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Wang R, Long T, He J, Xu Y, Wei Y, Zhang Y, He X, He M. Associations of multiple plasma metals with chronic kidney disease in patients with diabetes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 244:114048. [PMID: 36063616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As common contaminants, metals are non-negligible risk factors for diabetes and chronic kidney disease. However, whether there is an association between multiple metals exposure and incident chronic kidney disease (CKD) risk in patients with diabetes is unclear. We conducted a prospective study to evaluate these associations. In total, 3071 diabetics with baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 from the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort were included. We measured baseline plasma concentrations of 23 metals and investigated the associations between plasma metal concentrations and CKD in diabetics using logistic regression, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), and the Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) models. During average 4.6 years of follow-up, 457 diabetics developed CKD (14.9 %). The three models consistently found plasma levels of zinc, arsenic, and rubidium had a positive association with incident CKD risk in patients with diabetes, while titanium, cadmium, and lead had an inverse correlation. The results of BKMR showed a significant and positive overall effect of 23 metals on the risk of CKD, when all of the metals were above the 50th percentile as compared to the median value. In addition, potential interactions of zinc and arsenic, zinc and cadmium, zinc and lead, titanium and arsenic, and cadmium and lead on CKD risk were observed. In summary, we found significant associations of plasma titanium, zinc, arsenic, rubidium, cadmium, and lead with CKD in diabetes and interactions between these metals except for rubidium. Co-exposure to multiple metals was associated with increased CKD risk in diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Tengfei Long
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Jia He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China; Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yali Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yue Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xiangjing He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Meian He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China.
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Kargar-Shouroki F, Mehri H, Sepahi-Zoeram F. Biochemical and hematological effects of lead exposure in Iranian battery workers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2022; 29:661-667. [PMID: 35410581 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2022.2064090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of our study was to evaluate the hematotoxic, hepatotoxic, and nephrotoxic responses following lead exposure among battery workers. MATERIAL AND METHODS Seventy-eight battery workers exposed to lead, and 78 non-exposed subjects were studied. Fasting blood samples were collected to assess kidney and liver function and hematological parameters. To determine the breathing zone and blood lead levels (BLLs), the samples were analyzed in accordance with the 7082 and 8003 NIOSH methods, respectively. RESULTS The battery workers had significantly higher breathing zone lead and BLLs than the non-exposed group. In battery workers, the most hematological parameters, including red blood cell, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, have significantly decreased. In contrast, white blood cell count has shown a significant increase as compared to the controls. The mean levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase as biomarker liver damage, and the serum levels of creatinine as a result of renal failure were significantly higher in the exposed group than in the non-exposed group. CONCLUSIONS These observations indicate that occupational exposure to lead exceeding its current threshold limit value (TLV) and biological exposure index (BEI) is associated with hematological symptoms and liver and kidney dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Kargar-Shouroki
- Occupational Health Research Center, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Mehri
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Faeze Sepahi-Zoeram
- Occupational Health Research Center, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Singh RD, Koshta K, Tiwari R, Khan H, Sharma V, Srivastava V. Developmental Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Its Impact on Cardio-Metabolic-Renal Health. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 3:663372. [PMID: 35295127 PMCID: PMC8915840 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2021.663372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental origin of health and disease postulates that the footprints of early life exposure are followed as an endowment of risk for adult diseases. Epidemiological and experimental evidence suggest that an adverse fetal environment can affect the health of offspring throughout their lifetime. Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) during fetal development can affect the hormone system homeostasis, resulting in a broad spectrum of adverse health outcomes. In the present review, we have described the effect of prenatal EDCs exposure on cardio-metabolic-renal health, using the available epidemiological and experimental evidence. We also discuss the potential mechanisms of their action, which include epigenetic changes, hormonal imprinting, loss of energy homeostasis, and metabolic perturbations. The effect of prenatal EDCs exposure on cardio-metabolic-renal health, which is a complex condition of an altered biological landscape, can be further examined in the case of other environmental stressors with a similar mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha Dutt Singh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Kavita Koshta
- Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Ratnakar Tiwari
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Hafizurrahman Khan
- Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Vineeta Sharma
- Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Vikas Srivastava
- Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
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Hussein ABA, Ahmed MH, Kamal MM, Ayesh NAEA, Fouad MM. Evaluation of the Role of KIM-1 in Detecting Early Nephrotoxicity in Lead-Exposed Workers. J Occup Environ Med 2021; 63:e605-e611. [PMID: 34491970 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lead nephropathy usually starts silent. This study aimed to evaluate using kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) as an early nephrotoxicity predictor of long-term low-level occupational lead exposure. METHODS History, examination, and laboratory investigations including: blood lead, urinary KIM-1, serum uric acid, creatinine, urea, sodium, potassium, serum albumin, and urine analysis were done on 35 lead-exposed workers and a matched control group. RESULTS Higher blood lead levels were found among the exposed group compared to the control one. No statistically significant difference was found regarding renal failure manifestations or standard renal functions (uric acid, blood urea, and creatinine). Urinary KIM-1 was statistically significantly increased among the exposed group. CONCLUSION Renal adverse effects were associated to lead fumes exposure. KIM-1 can be used as biomarker for detecting early renal affection among lead-exposed workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abo-Bakr Abbas Hussein
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt (Dr Hussein, Dr Ahmed, Dr Ayesh, and Dr Fouad); Department of Clinical & Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt (Dr Kamal)
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Chen Z, Huo X, Chen G, Luo X, Xu X. Lead (Pb) exposure and heart failure risk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:28833-28847. [PMID: 33840028 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13725-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal with widespread industrial use, but it is also a widespread environmental contaminant with serious toxicological consequences to many species. Pb exposure adversely impacts the cardiovascular system in humans, leading to cardiac dysfunction, but its effects on heart failure risk remain poorly elucidated. To better understand the pathophysiological effects of Pb, we review potential mechanisms by which Pb exposure leads to cardiac dysfunction. Adverse effects of Pb exposure on cardiac function include heart failure risk, pressure overload, arrhythmia, myocardial ischemia, and cardiotoxicity. The data reviewed clearly establish that Pb exposure can play an important role in the occurrence and development of heart failure. Future epidemiological and mechanistic studies should be developed to better understand the involvement of Pb exposure in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Chen
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Rd, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xia Huo
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China
| | - Guangcan Chen
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Rd, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiuli Luo
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Rd, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xijin Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Rd, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China.
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Kuraeiad S, Kotepui M. Blood Lead Level and Renal Impairment among Adults: A Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:4174. [PMID: 33920861 PMCID: PMC8071292 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background: The adult population in lead-related occupations or environmentally exposed to lead may be at risk for renal impairment and lead nephropathy. This meta-analysis aims to determine the impact of blood lead level (BLL) on renal function among middle-aged participants. Methods: Cross-sectional, longitudinal, or cohort studies that reported BLL and renal function tests among adult participants were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science. Relevant studies were included and assessed for quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). The pooled mean BLL of participants with a high BLL (≥30 µg/dL), moderate BLL (20-30 µg/dL), and low BLL (<20 µg/dL) was estimated using the random effects model. The pooled mean differences in BLL, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, uric acid, and creatinine clearance between the exposed and non-exposed participants were estimated using the random effects model. Meta-regression was performed to demonstrate the association between the effect size (ES) of the pooled mean BLL and renal function. Heterogeneity among the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Q and I2 statistics. Cochrane Q with a p value less than 0.05 and I2 more than 50% demonstrated substantial heterogeneity among the studies included. Publication bias was assessed using the funnel plot between the effect size and standard error of the effect size. Results: Out of 1657 articles, 43 were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis demonstrated that the pooled mean BLL in the participants with a high BLL, moderate BLL, and low BLL was 42.41 µg/dL (95% confidence interval (CI): 42.14-42.67, I2: 99.1%), 22.18 µg/dL (95% CI: 21.68-22.68, I2: 60.4%), and 2.9 µg/dL (95% CI: 2.9-2.9, I2: 100%), respectively. The mean BLL of the exposed participants was higher than that of the non-exposed participants (weighted mean difference (WMD): 25.5, p < 0.0001, 95% CI: 18.59-32.45, I2: 99.8%, 17 studies). The mean BUN (WMD: 1.66, p < 0.0001, 95% CI: 0.76-2.55, I2: 76%, 10 studies) and mean creatinine (WMD: 0.05, p = 0.007, 95% CI: 0.01-0.08, I2: 76.8%, 15 studies) in the exposed participants were higher than those in the non-exposed participants. The mean creatinine clearance in the exposed participants was lower than that in the non-exposed participants (standard mean difference (SMD): -0.544, p = 0.03, 95% CI: -1.035-(-0.054), I2: 96.2%). The meta-regression demonstrated a significant positive effect of BLL on BUN (p = 0.022, coefficient: 0.75, constant: -3.7, 10 studies). Conclusions: BLL was observed to be associated with abnormal renal function test parameters, including high BUN, high creatinine, and low creatinine clearance. Moreover, BUN seemed to be the most valuable prognostic marker for lead-induced renal impairment. Therefore, regular checks for renal function among lead-exposed workers should be a priority and publicly promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manas Kotepui
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand;
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Feng Y, Xiao A, Jia R, Zhu S, Gao S, Li B, Shi N, Zou B. Emission characteristics and associated assessment of volatile organic compounds from process units in a refinery. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:115026. [PMID: 32593904 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The accuracy and reliability of volatile organic compound (VOC) emission data are essential for assessing emission characteristics and their potential impact on air quality and human health. This paper describes a new method for determining VOC emission data by multipoint sampling from various process units inside a large-scale refinery. We found that the emission characteristics of various production units were related to the raw materials, products, and production processes. Saturated alkanes accounted for the largest fraction in the continuous catalytic reforming and wastewater treatment units (48.0% and 59.2%, respectively). In the propene recovery unit and catalytic cracking unit, alkenes were the most dominant compounds, and propene provided the largest contributions (57.8% and 23.0%, respectively). In addition, n-decane (12.6%), m,p-xylene (12.4%), and n-nonane (8.9%) were the main species in the normal production process of the delayed coking unit. Assessments of photochemical reactivity and carcinogenic risk were carried out, and the results indicate that VOC emissions from the propene recovery unit and catalytic cracking unit should be controlled to reduce the ozone formation potential; in addition, alkenes are precedent-controlled pollutants. The cancer risk assessments reveal that 1,2-dibromoethane, benzene, 1,2-dichloroethane, and chloroform were the dominant risk contributors, and their values were much higher than the standard threshold value of 1.0 × 10-6 but lower than the significant risk value defined by the US Supreme Court. Based on the VOC composition and a classification algorithm, the samples were classified into eight main groups that corresponded to different process units in the petroleum refinery. In conclusion, this work provides valuable data for investigating process-specific emission characteristics of VOCs and performing associated assessments of photochemical reactivity and carcinogenic risk in petrochemical refineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, PR China.
