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O'Connor S, Malone SM, Firnhaber J, O' Shaughnessy BR, McNamara JG, O'Hagan D. Disordered alcohol and substance use in Irish farmers: A cross-sectional survey. J Rural Health 2024; 40:173-180. [PMID: 37483102 DOI: 10.1111/jrh.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Farming is a high-pressure occupation. Populations of farmers face significant health risks, including injury, mental illness, and in some cases, heavy alcohol use. However, there is little research on farmers' use of substances beyond alcohol. This study examines factors relating to Irish farmers' disordered alcohol and substance use. METHODS In accordance with STROBE guidelines for cross-sectional research and reporting, we examined disordered alcohol and substance use in 351 Irish farmers using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Tool (AUDIT) and Drug Use Disorders Identification Tool (DUDIT). FINDINGS While 28% of farmers did not drink, 40% of those who did drink exceeded the AUDIT threshold for disordered use. Similarly, while 95% of farmers did not use substances, 78% of farmers who did use substances exceeded the DUDIT threshold for disordered use. Age was the most important risk factor for disordered alcohol and substance use and correlated with other main risk factors: lower income, no children, part-time farmer, and full-time off-farm roles. Disordered drinking was highest in farmers engaged in full-time education. CONCLUSIONS This population of Irish farmers report broadly healthy alcohol and substance use behaviors. Irish farmers may serve as a model group whose strengths can be utilized in interventions within and beyond the Irish farming community. Our results confirm the importance of analyzing demographic factors in farmers' drinking and identify younger farmers as especially at-risk for harmful alcohol and substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhán O'Connor
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sandra M Malone
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joseph Firnhaber
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - John G McNamara
- Teagasc - Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority, Farm Health and Safety, Knowledge Transfer Unit, Kildalton, Ireland
| | - Donnla O'Hagan
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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Mesic A, Damsere-Derry J, Gyedu A, Mock C, Larley J, Opoku I, Wuaku DH, Kitali A, Osei-Ampofo M, Donkor P, Stewart B. Generating consensus on road safety issues and priorities in Ghana: A modified Delphi approach. Injury 2023; 54:110765. [PMID: 37193635 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2023.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Implementation of evidence-based approaches to reduce the substantial health, social, and financial burdens of road traffic injuries and deaths in Ghana and other low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs) is vitally important. Consensus from national stakeholders can provide insight into what evidence to generate and which interventions to prioritize for road safety. The main objective of this study was to elicit expert views on the barriers to reaching international and national road safety targets, the gaps in national-level research, implementation, and evaluation, and the future action priorities. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used an iterative three-round modified Delphi process to generate consensus among Ghanaian road safety stakeholders. We defined consensus as 70% or more stakeholders selecting a specific response in the survey. We defined partial consensus (termed "majority") as 50% or more stakeholders selecting a particular response. RESULTS Twenty-three stakeholders from different sectors participated. Experts generated consensus on barriers to road safety goals, including the poor regulation of commercial and public transport vehicles and limited use of technology to monitor and enforce traffic behaviors and laws. Stakeholders agreed that the impact of increasing motorcycle (2- and 3-wheel) use on road traffic injury burden is poorly understood and that it is a priority to evaluate road-user risk factors such as speed, helmet use, driving skills, and distracted driving. One emerging area was the impact of unattended/disabled vehicles along roadways. There was consensus on the need for additional research, implementation, and evaluation efforts of several interventions, including focused treatment of hazardous spots, driver training, road safety education as part of academic curricula, promotion of community involvement in first aid, development of strategically positioned trauma centers, and towing of disabled vehicles. CONCLUSION This modified Delphi process with stakeholders from Ghana generated consensus on road safety research, implementation, and evaluation priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldina Mesic
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
| | | | - Adam Gyedu
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; University Hospital, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Charles Mock
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Irene Opoku
- Building and Road Research Institute, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | | | | | - Peter Donkor
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Barclay Stewart
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Siva Prasad MS, Priyatha CV, K Joseph J, Aneesh EM. Use of psychoactive substances by goods carriage drivers associated with Kerala, India. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2023; 24:663-669. [PMID: 37603111 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2023.2246163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to measure the prevalence of drugs of abuse (DOA) among the goods carriage drivers associated with the southern State of India, Kerala. METHODS Point-of-collection testing (POCT) of oral fluid collected from the participants (n = 249) was done using the Evidence MultiSTAT DOA Oral Fluid II Assay kits and the Evidence MultiSTAT analyzer. RESULTS Out of the total samples, 53 (21.29%) were positive for one or more DOA. A high prevalence of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (10.04%) and synthetic cannabinoids were detected in the samples. The use of ketamine, alpha-PVP, LSD, methamphetamine, opiate, 6-MAM, benzodiazepines I, methadone, PCP, tramadol, and amphetamine was also detected and their frequency of use ranged between 4.02 and 0.80%. An association between drug abuse and distance of travel was found in drivers in this study, χ2 (5, N = 249) = 123.5, p < 0.001. Confirmatory analysis using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry showed excellent agreement with the results of the screening test. CONCLUSIONS This was the first study conducted among drivers in India for the detection of DOA. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was used more by the goods carriage drivers associated with Kerala State, India. The use of psychoactive substances significantly increased with the distance of travel. Point-of-collection testing (POCT) by the biochip array technology is an efficient method for the detection of these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Siva Prasad
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Calicut, Kerala Police Academy, Thrissur, India
| | - C V Priyatha
- Endocrinology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Malappuram, India
| | | | - E M Aneesh
- Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Malappuram, India
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Fernandes IL, Guimarães RA, Lucchese R, Vera I, de Brito RP, Ramos CB, Marinho TA, Nunes PS, Diniz-Pinto HS, Amorim TA. Epidemiology of tobacco use and nicotine dependence in truck drivers. Rev Saude Publica 2022; 56:108. [PMID: 36629700 PMCID: PMC9749732 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2022056003698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the epidemiology of tobacco use and nicotine dependence in a sample of truck drivers in Brazil. METHODS Between 2015 and 2016, a cross-sectional study was conducted on 624 truck drivers who operate on the BR-050 highway in Brazil. Participants were interviewed about sociodemographic data, occupational characteristics, mental health, behavioral data, and tobacco use. Then, the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (FTND) was used to verify nicotine dependence in smoking truck drivers. Logistic regression and linear regression were also used to verify factors associated with tobacco use in the previous 30 days and nicotine dependence scores, respectively. RESULTS The prevalence of tobacco use among truck drivers was 21.1% (n = 132;95%CI: 18.1-24.5). Of the total number of smokers who responded to the FTND (n = 118; 89.4%), most had high/very high nicotinic dependence (68.6%; 95%CI: 59.8-76.3). Tobacco use was associated with absence of religion (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.60; 95%CI: 1.35-5.01), employment relationship of the contract (AOR = 1.98; 95%CI: 1.26-3.13); > 12 hours daily working time (AOR = 1.80; 95%CI: 1.09-2.98) and alcohol use in the previous 30 days (AOR = 2.92; 95%CI: 1.86-4.57). Irregular physical activity was associated with higher scores of nicotine dependence (β = 1.87; 95%CI: 0.55-3.19). CONCLUSION The results showed a high prevalence of tobacco use and high/very high nicotine dependence among the truck drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inaina Lara Fernandes
