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Ibrahim AE, Alamir SG, Al-Omairi M, Salman BI, Batakoushy HA, Hegazy MM, Al-Harrasi A. Tracking the Variations in Trace and Heavy Elements in Smoking Products Marketed in Oman and Egypt: Risk Assessment After Implementation of Constraining Protocols. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04182-9. [PMID: 38656680 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04182-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is becoming one of the major worldwide concerns regarding environmental pollution as well as health threats. In 2005, the World Health Organization (WHO) released the Framework Convention On Tobacco Control (FCTC), which outlined protocols for controlling tobacco products. Oman was one of the leading countries to follow these protocols; however, Egypt has only followed these protocols recently in 2020. One of the main challenges in tobacco product control is the variation in their trace element's types and amounts from country to country owing to differences in agriculture techniques and used chemical additives. Smoking releases different toxic metal ions found in them into the air, and hence, analyzing trace amounts of metals in tobacco smoking products is becoming more critical. The proposed research aims to evaluate the current levels of 11 heavy metals (namely, As, Pb, Cd, Co, Cr, Be, Ba, Mn, Ni, Fe, and Hg) in 22 tobacco products available in Egypt and Oman using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and a direct mercury analyzer. Although some elements such as Be, Co, and Cd were absent, the positive detection of As and Pb and the levels of Ba, Cr, and Ni are still alarming, especially for heavy smokers. The obtained results were then statistically related to previously published data in 2017 to explore the effectiveness of implementing the FCTC protocols within the Egyptian market. The outcomes suggested a positive impact of FCTC protocol implementation in Egypt, besides the lower levels of elemental content for Omani products compared to the Egyptian market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Ehab Ibrahim
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz , Nizwa, 616, Oman.
| | - Samy G Alamir
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz , Nizwa, 616, Oman
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abassia, 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Al-Omairi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz , Nizwa, 616, Oman
| | - Baher I Salman
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Hany A Batakoushy
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom, 32511, Egypt
| | - Mostafa M Hegazy
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University (Boys), Cairo, 11884, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University - Arish Branch, Arish, 45511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz , Nizwa, 616, Oman.
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Lalrammawia K, Buragohain A, Kakki B, Zote L, Marak NK, Lalrinhlupuii, Malsawmtluangi, Lalmuanpuii R, Kumar NS, Jahau L, Sudarshan M, Chaligava O, Yushin N, Grozdov D, Nekhoroshkov P, Vergel K, Zinicovscaia I, Muthukumaran RB. Determination of Multi Elements in Tobacco Plant of Northeast India by Neutron Activation Analysis and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:4534-4549. [PMID: 34820780 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-03040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Even when cultivated in uncontaminated soils, tobacco plant has higher propensity to extract and accumulate trace elements. The concentrations (mass fractions) of essential elements (K, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn) and 28 non-essential elements in tobacco plant (leaves, stem, and root) of Northeast India and their respective soils were quantitatively measured. Hg mass fraction in all samples analyzed were found to be < 10 mg/kg. The heavy element mass fractions of tobacco are weakly correlated to different soil parameters. The bioconcentration factor values indicated that Cd (7) is selectively absorbed and translocated in the tobacco leaves compared to Zn (1.7), Cu (1.5), Ni (0.12), and Pb (0.1). Under acidic soil conditions, tobacco plant efficiently absorbed and translocated Cl- ion with great ease, whereas it may be a very low accumulator of rare-earth elements. The mass fractions of Mn, Cu, Sb, Cs, Rb, and Pb are very similar to the "reference plant," whereas significantly higher mass fractions of Al, Sc, Ti, Zr, Hf, Ta, Th, and U are present in the roots of tobacco plant relative to the "reference plant." Principal component analysis has revealed that Northeast Indian tobacco can be clearly differentiated from other varieties of tobaccos used in different countries because of their element profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bomngam Kakki
- Department of Chemistry, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796 004, India
| | - Lalrinawma Zote
- Department of Chemistry, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796 004, India
| | - Nikrang K Marak
- Department of Chemistry, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796 004, India
| | - Lalrinhlupuii
- Department of Chemistry, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796 004, India
| | - Malsawmtluangi
- Department of Chemistry, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796 004, India
| | - Rebecca Lalmuanpuii
- Department of Chemistry, Government Serchhip College, Serchhip, Mizoram, India
| | | | - Lalrintluanga Jahau
- Centre for Rural Development Research and Trinity Diagnostic Centre, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - Mathummal Sudarshan
- UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Kolkata Centre, Kolkata, 700106, India
| | - Omari Chaligava
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russian Federation, 141980
- Georgian Technical University, 77, Merab Kostava Street, 0175, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nikita Yushin
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russian Federation, 141980
| | - Dmitrii Grozdov
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russian Federation, 141980
| | - Pavel Nekhoroshkov
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russian Federation, 141980
| | - Konstantin Vergel
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russian Federation, 141980
| | - Inga Zinicovscaia
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russian Federation, 141980.