| | - Anshan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, PR China
| | - Runzhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, PR China
| | - Shengjie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, PR China
| | - Shaohua Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, PR China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, PR China
| | - Ning Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, PR China
| | - Bing Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, PR China
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Yuan TH, Ke DY, Wang JEH, Chan CC. Associations between renal functions and exposure of arsenic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in adults living near a petrochemical complex. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113457. [PMID: 31785941 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The understanding for the impact of petrochemical pollutants exposure on renal functions is limited. OBJECTIVES Our study examined the associations between renal functions and pollutants exposure in adult residents living in the vicinity of a petrochemical industry. METHODS We recruited 2069 adult residents near a big petrochemical complex in Taiwan in 2009-2012, and they were categorized into high exposure (HE) and low exposure (LE) groups based on their address to source by 10 km radius. Study subjects were measured the urinary levels of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, thallium, and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP). The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the Taiwanese Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation, and the chronic kidney disease (CKD) prevalence and risks were defined according to KDIGO 2012 guidelines. Adjusted generalized linear and logistic regression models were applied to evaluate the associations between petrochemical exposure and renal functions. RESULTS Subjects in the HE areas had significantly lower eGFR, higher CKD prevalence, and higher levels of urinary arsenic, cadmium, mercury, thallium and 1-OHP. The closer to complex and high exposure group of study subjects were significantly associated with the decrease in eGFR, higher ORs for CKD and high-intermediate risk of CKD. In addition, the study subjects who had two-fold urinary arsenic and 1-OHP levels were significantly with decreased 0.68 and 0.49 ml/min/1.73 m2 of eGFR, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Residing closer and higher arsenic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure were associated with the renal impairment and risks of CKD among the residential population near the petrochemical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Hsuen Yuan
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Science, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Innovation and Policy Center for Population Health and Sustainable Environment (Population Health Research Center, PHRC), College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Yuan Ke
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Science, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Chang-Chuan Chan
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Science, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Innovation and Policy Center for Population Health and Sustainable Environment (Population Health Research Center, PHRC), College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Chettle DR, McNeill FE. Elemental analysis in living human subjects using biomedical devices. Physiol Meas 2019; 40:12TR01. [PMID: 31816604 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ab6019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Today, patients undergoing dialysis are at low risk for aluminum-induced dementia. Workers are unlikely to experience cadmium-induced emphysema and the public's exposure to lead is an order of magnitude lower than in 1970. The research field of in vivo elemental analysis has played a role in these occupational and environmental health improvements by allowing the effects of people's chronic exposure to elements to be studied using non-invasive, painless, and relatively low-cost technology. From the early 1960s to the present day, researchers have developed radiation-based systems to measure the elemental content of organs at risk or storage organs. This reduces the need for (sometimes painful) biopsy and the risk of infection. Research and development has been undertaken on forty-nine in vivo measurement system designs. Twenty-nine different in vivo elemental analysis systems, measuring 22 different elements, have been successfully taken from design and testing through to human measurement. The majority of these systems employ either neutron activation analysis or x-ray fluorescence analysis as the basis of the measurement. In this review, we discuss eight of the successful systems, explaining the rationale behind their development, the methodology, the health data that has resulted from application of these tools, and provide our opinion on potential future technical developments of these systems. We close by discussing four technologies that may lead to new directions and advances in the whole field.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Chettle
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, 1280 Main St West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
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Lycium barbarum polysaccharides attenuate rat anti-Thy-1 glomerulonephritis through mediating pyruvate dehydrogenase. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 116:109020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Reilly R, Spalding S, Walsh B, Wainer J, Pickens S, Royster M, Villanacci J, Little BB. Chronic Environmental and Occupational Lead Exposure and Kidney Function among African Americans: Dallas Lead Project II. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15122875. [PMID: 30558242 PMCID: PMC6313544 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background: We examined the effects of lead on kidney function in occupationally and environmentally exposed adults from a Dallas lead smelter community that was the site of an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Superfund clean-up. All subjects were African Americans—a racial group that bears a disproportionate burden of kidney disease. Methods: A two-phase health screening was conducted. Phase II included a physical examination and laboratory tests. Study subjects were African Americans residents, aged ≥19 years to ≤89 years. Of 778 subjects, 726 were environmentally exposed and 52 were both occupationally and environmentally exposed. The effects of lead exposure on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were examined in three groups: male and female smelter-community residents, as well as males with both occupational and environmental exposure. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the dependence of eGFR on log (blood lead level), duration of residence in the community, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension. Results: There was a statistically significant negative effect on kidney function for all three groups. Comparison of female and male residents showed a slightly larger negative effect of blood lead level on eGFR in females versus males, with the largest effect seen in male smelter-working residents. For each unit increase (log10 10 µg/dL = 1) in blood lead level, age-adjusted eGFR was reduced 21.2 mL/min/1.73 m2 in male residents, 25.3 mL/min/1.73 m2 in female residents and 59.2 mL/min/1.73 m2 in male smelter-working residents. Conclusions: Chronic lead exposure is associated with worsening kidney function in both African American male and female residents, as well as male workers in Dallas smelter communities. This effect is slightly, but not statistically significantly, worse in female residents than male residents, and significantly worse in males that both worked and resided in the smelter community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Reilly
- Nephrology Division, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
- Medical Service, Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
| | | | - Brad Walsh
- Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.
| | - Jeanne Wainer
- Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.
| | - Sue Pickens
- Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.
| | | | - John Villanacci
- Environmental and Injury Epidemiology and Toxicology Branch, Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, TX 78756 USA.
| | - Bert B Little
- Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.
- Medical Service, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX 75216, USA.
- Department of Health Management and Systems Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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Diabetes and Exposure to Environmental Lead (Pb). TOXICS 2018; 6:toxics6030054. [PMID: 30200608 PMCID: PMC6161143 DOI: 10.3390/toxics6030054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Although the increased incidence of type 2 diabetes since the 1950s is thought to be primarily due to coincident alterations in lifestyle factors, another potential contributing factor in industrialized countries is exposure of the population to environmental pollutants and industrial chemicals. Exposure levels of many environmental toxicants have risen in the same time-frame as the disease incidence. Of particular interest in this regard is the metal lead. Although overall lead exposure levels have diminished in recent decades, there is an under-recognized but persistent occurrence of lead exposure in poor underserved urban populations. Although the neural developmental pathologies induced by lead exposures have been well documented, very little is known about the effect of lead exposure on the incidence of chronic metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes. Although our understanding of the metabolic health effects of lead exposure is incomplete, there are studies in model systems and a small amount of epidemiological data that together suggest a deleterious effect of environmental lead exposure on metabolic health. This article reviews the human, animal and in vitro studies that have examined the effects of lead exposure on the development of diabetes and related metabolic conditions.
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Yu LB, Tu YT, Huang JW, Zhang YN, Zheng GQ, Xu XW, Wang JW, Xiao JQ, Christiani DC, Xia ZL. Hypermethylation of CpG islands is associated with increasing chromosomal damage in chinese lead-exposed workers. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2018; 59:549-556. [PMID: 29761860 DOI: 10.1002/em.22194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lead is a widely existing environmental pollutant with potential carcinogenicity. To investigate the association of blood lead level (B-Pb) with potential chromosomal damage and cancer, we analyzed micronucleus (MN) frequency of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and the methylation status of six human tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) post lead exposure. In the study, 147 lead-exposed workers were divided into two groups according to their B-Pb P50 value, with other 50 lead-unexposed workers as a control group. The cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus (CBMN) assay was performed to detect chromosomal damage of PBLs of both lead-exposed and -unexposed workers. The methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP-PCR) was further used to examine the methylation status of six TSGs (GSTP1, hMLH1, MGMT, p14, p15, and p16). Results showed that MN frequencies of high B-Pb workers 8.1 ± 3.1‰ and low B-Pb workers 5.7 ± 2.3‰ were significantly higher than that of control group 2.8 ± 1.9‰ (P < 0.01), while the MN frequency of high B-Pb workers was also higher than that of the low B-Pb workers (P < 0.01). The MN frequency in PBLs of lead-exposed group with the methylated TSGs was significantly higher than that in PBLs with the unmethylated TSGs (P < 0.05). Notably, the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) correlated with chromosome damage (P < 0.05). Additionally, workers with high B-Pb had higher chromosome damage than those with low B-Pb (P < 0.05). Taken altogether, the results suggest that lead-exposed workers with CIMP positive and high B-Pb have a higher risk of being vulnerable to tumorigenesis. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:549-556, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Bo Yu
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, and Key laboratory of Public Health and Safety of Ministry of Education of China, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yu-Ting Tu
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, and Key laboratory of Public Health and Safety of Ministry of Education of China, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jing-Wen Huang
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, and Key laboratory of Public Health and Safety of Ministry of Education of China, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, and Key laboratory of Public Health and Safety of Ministry of Education of China, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guo-Qiao Zheng
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, and Key laboratory of Public Health and Safety of Ministry of Education of China, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Xu
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, and Key laboratory of Public Health and Safety of Ministry of Education of China, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jin-Wei Wang
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, and Key laboratory of Public Health and Safety of Ministry of Education of China, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jean Qin Xiao
- Waterfront Medical Service/Valley Health System P.O. Box 1378, Ridgewood, NJ 07451
| | - David C Christiani
- Department of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Zhao-Lin Xia
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, and Key laboratory of Public Health and Safety of Ministry of Education of China, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Toxic environmental exposures and kidney health in children. Pediatr Nephrol 2016; 31:2043-54. [PMID: 26458883 PMCID: PMC4829489 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-015-3222-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
High-level exposures to a number of agents are known to have direct nephrotoxic effects in children. A growing body of literature supports the hypothesis that chronic, relatively low-level exposure to various nephrotoxicants may also increase the risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD) or accelerate its progression. In this review we highlight several environmental nephrotoxicants and their association with CKD in children and adolescents. We also discuss unique epidemiological challenges in the use of kidney biomarkers in environmental nephrotoxicology.
