associated with adverse respiratory and cardiovascular health, leading to increased hospital admissions and mortality. Following concerns reported by workers at an industrial facility located in Santa Ana, California, workers and community leaders collaborated with experts in the development of an air monitoring pilot study to measure PM2.5 concentrations to which employees and local residents are exposed during factory operating hours. To detect PM2.5, participants wore government-validated AtmoTube Pro personal air monitoring devices during three separate workdays (5 AM–1:30 PM) in August 2021. Results demonstrated a mean PM2.5 level inside the facility of 112.3 µg/m3, nearly seven-times greater than outdoors (17.3 µg/m3). Of the eight workers who wore personal indoor sampling devices, five showed measurements over 100 μg/m3. Welding-related activity inside the facility resulted in the greatest PM2.5 concentrations. This study demonstrates the utility of using low-cost air quality sensors combined with employee knowledge and participation for the investigation of workplace air pollution exposure as well as facilitation of greater health-related awareness, education, and empowerment among workers and community members. Results also underscore the need for basic measures of indoor air pollution control paired with ongoing air monitoring within the Santa Ana facility, and the importance of future air monitoring studies aimed at industrial facilities.
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Massimino L, Bulbarelli A, Corsetto PA, Milani C, Botto L, Farina F, Lamparelli LA, Lonati E, Ungaro F, Maddipati KR, Palestini P, Rizzo AM. LSEA Evaluation of Lipid Mediators of Inflammation in Lung and Cortex of Mice Exposed to Diesel Air Pollution. Biomedicines 2022; 10:712. [PMID: 35327517 PMCID: PMC8945792 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Airborne ultrafine particle (UFP) exposure is a great concern as they have been correlated to increased cardiovascular mortality, neurodegenerative diseases and morbidity in occupational and environmental settings. The ultrafine components of diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) represent about 25% of the emission mass; these particles have a great surface area and consequently high capacity to adsorb toxic molecules, then transported throughout the body. Previous in-vivo studies indicated that DEP exposure increases pro- and antioxidant protein levels and activates inflammatory response both in respiratory and cardiovascular systems. In cells, DEPs can cause additional reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which attacks surrounding molecules, such as lipids. The cell membrane provides lipid mediators (LMs) that modulate cell-cell communication, inflammation, and resolution processes, suggesting the importance of understanding lipid modifications induced by DEPs. In this study, with a lipidomic approach, we evaluated in the mouse lung and cortex how DEP acute and subacute treatments impact polyunsaturated fatty acid-derived LMs. To analyze the data, we designed an ad hoc bioinformatic pipeline to evaluate the functional enrichment of lipid sets belonging to the specific biological processes (Lipid Set Enrichment Analysis-LSEA). Moreover, the data obtained correlate tissue LMs and proteins associated with inflammatory process (COX-2, MPO), oxidative stress (HO-1, iNOS, and Hsp70), involved in the activation of many xenobiotics as well as PAH metabolism (Cyp1B1), suggesting a crucial role of lipids in the process of DEP-induced tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Massimino
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy; (L.M.); (F.U.)
- Molecular Medicine-Neuroscience, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bulbarelli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Monza, Italy; (A.B.); (C.M.); (L.B.); (F.F.); (E.L.)
- Polaris Research Centre, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Monza, Italy
| | - Paola Antonia Corsetto
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Chiara Milani
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Monza, Italy; (A.B.); (C.M.); (L.B.); (F.F.); (E.L.)
| | - Laura Botto
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Monza, Italy; (A.B.); (C.M.); (L.B.); (F.F.); (E.L.)
| | - Francesca Farina
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Monza, Italy; (A.B.); (C.M.); (L.B.); (F.F.); (E.L.)
| | | | - Elena Lonati
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Monza, Italy; (A.B.); (C.M.); (L.B.); (F.F.); (E.L.)
| | - Federica Ungaro
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy; (L.M.); (F.U.)
- Molecular Medicine-Neuroscience, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Krishna Rao Maddipati
- Department of Pathology, Lipidomics Core Facility, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA;
| | - Paola Palestini
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Monza, Italy; (A.B.); (C.M.); (L.B.); (F.F.); (E.L.)
- Polaris Research Centre, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Monza, Italy
| | - Angela Maria Rizzo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy;
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Xu W, Wang S, Jiang L, Sun X, Wang N, Liu X, Yao X, Qiu T, Zhang C, Li J, Deng H, Yang G. The influence of PM 2.5 exposure on kidney diseases. Hum Exp Toxicol 2022; 41:9603271211069982. [PMID: 35174736 DOI: 10.1177/09603271211069982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The harm of air pollution to public health has become a research hotspot, especially atmospheric fine-particulate matter (PM2.5). In recent years, epidemiological investigations have confirmed that PM2.5 is closely related to chronic kidney disease and membranous nephropathy Basic research has demonstrated that PM2.5 has an impact on the normal function of the kidneys through accumulation in the kidney, endothelial dysfunction, abnormal renin-angiotensin system, and immune complex deposition. Moreover, the mechanism of PM2.5 damage to the kidney involves inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, DNA damage, and autophagy. In this review, we summarized the latest developments in the effects of PM2.5 on kidney disease in human and animal studies, so as to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Xu
- Department of Food Nutrition and Safety, 36674Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shaopeng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, 74710First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Liping Jiang
- Liaoning Anti-degenerative Diseases Natural Products Engineering Technology Research Center, 36674Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiance Sun
- Liaoning Anti-degenerative Diseases Natural Products Engineering Technology Research Center, 36674Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ningning Wang
- Department of Food Nutrition and Safety, 36674Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- Department of Food Nutrition and Safety, 36674Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yao
- Liaoning Anti-degenerative Diseases Natural Products Engineering Technology Research Center, 36674Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Tianming Qiu
- Liaoning Anti-degenerative Diseases Natural Products Engineering Technology Research Center, 36674Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Food Nutrition and Safety, 36674Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pathology, 36674Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Haoyuan Deng
- Department of Food Nutrition and Safety, 36674Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Food Nutrition and Safety, 36674Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Li N, Taneepanichskul N. Associations between welding fume exposure and blood hemostatic parameters among workers exposed to welding fumes in confined space in Chonburi, Thailand. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260065. [PMID: 34793518 PMCID: PMC8601467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Occupational welding fumes contain varieties of toxic metal particles and may affect cardiovascular system like the Particulate Matters (PM). Few studies have focused on the effects of toxic metals on the hemodynamic balance; however, the reporting results were not consistent. This study aimed to investigate the association between toxic metals exposure (Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn) and Lead (Pb)) and blood hemostatic parameters status after a 3-week exposure cessation among workers exposed to welding fumes. Methodology Structured interviews and biological samplings were conducted for 86 male workers without a history of Anemia and Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and working in a confined space to construct crude oil tanks. Metal levels of Cr, Mn and Pb in urine were measured during the working days using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) method. The concentrations of hemostatic proteins in blood (White blood cell counts (WBC), Lymphocytes, Monocyte, Eosinophil, Neutrophil, Hematocrit (Hct) were assessed after a 3 weeks exposure cessation. Workers were divided into groups based on occupation type (welder group and non-welder group), and based on metal levels (high and low exposure groups) for comparison. Linear regression models were used to explore the association between metal exposure and multiple blood hemostatic parameters adjusted for age, Body Mass Index (BMI), and smoking status. Results Urine Mn and Cr level of the welder group was significantly higher than the non-welder group (Mn: 0.96 VS 0.22 ug/g creatinine, p < 0.001; Cr: 0.63 VS 0.22 ug/g creatinine, p < 0.01). The mean value of Hct in the welder group was 44.58 ± 2.84 vol%, significantly higher than the non-welder group (43.07 ± 3.31 vol%, p = 0.026). The median value of WBC in the high Mn-exposed group (6.93 ± 1.59 X 106 Cell/ml) was significantly lower than the low Mn-exposed group (7.90 ± 2.13 X 106 Cell/ml, p = 0.018). The linear regression analyses showed that there was a significantly negative association between log transformed WBC value and the Mn exposure groups (high and low) after adjusting for age, BMI, and smoking status (β = - 0.049, p = 0.045), but no significant result was found between WBC and occupation types (welder and non-welder) (p > 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis also showed positive association between Hct and occupational types (welder and non-welders) (β = 0.014, p = 0.055). The other hemostatic parameters were not different from controls when divided by occupation type or metal level groups. Conclusions Our results showed that welders were exposed to about 3 to 4 times higher Mn and Cr concentrations than non-welders. Moreover, one third of the non-welders were exposed to high-exposure groups of Mn and Cr metals. Regression models revealed a significant association of the WBC counts with the Mn exposure group. Therefore, we infer that Mn exposure may play a significant role on the blood hemostatic parameters of workers in the confined space. Hazard identification for non-welders should also be conducted in the confined space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Nutta Taneepanichskul
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine, HAUS IAQ Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Poyraz BM, Engin ED, Engin AB, Engin A. The effect of environmental diesel exhaust pollution on SARS-CoV-2 infection: The mechanism of pulmonary ground glass opacity. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 86:103657. [PMID: 33838330 PMCID: PMC8025547 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) are the major components of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) and chronic exposure is recognized to enhance respiratory system complications. Although the spread of SARS-CoV-2 was found to be associated with the PMs, the mechanism by which exposure to DEP increases the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection is still under discussion. However, diesel fine PM (dPM) elevate the probability of SARS-CoV-2 infection, as it coincides with the increase in the number of ACE2 receptors. Expression of ACE2 and its colocalized activator, transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) facilitate the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the alveolar epithelial cells exposed to dPM. Thus, the coexistence of PM and SARS-CoV-2 in the environment augments inflammation and exacerbates lung damage. Increased TGF-β1 expression due to DEP accompanies the proliferation of the extracellular matrix. In this case, "multifocal ground-glass opacity" (GGO) in a CT scan is an indication of a cytokine storm and severe pneumonia in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evren Doruk Engin