- Universidade Federal de CatalãoInstituto de BiotecnologiaCatalãoGoiásBrasilUniversidade Federal de Catalão. Instituto de Biotecnologia. Catalão, Goiás, Brasil
| | - Rafael Alves Guimarães
- Universidade Federal de GoiásFaculdade de EnfermagemGoiâniaGoiásBrasilUniversidade Federal de Goiás. Faculdade de Enfermagem. Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil,Universidade Federal de GoiásInstituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde PúblicaGoiâniaGoiásBrasilUniversidade Federal de Goiás. Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública. Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil
| | - Roselma Lucchese
- Universidade Federal de CatalãoInstituto de BiotecnologiaCatalãoGoiásBrasilUniversidade Federal de Catalão. Instituto de Biotecnologia. Catalão, Goiás, Brasil
| | - Ivânia Vera
- Universidade Federal de CatalãoInstituto de BiotecnologiaCatalãoGoiásBrasilUniversidade Federal de Catalão. Instituto de Biotecnologia. Catalão, Goiás, Brasil
| | - Rodolfo Pereira de Brito
- Universidade Federal de CatalãoInstituto de BiotecnologiaCatalãoGoiásBrasilUniversidade Federal de Catalão. Instituto de Biotecnologia. Catalão, Goiás, Brasil
| | - Camila Borges Ramos
- Universidade Federal de CatalãoInstituto de BiotecnologiaCatalãoGoiásBrasilUniversidade Federal de Catalão. Instituto de Biotecnologia. Catalão, Goiás, Brasil
| | - Tamíris Augusto Marinho
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de GoiásGoiâniaGoiásBrasilInstituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Goiás. Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil
| | - Patrícia Silva Nunes
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de GoiásGoiâniaGoiásBrasilInstituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Goiás. Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil
| | - Henrique Senna Diniz-Pinto
- Universidade Federal de CatalãoInstituto de BiotecnologiaCatalãoGoiásBrasilUniversidade Federal de Catalão. Instituto de Biotecnologia. Catalão, Goiás, Brasil
| | - Thiago Aquino Amorim
- Universidade Federal de CatalãoInstituto de BiotecnologiaCatalãoGoiásBrasilUniversidade Federal de Catalão. Instituto de Biotecnologia. Catalão, Goiás, Brasil
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Kashani MM, Akbari H, Saberi H, Ghorbanipour R, Karamali F. Driving Fine and its Relationship with Dangerous Driving Behaviour Among Heavy Vehicle Drivers. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2022; 26:266-272. [PMID: 37033749 PMCID: PMC10077724 DOI: 10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_45_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Context There is a significant difference between actual and existing statistics of traffic fines; since some invisible fines and most of the visible traffic violations cannot be recorded by traffic officers. Therefore, dealing with driving fines and road fatalities is considered an important issue in social and public management worldwide. Aims Explore the factors associated with unsafe behaviors and getting traffic fines among a sample of Iranian heavy-vehicle professional drivers. Settings and Design The present cross-sectional study was conducted in Iran, from February 2019 to September 2020. Methods and Material This study used the driver behavior questionnaire (DBQ), demographic and driving characteristics, the number of fines, and structural equation modeling. Also, in this study 320 professional drivers participated. Statistical Analysis Used This article used structural equation modeling for Statistical analysis. Results The results of structural equation modeling analysis indicated that the data fit well with the theoretical model proposed in this study. The number of fines was directly predicted by both demographic and driving characteristics and risky driving behaviors. A significant relationship was observed between, driving hours, driving experience, and smoking, respectively, with a mistake, slip, and risky violation. There was a negative correlation between education and all four sub-scales of risky driving behaviors. Conclusions In order to reduce traffic fines, training courses on increasing attention and precision in drivers' observations and judgments are useful. The courses can decrease traffic violations by trying to change beliefs, attitudes, and social norms. It is therefore helpful to understand the ways to change the drivers' attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Reihaneh Ghorbanipour
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Karamali
- Department of Health, Safety and Environmental Management, School of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Professional Drivers’ Knowledge About the Influence of Medicines that May Impair Driving. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/sjecr-2021-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
More knowledge about the impact of medication on driving are indicative of a lower likelihood of having a motor vehicle crash. The aim of this study was to investigate knowledge of professional drivers about the influence of driving impairing medicines in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.
This multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted in 6 cities in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, during first trimester of 2017, with 221 professional drivers, using questionnaire with 35 statements, where participants expressed their agreement according to Likert scale, from completely disagree to completely agree.
The average score related to the drivers’ knowledge was 131,58 (range from 49 to 175), 22,6% were unaware that some medicines may influence psychophysical abilities and ability to drive. A high percentage of participants in the study don’t know that a negative impact on the driving ability can be the result of the use of medicines from groups for which it is unexpected to have such effects, medicines that are dispensed without a medical prescription, herbal remedies, dietary supplements and medicines that affects eyesight or hearing. More than half didn’t know that medicines labeled with warning symbols Δ, ▲ and § are not allowed to be used immediately before or during driving.
Professional drivers’ knowledge about driving impairing medicines is not satisfactory. Labeling system of these medicines is inadequate. These findings could help to identify drivers, who are at increased risk for using potentially impairing medicines, to inform and educate them, and to prevent driving under the influence of medicines.
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Development and validation of questionnaires on professional drivers’ knowledge and attitudes about various medications’ influence on driving ability. Zdr Varst 2021; 61:32-39. [PMID: 35111264 PMCID: PMC8776291 DOI: 10.2478/sjph-2022-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Professional drivers’ knowledge about driving-impairing medications is not satisfactory. The aim of this study was to develop and test the reliability and validity of the questionnaires designed to measure the knowledge and attitude of professional drivers about the influence of various medications on driving ability. Methods The questionnaires for assessing professional driver’s knowledge (performance-based) and attitudes about influence of various medications on driving abilities were developed by creating the item pool, testing reliability and validity, and factor analysis. The study was conducted as a multicenter, cross-sectional study in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The study population consisted of professional drivers, who filled out both questionnaires in three time intervals. Results Both questionnaires showed great internal consistency and temporal stability. Cronbach’s Alpha for the first questionnaire was 0.984 and for the second it was 0.944. The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin test for the first questionnaire confirmed sampling adequacy with its value of 0.964 and for the second questionnaire it was 0.933. Exploratory factor analysis of the questionnaire showed that three factors were revealed after rotation for the first questionnaire and they explained 78.0% of variance. Both questionnaires showed high degree of correlation between scores after the first and repeated administration, Spearman’s rho coefficient of correlation for was 0.962 and 0.980. Conclusion Based on the results of this study, we believe that both questionnaires are useful tools for testing professional drivers’ knowledge and attitudes about the influence of medications on driving ability.