- Horia Hulubei National Institute for R&D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 30 Reactorului Str., MG-6, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania.
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Cheetham AG, Plunkett S, Campbell P, Hilldrup J, Coffa BG, Gilliland S, Eckard S. Analysis and differentiation of tobacco-derived and synthetic nicotine products: Addressing an urgent regulatory issue. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267049. [PMID: 35421170 PMCID: PMC9009602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is significant regulatory and economic need to distinguish analytically between tobacco-derived nicotine (TDN) and synthetic nicotine (SyN) in commercial products. Currently, commercial e-liquid and oral pouch products are available that contain tobacco-free nicotine, which could be either extracted from tobacco or synthesized. While tobacco products that contain TDN are regulated by FDA Center for Tobacco Products, those with SyN are currently not in the domain of any regulatory authority. This regulatory difference provides an economic incentive to use or claim the use of SyN to remain on the market without submitting a Premarket Tobacco Product Application. TDN is ~99.3% (S)-nicotine, whereas SyN can vary from racemic (50/50 (R)/(S)) to ≥ 99% (S)-nicotine, i.e., chemically identical to the tobacco-derived compound. Here we report efforts to distinguish between TDN and SyN in various samples by characterizing impurities, (R)/(S)-nicotine enantiomer ratio, (R)/(S)-nornicotine enantiomer ratio, and carbon-14 (14C) content. Only 14C analysis accurately and precisely differentiated TDN (100% 14C) from SyN (35-38% 14C) in all samples tested. 14C quantitation of nicotine samples by accelerator mass spectrometry is a reliable determinate of nicotine source and can be used to identify misbranded product labelled as containing SyN. This is the first report to distinguish natural, bio-based nicotine from synthetic, petroleum-based nicotine across a range of pure nicotine samples and commercial e-liquid products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan Plunkett
- Enthalpy Analytical, LLC, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Consilium Sciences, LLC, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Preston Campbell
- Consilium Sciences, LLC, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jacob Hilldrup
- Enthalpy Analytical, LLC, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Bonnie G. Coffa
- Enthalpy Analytical, LLC, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Stan Gilliland
- Consilium Sciences, LLC, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Steve Eckard
- Enthalpy Analytical, LLC, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
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Yang Y, Wang T, Li Y, Wang M, Chen W, Dai Y. Mitigating cadmium contamination of rice soils supporting tobacco-rice rotation in southern China: Win-win or lose-lose? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 425:128052. [PMID: 34915298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the sustainability of tobacco-rice rotation by reducing the phytoavailability of cadmium (Cd) to rice by combining large-scale field sampling and regional investigations in southern China. The rotation involves frequent tillage and liberal application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, which increases yields but lowers soil pH. As a result, manganese is lost from soil and, at the same time, more soil Cd is taken up by rice and tobacco. The tendency to overcompensate for the Mn loss is influenced by soil properties, crop type, and economics of cultivation. Based on the scenario analysis, this tendency and the Cd uptake risks were estimated. Dietary intake of 83.3% of rice grain produced on the rotation fields would have adverse health effects on local male nonsmokers. Besides the rice, Cd in local tobacco leaf may lead to an increase in the kidney Cd levels of local male smokers (21.5 cigarettes per day) by 16.2-fold at age 50. Field trials and model estimations indicated that for a Cd concentration below 0.2 mg dry weight kg-1 in rice grain, the critical pH value in rice soils was ~ 6.0, and that for amorphous Mn oxide at pH 4.5-6.0 was 120 mg kg-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Tianqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yanling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Meie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Weiping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Yating Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Wang M, Zhang L, Liu Y, Chen D, Liu L, Li C, Kang KJ, Wang L, He Z, Yang X. Spatial variation and fractionation of fluoride in tobacco-planted soils and leaf fluoride concentration in tobacco in Bijie City, Southwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:26112-26123. [PMID: 33483930 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11973-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fluorosis is a chronic systemic disease induced by excessive intake of fluoride (F-). Fluoride in water and foods has been widely concerned, while limited reports focused on F- in soils and tobacco leaves which could transfer to human body. In the present study, we mainly focused on the distribution of F- in tobacco-planted soils and tobacco leaves in Bijie City, Southwest China. Soil total F- concentration ranged from 443.7 to 5,979 mg kg-1. The level of F- extracted by water (FH2O) and KCl solution (FKCl) ranged from 0.58 to 25.55 mg kg-1 and from 0.67 to 21.35 mg kg-1, respectively; hence, FH2O could be used to indicate the bioavailability of soil F- in the study area. The sequential extraction of F- show that