- Ankara University, Biotechnology Institute, Gumusdere Campus, Kecioren, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayse Basak Engin
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Atilla Engin
- Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Ankara, Turkey
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10
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Andersson L, Hedbrant A, Persson A, Bryngelsson IL, Sjögren B, Stockfelt L, Särndahl E, Westberg H. Inflammatory and coagulatory markers and exposure to different size fractions of particle mass, number and surface area air concentrations in the Swedish hard metal industry, in particular to cobalt. Biomarkers 2021; 26:557-569. [PMID: 34128444 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2021.1941260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the relationship between inhalation of airborne particles and cobalt in the Swedish hard metal industry and markers of inflammation and coagulation in blood. METHODS Personal sampling of inhalable cobalt and dust were performed for subjects in two Swedish hard metal plants. Stationary measurements were used to study concentrations of inhalable, respirable, and total dust and cobalt, PM10 and PM2.5, the particle surface area and the particle number concentrations. The inflammatory markers CC16, TNF, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, SAA and CRP, and the coagulatory markers FVIII, vWF, fibrinogen, PAI-1 and D-dimer were measured. A complete sampling was performed on the second or third day of a working week following a work-free weekend, and additional sampling was taken on the fourth or fifth day. The mixed model analysis was used, including covariates. RESULTS The average air concentrations of inhalable dust and cobalt were 0.11 mg/m3 and 0.003 mg/m3, respectively. For some mass-based exposure measures of cobalt and total dust, statistically significant increased levels of FVIII, vWF and CC16 were found. CONCLUSIONS The observed relationships between particle exposure and coagulatory biomarkers may indicate an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Andersson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre (iRiSC), Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Alexander Hedbrant
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre (iRiSC), Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Alexander Persson
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre (iRiSC), Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ing-Liss Bryngelsson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Bengt Sjögren
- Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leo Stockfelt
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eva Särndahl
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre (iRiSC), Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Håkan Westberg
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre (iRiSC), Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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11
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Elfsmark L, Ekstrand-Hammarström B, Forsgren N, Lejon C, Hägglund L, Wingfors H. Characterization of toxicological effects of complex nano-sized metal particles using in vitro human cell and whole blood model systems. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:203-215. [PMID: 34050537 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Metal oxide fumes form at high temperatures, for instance, during welding or firing ammunition. Inhalation exposure to high levels of airborne metal oxide particles can cause metal fume fever, cardiovascular effects, and lung damage in humans, but the associated underlying pathological mechanisms are still not fully understood. Using human alveolar epithelial cells, vascular endothelial cells, and whole blood model systems, we aimed to elucidate the short-term effects of well-characterized metal particles emitted while firing pistol ammunition. Human lung epithelial cells exposed to gunshot smoke particles (0.1-50 μg/ml) produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 8 (IL-8), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)) that activate and recruit immune cells. Particles comprising high copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) content activated human endothelial cells via a non-ROS-mediated mechanism that triggered immune activation (IL-8, GM-CSF), leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium (soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1)), and secretion of regulators of the acute-phase protein synthesis (interleukin 6 (IL-6)). In human whole blood, metal oxides in gunshot smoke demonstrated intrinsic properties that activated platelets (release of soluble cluster of differentiation 40 ligand (sCD40L), platelet-derived growth factor B-chain homodimer(PDGF-BB), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A)) and blood coagulation and induced concomitant release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from blood leukocytes that further orchestrate thrombogenesis. The model systems applied provide useful tools for health risk assessment of particle exposures, but more studies are needed to further elucidate the mechanisms of metal fume fever and to evaluate the potential risk of long-term cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Elfsmark
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Nina Forsgren
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christian Lejon
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lars Hägglund
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Håkan Wingfors
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
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12
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Gao S, Zhuo Z, Hutchinson J, Su L, Christiani DC. Metabolomic profiling identifies plasma sphingosine 1-phosphate levels associated with welding exposures. Occup Environ Med 2021; 78:255-261. [PMID: 33106349 PMCID: PMC7958087 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2020-106918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite a number of known health hazards of welding fume exposure, it is unclear how exposure affects the human metabolome. OBJECTIVE We assessed the metabolic profiles of welders before and after a 6-hour welding shift, controlling for circadian rhythm of metabolism on a non-welding day. METHODS Welders were recruited from a training centre in Quincy, Massachusetts, in 2006 and 2010-2012 and donated blood samples on a welding shift day before and after work, as well as on a non-welding day spent in an adjacent classroom. In total, we collected 509 samples from 74 participants. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry quantified 665 metabolites from thawed plasmas. Metabolites with significant time (afternoon compared with morning) and day (welding/classroom) interactions were identified by two-way analysis of variance, and the overnight changes were evaluated. RESULTS Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and sphingasine 1-phosphate (SA1P) exhibited significant interaction effects between day and time with false discovery rate-adjusted p values of 0.03 and <0.01, respectively. S1P, SA1P and sphingosine shared similar trends over time: high relative levels in the morning of a non-welding day declining by afternoon, but with lower starting levels on a welding day and no decline. There was no obvious pattern related to current smoking status. CONCLUSION S1P and SA1P profiles were different between welding day and classroom day. The S1P pathway was disrupted on the day of welding exposure. The levels of S1P, SA1P and sphingosine were highly correlated over time. S1P is a signalling lipid with many vital roles; thus, the underlying mechanism and clinical implications of this alteration need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangzhi Gao
- Environmental Health, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zhu Zhuo
- Biostatistics, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John Hutchinson
- Biostatistics, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Li Su
- Environmental Health, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David C Christiani
- Environmental Health, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Abdullahi IL, Sani A. Welding fumes composition and their effects on blood heavy metals in albino rats. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1495-1501. [PMID: 33204650 PMCID: PMC7653205 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxic substances produced during welding include heavy metals, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxides. The study aims to evaluate the heavy metals concentration in welding fumes and the blood of the animals exposed to welding fumes. The fumes were collected from a welding site by a skilled welder and part of it was subjected to metals analysis. A total of 130 rats were divided into 13 groups. 12 groups were given doses calculated to correspond to real-life workers exposure regimes and 1 group served as control. The dosages were administered intratracheally after anesthetization weekly for 12 weeks. The animals were sacrificed and whole blood samples were collected for atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The metals in fumes analyzed were decreasing in order of Fe > K > Pb > Co > Cd > Ca > Ni > Mn > Zn > Cr > Al > Cu > Mg. Changes were observed in the behaviour of the test animals compared to the control indicating probable toxicity. The values of Pb, Cr, Fe, Mn, and Ni in the exposed animal's blood were higher than the control and increased relatively across the treatment groups. However, the values of Al and Zn were not significantly different from the control. These indicate that exposure to welding fumes having contained a significant amount of heavy metals has caused noticeable toxicity symptoms with simultaneous elevation in blood metal levels. Monitoring and regulation of these activities should be enforced by relevant authorities in Kano and Nigeria in general.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Sani
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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14
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Jaafari J, Naddafi K, Yunesian M, Nabizadeh R, Hassanvand MS, Shamsipour M, Ghozikali MG, Shamsollahi HR, Nazmara S, Yaghmaeian K. The acute effects of short term exposure to particulate matter from natural and anthropogenic sources on inflammation and coagulation markers in healthy young adults. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 735:139417. [PMID: 32498012 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter is associated with increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between air pollution conditions and MDA, vWF, and fibrinogen markers in the blood of two panels of healthy young individuals in an urban area in Tehran city with a high air pollution background and another group was living in a rural area (Ahmad Abad Mostofi), with a low air pollution background. In each group, 4 blood samples were taken as follows: one in inversion days, the second in winter, but during the existence of normal condition in terms of air pollution, the third sample in the spring during the normal condition in terms of air pollution and the fourth sample during the dust storm conditions. In the urban and rural groups, there was a significant difference between the concentration of MDA, vWF, fibrinogen between inversion and cold season control conditions, and between dust storm conditions and warm season control conditions (p < 0.05). The results showed that the association of dust storm condition on the measured biomarkers was stronger than the inversion condition, which health consideration in the dust conditions be taken into account similar to the inversion conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalil Jaafari
- Research Center of Health and Environment, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Naddafi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masud Yunesian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mansour Shamsipour
- Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hamid Reza Shamsollahi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Nazmara
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamyar Yaghmaeian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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15