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Mushak P. Temporal stability of chemical hormesis (CH): Is CH just a temporary stop on the road to thresholds and toxic responses? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 569-570:1446-1456. [PMID: 27396315 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemical hormesis (CH) is currently described as a nonmonotonic, bidirectional dose-response relationship for chemicals, where a stimulatory, (beneficial?) response at low dose or exposure is followed by an inhibitory response at higher doses/exposures (or vice-versa). CH is depicted as U(J)-shaped or inverse U(J)-shaped curves, i.e., curve slopes change sign. Some describe CH as a homeostasis-preserving response; others view CH as adaptive or (pre)conditioning responses to chemical stress. One aspect of CH and stress hormesis in general that has not been researched is its temporal stability, i.e., persistence, particularly in experimental animals and humans having long-term chemical stressing. Once maximized, does the CH response remain operative over the entire time of chemical exposure? One possible reason for the question's neglect is that temporal stability, e.g., 'steady-state hormesis,' has been assumed. Another is that CH temporality is not well understood or has been under-appreciated as to its importance. Available data, mainly for simpler biological systems, describe cases of transitory CH. Other examples, in human and experimental animal studies, show transitory existence of CH and, in some specialized cases, persisting CH. Also, certain disease state-induced hormetic responses are transitory over time in humans. The question requires resolution if CH is to be considered (i) a stable and beneficial or adverse response, (ii) a stable dose-response model competitive with stable threshold and linear, nonthreshold (LNT) dose-response models, and (iii) a model having any impact on, or role in, regulatory and public health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Mushak
- PB Associates, 4036 Nottaway Road, Durham, NC, USA.
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16
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Extraction d’or dans une entreprise en Mauritanie : une activité à risque potentiel de saturnisme professionnel. ARCH MAL PROF ENVIRO 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.admp.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Buser MC, Ingber SZ, Raines N, Fowler DA, Scinicariello F. Urinary and blood cadmium and lead and kidney function: NHANES 2007-2012. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 219:261-7. [PMID: 26852280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are widespread environmental contaminants that are known nephrotoxins. However, their nephrotoxic effects at low-environmental exposure levels are debated. OBJECTIVE We examined the association of blood Pb (B-Pb), blood Cd (B-Cd), urinary Pb (U-Pb) and urinary Cd (U-Cd) with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urinary albumin (ALB). METHODS We used multivariate linear regression to analyze the association between B-Pb, B-Cd, U-Pb, and U-Cd with eGFR and ALB in adult participants (≥20 years of age) in NHANES 2007-2012. The dataset was limited to NHANES individuals with both blood and urinary metal measurements. RESULTS We found a statistically significant inverse association between eGFR and B-Cd and statistically significant positive associations between eGFR and both U-Cd and U-Pb, as well as statistically significant associations between ALB and the 3rd and 4th quartiles of U-Cd. CONCLUSIONS The inverse association between eGFR and B-Cd, in conjunction with positive associations between eGFR and ALB with U-Cd, suggest that U-Cd measurement at low levels of exposure may result from changes in renal excretion of Cd due to kidney function and protein excretion. However, renal effects such as hyperfiltration from Cd-mediated kidney damage or creatinine-specific Cd effects cannot be excluded with this cross-sectional design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie C Buser
- Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Susan Z Ingber
- Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Nathan Raines
- Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - David A Fowler
- Division of Community Health Investigations, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Franco Scinicariello
- Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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18
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Weaver VM, Kotchmar DJ, Fadrowski JJ, Silbergeld EK. Challenges for environmental epidemiology research: are biomarker concentrations altered by kidney function or urine concentration adjustment? JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2016; 26:1-8. [PMID: 25736163 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2015.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Biomonitoring has become a standard approach for exposure assessment in occupational and environmental epidemiology. The use of biological effect markers to identify early adverse changes in target organs has also become widely adopted. However, the potential for kidney function to affect biomarker levels in the body and the optimal approach to adjustment of biomarker concentrations in spot urine samples for hydration status are two important but underappreciated challenges associated with biomarker use. Several unexpected findings, such as positive associations between urine nephrotoxicant levels and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), have been reported recently in research using biomarkers. These and other findings, discussed herein, suggest an impact of kidney glomerular filtration or tubule processing on biomarker levels. This is more commonly raised in the context of decreased kidney filtration, traditionally referred to as reverse causality; however, recent data suggest that populations with normal kidney filtration may be affected as well. Misclassification bias would result if biomarkers reflect kidney function as well as either exposures or early biological effect outcomes. Furthermore, urine biomarker associations with eGFR that differ markedly by approach used to adjust for urine concentration have been reported. Associations between urine measures commonly used for this adjustment, such as urine creatinine, and specific research outcomes could alter observed biomarker associations with outcomes. Research recommendations to address the potential impact of kidney function and hydration status adjustment on biomarkers are provided, including a range of approaches to study design, exposure and outcome assessment, and adjustment for urine concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia M Weaver
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dennis J Kotchmar
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Fadrowski
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ellen K Silbergeld
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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19
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Zheng LY, Umans JG, Yeh F, Francesconi KA, Goessler W, Silbergeld EK, Bandeen-Roche K, Guallar E, Howard BV, Weaver VM, Navas-Acien A. The association of urine arsenic with prevalent and incident chronic kidney disease: evidence from the Strong Heart Study. Epidemiology 2015; 26:601-12. [PMID: 25929811 PMCID: PMC4844343 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000000313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have evaluated associations between low to moderate arsenic levels and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The objective was to evaluate the associations of inorganic arsenic exposure with prevalent and incident CKD in American Indian adults. METHODS We evaluated the associations of inorganic arsenic exposure with CKD in American Indians who participated in the Strong Heart Study in 3,851 adults ages 45-74 years in a cross-sectional analysis, and 3,119 adults with follow-up data in a prospective analysis. Inorganic arsenic, monomethylarsonate, and dimethylarsinate were measured in urine at baseline. CKD was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate ≤ 60 ml/min/1.73 m, kidney transplant or dialysis. RESULTS CKD prevalence was 10.3%. The median (IQR) concentration of inorganic plus methylated arsenic species (total arsenic) in urine was 9.7 (5.8, 15.7) μg/L. The adjusted odds ratio (OR; 95% confidence interval) of prevalent CKD for an interquartile range in total arsenic was 0.7 (0.6, 0.8), mostly due to an inverse association with inorganic arsenic (OR: 0.4 [0.3, 0.4]). Monomethylarsonate and dimethylarsinate were positively associated with prevalent CKD after adjustment for inorganic arsenic (OR: 3.8 and 1.8). The adjusted hazard ratio of incident CKD for an IQR in sum of inorganic and methylated arsenic was 1.2 (1.03, 1.41). The corresponding HRs for inorganic arsenic, monomethylarsonate, and dimethylarsinate were 1.0 (0.9, 1.2), 1.2 (1.00, 1.3), and 1.2 (1.0, 1.4). CONCLUSIONS The inverse association of urine inorganic arsenic with prevalent CKD suggests that kidney disease affects excretion of inorganic arsenic. Arsenic species were positively associated with incident CKD. Studies with repeated measures are needed to further characterize the relation between arsenic and kidney disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Y. Zheng
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jason G. Umans
- MedStar Health Research Institute and Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
- Georgetown-Howard Universities Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Washington DC, USA
| | - Fawn Yeh
- College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Kevin A. Francesconi
- Institute of Chemistry – Analytical Chemistry, Karl-Franzens University, Graz, Austria
| | - Walter Goessler
- Institute of Chemistry – Analytical Chemistry, Karl-Franzens University, Graz, Austria
| | - Ellen K Silbergeld
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karen Bandeen-Roche
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eliseo Guallar
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Area of Epidemiology and Population Genetics, National Center for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Barbara V. Howard
- MedStar Health Research Institute and Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
- Georgetown-Howard Universities Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Washington DC, USA
| | - Virginia M. Weaver
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Area of Epidemiology and Population Genetics, National Center for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Navas-Acien
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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20
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Wron´ska‐Nofer T, Pisarska A, Trzcinka‐Ochocka M, Hałatek T, Stetkiewicz J, Braziewicz J, Nofer J, Waąsowicz W. Scintigraphic assessment of renal function in steel plant workers occupationally exposed to lead. J Occup Health 2015; 57:91-9. [DOI: 10.1539/joh.14-0115-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Wron´ska‐Nofer
- Department of Toxicology and CarcinogenesisNofer Institute of Occupational MedicinePoland
| | - Anna Pisarska
- Department of Toxicology and CarcinogenesisNofer Institute of Occupational MedicinePoland
- Department of Nuclear MedicineHolycross Cancer CenterPoland
| | | | - Tadeusz Hałatek
- Department of Toxicology and CarcinogenesisNofer Institute of Occupational MedicinePoland
| | - Jan Stetkiewicz
- Department of PathologyNofer Institute of Occupational MedicinePoland
| | - Janusz Braziewicz
- Department of Nuclear MedicineHolycross Cancer CenterPoland
- Institute of Physics, Jan Kochanowski UniversityPoland
| | - Jerzy‐Roch Nofer
- Center for Laboratory MedicineUniversity Hospital MünsterGermany
| | - Wojciech Waąsowicz
- Department of Toxicology and CarcinogenesisNofer Institute of Occupational MedicinePoland
