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Hu L, Shi Y, Zou X, Lai Z, Lin F, Cai G, Liu X. Association of time spent outdoors with the risk of Parkinson's disease: a prospective cohort study of 329,359 participants. BMC Neurol 2024; 24:10. [PMID: 38166701 PMCID: PMC10759452 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03499-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on the association between time spent outdoors and the development of Parkinson's disease (PD) are lacking, and whether this relationship differs in different subgroups (age, sex) remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We here examined the association between time spent outdoors and the incidence of PD in different seasons. METHODS This study included 329,359 participants from the UK Biobank. Data regarding hours spent outdoors during a typical day were obtained through questionnaires. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for the association between exposure to outdoors duration and PD incidence. Restricted cubic spline was used to explore the potential nonlinear relationship between time spent outdoors and PD risk. To explore the potential mechanisms of time spent outdoors effecting the risk of PD incidence, their association with serum vitamin D was further analysed separately. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 13.57 years, 2,238 participants developed PD. In summer, time spent outdoors > 5.0 h/day was associated with a reduced PD risk compared with ≤ 2.0 h/day (HR = 0.84, 95% CI, 0.74-0.95). In winter too, time spent outdoors > 2.0 h/day was also associated with a reduced PD risk compared with ≤ 1.0 h/day (HR = 0.85, 95% CI, 0.76-0.94). For annual average time spent outdoors, participants who went outdoors for more than 3.5 h/day had a reduced PD risk than those who went outdoors for ≤ 1.5 h/day (HR = 0.85, 95% CI, 0.75-0.96). Additionally, sex and age differences were observed in the association between time spent outdoors and the PD risk. Moreover, Time spent outdoors was observed to be positively associated with serum vitamin D levels. Compared with serum vitamin D-deficient participants, the risk of PD was reduced by 15% in the sufficient participants. CONCLUSION In the total population, higher time spent outdoors was linked to a reduced PD risk. However, this association may vary among different age or sex groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Hu
- Department of Neurology, Ganzhou People's Hospital, No.16 Meiguan Road, Zhanggong District, Ganzhou City, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yisen Shi
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
- Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Xinyang Zou
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
- Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Zhaohui Lai
- Department of Neurology, Ganzhou People's Hospital, No.16 Meiguan Road, Zhanggong District, Ganzhou City, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fabin Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
| | - Guoen Cai
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
| | - Xianghong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Ganzhou People's Hospital, No.16 Meiguan Road, Zhanggong District, Ganzhou City, 341000, Jiangxi, China.
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Džoljić E, Matutinović MS, Stojković O, Veličković J, Milinković N, Kostić V, Ignjatović S. Vitamin D Serum Levels and Vitamin D Receptor Genotype in Patients with Parkinson's Disease. Neuroscience 2023; 533:53-62. [PMID: 37832907 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D is a steroid hormone, known to be involved in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). We aimed to clarify the relationship between hypovitaminosis D and the predisposition for PD and its clinical presentation. An additional aim was to examine the specific gene polymorphisms associated with vitamin D level. MATERIAL AND METHODS Total level of 25(OH)-vitamin D (25(OH)D) was measured in the serum of parkinsonian patients (n = 113) and controls (n = 82) using a commercial immunoassay. Genetic analyses were performed using Taqman assays on Real Time PCR amplification system. RESULTS Higher frequency of vitamin D deficiency (<50 nmol/L) was observed in PD patients, compared to controls (40.7% and 23.2%, respectively, P = 0.010). It was also a positive predictive marker of PD (OR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.206-4.298; P < 0.011). Significantly higher UPDRS (35.85 ± 1.35 and 32.09 ± 0.99, respectively, P = 0.023) and HY scores (2(1.5-2.5) and 1.5(1.0-2.0), respectively, P = 0.005) were present in patients with 25(OH)D level < 50 nmol/L compared to patients with 25(OH)D level ≥ 50 nmol/L. Despite some trends observed, differences in allelic and genotypic distribution between controls and patients, as well as between subgroups, did not reach the level of significance (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Findings of this study confirm the hypothesis of a significant relationship between hypovitaminosis D and PD. We demonstrated higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in PD patients, as well as its predictive potential for the onset and progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Džoljić
- Clinic of Neurology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Oliver Stojković
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Neda Milinković
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Kostić
- Clinic of Neurology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Anwar MJ, Alenezi SK, Alhowail AH. Molecular insights into the pathogenic impact of vitamin D deficiency in neurological disorders. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114718. [PMID: 37084561 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders are the major cause of disability, leading to a decrease in quality of life by impairing cognitive, sensorimotor, and motor functioning. Several factors have been proposed in the pathogenesis of neurobehavioral changes, including nutritional, environmental, and genetic predisposition. Vitamin D (VD) is an environmental and nutritional factor that is widely distributed in the central nervous system's subcortical grey matter, neurons of the substantia nigra, hippocampus, thalamus, and hypothalamus. It is implicated in the regulation of several brain functions by preserving neuronal structures. It is a hormone rather than a nutritional vitamin that exerts a regulatory role in the pathophysiology of several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis. A growing body of epidemiological evidence suggests that VD is critical in neuronal development and shows neuroprotective effects by influencing the production and release of neurotrophins, antioxidants, immunomodulatory, regulation of intracellular calcium balance, and direct effect on the growth and differentiation of nerve cells. This review provides up-to-date and comprehensive information on vitamin D deficiency, risk factors, and clinical and preclinical evidence on its relationship with neurological disorders. Furthermore, this review provides mechanistic insight into the implications of vitamin D and its deficiency on the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. Thus, an understanding of the crucial role of vitamin D in the neurobiology of neurodegenerative disorders can assist in the better management of vitamin D-deficient individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Jamir Anwar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sattam Khulaif Alenezi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmad Hamad Alhowail
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
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Vitamin D Status and Parkinson's Disease. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12060790. [PMID: 35741675 PMCID: PMC9221008 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12060790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex and progressive neurodegenerative disease, characterized by resting tremor, rigidity, slowness of movement, and postural instability. Furthermore, PD is associated with a wide spectrum of non-motor symptoms that add to overall disability. In recent years, some investigations, from basic science to clinical applications, have focused on the role of vitamin D in PD, often with controversial findings. Vitamin D has widespread effects on several biological processes in the central nervous system, including neurotransmission in dopaminergic neural circuits. Various studies have recorded lower levels of vitamin D in PD patients than in healthy controls. Low vitamin D status has also been correlated with the risk for PD and motor severity, whereas less is known about the effects vitamin D has on cognitive function and other non-motor symptoms. This review aims to better characterize the correlation between vitamin D and PD, clarify the role of vitamin D in PD prevention and treatment, and discuss avenues for future research in this field.