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Kodali V, Shoeb M, Meighan TG, Eye T, Friend SA, Hubczak J, Kashon ML, Zeidler-Erdely PC, Antonini JM, Erdely A. Bioactivity of Circulatory Factors After Pulmonary Exposure to Mild or Stainless Steel Welding Fumes. Toxicol Sci 2020; 177:108-120. [PMID: 32514565 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies suggest that alterations in circulating factors are a driver of pulmonary-induced cardiovascular dysfunction. To evaluate, if circulating factors effect endothelial function after a pulmonary exposure to welding fumes, an exposure known to induce cardiovascular dysfunction, serum collected from Sprague Dawley rats 24 h after an intratracheal instillation exposure to 2 mg/rat of 2 compositionally distinct metal-rich welding fume particulates (manual metal arc welding using stainless steel electrodes [MMA-SS] or gas metal arc welding using mild steel electrodes [GMA-MS]) or saline was used to test molecular and functional effects of in vitro cultures of primary cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (PCMEs) or ex vivo organ cultures. The welding fumes elicited significant pulmonary injury and inflammation with only minor changes in measured serum antioxidant and cytokine levels. PCME cells were challenged for 4 h with serum collected from exposed rats, and 84 genes related to endothelial function were analyzed. Changes in relative mRNA patterns indicated that serum from rats exposed to MMA-SS, and not GMA-MS or PBS, could influence several functional aspects related to endothelial cells, including cell migration, angiogenesis, inflammation, and vascular function. The predictions were confirmed using a functional in vitro assay (scratch assay) as well as an ex vivo multicellular environment (aortic ring angiogenesis assay), validating the concept that endothelial cells can be used as an effective screening tool of exposed workers for determining bioactivity of altered circulatory factors. Overall, the results indicate that pulmonary MMA-SS fume exposure can cause altered endothelial function systemically via altered circulating factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamsi Kodali
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, NIOSH, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505-2888
| | - Mohammad Shoeb
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, NIOSH, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505-2888
| | - Terence G Meighan
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, NIOSH, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505-2888
| | - Tracy Eye
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, NIOSH, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505-2888
| | - Sherri A Friend
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, NIOSH, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505-2888
| | - John Hubczak
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, NIOSH, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505-2888
| | - Michael L Kashon
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, NIOSH, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505-2888
| | | | - James M Antonini
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, NIOSH, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505-2888
| | - Aaron Erdely
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, NIOSH, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505-2888
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16
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Ward RX, Tilly TB, Mazhar SI, Robinson SE, Eiguren-Fernandez A, Wang J, Sabo-Attwood T, Wu CY. Mimicking the human respiratory system: Online in vitro cell exposure for toxicity assessment of welding fume aerosol. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 395:122687. [PMID: 32330784 PMCID: PMC7276288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In assessing the biological impact of airborne particles in vitro, air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure chambers are increasingly preferred over classical submerged exposure techniques, albeit historically limited by their inability to deliver sufficient aerosolized dose. A novel ALI system, the Dosimetric Aerosol in Vitro Inhalation Device (DAVID), bioinspired by the human respiratory system, uses water-based condensation for highly efficient aerosol deposition to ALI cell culture. Here, welding fumes (well-studied and inherently toxic ultrafine particles) were used to assess the ability of DAVID to generate toxicological responses between differing welding conditions. After fume exposure, ALI-cultured cells showed reductions in viability that were both distinct between welding conditions and linearly dose-dependent with respect to exposure time; comparatively, submerged cell cultures ran in parallel did not show these trends across exposure levels. DAVID delivers a substantial dose in minutes (> 100 μg/cm2), making it preferable over previous ALI systems, which require hours of exposure to deliver sufficient dose, and over submerged techniques, which lack comparable physiological relevance. DAVID has the potential to provide the most accurate assessment of in vitro toxicity yet from the perspectives of physiological relevance to the human respiratory system and efficiency in collecting ultrafine aerosol common to hazardous exposure conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan X Ward
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure & Environment, University of Florida, 1128 Center Dr, 220 Black Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Trevor B Tilly
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure & Environment, University of Florida, 1128 Center Dr, 220 Black Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Syeda Irsa Mazhar
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure & Environment, University of Florida, 1128 Center Dr, 220 Black Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; Department of Environmental Science, International Islamic University, Female Campus, Room No. 23, Hazrat Maryam Block, H-10 Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Sarah E Robinson
- Department of Environmental & Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, HPNP 4157, 1225 Center Dr, PO Box 100188, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | | | - Jun Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 801 Northeast 13thSt, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
| | - Tara Sabo-Attwood
- Department of Environmental & Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, HPNP 4157, 1225 Center Dr, PO Box 100188, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Chang-Yu Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure & Environment, University of Florida, 1128 Center Dr, 220 Black Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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17
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Sani A, Ahmad MI, Abdullahi IL. Toxicity effects of Kano central abattoir effluent on Clarias gariepinus juveniles. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04465. [PMID: 32715134 PMCID: PMC7371760 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The contamination of water from rivers or land by effluent of abattoir could cause a pronounced health and environmental hazard. The present study was aimed at determining the acute effects abattoir effluents on Clarias gariepinus juveniles. It involved the determination of physicochemical parameters of the water and the hematological parameters of Clarias gariepinus juveniles. In addition, histopathological features of gills, kidney and liver were assessed. From the study, it was observed that abattoir effluent does not cause a significant change in temperature of the water but reduction in pH and DO values across the groups. Thus, it has induced a remarkable effects on the hematological parameters by causing a significant elevation in MCV, PLT and MCH and reduction in WBC count, RBC count, HGB, LYM and MPV (p < 0.05) than the control. These have led to pronounced changes in the pathologies of gills and liver which include degenerative changes in the oedema and secondary lamellae, cytoplasmic vacuolation of the hepatic tissue respectively. However, the renal tissues were unaffected. It is therefore be concluded that, abbatoir effluent posses some toxicological properties which have been observed in blood, gills and liver tissues of Clarias gariepinus juveniles. Government and other stakeholders should monitor and regulate discharge of the effluent into nearby water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, P.M.B 3011, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Maryam Ismail Ahmad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, P.M.B 3011, Kano, Nigeria
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18
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Hadrup N, Zhernovkov V, Jacobsen NR, Voss C, Strunz M, Ansari M, Schiller HB, Halappanavar S, Poulsen SS, Kholodenko B, Stoeger T, Saber AT, Vogel U. Acute Phase Response as a Biological Mechanism-of-Action of (Nano)particle-Induced Cardiovascular Disease. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1907476. [PMID: 32227434 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201907476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Inhaled nanoparticles constitute a potential health hazard due to their size-dependent lung deposition and large surface to mass ratio. Exposure to high levels contributes to the risk of developing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, as well as of lung cancer. Particle-induced acute phase response may be an important mechanism of action of particle-induced cardiovascular disease. Here, the authors review new important scientific evidence showing causal relationships between inhalation of particle and nanomaterials, induction of acute phase response, and risk of cardiovascular disease. Particle-induced acute phase response provides a means for risk assessment of particle-induced cardiovascular disease and underscores cardiovascular disease as an occupational disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Hadrup
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Vadim Zhernovkov
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | | - Carola Voss
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC)/Institute of Lung Biology and Disease (ILBD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Neuherberg, D-85764, Germany
| | - Maximilian Strunz
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC)/Institute of Lung Biology and Disease (ILBD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Neuherberg, D-85764, Germany
| | - Meshal Ansari
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC)/Institute of Lung Biology and Disease (ILBD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Neuherberg, D-85764, Germany
| | - Herbert B Schiller
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC)/Institute of Lung Biology and Disease (ILBD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Neuherberg, D-85764, Germany
| | - Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Sarah S Poulsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Boris Kholodenko
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Tobias Stoeger
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC)/Institute of Lung Biology and Disease (ILBD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Neuherberg, D-85764, Germany
| | - Anne Thoustrup Saber
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
- DTU Health, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
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19
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Welding Fumes, a Risk Factor for Lung Diseases. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17072552. [PMID: 32276440 PMCID: PMC7177922 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Welding fumes (WFs) are composed of fine and ultrafine particles, which may reach the distal airways and represent a risk factor for respiratory diseases. (2) Methods: In vitro and in vivo studies to understand WFs pathogenesis were selected. Epidemiological studies, original articles, review, and meta-analysis to examine solely respiratory disease in welders were included. A systematic literature search, using PubMed, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Technical Information Center (NIOSHTIC), and Web of Science databases, was performed. (3) Results: Dose, time of exposure, and composition of WFs affect lung injury. Inflammation, lung defense suppression, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and genotoxic effects were observed after exposure both to mild and stainless steel WFs. (4) Conclusions: The detection of lung diseases associated with specific occupational exposure is crucial as complete avoidance or reduction of the exposure is difficult to achieve. Further studies in the area of particle research may aid the understanding of mechanisms involved in welding-related lung disease and to expand knowledge in welding-related cardiovascular diseases.