the residual and exchangeable F- was the highest (97.44-99.73% of the total F-) and lowest (less than 0.25%) fractions of collected soil samples, respectively. According to the distribution of total and soluble F- in the soil profiles at the depth of 0-100 cm, soils were polluted mainly at the 0-40 cm layer. The soluble F- content in rhizosphere soils were higher than that in bulk soils, and tobacco leaves accumulated F- ranged from 16.73 to 111.3 mg kg-1 which was affected by soil pH and Ca content. Tobacco leaves F- level was related to the maturity of the leaves, with the F-content of medium leaves being higher than that of top leaves. More attention should be paid to tobacco with high F- content since F- pollution may transfer to human body via tobacco smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Bijie Branch Company of Guizhou Tobacco Company, Anshun, 551713, Guizhou, China
| | - Yanxiang Liu
- Bijie Branch Company of Guizhou Tobacco Company, Anshun, 551713, Guizhou, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Caibing Li
- Bijie Branch Company of Guizhou Tobacco Company, Anshun, 551713, Guizhou, China
| | - Kyong Ju Kang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Faculty of Environmental science, University of science, Pyongyang, 00850, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Lingyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhenli He
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
| | - Xiaoe Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Fang XY, Strodl E, Liu BQ, Liu L, Yin XN, Wen GM, Sun DL, Xian DX, Jiang H, Jing J, Jin Y, Wu CA, Chen WQ. Association between prenatal exposure to household inhalants exposure and ADHD-like behaviors at around 3 years of age: Findings from Shenzhen Longhua Child Cohort Study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 177:108612. [PMID: 31398562 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to air pollutants has been suggested as a possible etiologic factor for the occurrence of ADHD or ADHD-like behaviors. But we still lack a comprehensive assessment of household air pollutants exposure on the development of ADHD-like behaviors during childhood. OBJECT We aimed to assess whether prenatal household inhalants exposure is associated with preschoolers' ADHD-like behaviors in a nonclinical population. METHODS This study used the baseline data of the Longhua Child Cohort Study. During 2015-2017, we recruited 42,983 mothers and their kindergarten-aged children who enrolled at kindergarten in the Longhua district of Shenzhen, to obtain the demographic data and relevant exposure information through self-administrated questionnaire survey. The source of prenatal household inhalants exposure include cooking fumes, environmental tobacco smoke, mosqutio coils, home renovated and indoor burning incense. Logistic and censored least absolute deviations (CLAD) models were used to reveal the association between prenatal exposure to household air pollutants and hyperactive behaviors in child. RESULTS We found that exposure to five types of household inhalants during pregnancy were independently associated with an increased risk of child hyperactive behaviors. Moreover, we observed a significant interaction between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and cooking fumes during gestation on child hyperactive behaviors in CLAD models. We also found a significant joint effect between burning mosquito coils and incense during gestation for child hyperactive behaviors risk both in CLAD and Logistic models. Furthermore, a household inhalants exposure index was used to demonstrate a dose-response relationship between the cumulative effect of exposure to the five household air pollutants and child hyperactivity. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that prenatal exposure to different household inhalants might increase the risk of children's hyperactive behaviors at around 3 years of age with the presence of interaction effects between some inhalants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Fang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Esben Strodl
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Bin-Quan Liu
- Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Na Yin
- Women's and Children's Hospital of Longhua District of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guo-Min Wen
- Women's and Children's Hospital of Longhua District of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Deng-Li Sun
- Women's and Children's Hospital of Longhua District of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dan-Xia Xian
- Women's and Children's Hospital of Longhua District of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Jing
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Jin
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuan-An Wu
- Women's and Children's Hospital of Longhua District of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei-Qing Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Information Management, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Lee YH, Chang YC, Shelley M, Liu CT. Examining the Associations of Smoking Behavior and Obesity Among Older Adults in China: Should We Consider Food Consumption Behaviors? J Aging Health 2019; 32:904-915. [PMID: 31339435 DOI: 10.1177/0898264319862417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This research investigates the associations between smoking frequency and body mass index (BMI) among older adults in China with and without the inclusion of food consumption behaviors. Method: Applying three waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (2009, 2012, and 2014), with 12,312 observations from 4,104 participants, gender-stratified panel ordered logistic regressions were performed. Food consumption included intake frequency and types of fruits, vegetables, staple food, cooking oil, and meat. Results: Among male older adults, more frequent smoking behavior was associated with lower BMI with the inclusion of food consumption behaviors. However, more frequent smoking behavior was not associated with BMI among female participants with the inclusion of food consumption behaviors. Former smoking status was not associated with BMI in all models. Discussion: The findings suggest the need of food consumption behaviors when researchers study the associations between smoking frequency and obesity. Gender gaps also should be considered.