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Redenšek S, Kristanc T, Blagus T, Trošt M, Dolžan V. Genetic Variability of the Vitamin D Receptor Affects Susceptibility to Parkinson’s Disease and Dopaminergic Treatment Adverse Events. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:853277. [PMID: 35517045 PMCID: PMC9063754 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.853277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is a lipid-soluble molecule and an important transcriptional regulator in many tissues and organs, including the brain. Its role has been demonstrated also in Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathogenesis. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) is responsible for the initiation of vitamin D signaling cascade. The aim of this study was to assess the associations of VDR genetic variability with PD risk and different PD-related phenotypes. We genotyped 231 well characterized PD patients and 161 healthy blood donors for six VDR single nucleotide polymorphisms, namely rs739837, rs4516035, rs11568820, rs731236, rs2228570, and rs1544410. We observed that VDR rs2228570 is associated with PD risk (p < 0.001). Additionally, we observed associations of specific VDR genotypes with adverse events of dopaminergic treatment. VDR rs1544410 (GG vs. GA + AA: p = 0.005; GG vs. GA: p = 0.009) was associated with the occurrence of visual hallucinations and VDR rs739837 (TT vs. GG: p = 0.036), rs731236 (TT vs. TC + CC: p = 0.011; TT vs. TC: p = 0.028; TT vs. CC: p = 0.035), and rs1544410 (GG vs. GA: p = 0.014) with the occurrence of orthostatic hypotension. We believe that the reported study may support personalized approach to PD treatment, especially in terms of monitoring vitamin D level and vitamin D supplementation in patients with high risk VDR genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Redenšek
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tilen Kristanc
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Blagus
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Trošt
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vita Dolžan
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Vita Dolžan,
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Fardell C, Torén K, Schiöler L, Nissbrandt H, Åberg M. High IQ in Early Adulthood Is Associated with Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 10:1649-1656. [PMID: 32716321 PMCID: PMC7683067 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-202050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background: High education level and high occupational complexity have been implicated as risk factors for Parkinson’s disease (PD). Objective: The objective was to determine whether cognitive capacity, measured as IQ, in early adulthood is associated with the subsequent development of PD. Method: Data on IQ were retrieved from the Swedish Military Service Conscription Registry, comprising Swedish males who enlisted for military service in the period 1968–1993 (N = 1,319,235). After exclusion, 1,189,134 subjects in total were included in the present study. Individuals who later developed PD (N = 1,724) were identified using the Swedish National Patient Register and the Swedish Cause of Death Register. Results: High education level was associated with PD. High IQ was associated with PD (p < 0.0001), both when analyzed as a continuous variable and when divided into three categories. The hazard ratio for the high IQ category compared to the low IQ category was 1.35 (95% confidence interval 1.17–1.55). Strong test results on the subtests, measuring verbal, logic, visuospatial and technical abilities, were also associated with PD. In a subgroup, smoking was inversely associated with PD, as well as with IQ. Conclusions: This study identifies high IQ to be a risk factor for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Fardell
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kjell Torén
- Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linus Schiöler
- Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hans Nissbrandt
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Åberg
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine/Primary Health Care, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Region Västra Götaland, Regionhälsan, Gothenburg, Sweden
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7
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Agliardi C, Guerini FR, Zanzottera M, Bolognesi E, Meloni M, Riboldazzi G, Zangaglia R, Sturchio A, Casali C, Di Lorenzo C, Minafra B, Clerici M. The VDR FokI (rs2228570) polymorphism is involved in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 2021; 428:117606. [PMID: 34365149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.117606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is presumably multifactorial and likely involves interactions between genetic and environmental factors, as well as mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation. Among environmental factors, Vitamin D was reported to associate with the risk of PD. Vitamin D activity is mediated by its binding to the vitamin D Receptor (VDR), a transcriptional factor for almost 3% of human genes. We genotyped for ApaI, BsmI, TaqI, FokI and rs1989969 VDR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) a cohort of 406 PD and 800 healthy controls (HC) and found a strong association between the FokI (rs2228570) VDR SNP and PD. Thus, the TT genotype and the T allele resulted associated with PD in the overall analyzed PD population. Gender-based stratification of data indicated that results were maintained for FokI TT genotype and T allele in male PD patients, whereas the FokI T allele alone was confirmed as a risk factor for PD in females. Co-segregation analyses indicated the TaqI ApaI FokI rs1989969 GCTG as a "risk" haplotype for PD. In a subgroup of patients and controls neural Vitamin D and VDR concentration was analyzed in extravesicles (NDEVs) isolated from peripheral blood: no differences emerged between PD and HC. NDEVs results will need to be validated in ampler cohort but we can speculate that, if at neuronal level the amounts of Vitamin D and of VDR are comparable, than the bioavailability of vitamin D and the efficacy of the vitamin D/VDR axis is differentially modulated in PD by VDR SNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mario Meloni
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milano, Italy
| | - Giulio Riboldazzi
- Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy
| | - Roberta Zangaglia
- Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Sturchio
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuro Svenningsson, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carlo Casali
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Cherubino Di Lorenzo
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Brigida Minafra
- Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milano, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