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21
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Pollack AZ, Mumford SL, Mendola P, Perkins NJ, Rotman Y, Wactawski-Wende J, Schisterman EF. Kidney biomarkers associated with blood lead, mercury, and cadmium in premenopausal women: a prospective cohort study. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:119-31. [PMID: 25424620 PMCID: PMC4246415 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.944680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Certain metals are harmful to the kidney and liver at high levels, but associations with functional biomarkers at low exposure levels among premenopausal women apparently has not been evaluated. Healthy, regularly menstruating women (n = 259) were followed for up to 2 menstrual cycles with up to 16 visits. Renal and liver biomarkers were measured in serum at each clinic visit. Cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) were measured in whole blood at baseline. Linear mixed models were adjusted for age, body mass index (BMI), race, average calories, alcohol intake, smoking, and cycle day. Median levels of Cd, Pb, and Hg were 0.31 μg/L, 0.88 μg/dl, and 1.1 μg/L, respectively. One-third of women had diminished glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (<90 ml/min/1.73 m(2)). Each twofold increase in Cd was associated with a negative 4.9% change in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and bilirubin. Each twofold rise in Pb was associated with decreased eGFR and increased creatinine. A twofold elevation in Hg was associated with higher protein and reduced alkaline phosphatase. In healthy, predominantly nonsmoking women, low levels of Cd, Pb, and Hg were associated with changes in select biomarkers of kidney and liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Z. Pollack
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6100 Executive Blvd. Suite 7B03 Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, MS 5B7, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Sunni L. Mumford
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6100 Executive Blvd. Suite 7B03 Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pauline Mendola
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6100 Executive Blvd. Suite 7B03 Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Neil J. Perkins
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6100 Executive Blvd. Suite 7B03 Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yaron Rotman
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Building 10 , Room 9C434, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Jean Wactawski-Wende
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University at Buffalo, School of Public Health and Health Professions, 270C Farber Hall, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA
| | - Enrique F. Schisterman
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6100 Executive Blvd. Suite 7B03 Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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22
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Seo J, Lee BK, Jin SU, Park JW, Kim YT, Ryeom HK, Lee J, Suh KJ, Kim SH, Park SJ, Jeong KS, Ham JO, Kim Y, Chang Y. Lead-induced impairments in the neural processes related to working memory function. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105308. [PMID: 25141213 PMCID: PMC4139362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is well known that lead exposure induces neurotoxic effects, which can result in a variety of neurocognitive dysfunction. Especially, occupational lead exposures in adults are associated with decreases in cognitive performance including working memory. Despite recent advances in human neuroimaging techniques, the neural correlates of lead-exposed cognitive impairment remain unclear. Therefore, this study was aimed to compare the neural activations in relation to working memory function between the lead-exposed subjects and healthy controls. Methodology/Principal Findings Thirty-one lead-exposed subjects and 34 healthy subjects performed an n-back memory task during MRI scan. We performed fMRI using the 1-back and 2-back memory tasks differing in cognitive demand. Functional MRI data were analyzed using within- and between-group analysis. We found that the lead-exposed subjects showed poorer working memory performance during high memory loading task than the healthy subjects. In addition, between-group analyses revealed that the lead-exposed subjects showed reduced activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, pre supplementary motor areas, and inferior parietal cortex. Conclusions/Significance Our findings suggest that functional abnormalities in the frontoparietal working memory network might contribute to impairments in maintenance and manipulation of working memory in the lead-exposed subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeehye Seo
- Department of Medical & Biological Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Dong-In dong, Jung-gu, Daegu, Korea
| | | | - Seong-Uk Jin
- Department of Medical & Biological Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Dong-In dong, Jung-gu, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jang Woo Park
- Department of Medical & Biological Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Dong-In dong, Jung-gu, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yang-Tae Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hun-Kyu Ryeom
- Department of Radiology, Kyungpook National University College of Medicine, Dong-In dong, Jung-gu, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jongmin Lee
- Department of Radiology, Kyungpook National University College of Medicine, Dong-In dong, Jung-gu, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kyung Jin Suh
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - Suk Hwan Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Sin-Jae Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Kyoung Sook Jeong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jung-O Ham
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyan University Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Yangho Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
- * E-mail: (YC); (YK)
| | - Yongmin Chang
- Department of Medical & Biological Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Dong-In dong, Jung-gu, Daegu, Korea
- Department of Radiology, Kyungpook National University College of Medicine, Dong-In dong, Jung-gu, Daegu, Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Kyungpook National University College of Medicine, Dong-In dong, Jung-gu, Daegu, Korea
- * E-mail: (YC); (YK)
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23
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Kim HK, Lee H, Kwon JT, Kim HJ. A polymorphism in AGT and AGTR1 gene is associated with lead-related high blood pressure. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2014; 16:712-9. [PMID: 25031294 DOI: 10.1177/1470320313516174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the association of polymorphisms in two renin-angiotensin system-related genes, expressed as angiotensinogen (AGT) and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AGTR1), with blood lead levels and lead-related blood pressure in lead-exposed male workers in Korea. A cross-sectional study involving 808 lead-exposed male workers in Korea was conducted using a restriction fragment length polymorphism-based strategy to differentiate the various genotypes of polymorphisms in the AGT and AGTR1 genes. The association of clinical characteristics with genotypes as modifiers was estimated after adjustment for age, smoking status, drinking status, body mass index and job duration of each subject. Genotype and allele frequencies of the M235T polymorphism in AGT were associated with lead-related high blood pressure status. Moreover, blood lead levels were associated with allele frequencies of the AGT M235T polymorphism. These results suggested that the M/M genotype and M allele of AGT are risk factors for lead-related high blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Ki Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwayoung Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Tack Kwon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Jae Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Republic of Korea Soonchunhyang Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Republic of Korea Kowhang Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea
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24
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Abstract
Despite the recognition of lead nephropathy as a consequence of environmental and occupational lead exposure, lead nephropathy still appears to be underrecognized by physicians as a cause and promoter of chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially in people with more apparent causative factors such as diabetes and hypertension. This review focuses on the clinical, pathophysiological and epidemiological perspectives of lead nephropathy with the objective of promoting the awareness of this important but overlooked cause of CKD among physicians. Literature was reviewed using available medical journals and online literature search through Google, Pubmed, Medline, Medscape and HINARI databases. The key words employed were: Lead Nephropathy, Environmental and Occupational lead exposure and chronic kidney disease. Lead nephropathy which is a tubulointerstitial nephritis, may present acutely or chronically in association with hypertension. The clinical diagnosis of lead nephropathy is complex, because the symptoms are varied and non-specific especially with subclinical nephrotoxicity. The recognition of lead nephropathy can be enhanced if physicians have a high index of suspicion in the assessment of patients with renal disease. It is recommended that the evaluation of environmental and occupational nephrotoxins like lead be incorporated into programs for the prevention of CKD, especially in developing countries where lead exposure and toxicity still remain largely unchecked and the prevalence and burden of CKD is increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Datonye Dennis Alasia
- Nephrology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
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Chowdhury R, Darrow L, McClellan W, Sarnat S, Steenland K. Incident ESRD among participants in a lead surveillance program. Am J Kidney Dis 2014; 64:25-31. [PMID: 24423781 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Very high levels of lead can cause kidney failure; data about renal effects at lower levels are limited. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study, external (vs US population) and internal (by exposure level) comparisons. SETTINGS & PARTICIPANTS 58,307 men in an occupational surveillance system in 11 US states. PREDICTOR Blood lead levels. OUTCOME Incident end-stage renal disease determined by matching the cohort with the US Renal Data System (n=302). MEASUREMENTS Blood lead categories were 0-<5, 5-<25, 25-<40, 40-51, and >51 μg/dL, defined by highest blood lead test result. One analysis for those with data for race (31% of cohort) and another for the whole cohort after imputing race. RESULTS Median follow-up was 12 years. Among those with race information, the end-stage renal disease standardized incidence ratio (SIR; US population as referent) was 1.08 (95% CI, 0.89-1.31) overall. The SIR in the highest blood lead category was 1.47 (95% CI, 0.98-2.11), increasing to 1.56 (95% CI, 1.02-2.29) for those followed up for 5 or more years. For the entire cohort (including those with race imputed), the overall SIR was 0.92 (95% CI, 0.82-1.03), increasing to 1.36 (95% CI, 0.99-1.73) in the highest blood lead category (SIR of 1.43 [95% CI, 1.01-1.85] in those with ≥5 years' follow-up). In internal analyses by Cox regression, rate ratios for those with 5 or more years' follow-up in the entire cohort were 1.0 (0-<5 and 5-<25 μg/dL categories combined) and 0.92, 1.08, and 1.96 for the 25-<40, 40-51, and >51 μg/dL categories, respectively (P for trend=0.003). The effect of lead was strongest in nonwhites. LIMITATIONS Lack of detailed work history, reliance on only a few blood lead tests per person to estimate level of exposure, lack of clinical data at time of exposure. CONCLUSIONS Data suggest that current US occupational limits on blood lead levels may need to be strengthened to avoid kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritam Chowdhury