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Karimi A, Ghanei Gheshlagh R, Afkhamzadeh A, Faraji O, Rahmani K. Prevalence of HIV infection and high-risk behaviors in truck and bus drivers in Kurdistan province. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1198. [PMID: 34839829 PMCID: PMC8628433 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06903-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Truck, bus, transit drivers, and men with mobile jobs are at high risk for HIV/AIDS. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of HIV and risky behaviors among truck and bus drivers in Kurdistan province. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on 601 bus and truck drivers in Kurdistan province during 2018-2019. Data on high-risk behaviors were collected using a standard questionnaire. ELISA test was used to detect HIV in the study participants. Data were analyzed using Chi-square, Mann-Whitney U tests, and logistic regression modeling in Stata-14 software. RESULTS The mean and standard deviation of the age of study participants was 44.04 ± 11.44 years. HIV rapid test was positive in two subjects; in other words, the prevalence of HIV in the study population was 0.33%. Ninety-two (15.3%) individuals reported a history of drug use, with one (1.1%) having a history of injecting drugs. One hundred and thirty-one (21.8%) of them had a history of high-risk sexual behavior outside of marriage. CONCLUSION According to the results of the present study, the prevalence of high-risk behaviors in bus and truck drivers is high. It seems necessary to direct the drivers' attention to self-care while considering disciplinary intervention programs to prevent the use of drugs, cigarettes, alcohol along with high-risk sexual behaviors to maintain the health of drivers and passengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisan Karimi
- Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh
- Spiritual Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Abdorrahim Afkhamzadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Obeidollah Faraji
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Khaled Rahmani
- Liver and Digestive Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
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Ziakopoulos A, Theofilatos A, Laiou A, Michelaraki E, Yannis G, Rosenbloom T. Examining the relationship between impaired driving and past crash involvement in Europe: Insights from the ESRA study. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot 2021; 28:376-386. [PMID: 34060421 DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2021.1928234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Driving under the influence of alcohol, drugs and fatigue are all important factors of crash causation. Exploring the link between driver attitudes and crash involvement provides understanding on these important issues. To that end, questionnaire answers of car drivers disclosing their attitudes on the impacts of driving under the influence of alcohol, drugs and fatigue, and their relationship with past crash involvement as car drivers were analysed. A two-step approach is adopted: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was employed to consolidate relative questions in numeric factor quantities. Afterwards, binary logistic regression was implemented on the calculated component scores to determine the impact of perspectives of road users for each factor on past crash involvement of car drivers. Data from the international ESRA2015 survey were utilized. PCA indicated that it is possible to meaningfully merge 29 ESRA2015 questions relevant to driving under the influence of alcohol, drugs and fatigue into 8 informative components accounting for an adequate percentage of variance. Binary logistic analysis indicated that components involving overall personal and communal acceptance of impaired driving, overall and past year personal behaviour towards impaired driving and frequency of typical journey checks by traffic police were all quantities positively correlated with past crash involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Ziakopoulos
- Department of Transportation Planning and Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Theofilatos
- School of Architecture, Building, and Civil Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Alexandra Laiou
- Department of Transportation Planning and Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eva Michelaraki
- Department of Transportation Planning and Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Yannis
- Department of Transportation Planning and Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Tova Rosenbloom
- Department of Management, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Pereira MM, Mansur ADP, Takada JY, Leyton V. Demographic and Cardiovascular Risk Factors Associated with Drug Use in Truck Drivers in the State of São Paulo, Brazil: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094927. [PMID: 34066305 PMCID: PMC8124373 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study is to analyze the association between risk factors for the health of truck drivers and previous use of illicit drugs. A cross-sectional study examined the data from 2071 truck drivers between 2010 and 2016. Demographic variables, risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the use of illicit drugs were analyzed. The stepwise logistic regression model was used for the adjusted analysis. The dependent variable was the previous use of illicit drugs, and independent variables were those with p < 0.1 at a bivariate analysis. The average age of the truck drivers was 42.27 ± 11.07 years, and the previous use of illicit drugs was reported or detected in 388 (18.7%) drivers. Compared to non-users, drug users were younger (37.25 ± 9.45 vs. 43.43 ± 11.1 years; p < 0.001) and single (43.3% vs. 28.4%; p < 0.001). The independent variables for illicit drugs were age (OR = 0.93 (95% CI: 0.91-0.95; p < 0.001)), smoking (OR = 2.18 (95% CI: 1.39-3.44; p = 0.001)), alcohol consumption (OR = 1.626 (95% CI: 1.06-2.49; p = 0.026)) and driving hours per day (OR = 1.08 (95% CI: 1.01-1.15; p = 0.012)). Users of illicit drugs had multiple risk factors for CVD and traffic accidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Moura Pereira
- Oscar Freire Institute, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo 05405-150, Brazil; (M.M.P.); (V.L.)
| | - Antonio de Padua Mansur
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-98536-3040
| | - Julio Yoshio Takada
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil;
| | - Vilma Leyton
- Oscar Freire Institute, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo 05405-150, Brazil; (M.M.P.); (V.L.)
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Alcohol use patterns and disorders among individuals with personality disorders in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248403. [PMID: 33755679 PMCID: PMC7987194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alcohol Use Disorders are frequently comorbid with personality disorders. However, the heterogeneity of the prevalence estimates is high, and most data come from high income countries. Our aim is to estimate the prevalence and association between alcohol use outcomes and the three DSM-5 clusters of personality disorders in a representative sample of the São Paulo Metropolitan Area. Materials and methods A representative household sample of 2,942 adults was interviewed using the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview and the International Personality Disorder Examination Screening Questionnaire. Lifetime PD diagnoses were multiply imputed, and AUD diagnoses were obtained using DSM-5 criteria. We conducted cross-tabulations and logistic regression to estimate the associations between AUDs and PDs. Results and discussion Our study did not find significant associations of PDs with heavy drinking patterns or mild AUD. Cluster B PD respondents tended to show the highest conditional prevalence estimates of most alcohol use patterns and AUD, including its severity subtypes. When alcohol outcomes were regressed on all PD Clusters simultaneously, with adjustment for sex and age, only cluster B was significantly associated with past-year alcohol use (OR 3.0), regular drinking (OR 3.2), and AUDs (OR 8.5), especially moderate and severe cases of alcohol use disorders (OR 9.7 and 16.6, respectively). These associations between Cluster B PDs and these alcohol outcomes were shown to be independent of other PD Clusters and individuals´ sex and age. Conclusion The main finding of our study is that AUDs are highly comorbid with PDs. The presence of Cluster B PDs significantly increases the odds of alcohol consumption and disorders and of more severe forms of AUDs. Considering the local context of poor treatment provision, more specific prevention and intervention strategies should be directed to this population.
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Alcañiz M, Guillen M, Santolino M. Differences in the risk profiles of drunk and drug drivers: Evidence from a mandatory roadside survey. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2021; 151:105947. [PMID: 33385961 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study assesses the prevalence rates of alcohol- and drug-involved driving in Catalonia (Spain). METHOD Drivers were randomly selected for roadside testing using a stratified random sampling procedure representative of all vehicles circulating on non-urban roads. Mandatory alcohol and drug tests were performed during autumn 2017. A sample of 6860 drivers were tested for alcohol use, of these 671 were also tested for drugs. Standard procedures were employed by traffic officers to detect alcohol and drug use. Alcohol breath tests were performed with breathalyser devices and on-site drug screening systems were used to test for drugs. RESULTS The prevalence of alcohol use above the legal limit and drug use were 1.2 % (95 % CI: 0.9-1.5 %) and 8.3 % (95 % CI: 5.8-11.2 %), respectively. The most frequent drugs detected were THC (5.6 %, 95 % CI: 3.7-8.0 %), cocaine (3.5 %, 95 % CI: 2.0-5.5 %) and amphetamines (1.6 %, 95 % CI: 0.6-3.4 %). Alcohol use was detected more frequently on conventional roads, at weekends and during night-time hours. Drug use was detected more frequently in young males during daytime hours. CONCLUSIONS Driver risk profiles associated with alcohol use and drug use differ. Positive alcohol use is not a predictor of drug use when controlling for all other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Alcañiz
- Department of Econometrics Riskcenter-IREA, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Guillen
- Department of Econometrics Riskcenter-IREA, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Santolino
- Department of Econometrics Riskcenter-IREA, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Psychoactive Substance Use and Its Associated Factors among Truck Drivers in Ethiopia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:1604245. [PMID: 33628773 PMCID: PMC7889340 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1604245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Road traffic accidents (RTAs) remain an important public health issue worldwide. Psychoactive substance use is one of the main contributors to the occurrence of traffic accidents, and its use by truck drivers is a global problem. Also, psychoactive substance use is a commonly observed behavior among truck drivers. To the best of our knowledge, no evidence shows the prevalence and factors associated with psychoactive substance use among truck drivers in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was aimed at assessing the prevalence and factors associated with psychoactive substance use among truck drivers in Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 systematically selected truck drivers at Modjo dry port in Ethiopia, from February 1 to March 1, 2018. The data were collected through face-to-face individual interviews using a structured questionnaire. The collected data were entered into EpiData version 4.2.0.0 and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Binary logistic regression analysis was computed to determine the association using crude and adjusted odds ratios at 95% confidence intervals. The level of significance was declared at p value < 0.05 in the multivariable binary logistic regression analysis. Results Of the 400 truck drivers interviewed, the overall one-month self-reported prevalence of psychoactive substance use was 70% (n = 280). In the multivariable binary logistic regression analysis, aged 38 years and above (AOR = 0.40, 95% CI [0.23-0.69]), Christianity religion (AOR = 0.52, 95% CI [0.28-0.97]), college and university education (AOR = 3.47, 95% CI [1.27-9.47]), having a family size of 3 or more (AOR = 0.34, 95% CI [0.20-0.60]), having 6 or more hours spent sleeping at night (AOR = 0.46, 95% CI [0.28-0.75]), and rest breaks between driving (AOR = 2.13, 95% CI [1.14-3.97]) were significantly associated with psychoactive substance use. Conclusion The one-month prevalence of psychoactive substance use among truck drivers was remarkably high. We can conclude that psychoactive substance use is a public health problem among truck drivers, which is a major threat to themselves and others on the road. The sociodemographic and occupational factors are the factors associated with drivers' psychoactive substance use. Therefore, devising health education and counseling program for drivers to tackle the problem plays paramount importance.