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Dhanawat M, Mehta DK, Gupta S, Das R. Understanding the Pathogenesis Involved in Parkinson's Disease and Potential Therapeutic Treatment Strategies. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2021; 20:88-102. [PMID: 32628600 DOI: 10.2174/1871524920666200705222842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A vast advancement has been made in the treatment related to central nervous system disorders especially Parkinson's disease. The development in therapeutics and a better understanding of the targets results in upsurge of many promising therapies for Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's disease is defined by neuronal degeneration and neuroinflammation and it is reported that the presence of the neurofibrillary aggregates such as Lewy bodies is considered as the marker. Along with this, it is also characterized by the presence of motor and non-motor symptoms, as seen in Parkinsonian patients. A lot of treatment options mainly focus on prophylactic measures or the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease. Neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration are the point of interest which can be exploited as a new target to emphasis on Parkinson's disease. A thorough study of these targets helps in modifications of those molecules which are particularly involved in causing the neuronal degeneration and neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease. A lot of drug regimens are available for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, although levodopa remains the choice of drug for controlling the symptoms, yet is accompanied with significant snags. It is always suggested to use other drug therapies concomitantly with levodopa. A number of significant causes and therapeutic targets for Parkinson's disease have been identified in the last decade, here an attempt was made to highlight the most significant of them. It was also found that the treatment regimen and involvement of therapies are totally dependent on individuals and can be tailored to the needs of each individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Dhanawat
- M.M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, HR-133207, India
| | - Dinesh K Mehta
- M.M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, HR-133207, India
| | - Sumeet Gupta
- M.M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, HR-133207, India
| | - Rina Das
- M.M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, HR-133207, India
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Risk of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers and Parkinson's Disease-Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040587. [PMID: 33546132 PMCID: PMC7913207 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) are the most common cancers among fair-skinned people. It is estimated that 2–3 million new cases of NMSCs are diagnosed globally each year. The risk of development increases with age, just like in the case of Parkinson Disease. Due to the general aging of the population and substantially high medical costs of NMSC therapy, NMSCs and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are becoming an increasing health problem. In this paper, we conduct a meta-analysis and systematic review to evaluate the NMSC risk among patients with PD. This study is the first to focus on the effect of different epidemiologic aspects of NMSCs and PD in detail. Abstract Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) have an increased risk of melanoma compared with the general population. Considering that Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers (NMSCs) share similar risk factors with melanoma, there is a need to understand a possible connection between PD and NMSCs. The aim of the study was the evaluation of NMSC risk among PD patients via meta-analysis and systematic review. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was conducted, including studies from January 2000 to April 2020. We identified 16 eligible studies including 140291 PD patients. Upon statistical analysis, a significantly higher risk of developing NMSCs in PD patients was found compared with the control group (odds ratio (OR) = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.17–1.33; p < 0.0001). Among all NMSCs, the risk of developing basal cell carcinoma in PD patients was significantly higher (OR = 1.30, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15–1.47; p < 0.0001), contrary to squamous cell carcinoma. Further analysis revealed a significantly higher risk of developing NMSCs in patients with previously diagnosed PD (OR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.19–1.33; p < 0.0001). Our data suggest the necessity for regular skin examination of PD patients, though further studies are required to explore the mechanisms forming this relationship.
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Lv L, Tan X, Peng X, Bai R, Xiao Q, Zou T, Tan J, Zhang H, Wang C. The relationships of vitamin D, vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms, and vitamin D supplementation with Parkinson's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2020; 9:34. [PMID: 32867847 PMCID: PMC7460797 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-00213-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, many studies have investigated the correlations between Parkinson's disease (PD) and vitamin D status, but the conclusion remains elusive. The present review focuses on the associations between PD and serum vitamin D levels by reviewing studies on the associations of PD with serum vitamin D levels and vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms from PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases. We found that PD patients have lower vitamin D levels than healthy controls and that the vitamin D concentrations are negatively correlated with PD risk and severity. Furthermore, higher vitamin D concentrations are linked to better cognitive function and mood in PD patients. Findings on the relationship between VDR gene polymorphisms and the risk of PD are inconsistent, but the FokI (C/T) polymorphism is significantly linked with PD. The occurrence of FokI (C/T) gene polymorphism may influence the risk, severity, and cognitive ability of PD patients, while also possibly influencing the effect of Vitamin D3 supplementation in PD patients. In view of the neuroprotective effects of vitamin D and the close association between vitamin D and dopaminergic neurotransmission, interventional prospective studies on vitamin D supplementation in PD patients should be conducted in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Lv
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Xuling Tan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Xinke Peng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Rongrong Bai
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Qile Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Ting Zou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Jieqiong Tan
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Hainan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China.
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China.