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20
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Gliga AR, Taj T, Hedmer M, Assarsson E, Rylander L, Albin M, Broberg K. Mild steel welding is associated with alterations in circulating levels of cancer-related proteins. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:3535-3547. [PMID: 31641807 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02594-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Welding fumes were recently classified as carcinogenic to humans and worldwide millions work as welders or perform welding operations. The purpose of this study was to identify new biomarkers of welding-induced carcinogenesis. We evaluated a panel of 91 putative cancer-related proteins in serum in a cohort of welders working with mild steel (n = 77) and controls (n = 94) from southern Sweden sampled on two occasions 6-year apart using a longitudinal analysis (linear mixed models). The significant results from the longitudinal analysis were tested for reproducibility in welders (n = 88) and controls (n = 69) sampled once during the same sampling period as timepoint 1 or timepoint 2 (linear regression models), i.e., in a cross-sectional setting. The models were adjusted for age, body-mass index, and use of snus. All study participants were non-smokers at recruitment. Exposure to welding fumes was assessed using questionnaires and respirable dust measurement in the breathing zone that was adjusted for personal respiratory protection equipment. The median respirable dust in welders was 0.7 (0.2-4.2) and 0.5 (0.1-1.9) mg/m3 at the first and second timepoints, respectively. We identified 14 cancer-related proteins that were differentially expressed in welders versus controls in the longitudinal analysis, out of which three were also differentially expressed in the cross-sectional analysis (cross-sectional group). Namely, syndecan 1 (SDC1), folate receptor 1 (FOLR1), and secreted protein acidic and cysteine rich (SPARC) were downregulated, in welders compared with controls. In addition, FOLR1 was negatively associated with years welding. Disease and function analysis indicated that the top proteins are related to lung cancer as well as cell invasion and migration. Our study indicates that moderate exposure to welding fumes is associated with changes in circulating levels of putative cancer-related proteins, out of which FOLR1 showed a clear dose-response relationship. It is, however, unclear to which extent these changes are adaptive or potential early biomarkers of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anda R Gliga
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tahir Taj
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Hedmer
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Assarsson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Rylander
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Albin
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Broberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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21
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Sani A, Abdullahi I. Effects of welding fumes on haematological parameters of male albino rats ( Rattus norvegicus). Biochem Biophys Rep 2019; 19:100651. [PMID: 31289757 PMCID: PMC6593231 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.100651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Welders or metal workers not being an exception are exposed to metals ions or oxides (fumes) at trace concentrations either through direct contact supplementation at occupational sites or indirectly through uptake from contaminated food, water or contaminated soil, dust, or air. The study aims to determine the effects of welding fumes exposure on haematological parameters in blood of experimental animals. The fumes were collected from welding sites during the activity by a skilled welder. 130 male experimental animals were utilized and made into 13 groups. 12 groups were given dosages calculated to correspond to real life workers exposure regimes and 1 group served as control. The dosages were administered intratracheally after been anaesthetized weekly for 12 weeks. The animals were sacrificed and whole blood samples were taken which was then subjected to haematological analysis. The parameters have revealed changes in values whereby RBC, WBC, % lymphocytes, HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH, PLT, PCT and P-LCC have exceeds the control groups values. There was an increase across the treatment groups. However, lymphocytes, MID, granulocytes, % granulocytes, MCHC and MPV have values which were less than the control and no different from one another statistically. This indicates that exposure to welding fumes could cause alterations to most RBC, WBC and PLT indices majorly by effecting an increase. Further studies should be carried out on the response of other markers of toxicity so as to have a broad perception of the effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Sani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, P.M.B. 3011, Nigeria
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22
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Westberg H, Hedbrant A, Persson A, Bryngelsson IL, Johansson A, Ericsson A, Sjögren B, Stockfelt L, Särndahl E, Andersson L. Inflammatory and coagulatory markers and exposure to different size fractions of particle mass, number and surface area air concentrations in Swedish iron foundries, in particular respirable quartz. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2019; 92:1087-1098. [PMID: 31165309 PMCID: PMC6814634 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-019-01446-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To study the relationship between inhalation of airborne particles and quartz in Swedish iron foundries and markers of inflammation and coagulation in blood. Methods Personal sampling of respirable dust and quartz was performed for 85 subjects in three Swedish iron foundries. Stationary measurements were used to study the concentrations of respirable dust and quartz, inhalable and total dust, PM10 and PM2.5, as well as the particle surface area and the particle number concentrations. Markers of inflammation, namely interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and IL-12), C-reactive protein, and serum amyloid A (SAA) were measured in plasma or serum, together with markers of coagulation including fibrinogen, factor VIII (FVIII), von Willebrand factor and d-dimer. Complete sampling was performed on the second or third day of a working week after a work-free weekend, and follow-up samples were collected 2 days later. A mixed model analysis was performed including sex, age, smoking, infections, blood group, sampling day and BMI as covariates. Results The average 8-h time-weighted average air concentrations of respirable dust and quartz were 0.85 mg/m3 and 0.052 mg/m3, respectively. Participants in high-exposure groups with respect to some of the measured particle types exhibited significantly elevated levels of SAA, fibrinogen and FVIII. Conclusions These observed relationships between particle exposure and inflammatory markers may indicate an increased risk of cardiovascular disease among foundry workers with high particulate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkan Westberg
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 70182, Örebro, Sweden. .,Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 701 82, Örebro, Sweden. .,Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre (iRiSC), Örebro University, 701 82, Örebro, Sweden. .,Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Örebro University Hospital, 701 85, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Alexander Hedbrant
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 701 82, Örebro, Sweden.,Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre (iRiSC), Örebro University, 701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Alexander Persson
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 701 82, Örebro, Sweden.,Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre (iRiSC), Örebro University, 701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ing-Liss Bryngelsson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 70182, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Anders Johansson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 70182, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Annette Ericsson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 70182, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Bengt Sjögren
- Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leo Stockfelt
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Gothenburg, PB 414, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Eva Särndahl
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 701 82, Örebro, Sweden.,Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre (iRiSC), Örebro University, 701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Lena Andersson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 70182, Örebro, Sweden.,Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 701 82, Örebro, Sweden
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23
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Insley AL, Maskrey JR, Hallett LA, Reid RCD, Hynds ES, Winter C, Panko JM. Occupational survey of airborne metal exposures to welders, metalworkers, and bystanders in small fabrication shops. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2019; 16:410-421. [PMID: 31084474 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2019.1603389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize worker exposure to airborne metal and particulate matter in shops where multiple types of metalworking tasks were performed. The sampling strategy included full-shift and task-based personal samples on workers who performed flux-cored arc welding, personal samples on workers performing non-welding metalworking tasks, and area samples near welders, representing bystanders to welding. Size-fractionated particulate matter adjacent to welding activities was measured using real-time monitoring devices. Samples were analyzed for 21 individual metals, of which 8 were frequently detected. Exceedance fractions were calculated based on the distribution of results for each frequently detected metal. Exceedance fractions were <5% for all metals, except manganese (6% of the REL, 55% of the inhalable TLV-TWA and 91% of the respirable TLV-TWA) and iron oxide (10% of the REL and TLV-TWA) for Shop 1 bystander samples, manganese (68% for the inhalable TLV-TWA and 98% of the respirable TLV-TWA) for welder samples, and manganese (35% for the inhalable TLV-TWA and 80% of the respirable TLV-TWA) and iron oxide (12% for the PEL and 23% for the REL and TLV-TWA) for metalworker samples. Particulate matter concentrations measured at distances of 0.9-1.5 m and 2.1-2.7 m from the welder were within the same order of magnitude. The results of this study allow for comparison to health-based exposure limits for select individual components of welding fume with a low to medium degree of censorship.
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Baumann R, Brand P, Chaker A, Markert A, Rack I, Davatgarbenam S, Joraslafsky S, Gerhards B, Kraus T, Gube M. Human nasal mucosal C-reactive protein responses after inhalation of ultrafine welding fume particles: positive correlation to systemic C-reactive protein responses. Nanotoxicology 2018; 12:1130-1147. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1498930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Baumann
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, Aachen University of Technology, Aachen, Germany
| | - P. Brand
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, Aachen University of Technology, Aachen, Germany
| | - A. Chaker
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - A. Markert
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, Aachen University of Technology, Aachen, Germany
| | - I. Rack
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, Aachen University of Technology, Aachen, Germany
| | - S. Davatgarbenam
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, Aachen University of Technology, Aachen, Germany
| | - S. Joraslafsky
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, Aachen University of Technology, Aachen, Germany
| | - B. Gerhards
- Welding and Joining Institute (ISF), Aachen University of Technology, Aachen, Germany
| | - T. Kraus
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, Aachen University of Technology, Aachen, Germany
| | - M. Gube
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, Aachen University of Technology, Aachen, Germany
- Health Office of the City and Area of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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25
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Schubauer-Berigan MK, Dahm MM, Erdely A, Beard JD, Eileen Birch M, Evans DE, Fernback JE, Mercer RR, Bertke SJ, Eye T, de Perio MA. Association of pulmonary, cardiovascular, and hematologic metrics with carbon nanotube and nanofiber exposure among U.S. workers: a cross-sectional study. Part Fibre Toxicol 2018; 15:22. [PMID: 29769147 PMCID: PMC5956815 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-018-0258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Commercial use of carbon nanotubes and nanofibers (CNT/F) in composites and electronics is increasing; however, little is known about health effects among workers. We conducted a cross-sectional study among 108 workers at 12 U.S. CNT/F facilities. We evaluated chest symptoms or respiratory allergies since starting work with CNT/F, lung function, resting blood pressure (BP), resting heart rate (RHR), and complete blood count (CBC) components. METHODS We conducted multi-day, full-shift sampling to measure background-corrected elemental carbon (EC) and CNT/F structure count concentrations, and collected induced sputum to measure CNT/F in the respiratory tract. We measured (nonspecific) fine and ultrafine particulate matter mass and count concentrations. Concurrently, we conducted physical examinations, BP measurement, and spirometry, and collected whole blood. We evaluated associations between exposures and health measures, adjusting for confounders related to lifestyle and other occupational exposures. RESULTS CNT/F air concentrations were generally low, while 18% of participants had evidence of CNT/F in sputum. Respiratory allergy development was positively associated with inhalable EC (p=0.040) and number of years worked with CNT/F (p=0.008). No exposures were associated with spirometry-based metrics or pulmonary symptoms, nor were CNT/F-specific metrics related to BP or most CBC components. Systolic BP was positively associated with fine particulate matter (p-values: 0.015-0.054). RHR was positively associated with EC, at both the respirable (p=0.0074) and inhalable (p=0.0026) size fractions. Hematocrit was positively associated with the log of CNT/F structure counts (p=0.043). CONCLUSIONS Most health measures were not associated with CNT/F. The positive associations between CNT/F exposure and respiratory allergies, RHR, and hematocrit counts may not be causal and require examination in other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K. Schubauer-Berigan
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, 1090 Tusculum Ave MS-R15, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA
| | - Matthew M. Dahm
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, 1090 Tusculum Ave MS-R15, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA
| | - Aaron Erdely
- NIOSH, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - John D. Beard
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, 1090 Tusculum Ave MS-R15, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Epidemic Intelligence Service, Atlanta, GA USA
- Present address: Department of Public Health, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT USA
| | - M. Eileen Birch
- NIOSH, Division of Applied Research and Technology, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Douglas E. Evans
- NIOSH, Division of Applied Research and Technology, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | | | | | - Stephen J. Bertke
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, 1090 Tusculum Ave MS-R15, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA
| | - Tracy Eye
- NIOSH, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Marie A. de Perio
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, 1090 Tusculum Ave MS-R15, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA
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26
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Biomarkers of Human Cardiopulmonary Response After Short-Term Exposures to Medical Laser-Generated Particulate Matter From Simulated Procedures: A Pilot Study. J Occup Environ Med 2018; 58:940-5. [PMID: 27465102 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We conducted an exposure chamber study in humans using a simulated clinical procedure lasing porcine tissue to demonstrate evidence of effects of exposure to laser-generated particulate matter (LGPM). METHODS We measured pre- and post-exposure changes in exhaled nitric oxide (eNO), spirometry, heart rate variability (HRV), and blood markers of inflammation in five volunteers. RESULTS Change in pre- and post-exposure measurements of eNO and spirometry was unremarkable. Neutrophil and lymphocyte counts increased and fibrinogen levels decreased in four of the five subjects. Measures of HRV showed decreases in the standard deviation of normal between beat intervals and sequential 5-minute intervals. CONCLUSION These data represent the first evidence of human physiologic response to LGPM exposure. Further exploration of coagulation effects and HRV is warranted.