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Preuss UW, Huestis MA, Schneider M, Hermann D, Lutz B, Hasan A, Kambeitz J, Wong JWM, Hoch E. Cannabis Use and Car Crashes: A Review. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:643315. [PMID: 34122176 PMCID: PMC8195290 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.643315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, state-of-the-art evidence on the relationship between cannabis use, traffic crash risks, and driving safety were analyzed. Systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and other relevant papers published within the last decade were systematically searched and synthesized. Findings show that meta-analyses and culpability studies consistently indicate a slightly but significantly increased risk of crashes after acute cannabis use. These risks vary across included study type, crash severity, and method of substance application and measurement. Some studies show a significant correlation between high THC blood concentrations and car crash risk. Most studies do not support this relationship at lower THC concentrations. However, no scientifically supported clear cut-off concentration can be derived from these results. Further research is needed to determine dose-response effects on driving skills combined with measures of neuropsychological functioning related to driving skills and crash risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich W Preuss
- Vitos Klinik Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Herborn, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Institute on Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Severna Park, MD, United States
| | - Miriam Schneider
- Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Department of Developmental and Biological Psychology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Derik Hermann
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and German Center for Resilience, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alkomiet Hasan
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinic of the Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joseph Kambeitz
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinic of the Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Eva Hoch
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinic of the Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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15
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Onigbogi O, Onigbogi M, Odugbemi T, Ojo O. Willingness to quit substance abuse in motor parks among commercial drivers in Lagos, Nigeria - A cross-sectional study. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/jcls.jcls_10_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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16
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Validation of an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 16 drugs and metabolites in hair in the context of driving license granting. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 315:110428. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Kagabo R, Thiese MS, Eden E, Thatcher AC, Gonzalez M, Okuyemi K. Truck Drivers' Cigarette Smoking and Preferred Smoking Cessation Methods. SUBSTANCE ABUSE-RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2020; 14:1178221820949262. [PMID: 32848405 PMCID: PMC7427133 DOI: 10.1177/1178221820949262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Some studies show that truck drivers use tobacco and other stimulants to stay awake as they drive. Despite their increased risks for many of tobacco-related health disparities, there is limited engagement of truck drivers in smoking cessation programs. The objective of this study was to describe smoking characteristics and identify their preferred smoking cessation methods among truck drivers. Methods: This was a cross-sectional mixed methods study. Participants were truck drivers recruited at trucking companies in Utah in 2019. Participants were either individually interviewed (n = 4), or filled out a survey (n = 33). We conducted qualitative data analysis of the interviews followed by descriptive statistics of smoking and cessation characteristics from the survey. Results: Reasons for smoking included, staying awake, stress reduction, or something to do while driving. Of the drivers surveyed, 68.8% were daily smokers while 97% had smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their life time. The mean number of cigarettes per day (cpd) was 15.7, and 25 among those who had 10 or more cpd. Sixty-one percent had made at least a quit attempt. In addition to counseling or brief advice, 68% reported interest in using Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) either as gum or patch to help them quit. 21% reported interest in telephone text messaging to engage them in treatment. Conclusion: Cigarette smoking is a public health problem among truck drivers. Our findings suggest that truck drivers are interested in quitting smoking. Evidence based interventions tailored to this population are needed to help them quit and reduce their smoking-related morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kagabo
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Matthew S Thiese
- The Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environment Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Emilee Eden
- The Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environment Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Andria Colvin Thatcher
- The Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environment Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Melissa Gonzalez
- The Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environment Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kolawole Okuyemi
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Sagar S, Stamatiadis N, Wright S, Cambron A. Identifying high-risk commercial vehicle drivers using sociodemographic characteristics. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2020; 143:105582. [PMID: 32480018 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Crash data, from the state of Kentucky, for the 2015-2016 period, show that per capita crash rates and increases in crash-related fatalities were higher than the national average. In an effort to explain why the U.S. Southeast experiences higher crash rates than other regions of the country, previous research has argued the regions unique socioeconomic conditions provide a compelling explanation. Taking this observation as a starting point, this study examines the relationship between highway safety and socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, using an extensive crash dataset from Kentucky. Its focus is single- and two-unit crashes that involve commercial motor vehicles (CMVs) and automobiles. Using binary logistic regression and the quasi-induced exposure technique to analyze data on the socioeconomic and demographic attributes of the zip codes in which drivers reside, factors are identified which can serve as indicators of crash occurrence. Variables such as income, education level, poverty level, employment, age, gender, and rurality of the driver's zip code influence the likelihood of a driver being at fault in a crash. Socioeconomic factors exert a similar influence on CMV and automobile crashes, irrespective of the number of vehicles involved. Research findings can be used to identify groups of drivers most likely to be involved in crashes and develop targeted and efficient safety programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Sagar
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Kentucky, 161 Raymond Bldg., Lexington, KY 40506-0281, United States.
| | - Nikiforos Stamatiadis
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Kentucky, 265 Raymond Bldg., Lexington, KY 40506-0281, United States.
| | - Samantha Wright
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Kentucky, 257 Oliver Raymond Bldg., Lexington, KY 40506-0281, United States.
| | - Aaron Cambron
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Kentucky, 161 Raymond Bldg., Lexington, KY 40506-0281, United States.
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19
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De-Giorgio F, Bilel S, Tirri M, Arfè R, Trapella C, Camuto C, Foti F, Frisoni P, Neri M, Botrè F, Marti M. Methiopropamine and its acute behavioral effects in mice: is there a gray zone in new psychoactive substances users? Int J Legal Med 2020; 134:1695-1711. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-020-02302-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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20
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Useche SA, Cendales B, Alonso F, Montoro L. Multidimensional prediction of work traffic crashes among Spanish professional drivers in cargo and passenger transportation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2020; 28:20-27. [PMID: 32276556 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2020.1732102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of different environmental, mechanical and individual factors associated with fatalities and serious injuries caused by work traffic accidents among cargo and passenger transport drivers (CPTD) in Spain. For this cross-sectional study, national data on work traffic accidents collected in Spain during the last 3 years were analyzed through a regression modeling approach, in order to predict the severity of traffic crashes involving CPTD. Using binary logistic regression analyses, it was found that the type of road and accident, the meteorological, light and vehicle conditions, individual characteristics and risky driving behaviors significantly predict the risk of fatal work traffic accidents and serious injuries. These findings highlight the importance of combining organizational efforts with national road safety policies in order to generate a traffic safety culture among CPTD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Boris Cendales
- Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, El Bosque University, Colombia
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21
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de Oliveira LG, Eckschmidt F, Leyton V, de Carvalho HB. Use of Alcohol Mixed with Energy Drinks Increases the Prevalence of Driving Violations among Brazilian Truck Drivers. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:1584-1593. [PMID: 32306815 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2020.1750032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: The use of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) has been reported to be associated with a variety of unsafe driving practices. Truck drivers are vulnerable to driving violations, particularly because of their engagement in drug use. The use of AmED among these professionals remains unknown. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of AmED use and its association with driving violations among truck drivers. Methods: 684 drivers were recruited in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The use of drugs was reported. Drivers were split into three groups: (a) alcohol abstainers (AA); (b) alcohol-only users (AO); and (c) users of AmED. Intergroup comparisons were performed by polynomial logistic regression (the reference category was AO). We also performed Poisson regression analysis to obtain the prevalence ratio; the significance level was stipulated at 5%. Results: The prevalence of drivers reporting the use of AmED was 16.8%. Users of AmED (a) were younger, (b) were less experienced drivers, (c) had a heavier pattern of alcohol use, (d) used illicit drugs more frequently, and (e) had poorer sleep quality than AO subjects. A higher prevalence of drivers who had arguments or fights while driving (PR = 1.71) and of drivers who drove unbelted (PR = 1.66) ingested AmED than of AO subjects. Conclusions/importance: The use of AmED increased the prevalence of driving violations beyond the risks commonly attributed to alcohol use. We suggest additional investments in preventative measures based on the beverage category and a revision of the work organization of truck drivers to reduce their health and social risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Garcia de Oliveira