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Silver MR, Racette BA, Dube U, Faust IM, Nielsen SS. Well Water and Parkinson's Disease in Medicare Beneficiaries: A Nationwide Case-Control Study. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2020; 10:693-705. [PMID: 32083591 PMCID: PMC7342021 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-191793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Well water frequently is considered a risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD), but few studies were designed appropriately to test whether geographic factors affect PD risk. OBJECTIVE To determine the risk of PD in relation to residential use of private well water. METHODS In a nationwide, population-based case-control study, we identified all incident PD cases (N = 89,790) and all comparable controls (N = 21,549,400) age 66-90 who solely relied on Medicare coverage in the U.S. in 2009. We estimated the probability of use of private well water using zip code of residence at diagnosis/reference and U.S. Census data on household water source. We modeled this exposure linearly in logistic regression to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of PD risk in relation to well water use. We adjusted for age, sex and race/ethnicity, and verified that smoking and use of medical care did not confound results. We repeated analyses with a 2-year exposure lag and separately within each U.S. state. RESULTS Use of well water was inversely associated with PD risk (OR = 0.87, 95% CI 0.85-0.89). We confirmed this association in a Cox survival analysis in which we followed controls for 5 years, death or PD diagnosis. There was little evidence that well water use increased risk of PD in any individual state. CONCLUSIONS Although it remains possible that exposures in well water in more narrow geographic regions increase PD risk, in general these results suggest that exposures more common in urban/suburban areas might also be relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya R. Silver
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Brad A. Racette
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Umber Dube
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Irene M. Faust
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Susan Searles Nielsen
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Benefits of Vitamins in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:9426867. [PMID: 30915197 PMCID: PMC6402202 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9426867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the elderly, which is clinically characterized by bradykinesia, resting tremor, abnormal posture balance, and hypermyotonia. Currently, the pathogenic mechanism of PD remains unclear. Numerous clinical studies as well as animal and cell experiments have found a certain relationship between the vitamin family and PD. The antioxidant properties of vitamins and their biological functions of regulating gene expression may be beneficial for the treatment of PD. Current clinical evidence indicates that proper supplementation of various vitamins can reduce the incidence of PD in the general population and improve the clinical symptoms of patients with PD; nevertheless, the safety of regular vitamin supplements still needs to be highlighted. Vitamin supplementation may be an effective adjuvant treatment for PD. In this review, we summarized the biological correlations between vitamins and PD as well as the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Additionally, we elaborated the therapeutic potentials of vitamins for PD.
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Gao Q, Luan D, Wang X, Xin S, Liu Y, Li J. Effect of sun exposure on cognitive function among elderly individuals in Northeast China. Clin Interv Aging 2018; 13:2075-2082. [PMID: 30425462 PMCID: PMC6202005 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s179355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous findings on the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] level and cognitive impairment have been inconsistent. One reason is that serum 25(OH)D has a relatively short half-life, but the development of cognitive impairment is a long-term process. Skin exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation is the primary source of vitamin D synthesis. For this study, we hypothesized that people with different sun exposure behaviors would have different cognitive functions. Methods This study included 1,192 rural-dwelling elders in People’s Republic of China whose sun exposure behaviors, including the duration of outdoor activities, use of sun protection, and time of day participants engaged in outdoor activities, were collected. Their global cognitive function was assessed by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Partitioning cluster analysis was used to classify participants into groups based on their sun exposure behaviors. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between sun exposure and cognitive function. Results The participants were divided into high-, medium-, and low-sun-exposure groups by cluster analysis. The participants in the high-sun-exposure group had the longest sun exposure time, reported the least sun-protective behaviors, and usually spent time outdoors in the morning (8:00–11:00) and afternoon (13:00–16:00). The participants in the low-sun-exposure group had the shortest sun exposure time, had the most positive sun-protective behaviors, and mainly spent time outdoors in the early morning (6:00–8:00) and late afternoon (16:00–18:00). After adjusting for potential confounders, participants with habitually high sun exposure were more likely to have higher MMSE score (25.4) than those with habitually low sun exposure (MMSE score =24.4). Conclusion Long-term high sun exposure is positively related with better cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Gao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China,
| | - Dechun Luan
- Institute for Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Liaoning Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China,
| | - Shimeng Xin
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China,
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China,
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Liu X, Zhu R, Xiao T, Li Q, Zhu Y, He Z. An updated analysis with 45,078 subjects confirms the association between SNCA rs11931074 and Parkinson's disease. Neurol Sci 2018; 39:2061-2069. [PMID: 30120622 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-018-3538-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) has identified that the alpha-synuclein (SNCA) rs11931074 polymorphism is associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) susceptibility in individuals of Japanese descent. Subsequently, a number of replication studies have been performed in Asian and Caucasian populations. However, the results remain controversial due to the relatively small sample sizes and genetic heterogeneity. Here, to overcome the limitations of individual studies, we reevaluated this association with data from 33 independent studies involving 15,368 patients and 29,710 control samples identified by searching PubMed and EMBase databases. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were applied to assess the association between SNCA rs11931074 polymorphism and PD. Heterogeneity, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias were conducted to measure the robustness of our findings. Using allele, recessive, dominant, and additive models, we did not reveal significant heterogeneity among 33 studies. Significant association of the SNCA rs11931074 polymorphism with PD was observed (T vs. G: OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.31-1.42; TT vs. TG + GG: OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.46-1.72; TT + TG vs. GG: OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.35-1.55; TT vs. GG: OR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.68-2.09) in the pooled populations. Furthermore, subgroup analyses accounting for ethnicity found similar significant results in both Asian and Caucasian populations. In conclusion, our meta-analysis further indicates that the SNCA rs11931074 polymorphism contributes to PD susceptibility. We believe that our findings will be very useful for future genetic studies on PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Ruixia Zhu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Tongling Xiao
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Qu Li
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhiyi He
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.