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Shang J, Khuzestani RB, Tian J, Schauer JJ, Hua J, Zhang Y, Cai T, Fang D, An J, Zhang Y. Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM 2.5 personal exposure of two cohorts living in urban and suburban Beijing. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 246:225-236. [PMID: 30557796 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the study, personal PM2.5 exposures and their source contributions were characterized for 159 subjects living in the Beijing Metropolitan area. The exposures and sources were examined as functions of residential location, season, vocation, cigarette smoking, and time spent outdoors. Sampling was performed for two categories of volunteers, guards and students, that lived in urban and suburban areas of Beijing. Samples were collected using portable PM2.5 monitors during summer and winter. Exposure measurements were supplemented with a questionnaire that tracked personal activity and time spent in microenvironments that may have impacted exposures. Simultaneously, ambient PM2.5 data were obtained from national network stations located at the Gucheng and Huairouzhen sites. These data were used as a comparison against the personal PM2.5 exposures and produced poor correlations between personal and ambient PM2.5. These results demonstrate that individual behavior strongly affects personal PM2.5 exposure. Six primary sources of personal PM2.5 exposure were determined using a positive matrix factorization (PMF) source apportionment model. These sources included Roadway Transport Source, Soil/Dust Source, Industrial/Combustion Source, Secondary Inorganic Source, Cd Source, and Household Heating Source. Averaged across all subjects and seasons, the highest source contribution was Secondary Inorganic Source (24.8% ± 32.6%, AVG ± STD), whereas the largest primary ambient source was determined to be Roadway Transport (20.9% ± 13.6%). Subjects were classified according to the questionnaire and were used to help understand the relationship between personal activity and source contribution to PM2.5 exposure. In general, primary ambient sources showed only significant spatial and seasonal differences, while secondary sources differed significantly between populations with different personal behavior. In particular, Cd source was found to be related to smoking exposure and was the most unpredictable source, with significant differences between populations of different sites, vocations, smoking exposures, and outdoor time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Reza Bashiri Khuzestani
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jingyu Tian
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - James J Schauer
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53718, USA
| | - Jinxi Hua
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tianqi Cai
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dongqing Fang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianxiong An
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, Aviation General Hospital of China Medical University, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yuanxun Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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El Zahran T, Ralston A, King A, Hindman D, Morgan BW. Elevated lead level from a tobacco source requiring chelation in a 12-year-old child. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2018; 56:1159-1161. [PMID: 29623731 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2018.1458990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Across the world, tobacco is used in a variety of forms, including being smoked or added to a "quid" that is then chewed. We report a case of lead poisoning in a child from tobacco imported from Thailand. CASE DETAILS A 12-year-old Thai immigrant boy had a blood lead level (BLL) of 6 mcg/dL on routine testing upon arrival to the United States, but which increased to 72 mcg/dL six months after his arrival. He was asymptomatic with unremarkable workup. At this time his father, mother and two siblings were also found to have elevated BLLs of 53, 16, 22, and 11 mcg/dL, respectively. Water, paint, food and cookware sources tested negative for lead, whereas samples of the father's dried tobacco leaves imported from Thailand contained 36.12 ppm (mcg/g) of lead. The mother admitted that both she and the patient used the tobacco as well. The child was chelated with oral succimer and his BLL decreased. DISCUSSION In our case, the source of the lead exposure was from the tobacco that the patient was chewing. Tobacco is often overlooked as a source of lead exposure, though it has been reported in the literature, both from direct smoking and from chewing, as well as through secondhand smoke. Toxicologists and health care professionals should consider cultural practices when evaluating patients with elevated BLLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharwat El Zahran
- a Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA , USA