- Department of Legal Medicine, Ethics and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brasil.,Departament of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Fundação do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Frederico Eckschmidt
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Vilma Leyton
- Department of Legal Medicine, Ethics and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brasil
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DINI G, BRAGAZZI N, MONTECUCCO A, RAHMANI A, DURANDO P. Psychoactive drug consumption among truck-drivers: a systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis and meta-regression. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2019; 60:E124-E139. [PMID: 31312742 PMCID: PMC6614564 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2019.60.2.1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have assessed the extent of psychoactive drug consumption in the occupational setting. The trucking sector, in particular, is an important cause for concern, since psychoactive substance use has a relevant impact on the drivers' health and safety, increasing the risk of injuries and traffic accidents, potentially affecting the general public health as well. A systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis was performed in order to provide Occupational Health Professionals and policy-makers with an updated epidemiological perspective regarding this important issue. The results showed a prevalence of overall drug consumption of 27.6% [95%CI 17.8-40.1], particularly high considering illicit CNS-stimulants (amphetamine consumption of 21.3% [95%CI 15.7-28.1], and cocaine consumption of 2.2% [95%CI 1.2-4.1]). It appears that truck-drivers choose stimulant substances as a form of performance enhancing drug, in order to increase productivity. However, chronic and high dose consumption has been shown to decrease driving skills, placing these professional drivers at risk for health and road safety. Further research is required, particularly in Europe, in order to fill the knowledge gap and improve the strength of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. DINI
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Occupational Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Policlinico San Martino Hospital IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - N.L. BRAGAZZI
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Occupational Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy
- Correspondence: Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute (DISSAL), Università degli Studi di Genova, l.go R. Benzi 10 (Padiglione 3), 16132 Genova, Italy - E-mail:
| | - A. MONTECUCCO
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Occupational Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Policlinico San Martino Hospital IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - A. RAHMANI
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Occupational Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Policlinico San Martino Hospital IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - P. DURANDO
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Occupational Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Policlinico San Martino Hospital IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
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Yadav AK, Rai BK, Niraula SR, Yadav A, Bhandari R, Shrivastav V. Identification of alcohol problem among long route bus drivers and staffs of Dharan, eastern Nepal: Assessing from the CAGE and DSM-IV tools. J Family Med Prim Care 2019; 8:853-859. [PMID: 31041213 PMCID: PMC6482769 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_301_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use remains a major cause of preventable death worldwide occurring prematurely. Despite its global burden, alcohol still is a legal drug. Various studies have also shown that factors like education, occupation, influence from films and family, for stress relief, pleasure during alcohol use, better self-esteem, and occupational boredom are associated with alcohol use. The consumption of alcohol, even in relatively small amounts, increases the risk of being involved in a crash for motorists and pedestrians. It is also associated with impaired judgments and so is often linked to road traffic accident. OBJECTIVES To assess the prevalence, type of alcohol use, and the associated factors for the initiation of alcohol use among bus drivers and staffs of long route bus of Dharan. To assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding alcohol use for their willingness to quit it with medical help. MATERIALS AND METHODS The cross-sectional survey was conducted in 250 long route drivers and staffs in Dharan Bus Park in 2016 with the help of a self-designed questionnaire in Nepali language. The sample size was preliminarily estimated on the basis of the prevalence of alcohol use. The "Alcohol consumer" refers to drivers who used alcohol at least once in the previous year. RESULTS Alcohol dependency among Hindu was found to be significantly more than other religious group. The prevalence of alcohol consumption was found to be 78%. About 51% drivers are likely to have alcohol problems, 39% are alcohol abuser, and 45% are alcohol dependent. CONCLUSION Drinking and driving increase the vulnerability to injury and death on the road. The study creates awareness among drivers about the harmful use of alcohol and psychosocial consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K Yadav
- Department of General Practice and Emergency Medicine, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - B K Rai
- Department of General Practice and Emergency Medicine, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - S R Niraula
- Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - A Yadav
- Department of General Practice and Emergency Medicine, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - R Bhandari
- Department of General Practice and Emergency Medicine, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - V Shrivastav
- Department of General Practice and Emergency Medicine, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health sciences, Dharan, Nepal
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MESSIAS JC, CAVIERES-HIGUERA H, SILVA RA, FACUNDO GNDS, LESSA RT. Being a truck driver in Brazil: From implicit self-stereotypes to system justification. ESTUDOS DE PSICOLOGIA (CAMPINAS) 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0275201936e180139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Close to two million people currently work in Brazil's road transport sector, the country's leading logistical area. Most are self-employed individuals. The objective of this research project was to garner an understanding of the perceptions that Brazilian truck drivers hold regarding themselves. Eight experienced drivers were interviewed, starting from the question â"What is it like being a truck driver in Brazil?", and their responses were analyzed in accordance with social discourse studies. Five main categories – with specific subdivisions – were identified, relating to motivations to work in this area, contextual elements, and positive, group, and negative self-image. It is concluded that self-stereotypes play an important role in maintaining the situation of disadvantage and precarious working conditions that affect truck drivers.
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Sleep and Mental Health in Truck Drivers: Descriptive Review of the Current Evidence and Proposal of Strategies for Primary Prevention. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15091852. [PMID: 30150599 PMCID: PMC6164547 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15091852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Professional truck drivers (TDs) are exposed to stressful working (and living) conditions and are vulnerable. They report physical and mental health problems and psychological distress more frequently than the general population and their problems can affect safety on the roads. Actions to improve TDs’ health and reduce the risks of (co-)morbidity or unsafe driving are imperative. Methods: The published studies dealing with the TDs’ sleep habits and mental health were reviewed to define the scenario and organize the preventive strategies proposed thus far. Results: Awareness among TDs of the high risk for health and safety due to (often co-existing) untreated sleep and mental health problems is critical. Alcohol and prescribed or illicit drugs are often misused to compensate for depression, anxiety, job strain, fatigue, and social isolation. Polypharmacy and dependence increase the chance of unsafe behaviors on the road. The TDs’ access to healthcare services is scant, and participation in industry-sponsored wellness programs is limited. Conclusions: Primary prevention is a first unavoidable step to deal with sleep and mental health problems. Educational programs, online support and tele-health assessment/monitoring would help improve the well-being, safety and health of professional TDs and increase safety on the road.
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Patterns of Harmful Alcohol Consumption among Truck Drivers: Implications for Occupational Health and Work Safety from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15061121. [PMID: 29849007 PMCID: PMC6025607 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is one of the main causes of productivity losses arising from absenteeism, presenteeism, and workplace injuries. Among occupational categories most affected by the use of this substance, truck drivers are subject to risk factors and risky behaviors that can have a serious impact on their health, their work, and the general road safety. The use of alcohol during truck-driving activities is, indeed, an important risk factor for traffic accidents. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aims at synthesizing the literature regarding harmful alcohol consumption patterns among truck drivers in a rigorous way. A ‘binge drinking’ prevalence of 19.0%, 95% confidence interval or CI (13.1, 26.9) was present. An ‘everyday drinking’ pattern rate of 9.4%, 95% CI (7.0, 12.4) was found, while the rate of alcohol misuse according to the “Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test” (AUDIT)—“Cut down-Annoyed-Guilty-Eye opener questionnaire” (CAGE) instruments was computed to be of 22.7%, 95% CI (14.8, 33.0). No evidence of publication bias could be found. However, there is the need to improve the quality of published research, utilizing standardized reliable instruments. The knowledge of these epidemiological data can be useful for decision makers in order to develop, design, and implement ad hoc adequate policies.