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lyndsey Darrow
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - William McClellan
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Stefanie Sarnat
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Kyle Steenland
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
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Shelley R, Kim NS, Parsons PJ, Lee BK, Agnew J, Jaar BG, Steuerwald AJ, Matanoski G, Fadrowski J, Schwartz BS, Todd AC, Simon D, Weaver VM. Uranium associations with kidney outcomes vary by urine concentration adjustment method. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2014; 24:58-64. [PMID: 23591699 PMCID: PMC5457699 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2013.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Uranium is a ubiquitous metal that is nephrotoxic at high doses. Few epidemiologic studies have examined the kidney filtration impact of chronic environmental exposure. In 684 lead workers environmentally exposed to uranium, multiple linear regression was used to examine associations of uranium measured in a 4-h urine collection with measured creatinine clearance, serum creatinine- and cystatin-C-based estimated glomerular filtration rates, and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG). Three methods were utilized, in separate models, to adjust uranium levels for urine concentration--μg uranium/g creatinine; μg uranium/l and urine creatinine as separate covariates; and μg uranium/4 h. Median urine uranium levels were 0.07 μg/g creatinine and 0.02 μg/4 h and were highly correlated (rs=0.95). After adjustment, higher ln-urine uranium was associated with lower measured creatinine clearance and higher NAG in models that used urine creatinine to adjust for urine concentration but not in models that used total uranium excreted (μg/4 h). These results suggest that, in some instances, associations between urine toxicants and kidney outcomes may be statistical, due to the use of urine creatinine in both exposure and outcome metrics, rather than nephrotoxic. These findings support consideration of non-creatinine-based methods of adjustment for urine concentration in nephrotoxicant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Shelley
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nam-Soo Kim
- Institute of Industrial Medicine, SoonChunHyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Patrick J. Parsons
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York
| | - Byung-Kook Lee
- Institute of Industrial Medicine, SoonChunHyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Jacqueline Agnew
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bernard G. Jaar
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
| | - Amy J. Steuerwald
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York
| | - Genevieve Matanoski
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Jeffrey Fadrowski
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Brian S. Schwartz
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Andrew C. Todd
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | - Virginia M. Weaver
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
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Blood lead and cadmium levels and renal function in Korean adults. Clin Exp Nephrol 2013; 18:726-34. [PMID: 24276216 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-013-0913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to evaluate the associations of blood lead and cadmium levels with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and proteinuria in Korean adults. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study based on the Korea Nation Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) to analyze the association of blood lead and cadmium levels with renal dysfunction and urine protein excretion. We defined renal dysfunction as eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m(2), as measured by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation and proteinuria as positive urine dip-stick result. RESULTS Blood lead and cadmium levels were significantly increased in the renal dysfunction group compared with the normal renal function group. Lead levels were significantly higher in the proteinuria group than in the group with no proteinuria. There were no differences in cadmium levels according to the amount of proteinuria. Multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for age and sex demonstrated higher lead and cadmium levels in the renal dysfunction group than in the group with normal renal function [odds ratio (OR) 1.344, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.157-1.162, P < 0.05; OR 1.467, 95 % CI 1.077-1.999, P < 0.05, respectively]. For proteinuria, the fully adjusted ORs comparing the highest versus the lowest lead and cadmium quartiles were 1.22 (95 % CI 1.00-1.50) and 0.51 (95 % CI 0.24-1.08), respectively, showing no significance. For reduced eGFR, the fully adjusted ORs comparing the highest versus the lowest lead and cadmium quartiles were 1.23 (95 % CI 0.98-1.53) and 1.93 (95 % CI 1.39-2.67), respectively, showing the significant association between lead and cadmium levels and renal function. The risk of having reduced eGFR for individuals in the highest quartiles of both lead and cadmium levels in blood was greater than for those in the highest quartile of blood level of lead or cadmium only. CONCLUSION The CKD-EPI equation showed that blood lead and cadmium levels were associated with renal dysfunction in the Korean adult population. This finding has significant implications for environmental institutional strategies regarding heavy metal exposure.
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Spector JT, Navas-Acien A, Fadrowski J, Guallar E, Jaar B, Weaver V. Reply: To PMID 21248295. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 28:e8-9. [PMID: 24014319 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- June T Spector
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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29
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Hambach R, Lison D, D'Haese PC, Weyler J, De Graef E, De Schryver A, Lamberts LV, van Sprundel M. Co-exposure to lead increases the renal response to low levels of cadmium in metallurgy workers. Toxicol Lett 2013; 222:233-8. [PMID: 23806787 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.06.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Research on the effect of co-exposure to Cd and Pb on the kidney is scarce. The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of co-exposure to these metals on biomarkers of early renal effect. METHODS Cd in blood (Cd-B), Cd in urine (Cd-U), Pb in blood (Pb-B) and urinary renal biomarkers, i.e., microalbumin (μ-Alb), beta-2-microglobulin (β₂-MG), retinol binding protein (RBP), N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG), intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) were measured in 122 metallurgic refinery workers examined in a cross-sectional survey. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The median Cd-B, Cd-U, Pb-B were: 0.8 μg/l (IQR = 0.5, 1.2), 0.5 μg/g creatinine (IQR = 0.3, 0.8) and 158.5 μg/l (IQR = 111.0, 219.3), respectively. The impact of Cd-B on the urinary excretion of NAG and IAP was only evident among workers with Pb-B concentrations ≥ 75th percentile. The association between Cd-U and the renal markers NAG and RBP was also evidenced when Pb-B ≥ 75th percentile. No statistically significant interaction terms were observed for the associations between Cd-B or Cd-U and the other renal markers under study (i.e., μ-Alb and β2-MG). Our findings indicate that Pb increases the impact of Cd exposure on early renal biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hambach
- Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Li C, Yang X, Xu M, Zhang J, Sun N. Epigenetic marker (LINE-1 promoter) methylation level was associated with occupational lead exposure. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2013; 51:225-9. [PMID: 23528182 DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2013.782410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Occupational and environmental exposures to lead (Pb) are a worldwide concern. DNA methylation plays an important role in the development of Pb toxicity. Here, we try to find out the evidence to prove that the methylation of the LINE-1 promoter may be involved in Pb toxicity. METHODS To determine whether the methylation level of the LINE-1 is associated with the risk of Pb poisoning, we first constructed a Pb acetate-treated cell model to detect the association between LINE-1 methylation and Pb exposure. A case-control study involving 53 workers from a battery plant and 57 healthy volunteers with matching age and gender distribution was carried out. We employed methylation-specific real-time PCR to determine the relationship between LINE-1 methylation level and Pb exposure. RESULTS In the cell model, Pb exposure significantly decreased the level of LINE-1 methylation (p = 0.009). Significant difference in methylation frequencies was found between the exposed and control samples (p < 0.001). We also found a decreasing trend of LINE-1 methylation level with increasing blood Pb level (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Therefore, the LINE-1 promoter methylation might contribute to the risk of Pb poisoning and identified a possible epigenetic biomarker for Pb toxicity, especially in individuals occupationally exposed to Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunping Li
- Department of Occupational Health, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, P. R. China.
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Mushak P. Limits to chemical hormesis as a dose-response model in health risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 443:643-649. [PMID: 23220756 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This review presents and discusses the extent to which chemical hormesis meets five important requirements for performance of any dose-response model in the toxicological and regulatory sciences. These include (1) the requirement that there be a documented and accepted mechanistic basis for the dose-response model's plausible role and use in health risk assessment; (2) the requirement that any newly proposed dose-response methodology can be compared with current models as to reliability and scientific validity; (3) the requirement that the underlying reliability and stability of the model be established as to its temporal aspects, that is, minimal temporal lag between stressor contact and biological or toxicological response and temporal stability expressed throughout the prevailing relationship; (4) the requirement that the dose-response model be as broadly applicable as other dose-response methodologies being applied in human health risk assessment; and, (5) the requirement that any dose-response model proposed as default methodology can be characterized as to variability and uncertainty and will have a minimal likelihood of harm to the health of impacted populations. This review includes a brief treatment of definitions of hormesis and its place in nonmonotonic dose-response relationships. Overall, critical evaluation of chemical hormesis as a dose-response model in risk assessment shows it to have significant limits within the five requirements. These limits will impede any acceptance of chemical hormesis as a default approach in health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Mushak
- PB Associates, 4036 Nottaway Rd., Durham, NC 27707, USA.