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Kravietz A, Kab S, Wald L, Dugravot A, Singh-Manoux A, Moisan F, Elbaz A. Association of UV radiation with Parkinson disease incidence: A nationwide French ecologic study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 154:50-56. [PMID: 28033496 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D is thought to contribute to brain health, but it is unclear whether low vitamin D levels are associated with increased incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD). Using ultraviolet B (UV-B) as a surrogate for vitamin D levels, we conducted a nationwide ecologic study in France in order to examine the association of UV-B with PD incidence. METHODS We used French national drug claims databases to identify PD cases using a validated algorithm. UV-B data from the solar radiation database were derived from satellite images. We estimated PD incidence (2010-2012) at the canton level (small administrative French unit) and used multilevel Poisson regression to examine its association with UV-B (2005 annual average), after adjustment for age, sex, deprivation index, density of neurologists, smoking, proportion of agricultural land, and vitamin D supplementation. RESULTS Analyses are based on 69,010 incident PD patients. The association between UV-B and PD incidence was quadratic (P<0.001) and modified by age (P<0.001). Below 70y, incidence was higher in the bottom quintile (relative risk, RRQ1:45-49y=1.18, 95% CI=1.08-1.29) compared with the middle UV-B quintile, and lower in the top quintile (RRQ5:45-49y=0.85 [0.77-0.94]). An opposite pattern was observed in older subjects (RRQ1:85-89y=0.92 [0.89-0.96]; RRQ5:85-89y=1.06 [1.02-1.11]). Analysis based on continuous UV-B yielded similar conclusions. CONCLUSIONS In this nationwide study, there was an age-dependent quadratic association between UV-B and PD incidence. This study suggests that reasonable UV-B exposure is associated with lower PD risk in younger persons and that future studies should examine dose-response relations and take age into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kravietz
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Sofiane Kab
- Santé publique France, Direction santé travail, F-94415 Saint-Maurice, France; CESP, Fac. de médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, Fac. de médecine - UVSQ, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Lucien Wald
- MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Aline Dugravot
- CESP, Fac. de médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, Fac. de médecine - UVSQ, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Archana Singh-Manoux
- CESP, Fac. de médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, Fac. de médecine - UVSQ, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Frédéric Moisan
- Santé publique France, Direction santé travail, F-94415 Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Alexis Elbaz
- Santé publique France, Direction santé travail, F-94415 Saint-Maurice, France; CESP, Fac. de médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, Fac. de médecine - UVSQ, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France.
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Sleeman I, Aspray T, Lawson R, Coleman S, Duncan G, Khoo TK, Schoenmakers I, Rochester L, Burn D, Yarnall A. The Role of Vitamin D in Disease Progression in Early Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2017; 7:669-675. [PMID: 28984616 PMCID: PMC5676984 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-171122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous cross-sectional studies have shown that Parkinson's disease (PD) patients have lower serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations than controls. Vitamin D deficiency was associated with increased disease severity and cognitive impairment in prevalent PD patients. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to determine 25(OH)D in newly diagnosed PD and age-matched controls and to assess if there was an association with clinical outcomes (disease severity, cognition and falls) over the 36-month follow up period. METHODS A prospective observational study of newly diagnosed PD patients in the North East of England with age-matched controls (PD, n = 145; control, n = 94). Serum 25(OH)D was assessed at baseline and 18 months. Participants underwent clinical assessment at baseline, 18 and 36 months. One hundred and ten participants with PD also took part in a prospective falls study. RESULTS Mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations were lower in PD than control participants at baseline (44.1±21.7 vs. 52.2±22.1 nmol/L, p < 0.05) and 18 months (44.2±23.6 vs. 55.7±28.8 nmol/L, p < 0.05). Baseline serum 25(OH)D concentration, age, motor score and dosage of dopaminergic medication were significant predictors of variance of motor severity at 36 months ((ΔR2 = 0.039, F = 6.6, p < 0.01). Serum 25(OH)D was not associated with cognition or falls during the follow up period. CONCLUSIONS Patients with incident PD had significantly lower serum 25(OH)D concentrations than age-matched controls, which may have implications in terms of bone health and fracture risk. There was a small but significant association between vitamin D status at baseline and disease motor severity at 36 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel Sleeman
- Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Terry Aspray
- Bone Clinic, Freeman Hospital, Freeman Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rachael Lawson
- Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Shirley Coleman
- Industrial Statistics Research Unit, Herschel Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gordon Duncan
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tien K. Khoo
- School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, QLD, Australia
| | - Inez Schoenmakers
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lynn Rochester
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, UK
| | - David Burn
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Alison Yarnall
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, UK
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Martino R, Candundo H, Lieshout PV, Shin S, Crispo JAG, Barakat-Haddad C. Onset and progression factors in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review. Neurotoxicology 2016; 61:132-141. [PMID: 27058967 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Current research has identified several factors thought to be associated with the onset and progression of Parkinson's Disease (PD); however, whether certain factors contribute to or are protective against PD remains unclear. As such, a systematic search of the literature was performed using variations of MeSH and keyword search terms to identify and summarize systematic reviews and primary studies pertaining to factors associated with the onset and progression of PD. Factors referred to both traditional risk factors and prodromal markers. The following databases were searched: MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, AARP AgeLine, and PDGene. A quality assessment of included systematic reviews was completed using the validated Assessment of the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) tool. Data extraction targeted reported factors, risk estimates, and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Findings identified 11 systematic reviews of sufficient quality reporting factors for PD onset, and no systematic reviews reporting factors for PD progression. In addition, 93 primary articles were identified, of which, 89 articles addressed factors related to PD onset and 4 articles addressed factors related to the PD progression. Pesticide exposure, rural living, well-water drinking, and farming occupation were consistently found to be positively associated with the onset of PD. Moreover, family history and polymorphisms to key genes were also found to be positively associated with the onset of PD. Conversely, coffee consumption, cigarette smoking, and some polymorphisms were consistently found to be negatively associated with the onset of PD. Urate was the only identified factor linked to the progression of PD; it was mostly found to be negatively associated with PD. In sum, the evidence was systematically found and summarized in the literature pertaining to factors related to the onset and progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Martino