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Oliveira LGD, Almeida CVDD, Barroso LP, Gouvea MJC, Muñoz DR, Leyton V. Truck drivers' traffic accidents in the State of São Paulo: prevalence and predictors. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2018; 21:3757-3767. [PMID: 27925116 DOI: 10.1590/1413-812320152112.11182015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The mortality rate of traffic accidents (TA) is high in Brazil. Trucks are the second category of motor vehicles most often involved in TA. However, few studies have addressed the issue of TA among these professionals. The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of TA and their predictors in a sample of 684 truck drivers recruited in the state of São Paulo during 2012 and 2013. We requested participants to answer a research instrument on their personal and occupational data and their involvement in TA and traffic violations. A logistic regression model was developed to identify TA predictors. Almost 11% of the respondents suffered at least one TA in that timeframe. We identified the following TA predictors: having few years of experience as professional drivers (OR = 1.86; CI 95% = 1.05-3.38; p = 0.036); receiving some traffic tickets (OR = 1.91; CI 95% = 1.04-3.66; p = 0.043) and working more than 12 hours daily (OR = 1.84; CI 95% = 1.04-3.24; p = 0.034). Given those results, we suggest the development of a joint action among all the involved social stakeholders in order to negotiate truck drivers' work organization aiming at reducing behaviors that may lead to traffic accidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Garcia de Oliveira
- Departamento de Medicina Legal, Ética Médica e Medicina Social e do Trabalho, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, Cerqueira Cesar. 01246-903 São Paulo SP Brasil
| | - Carlos Vinícius Dias de Almeida
- Departamento de Medicina Legal, Ética Médica e Medicina Social e do Trabalho, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, Cerqueira Cesar. 01246-903 São Paulo SP Brasil
| | - Lucia Pereira Barroso
- Departamento de Estatística, Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, USP. São Paulo SP Brasil
| | - Marcela Julio Cesar Gouvea
- Departamento de Medicina Legal, Ética Médica e Medicina Social e do Trabalho, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, Cerqueira Cesar. 01246-903 São Paulo SP Brasil
| | - Daniel Romero Muñoz
- Departamento de Medicina Legal, Ética Médica e Medicina Social e do Trabalho, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, Cerqueira Cesar. 01246-903 São Paulo SP Brasil
| | - Vilma Leyton
- Departamento de Medicina Legal, Ética Médica e Medicina Social e do Trabalho, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, Cerqueira Cesar. 01246-903 São Paulo SP Brasil
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Khanjani N, Mousavi M, Dehghanian A, Jahani Y, Soori H. The role of drug and alcohol use and the risk of motor vehicle crashes in Shiraz, Iran, 2014: A case-crossover study. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2017; 18:573-576. [PMID: 28095031 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2017.1279736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traffic accidents and traffic-related injuries and mortality have become a major public health concern in Iran. This study aimed to examine the role of drug and alcohol use in motor vehicle accidents in Iran. METHODS This case-crossover study was conducted on 441 drivers who survived a road traffic crash and were taken to the emergency department of Shahid Rajaee trauma hospital in Shiraz, southern Iran. Data were collected using checklists that included demographic characteristics and drug and alcohol use prior to driving. Alcohol and drug use was identified through self-report, and cannabis, morphine, and methamphetamine urine tests were used to confirm drug abuse among drivers. RESULTS In total 17.9% of drivers reported using drugs (cannabis, opium, or metamphetamine) and 8.84% of drivers reported consuming alcohol prior to the collision. The crude odds ratios (ORs) for having a crash for opium, cannabis, and metamphetamine were 1.94 (95% interval confidence [CI], 1.11-3.38), 2.37 (95% CI, 1.03-5.42), 5.5 (95% CI, 1.21-24.81), respectively, and for all drugs was 3.83 (95% CI, 2.28-6.43). The OR for alcohol was 3.5 (95% CI, 1.73-7.06) based on self-report. CONCLUSION Drug and alcohol use are increasing the risk of traffic crashes in Iran. Risk-reducing programs must be designed and implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Khanjani
- a Environmental Health Engineering Research Center , School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran
| | - Masoomeh Mousavi
- b Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
- c Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran
| | - Amirreza Dehghanian
- d Trauma Research Center , Shahid Rajaee (Emtiaz) Trauma Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
- e Department of Pathology , Shiraz Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Yunes Jahani
- f Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology , School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran
| | - Hamid Soori
- g Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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Berro LF, Andersen ML, Howell LL. Assessment of tolerance to the effects of methamphetamine on daytime and nighttime activity evaluated with actigraphy in rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:2277-2287. [PMID: 28589263 PMCID: PMC5522354 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4654-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Methamphetamine is one of the most largely consumed illicit drugs, and its use is associated with abuse liability and several adverse health effects, such as sleep impairment. Importantly, sleep quality can influence addiction treatment outcomes. Evidence suggests that tolerance can develop to the sleep-disrupting effects of stimulant drugs. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate the development of tolerance to the actigraphy-based sleep-disrupting and stimulant effects of methamphetamine self-administration in rhesus monkeys. METHODS Methamphetamine (0.03 mg/kg/inf, i.v.) self-administration was carried out following three different protocols: 14 consecutive days of self-administration, 5 days/week for 3 weeks, with a 2-day interval between 5-day blocks of self-administration, and 3 days/week for 3 weeks, with a 4-day interval between 3-day blocks of self-administration. Daytime activity and activity-based sleep measures were evaluated with Actiwatch monitors a week before (baseline parameters) and throughout each protocol. RESULTS Methamphetamine self-administration markedly disrupted sleep-like measures and increased daytime activity. Tolerance developed to those effects with repeated methamphetamine intake exceeding five consecutive days. Inclusion of washout periods (2 or 4 days) between blocks of methamphetamine self-administration attenuated the development of tolerance, with longer breaks from methamphetamine intake being more effective in maintaining the sleep-disrupting and stimulant effects of methamphetamine. CONCLUSIONS Tolerance can develop to the stimulant and sleep-disrupting effects of methamphetamine self-administration. Interruption of drug intake extends the effects of methamphetamine on sleep-like measures and daytime activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís F. Berro
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road N.E., Atlanta, GA, USA, 30329,Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Napoleão de Barros, 925, 04021002 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Monica L. Andersen
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road N.E., Atlanta, GA, USA, 30329,Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Napoleão de Barros, 925, 04021002 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonard L. Howell
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road N.E., Atlanta, GA, USA, 30329,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road N.E., Atlanta, GA, USA, 30329,Correspondence: Leonard L. Howell, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road N.E., Atlanta, GA, USA, 30329, Phone: (+1)404-727-7786, Fax: (+1)404-727-1266,
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Rezaee-Zavareh MS, Salamati P, Ramezani-Binabaj M, Saeidnejad M, Rousta M, Shokraneh F, Rahimi-Movaghar V. Alcohol consumption for simulated driving performance: A systematic review. Chin J Traumatol 2017; 20:166-172. [PMID: 28502603 PMCID: PMC5473736 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Alcohol consumption can lead to risky driving and increase the frequency of traffic accidents, injuries and mortalities. The main purpose of our study was to compare simulated driving performance between two groups of drivers, one consumed alcohol and the other not consumed, using a systematic review. METHODS In this systematic review, electronic resources and databases including Medline via Ovid SP, EMBASE via Ovid SP, PsycINFO via Ovid SP, PubMed, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINHAL) via EBSCOhost were comprehensively and systematically searched. The randomized controlled clinical trials that compared simulated driving performance between two groups of drivers, one consumed alcohol and the other not consumed, were included. Lane position standard deviation (LPSD), mean of lane position deviation (MLPD), speed, mean of speed deviation (MSD), standard deviation of speed deviation (SDSD), number of accidents (NA) and line crossing (LC) were considered as the main parameters evaluating outcomes. After title and abstract screening, the articles were enrolled for data extraction and they were evaluated for risk of biases. RESULTS Thirteen papers were included in our qualitative synthesis. All included papers were classified as high risk of biases. Alcohol consumption mostly deteriorated the following performance outcomes in descending order: SDSD, LPSD, speed, MLPD, LC and NA. Our systematic review had troublesome heterogeneity. CONCLUSION Alcohol consumption may decrease simulated driving performance in alcohol consumed people compared with non-alcohol consumed people via changes in SDSD, LPSD, speed, MLPD, LC and NA. More well-designed randomized controlled clinical trials are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Payman Salamati
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Mina Saeidnejad
- Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansoureh Rousta
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Shokraneh