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27
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Bencsik A, Lestaevel P, Guseva Canu I. Nano- and neurotoxicology: An emerging discipline. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 160:45-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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28
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Baumann R, Gube M, Markert A, Davatgarbenam S, Kossack V, Gerhards B, Kraus T, Brand P. Systemic serum amyloid A as a biomarker for exposure to zinc and/or copper-containing metal fumes. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2018; 28:84-91. [PMID: 28176762 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2016.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Zinc- and copper-containing welding fumes increase systemic C-reactive protein (CRP). The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of the biomarkers serum amyloid A (SAA) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in this regard. Fifteen male subjects were exposed under controlled conditions to welding fumes containing either zinc, or copper, or copper and zinc for 6 h. Plasma samples were collected before, 6 and 24 h after start of exposure and biomarkers therein were measured by electrochemiluminescent assay. For each exposure, systemic concentrations of systemic SAA, but not VCAM-1, increased significantly at 24 h after exposure start compared with baseline ("copper only": P=0.0005, "zinc only": P=0.027, "copper and zinc": P=0.001). SAA showed a wider range of concentrations than did CRP and its levels increased up to 19-fold after welding fume exposure. The recognition of copper as a potential harmful component in welding fumes, also independent from zinc, deserves further consideration. SAA might represent a new sensitive biomarker for potential subclinical sterile inflammation after inhalation of copper- and/or zinc-containing welding fumes. As elevations of CRP and SAA protein have both been linked to a higher risk for cardiovascular disease, these findings might particularly be important for long-term welders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Baumann
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, Aachen University of Technology, Pauwelsstr, Germany
| | - M Gube
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, Aachen University of Technology, Pauwelsstr, Germany
| | - A Markert
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, Aachen University of Technology, Pauwelsstr, Germany
| | - S Davatgarbenam
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, Aachen University of Technology, Pauwelsstr, Germany
| | - V Kossack
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, Aachen University of Technology, Pauwelsstr, Germany
| | - B Gerhards
- ISF - Welding and Joining Institute, Aachen University of Technology, Pontstraße, Germany
| | - T Kraus
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, Aachen University of Technology, Pauwelsstr, Germany
| | - P Brand
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, Aachen University of Technology, Pauwelsstr, Germany
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29
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Kalahasthi RB, Barman T, Bagepally BS. Assessment of systemic inflammatory response markers in workers exposed to Pb from Pb battery plant. TOXIN REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2017.1402059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Babu Kalahasthi
- Department of Biochemistry, Regional Occupational Health Centre (Southern), ICMR, Bangalore, India
| | - Tapu Barman
- Department of Biochemistry, Regional Occupational Health Centre (Southern), ICMR, Bangalore, India
| | - Bhavani Shankara Bagepally
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Regional Occupational Health Centre (Southern), ICMR, Bangalore, India
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30
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Guha N, Loomis D, Guyton KZ, Grosse Y, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Vilahur N, Muller K, Straif K. Carcinogenicity of welding, molybdenum trioxide, and indium tin oxide. Lancet Oncol 2017; 18:581-582. [PMID: 28408286 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30255-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neela Guha
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Dana Loomis
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | - Yann Grosse
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | - Nadia Vilahur
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Karen Muller
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Kurt Straif
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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Zegarska B, Pietkun K, Zegarski W, Bolibok P, Wiśniewski M, Roszek K, Czarnecka J, Nowacki M. Air pollution, UV irradiation and skin carcinogenesis: what we know, where we stand and what is likely to happen in the future? Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2017; 34:6-14. [PMID: 28261026 PMCID: PMC5329103 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2017.65616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The link between air pollution, UV irradiation and skin carcinogenesis has been demonstrated within a large number of epidemiological studies. Many have shown the detrimental effect that UV irradiation can have on human health as well as the long-term damage which can result from air pollution, the European ESCAPE project being a notable example. In total, at present around 2800 different chemical substances are systematically released into the air. This paper looks at the hazardous impact of air pollution and UV and discusses: 1) what we know; 2) where we stand; and 3) what is likely to happen in the future. Thereafter, we will argue that there is still insufficient evidence of how great direct air pollution and UV irradiation are as factors in the development of skin carcinogenesis. However, future prospects of progress are bright due to a number of encouraging diagnostic and preventive projects in progress at the moment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Zegarska
- Chair of Cosmetology and Aesthetic Dermatology, Ludwik Rydygier’s Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pietkun
- Chair of Cosmetology and Aesthetic Dermatology, Ludwik Rydygier’s Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
- Chair and Department of Rehabilitation, Ludwik Rydygier’s Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
| | - Wojciech Zegarski
- Chair and Department of Surgical Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier’s Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Oncology Centre – Professor Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Paulina Bolibok
- Physicochemistry of Carbon Materials Research Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Marek Wiśniewski
- Physicochemistry of Carbon Materials Research Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Roszek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Joanna Czarnecka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Maciej Nowacki
- Chair and Department of Surgical Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier’s Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Oncology Centre – Professor Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital in Bydgoszcz, Poland
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32
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Fiebre recurrente en paciente con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) que trabaja como soldador. Semergen 2016; 42:e152-e153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semerg.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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33
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Westberg H, Elihn K, Andersson E, Persson B, Andersson L, Bryngelsson IL, Karlsson C, Sjögren B. Inflammatory markers and exposure to airborne particles among workers in a Swedish pulp and paper mill. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2016; 89:813-22. [PMID: 26875192 PMCID: PMC4871919 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-016-1119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the relationship between exposure to airborne particles in a pulp and paper mill and markers of inflammation and coagulation in blood. METHODS Personal sampling of inhalable dust was performed for 72 subjects working in a Swedish pulp and paper mill. Stationary measurements were used to study concentrations of total dust, respirable dust, PM10 and PM2.5, the particle surface area and the particle number concentrations. Markers of inflammation, interleukins (IL-1b, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10), C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), and fibrinogen and markers of coagulation factor VIII, von Willebrand, plasminogen activator inhibitor, and D-dimer were measured in plasma or serum. Sampling was performed on the last day of the work free period of 5 days, before and after the shift the first day of work and after the shifts the second and third day. In a mixed model analysis, the relationship between particulate exposures and inflammatory markers was determined. Sex, age, smoking, and BMI were included as covariates. RESULTS The average 8-h time-weighted average (TWA) air concentration levels of inhalable dust were 0.30 mg/m(3), range 0.005-3.3 mg/m(3). The proxies for average 8-h TWAs of respirable dust were 0.045 mg/m(3). Significant and consistent positive relations were found between several exposure metrics (PM 10, total and inhalable dust) and CRP, SAA and fibrinogen taken post-shift, suggesting a dose-effect relationship. CONCLUSION This study supports a relationship between occupational particle exposure and established inflammatory markers, which may indicate an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkan Westberg
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Örebro University Hospital, 701 85, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Karine Elihn
- Department of Applied Environmental Science, Atmospheric Science Unit, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Andersson
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Box 414, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Bodil Persson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Linköping University Hospital, 581 85, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lennart Andersson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Örebro University Hospital, 701 85, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ing-Liss Bryngelsson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Örebro University Hospital, 701 85, Örebro, Sweden
| | | | - Bengt Sjögren
- Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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Suri R, Periselneris J, Lanone S, Zeidler-Erdely PC, Melton G, Palmer KT, Andujar P, Antonini JM, Cohignac V, Erdely A, Jose RJ, Mudway I, Brown J, Grigg J. Exposure to welding fumes and lower airway infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 137:527-534.e7. [PMID: 26277596 PMCID: PMC4747856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Welders are at increased risk of pneumococcal pneumonia. The mechanism for this association is not known. The capacity of pneumococci to adhere to and infect lower airway cells is mediated by host-expressed platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR). OBJECTIVE We sought to assess the effect of mild steel welding fumes (MS-WF) on PAFR-dependent pneumococcal adhesion and infection to human airway cells in vitro and on pneumococcal airway infection in a mouse model. METHODS The oxidative potential of MS-WF was assessed by their capacity to reduce antioxidants in vitro. Pneumococcal adhesion and infection of A549, BEAS-2B, and primary human bronchial airway cells were assessed by means of quantitative bacterial culture and expressed as colony-forming units (CFU). After intranasal instillation of MS-WF, mice were infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung CFU values were determined. PAFR protein levels were assessed by using immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry, and PAFR mRNA expression was assessed by using quantitative PCR. PAFR was blocked by CV-3988, and oxidative stress was attenuated by N-acetylcysteine. RESULTS MS-WF exhibited high oxidative potential. In A549 and BEAS-2B cells MS-WF increased pneumococcal adhesion and infection and PAFR protein expression. Both CV-3988 and N-acetylcysteine reduced MS-WF-stimulated pneumococcal adhesion and infection of airway cells. MS-WF increased mouse lung PAFR mRNA expression and increased BALF and lung pneumococcal CFU values. In MS-WF-exposed mice CV-3988 reduced BALF CFU values. CONCLUSIONS Hypersusceptibility of welders to pneumococcal pneumonia is in part mediated by the capacity of welding fumes to increase PAFR-dependent pneumococcal adhesion and infection of lower airway cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetika Suri
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jimstan Periselneris
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Lanone
- Inserm U955 Équipe 4, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
| | - Patti C Zeidler-Erdely
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV
| | | | - Keith T Palmer
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Pascal Andujar
- Inserm U955 Équipe 4, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
| | - James M Antonini
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV
| | | | - Aaron Erdely
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV
| | - Ricardo J Jose
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Mudway
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Analytical & Environmental Sciences Division, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Brown
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Grigg
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.