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Health Care and Outcomes Research, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Hamilton Candundo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Toronto, Canada
| | - Pascal van Lieshout
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sabina Shin
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Toronto, Canada
| | - James A G Crispo
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Vitamin D and Sunlight Exposure in Newly-Diagnosed Parkinson's Disease. Nutrients 2016; 8:142. [PMID: 26959053 PMCID: PMC4808871 DOI: 10.3390/nu8030142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating vitamin D has previously been found to be lower in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), while the effects of sunlight exposure have not yet been fully investigated. Therefore, we evaluated the associations between serum vitamin D, vitamin D intake, sunlight exposure, and newly-diagnosed PD patients in a Chinese population. This case-control study measured serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and sunlight exposure in 201 patients with newly-diagnosed PD and 199 controls without neurodegenerative diseases. Data on vitamin D intake and sunlight exposure were obtained using a self-report questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regressions were employed to evaluate the associations between serum 25(OH)D levels, sunlight exposure, and PD. Adjustments were made for sex, age, smoking, alcohol use, education, BMI, and vitamin D intake. There were significantly lower levels of serum 25(OH)D (20.6 ± 6.5 ng/mL), daily vitamin D intake (8.3 ± 3.7 g/day), and sunlight exposure (9.7 ± 4.1 h/week) in patients with PD compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05). Crude odds ratios (ORs) for PD in the quartiles of serum 25(OH)D were 1 (reference), 0.710 (0.401, 1.257), 0.631 (0.348, 1.209), and 0.483 (0.267, 0.874), respectively. Crude ORs for PD in quartiles of sunlight exposure were 1 (reference), 0.809 (0.454, 1.443), 0.623 (0.345, 1.124) and 0.533 (0.294, 0.966), respectively. A significant positive correlation between serum 25(OH)D and sunlight exposure was found, but serum 25(OH)D was not correlated with daily vitamin D intake. This study indicates that lower levels of serum 25(OH)D and sunlight exposure are significantly associated with an increased risk for PD.
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Grant WB. The role of geographical ecological studies in identifying diseases linked to UVB exposure and/or vitamin D. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2016; 8:e1137400. [PMID: 27195055 PMCID: PMC4862381 DOI: 10.1080/19381980.2015.1137400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Using a variety of approaches, researchers have studied the health effects of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure and vitamin D. This review compares the contributions from geographical ecological studies with those of observational studies and clinical trials. Health outcomes discussed were based on the author's knowledge and include anaphylaxis/food allergy, atopic dermatitis and eczema, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, back pain, cancer, dental caries, diabetes mellitus type 1, hypertension, inflammatory bowel disease, lupus, mononucleosis, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson disease, pneumonia, rheumatoid arthritis, and sepsis. Important interactions have taken place between study types; sometimes ecological studies were the first to report an inverse correlation between solar UVB doses and health outcomes such as for cancer, leading to both observational studies and clinical trials. In other cases, ecological studies added to the knowledge base. Many ecological studies include other important risk-modifying factors, thereby minimizing the chance of reporting the wrong link. Laboratory studies of mechanisms generally support the role of vitamin D in the outcomes discussed. Indications exist that for some outcomes, UVB effects may be independent of vitamin D. This paper discusses the concept of the ecological fallacy, noting that it applies to all epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B. Grant
- Sunlight, Nutrition, and Health Research Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Zhu D, Liu GY, Lv Z, Wen SR, Bi S, Wang WZ. Inverse associations of outdoor activity and vitamin D intake with the risk of Parkinson's disease. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2015; 15:923-7. [PMID: 25294382 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1400005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Early studies had suggested that vitamin D intake was inversely associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. However, the associations of vitamin D intake and outdoor activities with Parkinson's disease (PD) are still unclear, so this study is to evaluate these relationships from a case-control study in elderly Chinese. The study population involved 209 cases with new onsets of PD and 210 controls without neurodegenerative diseases. The data on dietary vitamin D and outdoor activities were collected using a food-frequency questionnaire and self-report questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to examine the associations between dietary outdoor activities, vitamin D intake and PD. Adjustment was made for sex, age, smoking, alcohol use, education, and body mass index (BMI). Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for PD in quartiles for outdoor physical activity were 1 (reference), 0.739 (0.413, 1.321), 0.501 (0.282, 0.891), and 0.437 (0.241, 0.795), respectively (P=0.002 for trend). Adjusted ORs for PD in quartiles for total vitamin D intake were 1 (reference), 0.647 (0.357, 1.170), 0.571 (0.318, 1.022), and 0.538 (0.301, 0.960), respectively (P=0.011 for trend). Our study suggested that outdoor activity and total vitamin D intake were inversely associated with PD, and outdoor activity seems to be more significantly associated with decreased risk for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China; Genome Analysis Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; Department of Rehabilitation, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China; Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
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Associations between Vitamin D Status, Supplementation, Outdoor Work and Risk of Parkinson's Disease: A Meta-Analysis Assessment. Nutrients 2015; 7:4817-27. [PMID: 26083115 PMCID: PMC4488816 DOI: 10.3390/nu7064817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to quantitatively assess the associations between vitamin D and Parkinson’s Disease (PD) risks, which include: (i) risk of PD in subjects with deficient and insufficient vitamin D levels; (ii) association between vitamin D supplementation and risk of PD; and (iii) association between outdoor work and PD risk, through meta-analyzing available data. An electronic literature search supplemented by hand searching up to March 2015 identified seven eligible studies comprising 5690 PD patients and 21251 matched controls. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of PD risk were assessed through pooling the collected data from eligible studies using Stata software. Pooled data showed that subjects with deficient and insufficient vitamin D levels had increased PD risks compared with matched-controls according to the corresponding OR: 2.08, 95% CI: 1.63 to 2.65, and 1.29, 95% CI: 1.10 to 1.51. Vitamin D supplementation was associated with significantly reduced risk of PD (OR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.35 to 0.90). Outdoor work was also related to reduced risk of PD (OR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.63 to 0.81). The findings may stimulate larger, well-designed studies to further verify the associations between vitamin D and PD risk.