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Iranian Center for Evidence-based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Rosso GL, Montomoli C, Morini L, Candura SM. Seven years of workplace drug testing in Italy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:844-852. [PMID: 28304140 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In Italy, Workplace Drug Testing (WDT) has been compulsory by law for specific categories of workers since 2008, offering the opportunity to compare studies conducted within a single regulatory framework. The aims of this paper are to estimate the overall prevalence of WDT positivity (at screening survey) among Italian workers and evaluate the percentage of true and false positives at confirmation analysis. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the scientific literature on WDT in Italy from January 2008 to March 2015 was carried out, according to the MOOSE guidelines. A random effects model was utilized to calculate pooled prevalence. Potential sources of heterogeneity were explored using sensitivity test and subgroup analysis. The overall meta-analytical prevalence of positivity at WDT among Italian workers was 1.4% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.1-1.7%]. It was significantly lower among workers screened with an on-site test (1%; 95% CI = 0.5-1.5%), compared with a bench-top test (1.7%; 95% CI = 1.3-2.1%). Nine studies provided data on false positives at the screening test, with a combined prevalence estimate - calculated on positive cases - of 30% (95% CI = 16-44%). In Italy, the number of true positives at first-level workplace drug testing is low, while the frequency of false positives is relatively high. A revision of the Italian legislation on the subject seems advisable. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Luca Rosso
- Medical Emergency Service, A.S.L. CN1, Via Boggio, 12 - 12100, Cuneo, Italy.,Occupational Safety and Health, Medical Services, Se.M. s.r.l., Via Roma, 21 - 12100, Cuneo, Italy.,Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini, 12 - 27100, Italy
| | - Cristina Montomoli
- Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini, 2 - 27100, Italy
| | - Luca Morini
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini, 12 - 27100, Italy
| | - Stefano M Candura
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, & Maugeri Clinical Scientific Institutes Pavia, Via Maugeri, 10 - 27100, Italy
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Möhner M, Wendt A. A critical review of the relationship between occupational exposure to diesel emissions and lung cancer risk. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 47:185-224. [PMID: 28322628 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2016.1266598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In 2012, a working group of the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified diesel exhaust (DE) as a human carcinogen (Group 1). This decision was primarily based on the findings of the Diesel Exhaust in Miners Study (DEMS). The disparity between the results of various methodological approaches applied to the DEMS led to several critical commentaries. An expert panel was subsequently set up by the Health Effects Institute to evaluate the DEMS results, together with a large study in the trucking industry. The panel concluded that both studies provided a useful basis for quantitative risk assessments (QRAs) of DE exposure. However, the results of both studies were non-definitive as the studies suffer from several methodological shortcomings. We conducted a critical review of the studies used by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) working group to evaluate the relationship between DE and lung cancer. The aim was to assess whether the available studies support the statement of a causal relationship and, secondarily if they could be used for QRA. Our review highlights several methodological flaws in the studies, amongst them overadjustment bias, selection bias, and confounding bias. The conclusion from our review is that the currently published studies provide little evidence for a definite causal link between DE exposure and lung cancer risk. Based on two studies in miners, the DEMS and the German Potash Miners study, QRA may be conducted. However, the DEMS data should be reanalyzed in advance to avoid bias that affects the presently published risk estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Möhner
- a Division Work and Health , Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Berlin , Germany
| | - Andrea Wendt
- a Division Work and Health , Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Berlin , Germany
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Heaton K, Combs B, Griffin R. Truck Drivers' Use of the Internet: A Mobile Health Lifeline. Workplace Health Saf 2016; 65:240-247. [PMID: 27807256 DOI: 10.1177/2165079916665401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Because of their social isolation, irregular and unpredictable schedules, limited access to health care, and long periods of travel, long-haul truckers may benefit from the use of mobile health applications on Internet-capable devices. The purpose of this study was to determine Internet access and usage among a sample of long-haul truck drivers. In this cross-sectional study, truck drivers completed a pencil and paper survey with questions on demographics, work and health histories, and Internet access and usage for both personal and job reasons. A total of 106 truck drivers were recruited from trucking industry trade shows, by word of mouth, and directly from trucking companies. Overall, the truck drivers' use of the Internet was limited. Their usage for personal and job-related reasons differed. Social connectivity and access to health and wellness information were important during personal usage time. Job-related Internet use was highly practical, and applied to seeking information for directions and maps, fuel stops and pricing, and communicating with employers or transmitting documents. Age and experience were associated with Internet use. Younger, less-experienced drivers used the Internet more than older, experienced drivers. Targeted mobile health messaging may be a useful tool to inform truck drivers of health conditions and plans, and may provide links to primary care providers needing to monitor or notify drivers of diagnostic results or treatment plans.
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de Oliveira LG, Leopoldo K, Gouvea MJC, Barroso LP, Gouveia PAR, Muñoz DR, Leyton V. Prevalence of at-risk drinking among Brazilian truck drivers and its interference on the performance of executive cognitive tasks. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 166:218-25. [PMID: 27491816 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binge drinking (BD) has been associated with an increase in the risk of alcohol-related injuries. Alcohol continues to be the main substance consumed by truck drivers, a population of special concern, since they are often involved in traffic accidents. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of BD and its interference in the executive functioning among truck drivers in Sao Paulo, Brazil. METHODS A non-probabilistic sample of 684 truck drivers was requested to answer a structured research instrument on their demographic data and alcohol use. They performed cognitive tests to assess their executive functioning and inventories about confounding variables. The participants were then divided according to their involvement in BD. RESULTS 17.5% of the interviewees have reported being engaged in BD. Binge drinkers showed a better performance on one test, despite having done so at the expense of more mistakes and lower accuracy. More interestingly, binge drinkers took three seconds longer than non-binge drinkers to inhibit an inadequate response, which is worrisome in the context of traffic. Overall, the deleterious effect of BD on performance remained after controlling for the effects of confounding variables in regression logistic models. CONCLUSIONS As the use of alcohol among truck drivers may be as a way to get by with their work conditions, we believe that a negotiation between their work organization and public authorities would reduce such use, preventing negative interferences on truck drivers' cognitive functioning, which by its turn may also prevent traffic accidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Garcia de Oliveira
- Department of Legal Medicine, Ethics and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, Cerqueira Cesar, 01246-903, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Kae Leopoldo
- Department of Legal Medicine, Ethics and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, Cerqueira Cesar, 01246-903, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marcela Julio Cesar Gouvea
- Department of Legal Medicine, Ethics and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, Cerqueira Cesar, 01246-903, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Lucia Pereira Barroso
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Rua do Matão, 1010, Cidade Universitária, 05508-090, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Paula Adriana Rodrigues Gouveia
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Psychology and Neuropsychology Service, Av. Albert Einstein, 627, Morumbi, 05651-901, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Romero Muñoz
- Department of Legal Medicine, Ethics and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, Cerqueira Cesar, 01246-903, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Vilma Leyton
- Department of Legal Medicine, Ethics and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, Cerqueira Cesar, 01246-903, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Sobngwi-Tambekou JL, Brown TG, Bhatti JA. Driving under the influence of alcohol in professional drivers in Cameroon. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2016; 17 Suppl 1:73-78. [PMID: 27586106 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2016.1199867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Professional drivers play a pivotal role in transporting people and goods in Cameroon. Alcohol misuse is frequent in Cameroon, but its impact on professional drivers has never been studied. This study assessed driving under the influence of alcohol and its correlates in professional drivers in Cameroon. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted at 4 sites on the Yaoundé-Douala highway during a 10-day period in 2014. At each site, professional drivers were randomly stopped during a 24-h window and their breath was sampled for alcohol use. The prevalence of driving under the influence (the equivalent of blood alcohol level ≥ 1 mg/100 mL) and impaired driving (blood alcohol level ≥ 40 mg/100 mL) was computed for all drivers. The correlates of driving under the influence were assessed using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Of the 807 professional drivers stopped, complete data for 783 were available. Almost all were men (n = 781). The mean age of drivers was 38.3 years (SD = 8.9). About one in 10 drivers (n = 77, 9.8%) tested positive for driving under the influence. About 2.8% (n = 22) had blood alcohol levels ≥ 40 mg/100 mL (legal limit in the United States) and 1.4% (n = 11) had blood alcohol levels ≥ 80 mg/100 mL. The likelihood of driving under the influence increased in drivers scoring 8 or more on Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.60; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.14-6.07) and in those having a nighttime driving schedule (aOR = 4.43; 95% CI, 1.33-14.77). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that increasing enforcement to counter impaired driving in professional drivers in Cameroon is needed. Interventions might include screening for alcohol misuse and hazardous occupational practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas G Brown