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Li H, Hedmer M, Kåredal M, Björk J, Stockfelt L, Tinnerberg H, Albin M, Broberg K. A Cross-Sectional Study of the Cardiovascular Effects of Welding Fumes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131648. [PMID: 26147298 PMCID: PMC4492943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Occupational exposure to particulate air pollution has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. However, the risk to welders working today remains unclear. We aimed to elucidate the cardiovascular effects of exposure to welding fumes. Methods In a cross-sectional study, structured interviews and biological sampling were conducted for 101 welders and 127 controls (all non-smoking males) from southern Sweden. Personal breathing zone sampling of respirable dust was performed. Blood pressure (BP) and endothelial function (using peripheral arterial tonometry) were measured. Plasma and serum samples were collected from peripheral blood for measurement of C-reactive protein, low-density lipoprotein, homocysteine, serum amyloid A, and cytokines. Results Welders were exposed to 10-fold higher levels of particles than controls. Welders had significantly higher BP compared to controls, an average of 5 mm Hg higher systolic and diastolic BP (P≤0.001). IL-8 was 3.4 ng/L higher in welders (P=0.010). Years working as a welder were significantly associated with increased BP (β=0.35, 95%CI 0.13 – 0.58, P=0.0024 for systolic BP; β=0.32, 95%CI 0.16 – 0.48, P<0.001 for diastolic BP, adjusted for BMI) but exposure to respirable dust was not associated with BP. No clear associations occurred between welding and endothelial function, or other effect markers. Conclusions A modest increase in BP was found among welders compared to controls suggesting that low-to-moderate exposure to welding fumes remains a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqi Li
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Hedmer
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Monica Kåredal
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jonas Björk
- Competence Centre for Clinical Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Leo Stockfelt
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Håkan Tinnerberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Albin
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Broberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Unit of Metals & Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Kauppi P, Järvelä M, Tuomi T, Luukkonen R, Lindholm T, Nieminen R, Moilanen E, Hannu T. Systemic inflammatory responses following welding inhalation challenge test. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:357-364. [PMID: 28962369 PMCID: PMC5598409 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate inflammatory and respiratory responses to welding fume exposure in patients with suspected occupational asthma. METHODS Sixteen patients referred to the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health underwent mild steel (MS) and stainless steel (SS) welding challenge tests, due to suspicion of OA. Platelet count, leucocytes and their differential count, hemoglobin, sensitive CRP, lipids, glucose and fibrinogen were analyzed in addition to interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, endothelin-1, and E-selectin in plasma samples. Peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced expiratory volume in 1 min (FEV1) and exhaled nitric oxide (NO) measurements were performed before and after the challenge test. Personal particle exposure was assessed using IOM and a mini sampler. Particle size distribution was measured by an Electric Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI). RESULTS The number of leukocytes, neutrophils, and platelets increased significantly, and the hemoglobin level and number of erythrocytes decreased significantly after both the MS and SS exposure tests. Five of the patients were diagnosed with OA, and their maximum fall in FEV1 values was 0.70 l (±0.32) 4 h after SS exposure. MS welding generated an average inhalable particle mass concentration of 31.6, and SS welding of 40.2 mg/m3. The mean particle concentration measured inside the welding face shields by the mini sampler was 30.2 mg/m3 and 41.7 mg/m3, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to MS and SS welding fume resulted in a mild systemic inflammatory response. The particle concentration from the breathing zones correlated with the measurements inside the welding face shields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Kauppi
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University (Central) Hospital, Respiratory Diseases and Allergology, Helsinki, Finland.,Occupational Medicine, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Merja Järvelä
- Aerosols, Dusts and Metals, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Tuomi
- Aerosols, Dusts and Metals, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ritva Luukkonen
- Statistical Services, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula Lindholm
- Physical Work Capacity, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riina Nieminen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, University of Tampere School of Medicine and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Eeva Moilanen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, University of Tampere School of Medicine and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Timo Hannu
- Occupational Medicine, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.,The Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Zeidler-Erdely PC, Meighan TG, Erdely A, Fedan JS, Thompson JA, Bilgesu S, Waugh S, Anderson S, Marshall NB, Afshari A, McKinney W, Frazer DG, Antonini JM. Effects of acute inhalation of aerosols generated during resistance spot welding with mild-steel on pulmonary, vascular and immune responses in rats. Inhal Toxicol 2014; 26:697-707. [PMID: 25140454 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2014.944287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Spot welding is used in the automotive and aircraft industries, where high-speed, repetitive welding is needed to join thin sections of metal. Epoxy adhesives are applied as sealers to the metal seams. Pulmonary function abnormalities and airway irritation have been reported in spot welders, but no animal toxicology studies exist. Therefore, the goal of this study was to investigate vascular, immune and lung toxicity measures after exposure to these metal fumes in an animal model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed by inhalation to 25 mg/m³ to either mild-steel spot welding aerosols with sparking (high metal, HM) or without sparking (low metal, LM) for 4 h/d for 3, 8 and 13 d. Shams were exposed to filtered air. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), lung gene expression and ex vivo BAL cell challenge were performed to assess lung toxicity. Lung resistance (R(L)) was evaluated before and after challenge with inhaled methacholine (MCh). Functional assessment of the vascular endothelium in isolated rat tail arteries and leukocyte differentiation in the spleen and lymph nodes via flow cytometry was also done. Immediately after exposure, baseline R(L) was significantly elevated in the LM spot welding aerosols, but returned to control level by 24 h postexposure. Airway reactivity to MCh was unaffected. Lung inflammation and cytotoxicity were mild and transient. Lung epithelial permeability was significantly increased after 3 and 8 d, but not after 13 d of exposure to the HM aerosol. HM aerosols also caused vascular endothelial dysfunction and increased CD4+, CD8+ and B cells in the spleen. Only LM aerosols caused increased IL-6 and MCP-1 levels compared with sham after ex vivo LPS stimulation in BAL macrophages. Acute inhalation of mild-steel spot welding fumes at occupationally relevant concentrations may act as an irritant as evidenced by the increased R(L) and result in endothelial dysfunction, but otherwise had minor effects on the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patti C Zeidler-Erdely
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, WV , USA
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Erdely A, Antonini JM, Young SH, Kashon ML, Gu JK, Hulderman T, Salmen R, Meighan T, Roberts JR, Zeidler-Erdely PC. Oxidative stress and reduced responsiveness of challenged circulating leukocytes following pulmonary instillation of metal-rich particulate matter in rats. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:34. [PMID: 25123171 PMCID: PMC4151022 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0034-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Welding fume is an exposure that consists of a mixture of metal-rich particulate matter with gases (ozone, carbon monoxide) and/or vapors (VOCs). Data suggests that welders are immune compromised. Given the inability of pulmonary leukocytes to properly respond to a secondary infection in animal models, the question arose whether the dysfunction persisted systemically. Our aim was to evaluate the circulating leukocyte population in terms of cellular activation, presence of oxidative stress, and functionality after a secondary challenge, following welding fume exposure. Rats were intratracheally instilled (ITI) with PBS or 2 mg of welding fume collected from a stainless steel weld. Rats were sacrificed 4 and 24 h post-exposure and whole blood was collected. Whole blood was used for cellular differential counts, RNA isolation with subsequent microarray and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, and secondary stimulation with LPS utilizing TruCulture technology. In addition, mononuclear cells were isolated 24 h post-exposure to measure oxidative stress by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Welding fume exposure had rapid effects on the circulating leukocyte population as identified by relative mRNA expression changes. Instillation of welding fume reduced inflammatory protein production of circulating leukocytes when challenged with the secondary stimulus LPS. The effects were not related to transcription, but were observed in conjunction with oxidative stress. These findings support previous studies of an inadequate pulmonary immune response following a metal-rich exposure and extend those findings showing leukocyte dysfunction occurs systemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Erdely
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown 26505, WV, USA.