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Gatto NM, Sinsheimer JS, Cockburn M, Escobedo LA, Bordelon Y, Ritz B. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and Parkinson's disease in a population with high ultraviolet radiation exposure. J Neurol Sci 2015; 352:88-93. [PMID: 25890641 PMCID: PMC4478085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency has been reported in Parkinson's disease (PD). Epidemiologic studies examining variability in genes involved in vitamin D metabolism have not taken into account level of exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). We examined whether exposure to UVR (as a surrogate for vitamin D levels) and variations in the vitamin D receptor gene (VDR) are associated with PD. METHODS Within a geographical information system (GIS) we linked participants' geocoded residential address data to ground level UV data to estimate historical exposure to UVR. Six SNPs in VDR were genotyped in non-Hispanic Caucasian subjects. RESULTS Average lifetime UVR exposure levels were >5000 Wh/m(2), which was higher than levels for populations in previous studies, and UVR exposure did not differ between cases and controls. Homozygotes for the rs731236 TT (major allele) genotype had a 31% lower risk of PD risk (OR=0.69; 95% CI=0.49, 0.98; p=0.04 for TT vs. TC+CC). The rs7975232 GG (minor allele) genotype was also associated with decreased risk of PD (OR=0.63; 95% CI=0.42, 0.93; p=0.02 for GG vs. TG+TT). The association between PD risk and a third locus, rs1544410 (BsmI), was not statistically significant after adjustment for covariates, although there was a trend for lower risk with the GG genotype. CONCLUSIONS This study provides initial evidence that VDR polymorphisms may modulate risk of PD in a population highly exposed to UVR throughout lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Gatto
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyles & Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, United States.
| | - Janet S Sinsheimer
- Department of Human Genetics, UCLA, United States; Department of Biomathematics, UCLA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, UCLA, United States
| | - Myles Cockburn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Loraine A Escobedo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, United States
| | | | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, UCLA, United States; Department of Neurology, UCLA, United States
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Han W, Liu Y, Mi Y, Zhao J, Liu D, Tian Q. Alpha-synuclein (SNCA) polymorphisms and susceptibility to Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2015; 168B:123-34. [PMID: 25656566 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of Alpha-synuclein (SNCA) are associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). Some researchers have attempted to validate this finding in various ethnic populations. The results of studies concerning SNCA polymorphisms and PD susceptibility remain conflicting. To evaluate the association between these SNPs and PD, the authors conducted a series of meta-analyses using a predefined protocol. Databases including PubMed, MEDLINE and PD gene were searched to identify relevant studies. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of the association. All analyses were calculated using STATA11.0. A total of 19 studies on the SNPS rs181489, rs356186, rs356219, rs894278, rs2583988, rs2619363, rs2619364, rs2737029, rs10005233 and rs11931074 were included. This meta-analysis showed that eight out of these 10 candidate SNPs may be associated with PD risk. Significant association was found between PD and the following SNPs: rs181489, rs356186, rs356219, rs894278 rs2583988, rs2619364, rs10005233 and rs11931074. Among these SNPs, rs356186 was found to be the only SNP that may play a protective role in Parkinson's disease. These results suggest that the SNCA gene may be associated with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
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Peterson AL. A review of vitamin D and Parkinson's disease. Maturitas 2014; 78:40-4. [PMID: 24685289 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The role of vitamin D in bone health has been known for over a century. More recent research has suggested that vitamin D may play a role in the muscular, immune, endocrine, and central nervous systems. Animal research suggests that vitamin D may have some protective effects against toxic insults that are known to damage dopamine cells, the primary cells to degenerate in PD. Persons with PD tend to have lower vitamin D levels than persons of similar ages without PD. Vitamin D levels are generally associated with bone mineral density (BMD) in persons with PD, but simply giving vitamin D does not appear to improve BMD. Results of genetic studies examining polymorphism of the vitamin D receptor and PD risk, severity, or age at onset have shown variable results, with FokI CC seeming to possibly carry some increased risk of PD. Amount of sun exposure and vitamin D levels in earlier life may influence the risk of developing PD. Cross-sectional research suggests a relationship between vitamin D levels and severity of PD symptoms. A single intervention study did show some improvement in PD with vitamin D supplementation. Vitamin D may have effects on PD symptoms and perhaps even on the risk of disease development or disease progression. More well designed intervention studies are needed to confirm the effect of vitamin D on PD symptoms. Human neuroprotection studies are needed, but probably not feasible until better biomarkers are established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amie L Peterson
- Oregon Health Sciences University, Mail Code: OP32, 3181, SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Portland VA, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Mail Code: P3PADRECC, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Kwon E, Gallagher LG, Searles Nielsen S, Franklin GM, Littell CT, Longstreth WT, Swanson PD, Checkoway H. Parkinson's disease and history of outdoor occupation. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2013; 19:1164-6. [PMID: 24044947 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human and animal studies, albeit not fully consistent, suggest that vitamin D may reduce risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). Ultraviolet radiation converts vitamin D precursor to the active form. This study examined the hypothesis that working outdoors is associated with a decreased risk of PD. METHODS PD cases were enrolled from Group Health Cooperative, a health maintenance organization in the Puget Sound region in western Washington State, and the University of Washington Neurology Clinic in Seattle. Participants included 447 non-Hispanic Caucasian newly diagnosed PD cases diagnosed between 1992 and 2008 and 578 unrelated neurologically normal controls enrolled in Group Health Cooperative, frequency matched by race/ethnicity, age and gender. Subjects' amount of outdoor work was estimated from self-reported occupational histories. Jobs were categorized by degree of time spent working outdoors. A ten-year lag interval was included to account for disease latency. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by logistic regression, with adjustment for age, gender, and smoking. RESULTS Outdoor work was inversely associated with risk of PD (outdoor only compared to indoor only): OR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.44-1.25. However, there was no trend in relation to portion of the workday spent laboring outdoors and PD risk. CONCLUSION Occupational sunlight exposure and other correlates of outdoor work is not likely to have a substantial role in the etiology of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kwon
- United States Army, Madigan Army Medical Center, Department of Preventive Medicine, United States
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Grant WB. Role of solar UVB irradiance and smoking in cancer as inferred from cancer incidence rates by occupation in Nordic countries. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2012; 4:203-11. [PMID: 22928078 PMCID: PMC3427201 DOI: 10.4161/derm.20965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A large body of evidence indicates that solar ultraviolet-B (UVB) irradiance and vitamin D reduce the risk of incidence and death for many types of cancer. However, most of that evidence comes from midlatitude regions, where solar UVB doses are generally high in summer. Data on cancer standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) by sex and 54 occupation categories based on 1.4 million male and 1.36 million female cancer cases for 1961–2005 in the five Nordic countries provide the basis for an ecological study of the role of solar UVB in the risk of many types of cancer at high latitudes. Lip cancer SIRs less lung cancer SIRs for men was the best index of solar UVB dose, which was weakly inversely correlated with both melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) SIRs. Lung cancer SIRs were used as the index of the effects of smoking. For men, the UVB index was significantly inversely correlated with 14 types of internal cancer—bladder, breast, colon, gallbladder, kidney, laryngeal, liver, lung, oral, pancreatic, pharyngeal, prostate, rectal and small intestine cancer. For women, the same UVB index was inversely correlated with bladder, breast and colon cancer. These results generally agree with findings from other studies. These results provide more support for the UVB-vitamin D-cancer hypothesis and suggest that widespread fear of chronic solar ultraviolet (UV) irradiance may be misplaced.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Grant
- Sunlight, Nutrition, and Health Research Center; San Francisco, CA USA
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vinh quôc Luong K, Thi Hoàng Nguyên L. Vitamin D and Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:2227-36. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Deshmukh RS, Chaudhary RK, Roy I. Effect of pesticides on the aggregation of mutant huntingtin protein. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 45:405-14. [PMID: 22415443 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8252-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The classical reports on neurodegeneration concentrate on studying disruption of signalling cascades. Although it is now well recognized that misfolding and aggregation of specific proteins are associated with a majority of these diseases, their role in aggravating the symptoms is not so well understood. Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that results from damage to complex II of mitochondria. In this work, we have studied the effect of mitochondrial complex I inhibitors, viz. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and rotenone, and complex II inhibitor, viz. 3-nitropropionic acid, on the aggregation of mutant huntingtin (mthtt) protein, whose misfolding and aggregation results in cellular abnormalities characteristic of HD. All three inhibitors were found to accelerate the aggregation of mthtt in vitro, although the amounts of aggregates formed were different in all cases. Thus, apart from their effect on mitochondrial viability, these neurotoxins are capable of interfering with the protein aggregation process and thus, hastening the onset of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhi S Deshmukh
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160 062, India
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An estimate of the global reduction in mortality rates through doubling vitamin D levels. Eur J Clin Nutr 2011; 65:1016-26. [PMID: 21731036 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The goal of this work is to estimate the reduction in mortality rates for six geopolitical regions of the world under the assumption that serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels increase from 54 to 110 nmol/l. SUBJECTS/METHODS This study is based on interpretation of the journal literature relating to the effects of solar ultraviolet-B (UVB) and vitamin D in reducing the risk of disease and estimates of the serum 25(OH)D level-disease risk relations for cancer, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and respiratory infections. The vitamin D-sensitive diseases that account for more than half of global mortality rates are CVD, cancer, respiratory infections, respiratory diseases, tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus. Additional vitamin D-sensitive diseases and conditions that account for 2 to 3% of global mortality rates are Alzheimer's disease, falls, meningitis, Parkinson's disease, maternal sepsis, maternal hypertension (pre-eclampsia) and multiple sclerosis. Increasing serum 25(OH)D levels from 54 to 110 nmol/l would reduce the vitamin D-sensitive disease mortality rate by an estimated 20%. RESULTS The reduction in all-cause mortality rates range from 7.6% for African females to 17.3% for European females. Reductions for males average 0.6% lower than for females. The estimated increase in life expectancy is 2 years for all six regions. CONCLUSIONS Increasing serum 25(OH)D levels is the most cost-effective way to reduce global mortality rates, as the cost of vitamin D is very low and there are few adverse effects from oral intake and/or frequent moderate UVB irradiance with sufficient body surface area exposed.
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