- c Douglas Mental Health University Institute , Montreal , QC , Canada
| | - Junaid Ahmad Bhatti
- d Sunnybrook Research Institute , Toronto , ON , Canada
- e University of Toronto , Department of Surgery , Toronto , ON , Canada
- f Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences , Toronto , ON , Canada
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Leopoldo K, Leyton V, Oliveira LGD. [Alcohol use alone and in combination with other drugs among truck drivers on highways in São Paulo State, Brazil: a cross-sectional study]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2016; 31:1916-28. [PMID: 26578016 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00047214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traffic accidents cause more than a million deaths per year worldwide. Brazil is one of the leading countries in traffic accidents. Since alcohol is a known etiological factor for traffic accidents, the pattern of alcohol use alone and in combination with other drugs was assessed in a convenience sample of 684 truck drivers in São Paulo State, Brazil. 67.3% of participants reported alcohol use in the previous 30 days, 34.6% reported heavy drinking, 26% binge drinking, and 9.2% were at risk of developing alcohol addiction. Furthermore, 54.6% reported multiple drug use, mostly alcohol with tobacco and energy drinks. Truck drivers that reported multiple drug use showed heavier alcohol use than those who consumed only alcohol. Drinking and driving is problematic and can be aggravated by multiple drug use. The authors thus suggest monitoring the issue, which creates serious problems for users and society as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kae Leopoldo
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Vilma Leyton
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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Vearrier D, Vearrier L, McKeever R, Okaneku J, LaSala G, Goldberger D, McCloskey K. Issues in driving impairment. Dis Mon 2016; 62:72-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Costa GDA, Galvão TC, Bacchi AD, Moreira EG, Salles MJS. Investigation of possible teratogenic effects in the offspring of mice exposed to methylphenidate during pregnancy. Reprod Biomed Online 2016; 32:170-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Aglan M, Adawi A. Incidence of Substance Abuse Among Cab-drivers Involved in Non Fatal Accidents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3923/tmr.2016.20.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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de Oliveira LG, de Souza LMDA, Barroso LP, Gouvêa MJC, de Almeida CVD, Muñoz DR, Leyton V. Occupational conditions and the risk of the use of amphetamines by truck drivers. Rev Saude Publica 2015; 49:61. [PMID: 26398875 PMCID: PMC4617435 DOI: 10.1590/s0034-8910.2015049005944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test whether the occupational conditions of professional truck drivers are associated with amphetamine use after demographic characteristics and ones regarding mental health and drug use are controlled for.METHODS Cross-sectional study, with a non-probabilistic sample of 684 male truck drivers, which was collected in three highways in Sao Paulo between years 2012 and 2013. Demographic and occupational information was collected, as well as data on drug use and mental health (sleep quality, emotional stress, and psychiatric disorders). A logistic regression model was developed to identify factors associated with amphetamine use. Odds ratio (OR; 95%CI) was defined as the measure for association. The significance level was established as p < 0.05.RESULTS The studied sample was found to have an average age of 36.7 (SD = 7.8) years, as well as low education (8.6 [SD = 2.3] years); 29.0% of drivers reported having used amphetamines within the twelve months prior to their interviews. After demographic and occupational variables had been controlled for, the factors which indicated amphetamine use among truck drivers were the following: being younger than 38 years (OR = 3.69), having spent less than nine years at school (OR = 1.76), being autonomous (OR = 1.65), working night shifts or irregular schedules (OR = 2.05), working over 12 hours daily (OR = 2.14), and drinking alcohol (OR = 1.74).CONCLUSIONS Occupational aspects are closely related to amphetamine use among truck drivers, which reinforces the importance of closely following the application of law (Resting Act ("Lei do Descanso"); Law 12,619/2012) which regulates the workload and hours of those professionals. Our results show the need for increased strictness on the trade and prescription of amphetamines in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lúcio Garcia de Oliveira
- Departamento de Medicina Legal, Ética Médica, Medicina Social e do Trabalho, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Letícia Maria de Araújo de Souza
- Departamento de Medicina Legal, Ética Médica, Medicina Social e do Trabalho, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Lúcia Pereira Barroso
- Departamento de Estatística, Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Marcela Júlio César Gouvêa
- Departamento de Medicina Legal, Ética Médica, Medicina Social e do Trabalho, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Carlos Vinícius Dias de Almeida
- Departamento de Medicina Legal, Ética Médica, Medicina Social e do Trabalho, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Daniel Romero Muñoz
- Departamento de Medicina Legal, Ética Médica, Medicina Social e do Trabalho, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Vilma Leyton
- Departamento de Medicina Legal, Ética Médica, Medicina Social e do Trabalho, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BR
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Girotto E, de Andrade SM, Mesas AE, González AD, Guidoni CM. Working conditions and illicit psychoactive substance use among truck drivers in Brazil. Occup Environ Med 2015; 72:764-9. [PMID: 26304775 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2015-102868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to identify the role that working conditions play in predicting the consumption of illicit psychoactive substances (IPS) among truck drivers. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted with truck drivers who transport grains to Paranaguá Port, PR, Brazil. The truck drivers were interviewed, and they completed a self-administered questionnaire regarding their sociodemographics, lifestyles, working conditions, and consumption of IPS over the past 30 days. The statistical analysis included logistic regression models progressively adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle variables. RESULTS A total of 670 male drivers with a mean age of 41.9 (±11.1) years were assessed. The prevalence of IPS consumption over the past 30 days was 10.9% (n=73). The drugs used primarily consisted of amphetamines (n=61). After adjusting for working characteristics, sociodemographic and lifestyle variables, the following working conditions were associated with the consumption of IPS: driving mostly at night (OR=3.91; 95% CI 1.75 to 8.74), driving while tired (OR=2.26; 95% CI 1.31 to 3.89), and earning a higher monthly income (OR=2.08; 95% CI 1.16 to 3.72). Drivers who were 39 years old or younger (OR=2.11; 95% CI 1.05 to 4.25) and not living with a partner (OR=2.22; 95% CI 1.17 to 4.22) were also more likely to consume IPS. CONCLUSIONS Driving mostly at night, being tired, and earning more increase the use of IPS among truck drivers, regardless of other working characteristics, sociodemographic, and lifestyle variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmarlon Girotto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Selma Maffei de Andrade
- Department of Public Health, Postgraduate Program in Public Health, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Arthur Eumann Mesas
- Department of Public Health, Postgraduate Program in Public Health, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alberto Durán González
- Department of Public Health, Postgraduate Program in Public Health, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Camilo Molino Guidoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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42
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Abstract
This study examines the role of workplace risk factors associated with stress, social availability, and policy enforcement in explaining the severity of alcohol misuse among truck and bus drivers. Using a sample of 227 commercial (i.e., bus and truck) drivers drawn randomly from the employees of eight Israeli transportation enterprises, findings indicate that less than 6% of drivers engage in hazardous drinking, with a far smaller proportion engaging in more risky forms of misuse (i.e., harmful or dependent drinking). Key work-related factors associated with the severity of drivers’ alcohol misuse include the perception of permissive coworker drinking norms, role conflict, and supervisory abuse. Consistent with tension relief models of alcohol misuse, felt strain mediated the association between driver stressors and the severity of alcohol misuse. Perceptions of coworker drinking norms moderated the associations between stressors and supervisory monitoring (on one hand) and alcohol misuse (on the other). Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Bamberger
- Tel Aviv University, Israel and Smithers Institute, ILR School, Cornell University, New York, USA
| | - Ayala Cohen
- Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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