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Shelley R, Kim NS, Parsons PJ, Lee BK, Jaar BG, Fadrowski J, Agnew J, Matanoski G, Schwartz BS, Steuerwald AJ, Todd AC, Simon D, Weaver VM. Associations of multiple metals with kidney outcomes in lead workers. Occup Environ Med 2012; 69:727-35. [PMID: 22843435 PMCID: PMC3542392 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2012-100765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Environmental exposure to multiple metals is common. A number of metals cause nephrotoxicity with acute and/or chronic exposure. However, few epidemiologic studies have examined the impact of metal coexposure on kidney function. Therefore, the authors evaluated associations of antimony and thallium with kidney outcomes and assessed the impact of cadmium exposure on those associations in lead workers. METHODS Multiple linear regression was used to examine associations between ln-urine thallium, antimony and cadmium levels with serum creatinine- and cystatin-C-based glomerular filtration measures and ln-urine N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG). RESULTS In 684 participants, median urine thallium and antimony were 0.39 and 0.36 μg/g creatinine, respectively. After adjustment for lead dose, urine creatinine and kidney risk factors, higher ln-urine thallium was associated with higher serum creatinine- and cystatin-C-based estimates of glomerular filtration rate; associations remained significant after adjustment for antimony and cadmium (regression coefficient for serum creatinine-based estimates of glomerular filtration rate =5.2 ml/min/1.73 m2; 95% CI =2.4 to 8.0). Antimony associations with kidney outcomes were attenuated by thallium and cadmium adjustment; thallium and antimony associations with NAG were attenuated by cadmium. CONCLUSIONS Urine thallium levels were significantly associated with both serum creatinine- and cystatin-C-based glomerular filtration measures in a direction opposite that expected with nephrotoxicity. Given similarities to associations recently observed with cadmium, these results suggest that interpretation of urine metal values, at exposure levels currently present in the environment, may be more complex than previously appreciated. These results also support multiple metal analysis approaches to decrease the potential for inaccurate risk conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Shelley
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nam-Soo Kim
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, SoonChunHyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Patrick J. Parsons
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York
| | - Byung-Kook Lee
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, SoonChunHyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Bernard G. Jaar
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jeffrey Fadrowski
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jacqueline Agnew
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Genevieve Matanoski
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Brian S. Schwartz
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amy J. Steuerwald
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York
| | - Andrew C. Todd
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | - Virginia M. Weaver
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
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Spurgeon DJ, Lawlor A, Hooper HL, Wadsworth R, Svendsen C, Thomas LDK, Ellis JK, Bundy JG, Keun HC, Jarup L. Outdoor and indoor cadmium distributions near an abandoned smelting works and their relations to human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:3425-3432. [PMID: 21908085 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The relationship of measured or modelled Cd concentrations in soil, house dust and available to plants with human urinary Cd concentrations were assessed in a population living around a Cd/Pb/Zn smelter in the UK. Modelled air concentrations explained 35% of soil Cd variation indicating the smelter contributed to soil Cd loads. Multi-variate analysis confirmed a significant role of biological and life-style factors in determining urinary Cd levels. Significant correlations of urinary Cd with soil, house dust and modelled plant available Cd concentrations were not, however, found. Potential reasons for the absence of clear relationships include limited environmental contact in urban populations; the role of undefined factors in determining exposure; and the limited spatial scope of the survey which did not sample from the full pollution gradient. Further, the absence of any significant relationship indicates that environmental measures provide limited advantage over atmospheric model outputs for first stage human exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Spurgeon
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8BB, UK.
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Hwangbo Y, Weaver VM, Tellez-Plaza M, Guallar E, Lee BK, Navas-Acien A. Blood cadmium and estimated glomerular filtration rate in Korean adults. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:1800-5. [PMID: 21835726 PMCID: PMC3261971 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1003054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium is a nephrotoxicant at high exposure levels. Few studies have evaluated the role of cadmium in kidney function at low-exposure levels. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the association of blood cadmium with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in the Korean adult population. METHODS We evaluated 1,909 adults ≥ 20 years of age who participated in the 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and had blood cadmium determinations. eGFR was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation. RESULTS Blood cadmium geometric means were 1.57 μg/L for men and 1.49 μg/L for women. The difference in eGFR levels that compared participants in the highest versus lowest cadmium tertiles, after multivariable adjustment, was -1.85 [95% confidence interval (CI): -3.55, -0.16] mL/min per 1.73 m2 in women and 0.67 (-1.16, 2.50) mL/min per 1.73 m2 in men. Among men, the association between blood cadmium and eGFR was modified by blood lead levels (p-value for interaction = 0.048). The fully adjusted differences in eGFR levels for a 2-fold increase in blood cadmium levels were -1.14 (-3.35, 1.07) and 1.84 (0.54, 3.14) mL/min per 1.73 m2 in men with blood lead levels below and above the median (2.75 μg/dL), respectively. CONCLUSION Elevated blood cadmium levels were associated with lower eGFR in women, which supports the role of cadmium as a risk factor for chronic kidney disease. In men, there was no overall association, although elevated blood cadmium levels were associated with higher eGFR levels in men with high blood lead levels and nonstatistically associated with lower eGFR levels in men with low blood lead levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hwangbo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Experimental SSM-CVB3 infection in macaques. Exp Mol Pathol 2011; 92:131-9. [PMID: 22079478 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the pathogenicity of SSM-CVB3 in a macaque model. METHODS The clinical symptoms of macaques were recorded; hematological, biochemical and histopathological evaluations were completed; viral titers and neutralization titers (NT-titers) in sera were tested; and the mRNA levels of SSM-CVB3, coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) and decay accelerating factor (DAF) were determined. RESULTS After SSM-CVB3 infection, the macaques showed a lack of activity, a poor appetite, a higher body temperature, and severe diarrhea. The macaques also developed hematuria and albuminuria at 4 to 10 days post-inoculation. Virus titers (5.1-6.5 LogTCID(50)/mL) were higher at 6 to 10 days post-inoculation, and NT-titers (6.5-7.3 Log2) reached plateaus at 8 to 14 days post-inoculation. The infected macaques developed serious anemia with decreased RBC and WBC, but the percentages of LYM were increased. The levels of CK, CK-MB, AST and ALT in the sera were 84-169 U/L, 87.6-271.1 U/L, 43-87 U/L and 43-82 U/L, respectively, and all of those were higher than normal. Histological analysis showed obvious cardiac, hepatic and renal damages in the infected macaques and the mRNA contents of SSM-CVB3, CAR and DAF in the heart, liver and kidneys of infected macaques were higher (P<0.05). CONCLUSION This was the first report on experimental SSM-CVB3 infections in macaques with serious hepatic and renal damage, except for myocarditis. The information obtained from this study suggests that the SSM-CVB3 strain and this macaque model could be used for studying CVB3-induced cardiac, hepatic or renal diseases.
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Weaver VM, Kim NS, Lee BK, Parsons PJ, Spector J, Fadrowski J, Jaar BG, Steuerwald AJ, Todd AC, Simon D, Schwartz BS. Differences in urine cadmium associations with kidney outcomes based on serum creatinine and cystatin C. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 111:1236-42. [PMID: 21871619 PMCID: PMC3210933 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium is a well-known nephrotoxicant; chronic exposure increases risk for chronic kidney disease. Recently, however, associations between urine cadmium and higher creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) have been reported. Analyses utilizing alternate biomarkers of kidney function allow evaluation of potential mechanisms for these observations. We compared associations of urine cadmium with kidney function measures based on serum cystatin C to those with serum creatinine in 712 lead workers. Mean (standard deviation) molybdenum-corrected urine cadmium, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) eGFR and multi-variable cystatin C eGFR were 1.02 (0.65) μg/g creatinine, and 97.4 (19.2) and 112.0 (17.7) mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively. The eGFR measures were moderately correlated (rs=0.5; p<0.001). After adjustment, ln (urine cadmium) was not associated with serum cystatin-C-based measures. However, higher ln (urine cadmium) was associated with higher creatinine-based eGFRs including the MDRD and an equation incorporating serum cystatin C and creatinine (beta-coefficient=4.1 mL/min/1.73 m2; 95% confidence interval=1.6, 6.6). Urine creatinine was associated with serum creatinine-based but not cystatin-C-based eGFRs. These results support a biomarker-specific, rather than a kidney function, effect underlying the associations observed between higher urine cadmium and creatinine-based kidney function measures. Given the routine use of serum and urine creatinine in kidney and biomarker research, additional research to elucidate the mechanism(s) for these associations is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia M Weaver
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615N. Wolfe St., Rm. 7041, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Abstract
Korea has industrialized since the 1970s. Pneumoconiosis in coal miners was the most common occupational disease in the 1970s to 1980s. With the industrialization, the use of many chemicals have increased since the 1970s. As a consequence, there were outbreaks of occupational diseases caused by poisonous chemicals, such as heavy metal poisoning, solvent poisoning and occupational asthma in the late 1980s and early 1990s with civil movement for democracy. Many actions have been taken for prevention by the government, employers and employees or unions. In the 1990s most chemical related diseases and pneumoconiosis have rapidly decreased due to improving work environment. In the late 1990s, cerebro-cardiovascular diseases related to job stress or work overloads have abruptly increased especially after the economic crisis in 1998. After the year 2000, musculoskeletal disorders became a major problem especially in assembly lines in the manufacturing industry and they were expanded to the service industry. Mental diseases related to job stress have increased. Infectious diseases increased in health care workers and afforestation workers. Occupational cancers are increasing because of their long latency, although the use of carcinogenic substances are reduced, limited, and even banned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Kyu Kang
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Incheon, Korea
| | - Eun A Kim
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Incheon, Korea