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Andujar P, Simon-Deckers A, Galateau-Sallé F, Fayard B, Beaune G, Clin B, Billon-Galland MA, Durupthy O, Pairon JC, Doucet J, Boczkowski J, Lanone S. Role of metal oxide nanoparticles in histopathological changes observed in the lung of welders. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:23. [PMID: 24885771 PMCID: PMC4037282 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-11-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although major concerns exist regarding the potential consequences of human exposure to nanoparticles (NP), no human toxicological data is currently available. To address this issue, we took welders, who present various adverse respiratory outcomes, as a model population of occupational exposure to NP. The aim of this study was to evaluate if welding fume-issued NP could be responsible, at least partially, in the lung alterations observed in welders. Methods A combination of imaging and material science techniques including ((scanning) transmission electron microscopy ((S)TEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and X-ray microfluorescence (μXRF)), was used to characterize NP content in lung tissue from 21 welders and 21 matched control patients. Representative NP were synthesized, and their effects on macrophage inflammatory secretome and migration were evaluated, together with the effect of this macrophage inflammatory secretome on human lung primary fibroblasts differentiation. Results Welding-related NP (Fe, Mn, Cr oxides essentially) were identified in lung tissue sections from welders, in macrophages present in the alveolar lumen and in fibrous regions. In vitro macrophage exposure to representative NP (Fe2O3, Fe3O4, MnFe2O4 and CrOOH) induced the production of a pro-inflammatory secretome (increased production of CXCL-8, IL-1ß, TNF-α, CCL-2, −3, −4, and to a lesser extent IL-6, CCL-7 and −22), and all but Fe3O4 NP induce an increased migration of macrophages (Boyden chamber). There was no effect of NP-exposed macrophage secretome on human primary lung fibroblasts differentiation. Conclusions Altogether, the data reported here strongly suggest that welding-related NP could be responsible, at least in part, for the pulmonary inflammation observed in welders. These results provide therefore the first evidence of a link between human exposure to NP and long-term pulmonary effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sophie Lanone
- Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, Service de Pneumologie et de Pathologie Professionnelle, 94000 Créteil, France.
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Popstojanov R, Antonini JM, Salmen R, Ye M, Zheng W, Castranova V, Fekedulegn DB, Kan H. Alterations in cardiomyocyte function after pulmonary treatment with stainless steel welding fume in rats. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2014; 77:705-715. [PMID: 24786677 PMCID: PMC4687892 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.888692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Welding fume is composed of a complex of different metal particulates. Pulmonary exposure to different welding fumes may exert a negative impact on cardiac function, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To explore the effect of welding fumes on cardiac function, Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed by intratracheal instillation to 2 mg/rat of manual metal arc hard surfacing welding fume (MMA-HS) once per week for 7 wk. Control rats received saline. Cardiomyocytes were isolated enzymatically at d 1 and 7 postexposure. Intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)]i) transients (fluorescence ratio) were measured on the stage of an inverted phase-contrast microscope using a myocyte calcium imaging/cell length system. Phosphorylation levels of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) were determined by Western blot. The levels of nonspecific inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP) and proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) in serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Contraction of isolated cardiomyocytes was significantly reduced at d 1 and d 7 postexposure. Intracellular calcium levels were decreased in response to extracellular calcium stimulation at d 7 postexposure. Changes of intracellular calcium levels after isoprenaline hydrochloride (ISO) stimulation were not markedly different between groups at either time point. Phosphorylation levels of cTnI in the left ventricle were significantly lower at d 1 postexposure. The serum levels of CRP were not markedly different between groups at either time point. Serum levels of IL-6 were not detectable in both groups. Cardiomyocyte alterations observed after welding fume treatment were mainly due to alterations in intracellular calcium handling and phosphorylation levels of cTnI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risto Popstojanov
- Health Effects Laboratory Division (HELD), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - James M. Antonini
- Health Effects Laboratory Division (HELD), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Rebecca Salmen
- Health Effects Laboratory Division (HELD), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Morgan Ye
- Association of Asian Pacific Community Health Organizations, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Wen Zheng
- Health Effects Laboratory Division (HELD), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Vincent Castranova
- Health Effects Laboratory Division (HELD), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Desta B. Fekedulegn
- Health Effects Laboratory Division (HELD), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Hong Kan
- Health Effects Laboratory Division (HELD), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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Zhang J, Fang SC, Mittleman MA, Christiani DC, Cavallari JM. Secondhand tobacco smoke exposure and heart rate variability and inflammation among non-smoking construction workers: a repeated measures study. Environ Health 2013; 12:83. [PMID: 24083379 PMCID: PMC3906998 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-12-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although it has been well recognized that exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) is associated with cardiovascular mortality, the mechanisms and time course by which SHS exposure may lead to cardiovascular effects are still being explored. METHODS Non-smoking workers were recruited from a local union and monitored inside a union hall while exposed to SHS over approximately 6 hours. Participants were fitted with a continuous electrocardiographic monitor upon enrollment which was removed at the end of a 24-hr monitoring period. A repeated measures study design was used where resting ECGs and blood samples were taken from individuals before SHS exposure (baseline), immediately following SHS exposure (post) and the morning following SHS exposure (next-morning).Inflammatory markers, including high sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cell count (WBC) were analyzed. Heart rate variability (HRV) was analyzed from the ECG recordings in time (SDNN, rMSSD) and frequency (LF, HF) domain parameters over 5-minute periods. SHS exposure was quantified using a personal fine particulate matter (PM2.5) monitor.Linear mixed effects regression models were used to examine within-person changes in inflammatory and HRV parameters across the 3 time periods. Exposure-response relationships with PM2.5 were examined using mixed effects models. All models were adjusted for age, BMI and circadian variation. RESULTS A total of 32 male non-smokers were monitored between June 2010 and June 2012. The mean PM2.5 from SHS exposure was 132 μg/m3. Immediately following SHS exposure, a 100 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 was associated with declines in HRV (7.8% [standard error (SE) =3%] SDNN, 8.0% (SE = 3.9%) rMSSD, 17.2% (SE = 6.3%) LF, 29.0% (SE = 10.1%) HF) and increases in WBC count 0.42 (SE = 0.14) k/μl. Eighteen hours following SHS exposure, a 100 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 was associated with 24.2% higher CRP levels. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggest that short-term SHS exposure is associated with significantly lower HRV and higher levels of inflammatory markers. Exposure-associated declines in HRV were observed immediately following exposure while higher levels of CRP were not observed until 18 hours following exposure. Cardiovascular autonomic and inflammation responses may contribute to the pathophysiologic pathways that link SHS exposure with adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shona C Fang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- New England Research Institutes, Inc, Watertown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Murray A Mittleman
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David C Christiani
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer M Cavallari
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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Kile ML, Fang S, Baccarelli AA, Tarantini L, Cavallari J, Christiani DC. A panel study of occupational exposure to fine particulate matter and changes in DNA methylation over a single workday and years worked in boilermaker welders. Environ Health 2013; 12:47. [PMID: 23758843 PMCID: PMC3700827 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-12-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to pollutants including metals and particulate air pollution can alter DNA methylation. Yet little is known about intra-individual changes in DNA methylation over time in relationship to environmental exposures. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of acute- and chronic metal-rich PM2.5 exposures on DNA methylation. METHODS Thirty-eight male boilermaker welders participated in a panel study for a total of 54 person days. Whole blood was collected prior to any welding activities (pre-shift) and immediately after the exposure period (post-shift). The percentage of methylated cytosines (%mC) in LINE-1, Alu, and inducible nitric oxide synthase gene (iNOS) were quantified using pyrosequencing. Personal PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) was measured over the work-shift. A questionnaire assessed job history and years worked as a boilermaker. Linear mixed models with repeated measures evaluated associations between DNA methylation, PM2.5 concentration (acute exposure), and years worked as a boilermaker (chronic exposure). RESULTS PM2.5 exposure was associated with increased methylation in the promoter region of the iNOS gene (β = 0.25, SE: 0.11, p-value = 0.04). Additionally, the number of years worked as a boilermaker was associated with increased iNOS methylation (β = 0.03, SE: 0.01, p-value = 0.03). No associations were observed for Alu or LINE-1. CONCLUSIONS Acute and chronic exposure to PM2.5 generated from welding activities was associated with a modest change in DNA methylation of the iNOS gene. Future studies are needed to confirm this association and determine if the observed small increase in iNOS methylation are associated with changes in NO production or any adverse health effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly L Kile
- Oregon State University, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, 15 Milam, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Shona Fang
- Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Letizia Tarantini
- Center of Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Jennifer Cavallari
- University of Connecticut, School of Medicine, Community Medicine & Health Care, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - David C Christiani
- Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Hartmann L, Bauer M, Bertram J, Gube M, Lenz K, Reisgen U, Schettgen T, Kraus T, Brand P. Assessment of the biological effects of welding fumes emitted from metal inert gas welding processes of aluminium and zinc-plated materials in humans. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; 217:160-8. [PMID: 23790592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate biological effects and potential health risks due to two different metal-inert-gas (MIG) welding fumes (MIG welding of aluminium and MIG soldering of zinc coated steel) in healthy humans. In a threefold cross-over design study 12 male subjects were exposed to three different exposure scenarios. Exposures were performed under controlled conditions in the Aachener Workplace Simulation Laboratory (AWSL). On three different days the subjects were either exposed to filtered ambient air, to welding fumes from MIG welding of aluminium, or to fumes from MIG soldering of zinc coated materials. Exposure was performed for 6 h and the average fume concentration was 2.5 mg m(-3). Before, directly after, 1 day after, and 7 days after exposure spirometric and impulse oscillometric measurements were performed, exhaled breath condensate (EBC) was collected and blood samples were taken and analyzed for inflammatory markers. During MIG welding of aluminium high ozone concentrations (up to 250 μg m(-3)) were observed, whereas ozone was negligible for MIG soldering. For MIG soldering, concentrations of high-sensitivity CRP (hsCRP) and factor VIII were significantly increased but remained mostly within the normal range. The concentration of neutrophils increased in tendency. For MIG welding of aluminium, the lung function showed significant decreases in Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) and Mean Expiratory Flow at 75% vital capacity (MEF 75) 7 days after exposure. The concentration of ristocetin cofactor was increased. The observed increase of hsCRP during MIG-soldering can be understood as an indicator for asymptomatic systemic inflammation probably due to zinc (zinc concentration 1.5 mg m(-3)). The change in lung function observed after MIG welding of aluminium may be attributed to ozone inhalation, although the late response (7 days after exposure) is surprising.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hartmann
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - M Bauer
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Bertram
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Gube
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Lenz
- ISF - Welding and Joining Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Pontstraße 49, D-52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - U Reisgen
- ISF - Welding and Joining Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Pontstraße 49, D-52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - T Schettgen
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - T Kraus
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - P Brand
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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44
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Inflammatory response to acute exposure to welding fumes during the working day. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2013; 26:220-9. [PMID: 23690265 DOI: 10.2478/s13382-013-0097-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate cardiorespiratory and inflammatory responses in male workers following exposure to welding fumes and airborne particles in actual workplace conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS We measured blood leukocytes and their differential counts, platelet count, hemoglobin, sensitive C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, E-selectin, IL-(interleukin)1β, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and endothelin-1 in blood samples of twenty workers before and after their working day. We also studied peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and exhaled nitric oxide (NO). We assessed heart rate variability (HRV) by obtaining 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiograms. RESULTS The total blood leukocytes and neutrophils increased after the work shift, whereas IL-1β and E-selectin decreased significantly. There were no statistically significant changes in exhaled NO, FEV1, PEF or HRV. CONCLUSION Occupational exposure to welding fumes and particles caused a slight, acute inflammatory effect estimated based on the increased values of leukocytes and neutrophils in blood and a decrease in the interleukin 1β and E-selectin values, but no changes in the pulmonary function (exhaled NO, FEV1, PEF) or HRV during the working day were observed.