- b Georgia Poison Control , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Aaron Ralston
- a Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA , USA
- b Georgia Poison Control , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | | | - Diane Hindman
- a Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA , USA
- b Georgia Poison Control , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Brent W Morgan
- a Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA , USA
- b Georgia Poison Control , Atlanta , GA , USA
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Zhu Y, Li Z, Pang Y, Huo W, Li N, Li Z, Zhang J, Ye R, Wang B. Association Between Chronic Exposure to Tobacco Smoke and Accumulation of Toxic Metals in Hair Among Pregnant Women. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 185:302-310. [PMID: 29497997 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1274-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke contains various toxic heavy metals that individuals are exposed to when they smoke. Despite the presence of heavy metals in tobacco smoke, the relationship between smoking and the accumulation of toxic metals in pregnant women after long-term exposure remains under discussion. We examined the association between long-term exposure to tobacco smoke and the accumulation of toxic metals in the hair of female participants. Our study recruited 252 women from the Shanxi and Hebei provinces of Northern China; these participants were self-reported non-active smokers, and had previously delivered healthy babies without birth defects. Scalp hair was collected and analyzed for nicotine and cotinine and five potentially toxic metals (specifically, silver, chromium, cadmium, mercury, and lead). Our results showed significant positive correlations between cotinine and four metals, including silver (r = 0.369, p < 0.001), cadmium (r = 0.185, p < 0.01), mercury (r = 0.161, p < 0.05), and lead (r = 0.243, p < 0.001). Significant positive correlations were also found between nicotine and three metals-specifically silver (r = 0.331, p < 0.001), cadmium (r = 0.176, p < 0.01), and lead (r = 0.316, p < 0.001). A logistic regression model showed significant associations between cotinine and potentially toxic metals including mercury, silver, and lead (with or without adjusting for potential confounders). We thus conclude that long-term passive smoking could potentially increase the exposure level of toxic metals including lead, silver, and mercury in our study, which are especially harmful for pregnant women and their unborn fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibing Zhu
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwen Li
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiming Pang
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhua Huo
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Li
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenjiang Li
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxu Zhang
- Department of Child, Adolescent and Women's Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongwei Ye
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Cui X, Cheng H, Liu X, Giubilato E, Critto A, Sun H, Zhang L. Cadmium exposure and early renal effects in the children and adults living in a tungsten-molybdenum mining areas of South China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:15089-15101. [PMID: 29557043 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1631-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Adverse health effects related to accumulative cadmium (Cd) exposure have aroused widespread attention from the public in China. Knowledge on the relationships between Cd exposure and early renal effects is particularly limited for children, who are more susceptible to absorbing metals than adults. A typical Cd-polluted area of South China was selected to determine the Cd exposure and related early renal effects of the general population, including children. In total, 211 children and 806 adults were enrolled in the study. The urinary levels of Cd (U-Cd), β2-microglobulin (U-BMG), retinol binding protein (U-RBP), and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (U-NAG) were measured. The relationship between U-Cd and ranked indicators of early renal effects was examined by multiple regression analysis. The average U-Cd ranged from 7.01 μg/g creatinine (boys) to 13.55 μg/g creatinine (women) in the Cd-polluted areas. These values are much higher than those of the control group and those that have been reported by other countries. In agreement with previous studies, environmental Cd pollution resulted in elevated Cd accumulation in the bodies of children, and it increased the concentration of NAG in their urine. Similarly, environmental Cd pollution increased NAG and BMG in the urine of adults. Multivariate models showed that the urinary excretion of BMG, RBP, and NAG was positively associated with Cd levels in the urine of both children and adults. The reference thresholds of U-Cd in relation to elevated U-BMG, U-RBP, and U-NAG were higher in children than adults after standardization for other covariates. These results reinforce the need to control and regulate the sources of environmental Cd contamination and to promote more effective risk management measures, especially for vulnerable groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfen Cui
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongguang Cheng
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuelian Liu
- Green Development Institute, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Elisa Giubilato
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari, Venice, Italy
| | - Andrea Critto
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari, Venice, Italy.