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Weaver VM, Kim NS, Jaar BG, Schwartz BS, Parsons PJ, Steuerwald AJ, Todd AC, Simon D, Lee BK. Associations of low-level urine cadmium with kidney function in lead workers. Occup Environ Med 2010; 68:250-6. [PMID: 20974743 DOI: 10.1136/oem.2010.056077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Low-level cadmium exposure, resulting in, for example, urinary cadmium <2.0 μg/g creatinine, is widespread; recent data suggest nephrotoxicity even at these low levels. Few studies have examined the impact of low-level cadmium exposure in workers who are occupationally exposed to other nephrotoxicants such as lead. METHODS We evaluated associations of urine cadmium, a measure of cumulative dose, with four glomerular filtration measures and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) in lead workers. Recent and cumulative lead doses were assessed via blood and tibia lead, respectively. RESULTS In 712 lead workers, mean (SD) blood and tibia lead values, urine cadmium values and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation were 23.1 (14.1) μg/dl, 26.6 (28.9) μg Pb/g bone mineral, 1.15 (0.66) μg/g creatinine and 97.4 (19.2) ml/min/1.73 m(2), respectively. After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, urine creatinine, smoking, alcohol, education, annual income, diastolic blood pressure, current or former lead worker job status, new or returning study participant, and blood and tibia lead, higher ln-urine cadmium was associated with higher calculated creatinine clearance, eGFR (β = 8.7 ml/min/1.73 m(2); 95% CI 5.4 to 12.1) and ln-NAG but lower serum creatinine. CONCLUSIONS Potential explanations for these results include a normal physiological response in which urine cadmium levels reflect renal filtration, the impact of adjustment for urine dilution with creatinine in models of kidney outcomes, and cadmium-related hyperfiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia M Weaver
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Rm 7041, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Fadrowski JJ, Navas-Acien A, Tellez-Plaza M, Guallar E, Weaver VM, Furth SL. Blood lead level and kidney function in US adolescents: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 170:75-82. [PMID: 20065202 DOI: 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic, high-level lead exposure is a known risk factor for kidney disease. The effect of current low-level environmental lead exposure is less well known, particularly among children, a population generally free from kidney disease risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the association between lead exposure and kidney function in a representative sample of US adolescents. METHODS Participants included 769 adolescents aged 12 to 20 years for whom whole blood lead and serum cystatin C were measured in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted from 1988-1994. The association between blood lead level and level of kidney function (glomerular filtration rate [GFR]), determined by cystatin C-based and creatinine-based estimating equations, was examined. RESULTS Median whole blood lead level was 1.5 microg/dL (to convert to micromoles per liter, multiply by 0.0483), and median cystatin C-estimated GFR was 112.9 mL/min/1.73 m(2). Participants with lead levels in the highest quartile (> or =3.0 microg/dL) had 6.6 mL/min/1.73 m(2)-lower estimated GFR (95% confidence interval, -0.7 to -12.6 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) compared with those in the first quartile (<1 microg/dL). A doubling of blood lead level was associated with a 2.9 mL/min/1.73 m(2)-lower estimated GFR (95% confidence interval, -0.7 to -5.0 mL/min/1.73 m(2)). Lead levels were also associated with lower creatinine-based estimated GFR levels, but the association was weaker than with cystatin C-based GFR and not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Higher blood lead levels in a range below the current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-designated level of concern (10 microg/dL) were associated with lower estimated GFRs in a representative sample of US adolescents. This finding contributes to the increasing epidemiologic evidence indicating an adverse effect of low-level environmental lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Fadrowski
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Weaver VM, Griswold M, Todd AC, Jaar BG, Ahn KD, Thompson CB, Lee BK. Longitudinal associations between lead dose and renal function in lead workers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2009; 109:101-107. [PMID: 19038382 PMCID: PMC2722941 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2008] [Revised: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing research on the lead dose range associated with nephrotoxicity in the occupational setting is inconsistent and primarily cross-sectional in design. OBJECTIVE To determine if lead dose predicts change in renal function in a large population of current and former lead workers. METHODS Three evaluations were performed between 1997 and 2001. Lead dose was assessed with blood and tibia lead. Renal outcomes included blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and calculated creatinine clearance. We used generalized estimating equations to model change in renal function between each evaluation in relation to tibia lead at the beginning of each follow-up period and concurrent change in blood lead, while adjusting for baseline lead dose and other covariates. RESULTS At baseline, mean (SD) age and duration of occupational lead exposure were 42.0 (9.3) and 8.8 (6.3) years, respectively, in 537 current and former lead workers followed over a mean of 2.1 years. Mean (SD) blood and tibia lead were 31.3 (14.4) microg/dl and 35.0 (37.8) microg/g bone mineral, respectively. Women (25.9%) were older and more likely to be former lead workers than men. In males, serum creatinine decreased and calculated creatinine clearance increased over the course of the study. Mean blood lead was not significantly different between evaluations 1 and 3 in either sex, however, tibia lead decreased in women. Blood and tibia lead were significantly associated with change in renal function. In males, serum creatinine decreases and calculated creatinine clearance increases were greatest in participants whose blood lead declined. CONCLUSIONS Both acute and chronic occupational lead dose measures were associated with change in renal function measures prospectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia M Weaver
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Room 7041, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Kim KR, Lee SW, Paik NW, Choi K. Low-level lead exposure among South Korean lead workers, and estimates of associated risk of cardiovascular diseases. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2008; 5:399-416. [PMID: 18428033 DOI: 10.1080/15459620802081587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the distribution of blood lead (PbB) levels, especially low levels, among Korean lead workers. The authors also estimated the potential effects of PbB on the blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular diseases using models taken from the published meta-analyses. The PbB data from a total of 13,043 lead workers in 1217 companies throughout Korea were used. The geometric mean PbB level was 6.08 microg/dL (geometric standard deviation was 2.53), and 56.6% of the workers showed PbB levels greater than 5 microg/dL. Females accounted for 31.3% of all Korean lead workers in 2003. Considering two factors, such as PbB levels and the number of lead workers, the relatively important industry subclasses were identified as Manufacture of Accumulators; Manufacture of Other Electronic Valves, Tubes, Electronic Components n.e.c.; and Manufacture of Other Parts and Accessories for Motor Vehicles. The industrial processes of relative importance included battery assembly, acid treatment, and other soldering. Although uncertainties exist in the prediction model and associated model parameters, the authors attempted to estimate potential adverse health effects related to the lead exposure. It was estimated that 7383 South Korean lead workers might have increased blood pressure and the health risks due to the lead exposures in 2003. The highest estimated risk of BP increases due to lead exposures was expected in workers of industrial subclasses and processes, such as Other Basic Nonferrous Metal Industries and Maintenance. If the models in this study were applied to the South Korean population, the impact fractions for cardiac disease among lead workers would be estimated at 4.9-12.8 times those of the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-Ran Kim
- 3M Korea, Technical Department, Hwa-Sung Gyeonggi, South Korea
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Schwartz BS, Stewart WF. Lead and cognitive function in adults: a questions and answers approach to a review of the evidence for cause, treatment, and prevention. Int Rev Psychiatry 2007; 19:671-92. [PMID: 18092244 DOI: 10.1080/09540260701797936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Lead has been extensively used worldwide in gasoline, consumer products, commercial applications, and industrial settings. Its use in gasoline and paint has been particularly hazardous to public health leading to widespread population exposure and substantial lifetime cumulative doses in most Americans over age 40 years. Cumulative lead dose can be estimated by measuring the current concentration of lead in tibia bone by X-ray fluorescence. A growing literature has documented that tibia lead levels are associated with decrements in cognitive function and declines in cognitive function over time. Furthermore, there are several interesting lines of biochemical and epidemiological investigation that have demonstrated potential links of lead to neurodegenerative diseases. These studies support the inference that a proportion of what has been termed 'normal' age-related cognitive decline may, in fact, be due to exposure to neurotoxicants such as lead. Well-designed studies of cumulative lead dose and Alzheimer's disease risk should be conducted to follow-up on these leads. The strong and compelling body of literature on lead and cognitive dysfunction and decline also supports a need for intervention studies to prevent lead-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Kosnett MJ, Wedeen RP, Rothenberg SJ, Hipkins KL, Materna BL, Schwartz BS, Hu H, Woolf A. Recommendations for medical management of adult lead exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:463-71. [PMID: 17431500 PMCID: PMC1849937 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Research conducted in recent years has increased public health concern about the toxicity of lead at low dose and has supported a reappraisal of the levels of lead exposure that may be safely tolerated in the workplace. In this article, which appears as part of a mini-monograph on adult lead exposure, we summarize a body of published literature that establishes the potential for hypertension, effects on renal function, cognitive dysfunction, and adverse female reproductive outcome in adults with whole-blood lead concentrations < 40 microg/dL. Based on this literature, and our collective experience in evaluating lead-exposed adults, we recommend that individuals be removed from occupational lead exposure if a single blood lead concentration exceeds 30 microg/dL or if two successive blood lead concentrations measured over a 4-week interval are > or = 20 microg/dL. Removal of individuals from lead exposure should be considered to avoid long-term risk to health if exposure control measures over an extended period do not decrease blood lead concentrations to < 10 microg/dL or if selected medical conditions exist that would increase the risk of continued exposure. Recommended medical surveillance for all lead-exposed workers should include quarterly blood lead measurements for individuals with blood lead concentrations between 10 and 19 microg/dL, and semiannual blood lead measurements when sustained blood lead concentrations are < 10 microg/dL. It is advisable for pregnant women to avoid occupational or avocational lead exposure that would result in blood lead concentrations > 5 microg/dL. Chelation may have an adjunctive role in the medical management of highly exposed adults with symptomatic lead intoxication but is not recommended for asymptomatic individuals with low blood lead concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Kosnett
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80202, USA.