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45
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Zeidler-Erdely PC, Erdely A, Antonini JM. Immunotoxicology of arc welding fume: worker and experimental animal studies. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 9:411-25. [PMID: 22734811 PMCID: PMC4696487 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2011.652783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Arc welding processes generate complex aerosols composed of potentially hazardous metal fumes and gases. Millions of workers worldwide are exposed to welding aerosols daily. A health effect of welding that is of concern to the occupational health community is the development of immune system dysfunction. Increased severity, frequency, and duration of upper and lower respiratory tract infections have been reported among welders. Specifically, multiple studies have observed an excess mortality from pneumonia in welders and workers exposed to metal fumes. Although several welder cohort and experimental animal studies investigating the adverse effects of welding fume exposure on immune function have been performed, the potential mechanisms responsible for these effects are limited. The objective of this report was to review both human and animal studies that have examined the effect of welding fume pulmonary exposure on local and systemic immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patti C Zeidler-Erdely
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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Erdely A, Antonini JM, Salmen-Muniz R, Liston A, Hulderman T, Simeonova PP, Kashon ML, Li S, Gu JK, Stone S, Chen BT, Frazer DG, Zeidler-Erdely PC. Type I interferon and pattern recognition receptor signaling following particulate matter inhalation. Part Fibre Toxicol 2012; 9:25. [PMID: 22776377 PMCID: PMC3537608 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-9-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Welding, a process that generates an aerosol containing gases and metal-rich particulates, induces adverse physiological effects including inflammation, immunosuppression and cardiovascular dysfunction. This study utilized microarray technology and subsequent pathway analysis as an exploratory search for markers/mechanisms of in vivo systemic effects following inhalation. Mice were exposed by inhalation to gas metal arc – stainless steel (GMA-SS) welding fume at 40 mg/m3 for 3 hr/d for 10 d and sacrificed 4 hr, 14 d and 28 d post-exposure. Whole blood cells, aorta and lung were harvested for global gene expression analysis with subsequent Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and confirmatory qRT-PCR. Serum was collected for protein profiling. Results The novel finding was a dominant type I interferon signaling network with the transcription factor Irf7 as a central component maintained through 28 d. Remarkably, these effects showed consistency across all tissues indicating a systemic type I interferon response that was complemented by changes in serum proteins (decreased MMP-9, CRP and increased VCAM1, oncostatin M, IP-10). In addition, pulmonary expression of interferon α and β and Irf7 specific pattern recognition receptors (PRR) and signaling molecules (Ddx58, Ifih1, Dhx58, ISGF3) were induced, an effect that showed specificity when compared to other inflammatory exposures. Also, a canonical pathway indicated a coordinated response of multiple PRR and associated signaling molecules (Tlr7, Tlr2, Clec7a, Nlrp3, Myd88) to inhalation of GMA-SS. Conclusion This methodological approach has the potential to identify consistent, prominent and/or novel pathways and provides insight into mechanisms that contribute to pulmonary and systemic effects following toxicant exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Erdely
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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47
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Antonini JM, Zeidler-Erdely PC, Young SH, Roberts JR, Erdely A. Systemic immune cell response in rats after pulmonary exposure to manganese-containing particles collected from welding aerosols. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 9:184-92. [PMID: 22369286 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2011.650733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Welding fume inhalation affects the immune system of exposed workers. Manganese (Mn) in welding fume may induce immunosuppressive effects. The goal was to determine if Mn in welding fume alters immunity by reducing the number of circulating total leukocytes and specific leukocyte sub-populations. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated by intratracheal instillation (ITI) with either a single dose (2.00 mg/rat) or repeated doses (0.125 or 2.00 mg/rat for 7 weeks) with welding fumes that contained different levels of Mn. Additional rats were treated by ITI once a week for 7 weeks with the two doses of manganese chloride (MnCl₂). Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed to assess lung inflammation. Also, whole blood was recovered, and the number of circulating total leukocytes, as well as specific lymphocyte subsets, was determined by flow cytometry. The welding fume highest in Mn content significantly increased lung inflammation, injury, and production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines compared to all other treatment groups. In addition, the same group expressed significant decreases in the number of circulating CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-lymphocytes after a single exposure, and significant reductions in the number of circulating total lymphocytes, primarily CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-lymphocytes, after repeated exposures (compared to control values). Repeated MnCl₂ exposure led to a trend of a reduction (but not statistically significant) in circulating total lymphocytes, attributable to the changes in the CD4⁺ T-lymphocyte population levels. The welding fume with the lower concentration of Mn had no significant effect on the numbers of blood lymphocytes and lymphocyte subsets compared to control values. Evidence from this study indicates that pulmonary exposure to certain welding fumes cause decrements in systemic immune cell populations, specifically circulating T-lymphocytes, and these alterations in immune cell number are not dependent exclusively on Mn, but likely a combination of other metals present in welding fume.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Antonini
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
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48
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Gube M, Brand P, Schettgen T, Bertram J, Gerards K, Reisgen U, Kraus T. Experimental exposure of healthy subjects with emissions from a gas metal arc welding process—part II: biomonitoring of chromium and nickel. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2012; 86:31-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-012-0738-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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49
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Exposure of healthy subjects with emissions from a gas metal arc welding process: part 3—biological effect markers and lung function. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2012; 86:39-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-012-0740-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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50
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Li Y, Rittenhouse-Olson K, L.Scheider W, Mu L. Effect of particulate matter air pollution on C-reactive protein: a review of epidemiologic studies. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2012; 27:133-49. [PMID: 23023922 PMCID: PMC3559179 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2012-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory response is implicated as a biologic mechanism that links particulate matter (PM) air pollution with health effects. C-reactive protein (CRP), an important acutephase reactant with profound proinflammatory properties, is used clinically as an indicator of the presence and intensity of inflammation. In vitro and in vivo animal studies suggest that CRP levels increase in response to PM exposure, but there was no consistency in epidemiologic studies. Herein, a systematic review was conducted to examine the association between PM exposure and serum CRP levels in humans. Elevated CRP levels were consistently found among children, and CRP elevations were also observed among healthy adults, albeit requiring higher peak levels of PM exposure. PM-induced CRP responses were not consistently found in adults with chronic inflammatory conditions, perhaps because of the use of anti-inflammatory medications in this population. Of the eight examined randomized trials, only one trial with a longer intervention period supported the effect of PM exposure on CRP concentrations. To provide conclusive evidence, further epidemiologic studies are needed to better quantify the magnitude of CRP level changes in response to PM with well-defined study populations and better control of various confounding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Li
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kate Rittenhouse-Olson
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - William L.Scheider
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Lina Mu
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Corresponding author: Lina Mu, MD, PhD, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, 273A Farber Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214-8001, USA Phone: + 1-716-829-5381, Fax: + 1-716-829-2979,
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