| | - Haixu Sun
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
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12
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Brief Report: Lead Levels in Selected Electronic Cigarettes from Canada and the United States. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15010154. [PMID: 29351185 PMCID: PMC5800253 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15010154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Few published studies have investigated the presence of lead in the e-liquid of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). Lead inhalation is associated with increased risk of stroke, heart disease, and other diseases. This study used a novel application of graphite furnace technology to compare the concentration of lead between e-liquids of different packaging and product designs using e-liquids that are or were commercially available in the United States and Canada. Eleven nicotine-free disposable ENDS devices and 12 bottled refill solutions that contained nicotine were purchased from retailers in Canada and the United States between 2015 and 2017. E-liquids extracted from the disposable products and individual containers were analyzed for lead content by graphite furnace using atomic absorption detection. The lead concentration of open-wick ENDS devices ranged from 25.2 ppb to 838.4 ppb, with a standard deviation of 187.4 ppb. None of the bottled e-liquids contained quantifiable levels of lead. This study found that quantifiable levels of lead are present in certain disposable e-cigarette devices, and there is evidence from this study that the design of ENDS devices may contribute to lead exposure. These findings suggest that lead testing should be incorporated into future chemical analyses of ENDS devices.
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13
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Benson NU, Anake WU, Adedapo AE, Fred-Ahmadu OH, Ayejuyo OO. Toxic metals in cigarettes and human health risk assessment associated with inhalation exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:619. [PMID: 29119337 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6348-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the concentrations of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in 10 branded cigarettes commonly consumed in Nigeria. Chemical sequential extraction method and pseudo-total metal digestion procedure were used for extraction of metals from filler tobacco and filter samples. Samples were analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The filler tobacco of cigarettes had Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn concentrations in the ranges of 5.90-7.94, 18.26-34.94, 192.61-3494.05, 44.67-297.69, 17.21-74.78, and 47.02-167.31 μg/cigarette, respectively. The minimum and maximum concentrations in the filter samples were 8.67-12.34 μg/g of Cd, 1.77-36.48 μg/g of Cu, 1.83-15.27 μg/g of Fe, 3.82-7.44 μg/g of Mn, 4.09-13.78 μg/g of Pb, and 30.07-46.70 μg/g of Zn. The results of this study showed that the concentrations of heavy metals in the filler tobacco samples were consistently higher than those obtained for the cigarette filters except for Cd. Toxic metals were largely found in the most labile chemical fractions. Moderate to very high risks are found associated with potential exposure to Cd and Pb. The carcinogenic risks posed by Cd and Pb ranged between 1.87E-02 and 2.52E-02, 1.05E-03 and 4.76E-03, respectively, while the non-carcinogenic risk estimates for Cd and Pb were greater than 1.0 (HI > 1). Toxic metals in cigarette may have significant carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health effects associated with inhalation exposure. Continuous monitoring and regulations of the ingredients of imported and locally produced tobacco products are advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nsikak U Benson
- Analytical and Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Km 10 Idiroko Road, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Winifred U Anake
- Analytical and Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Km 10 Idiroko Road, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Adebusayo E Adedapo
- Analytical and Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Km 10 Idiroko Road, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Omowunmi H Fred-Ahmadu
- Analytical and Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Km 10 Idiroko Road, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Olusegun O Ayejuyo
- Analytical and Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Km 10 Idiroko Road, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
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14
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Richter P, Faroon O, Pappas RS. Cadmium and Cadmium/Zinc Ratios and Tobacco-Related Morbidities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:E1154. [PMID: 28961214 PMCID: PMC5664655 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14101154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Metals are one of five major categories of carcinogenic or toxic constituents in tobacco and tobacco smoke. Cadmium is highly volatile and a higher percentage of the total tobacco cadmium content is efficiently transferred to mainstream tobacco smoke than many other toxic metals in tobacco. Inhaled cadmium bioaccumulates in the lungs and is distributed beyond the lungs to other tissues, with a total body biological half-life of one to two decades. Chronic cadmium exposure through tobacco use elevates