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Ekong EB, Jaar BG, Weaver VM. Lead-related nephrotoxicity: a review of the epidemiologic evidence. Kidney Int 2006; 70:2074-84. [PMID: 17063179 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5001809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a major global public health concern. Efforts to prevent and/or slow progression of CKD are essential. Lead nephropathy, characterized by chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis, is a well-known risk of chronic, high-level lead exposure. However, in recent years, lead exposure has declined sharply, particularly in developed countries. We reviewed epidemiologic research in general, occupational, and patient populations to assess whether lead, at current exposure levels, still contributes to nephrotoxicity. Other pertinent topics, such as risk in children, genetic susceptibility, and co-exposure to cadmium, are also considered. The data reviewed indicate that lead contributes to nephrotoxicity, even at blood lead levels below 5 microg/dl. This is particularly true in susceptible populations, such as those with hypertension (HTN), diabetes, and/or CKD. Low socioeconomic status is a risk factor for both lead exposure and diseases that increase susceptibility. Future public health risk for lead-related nephrotoxicity may be most significant in those rapidly developing countries where risk factors for CKD, including obesity and secondary HTN and diabetes mellitus, are increasing more rapidly than lead exposure is declining. Global efforts to reduce lead exposure remain important. Research is also needed to determine whether specific therapies, such as chelation, are beneficial in susceptible populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Ekong
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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45
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Dorsey CD, Lee BK, Bolla KI, Weaver VM, Lee SS, Lee GS, Todd AC, Shi W, Schwartz BS. Comparison of patella lead with blood lead and tibia lead and their associations with neurobehavioral test scores. J Occup Environ Med 2006; 48:489-96. [PMID: 16688005 DOI: 10.1097/01.jom.0000199678.86629.3b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lead exposure in adults is associated with worse cognitive function in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Previous studies have mainly examined relations with blood lead or cortical bone lead; few have examined trabecular bone lead. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional analysis of the relations of patella lead and other lead biomarkers with measures of neurobehavioral and peripheral nervous system function in 652 lead workers. RESULTS Patella lead was found to be associated with worse performance on seven of 19 tests of manual dexterity, sensory vibration threshold, and depressive symptoms. The associations of patella lead with cognitive function were essentially similar to those with blood lead or tibia lead but of somewhat lower magnitude. CONCLUSIONS In this study, measurement of patella lead did not aid causal inference regarding cognitive effects when compared with blood lead and tibia lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie D Dorsey
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Weaver VM, Lee BK, Todd AC, Ahn KD, Shi W, Jaar BG, Kelsey KT, Lustberg ME, Silbergeld EK, Parsons PJ, Wen J, Schwartz BS. Effect modification by delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, vitamin D receptor, and nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms on associations between patella lead and renal function in lead workers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2006; 102:61-9. [PMID: 16487505 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2006.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2005] [Revised: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 01/04/2006] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic polymorphisms that affect lead toxicokinetics or toxicodynamics may be important modifiers of risk for adverse outcomes in lead-exposed populations. We recently reported associations between higher patella lead, which is hypothesized to represent a lead pool that is both bioavailable and cumulative, and adverse renal outcomes in current and former Korean lead workers. In the present study, we assessed effect modification by polymorphisms in the genes encoding for delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD), the vitamin D receptor (VDR), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase on those associations. Similar analyses were conducted with three other lead biomarkers. Renal function was assessed via blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, measured and calculated creatinine clearances, urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, and retinol-binding protein. Mean (SD) blood, patella, tibia, and dimercaptosuccinic acid-chelatable lead values were 30.9 (16.7) microg/dl, 75.1 (101.1)and 33.6 (43.4) microg Pb/g bone mineral, and 0.63 (0.75) microg Pb/mg creatinine, respectively, in 647 lead workers. Little evidence of effect modification by genotype on associations between patella lead and renal outcomes was observed. The VDR polymorphism did modify associations between the other lead biomarkers and the serum creatinine and calculated creatinine clearance. Higher lead dose was associated with worse renal function in participants with the variant B allele. Models in two groups, dichotomized by median age, showed that this effect was present in the younger half of the population. Limited evidence of effect modification by ALAD genotype was observed; higher blood lead levels were associated with higher calculated creatinine clearance among participants with the ALAD(1-2) genotype. In conclusion, VDR and/or ALAD genotypes modified associations between all the lead biomarkers, except patella lead, and the renal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia M Weaver
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Guallar E, Silbergeld EK, Navas-Acien A, Malhotra S, Astor BC, Sharrett AR, Schwartz BS. Confounding of the relation between homocysteine and peripheral arterial disease by lead, cadmium, and renal function. Am J Epidemiol 2006; 163:700-8. [PMID: 16484446 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwj090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine levels are associated with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in observational studies. Lead and cadmium are risk factors for PAD that affect thiol metabolism, and they may partly explain the association of homocysteine with PAD. To evaluate the roles of lead and cadmium exposure in confounding the association between homocysteine and PAD, the authors performed a cross-sectional study among 4,447 persons aged > or = 40 years who participated in the 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). PAD was defined as an ankle-brachial blood pressure index less than 0.90 in at least one leg. After adjustment for sociodemographic variables, the odds ratio for PAD in the highest quintile of homocysteine compared with the lowest was 1.92 (p(trend) = 0.004). Adjusting for blood lead and cadmium levels reduced this odds ratio to 1.37 (p(trend) = 0.13), and further adjusting for estimated glomerular filtration rate and smoking reduced it to 0.89 (p(trend) = 0.87). Adjustment for other risk factors did not affect this association. In the general population, the association of homocysteine level with PAD can be completely explained by confounding due to smoking, increased blood lead and cadmium levels, and impaired renal function. The association of lead and cadmium with PAD risk deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliseo Guallar
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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48
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Kim KR, Lee SW, Paik NW. Cross-sectional analysis of blood lead level of entire Korean lead workers. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2006; 44:318-27. [PMID: 16716011 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.44.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed blood lead (PbB) level from the 2003 health surveillance results of 13,043 lead workers from 1,217 total lead industries to evaluate lead intoxication at low level in Korea. Geometric mean of PbB was 6.08 microg/dl and 56.6% and 7.9% of total lead workers had PbB level over than 5 microg/dl and 25 microg/dl, respectively. Male showed relatively higher PbB level compared to women, but "Manufacture of Other Electronic Valves, Tubes and Electronic Components n.e.c." had more women than male in risk of low level lead exposure. While conventional high-risk industry such as "Manufacture of Accumulators" and "Other Basic Non-ferrous Metal Industries" were remained in high-risk group in lead exposure, there were high risks in other industries such as plastic, chemical and part manufacturing. Non-production tasks such as fork lift truck driving, maintenance, lab testing, and supporting function showed high blood lead level in addition to routine manufacturing processes such as smelting and soldering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-Ran Kim
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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de Burbure C, Buchet JP, Leroyer A, Nisse C, Haguenoer JM, Mutti A, Smerhovsky Z, Cikrt M, Trzcinka-Ochocka M, Razniewska G, Jakubowski M, Bernard A. Renal and neurologic effects of cadmium, lead, mercury, and arsenic in children: evidence of early effects and multiple interactions at environmental exposure levels. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2006; 114:584-90. [PMID: 16581550 PMCID: PMC1440785 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic are common environmental pollutants in industrialized countries, but their combined impact on children's health is little known. We studied their effects on two main targets, the renal and dopaminergic systems, in > 800 children during a cross-sectional European survey. Control and exposed children were recruited from those living around historical nonferrous smelters in France, the Czech Republic, and Poland. Children provided blood and urine samples for the determination of the metals and sensitive renal or neurologic biomarkers. Serum concentrations of creatinine, cystatin C, and beta2-microglobulin were negatively correlated with blood lead levels (PbB), suggesting an early renal hyperfiltration that averaged 7% in the upper quartile of PbB levels (> 55 microg/L; mean, 78.4 microg/L). The urinary excretion of retinol-binding protein, Clara cell protein, and N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase was associated mainly with cadmium levels in blood or urine and with urinary mercury. All four metals influenced the dopaminergic markers serum prolactin and urinary homovanillic acid, with complex interactions brought to light. Heavy metals polluting the environment can cause subtle effects on children's renal and dopaminergic systems without clear evidence of a threshold, which reinforces the need to control and regulate potential sources of contamination by heavy metals. Key words: arsenic, biomarkers, cadmium, dopaminergic, heavy metals, interactions, lead, mercury, renal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire de Burbure
- Unit of Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Louvain, Clos Chapelle-aux-Champs 30, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Weaver VM, Schwartz BS, Jaar BG, Ahn KD, Todd AC, Lee SS, Kelsey KT, Silbergeld EK, Lustberg ME, Parsons PJ, Wen J, Lee BK. Associations of uric acid with polymorphisms in the delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, vitamin D receptor, and nitric oxide synthase genes in Korean lead workers. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2005; 113:1509-15. [PMID: 16263504 PMCID: PMC1310911 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent research suggests that uric acid may be nephrotoxic at lower levels than previously recognized and that it may be one mechanism for lead-related nephrotoxicity. Therefore, in understanding mechanisms for lead-related nephrotoxicity, it would be of value to determine whether genetic polymorphisms that are associated with renal outcomes in lead workers and/or modify associations between lead dose and renal function are also associated with uric acid and/or modify associations between lead dose and uric acid. We analyzed data on three such genetic polymorphisms: delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Mean (+/- SD) tibia, blood, and dimercaptosuccinic acid-chelatable lead levels were 37.2 +/- 40.4 microg/g bone mineral, 32.0+/- 15.0 g/dL, and 0.77+/- 0.86 microg/mg creatinine, respectively, in 798 current and former lead workers. Participants with the eNOSAsp allele had lower mean serum uric acid compared with those with the Glu/Glu genotype. Among older workers (age > or = median of 40.6 years), ALAD genotype modified associations between lead dose and uric acid levels. Higher lead dose was significantly associated with higher uric acid in workers with the ALAD1-1 genotype; associations were in the opposite direction in participants with the variant ALAD1-2 genotype. In contrast, higher tibia lead was associated with higher uric acid in those with the variant VDRB allele; however, modification was dependent on participants with the bb genotype and high tibia lead levels. We conclude that genetic polymorphisms may modify uric acid mediation of lead-related adverse renal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia M Weaver
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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