blood and urine cadmium concentrations. Cadmium is a carcinogen, and an inducer of proinflammatory immune responses. Elevated exposure to cadmium is associated with reduced pulmonary function, obstructive lung disease, bronchogenic carcinoma, cardiovascular diseases including myocardial infarction, peripheral arterial disease, prostate cancer, cervical cancer, pancreatic cancer, and various oral pathologies. Cadmium and zinc have a toxicologically inverse relationship. Zinc is an essential element and is reportedly antagonistic to some manifestations of cadmium toxicity. This review summarizes associations between blood, urine, and tissue cadmium concentrations with emphasis on cadmium exposure due to tobacco use and several disease states. Available data about zinc and cadmium/zinc ratios and tobacco-related diseases is summarized from studies reporting smoking status. Collectively, data suggest that blood, urine, and tissue cadmium and cadmium/zinc ratios are often significantly different between smokers and nonsmokers and they are also different in smokers for several diseases and cancers. Additional biomonitoring data such as blood or serum and urine zinc and cadmium levels and cadmium/zinc ratios in smokers may provide further insight into the development and progression of diseases of the lung, cardiovascular system, and possibly other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Richter
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS F44, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Obaid Faroon
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - R Steven Pappas
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS F44, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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15
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Inoue Y, Howard AG, Thompson AL, Mendez MA, Herring AH, Gordon-Larsen P. The association between urbanization and reduced renal function: findings from the China Health and Nutrition Survey. BMC Nephrol 2017; 18:160. [PMID: 28506221 PMCID: PMC5433002 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-017-0577-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing public health concern in low- and middle-income countries, such as China, few studies have investigated the association between urbanization and the occurrence of CKD in those countries. METHODS We investigated the association between urbanization and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), an important CKD risk marker. Data came from the China Health and Nutrition Survey wave 2009, in which we collected fasting serum, individual and household data along with community level urbanization data, which was used to derive a study-specific urbanization measure, in 218 communities across nine provinces. A total of 3644 men and 4154 women participants aged 18 years or older were included in the analysis. Reduced renal function was defined as eGFR of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 measured using serum creatinine concentration (mg/dL). RESULTS After adjusting for socio-demographic (e.g., age, education and household income), a sex-stratified multilevel logistic model revealed that living in a more urbanized community was associated with higher odds of reduced eGFR (odds ratio [OR] = 1.38 per one-standard deviation [SD] increase in the CHNS specific urbanization index, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.11-1.73 for men; OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.11-1.62 for women). After adjusting for behavioral variables (i.e., alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity and diet), as well as obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors, the association was attenuated in men (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 0.98-1.59), but remained statistically significant in women (OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.01-1.52). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that living in an urban environment is linked with higher odds of reduced renal function independently of behavioral and cardiometabolic risk factors, which have been shown to increase along with urbanization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Inoue
- Carolina Population Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 USA
| | - Annie Green Howard
- Carolina Population Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Amanda L. Thompson
- Carolina Population Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 USA
- Department of Anthropology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Michelle A. Mendez
- Carolina Population Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 USA
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Amy H. Herring
- Carolina Population Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Penny Gordon-Larsen
- Carolina Population Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 USA
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
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Stephens WE. Chemometric and trace element profiling methodologies for authenticating, crossmatching and constraining the provenance of illicit tobacco products. Tob Control 2016; 26:502-508. [PMID: 27531603 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Illicit tobacco products have a disproportionately negative effect on public health. Counterfeits and cheap whites as well as legal brands smuggled from countries not adopting track and trace technologies will require novel forensic tools to aid the disruption of their supply chains. METHODS Data sets of trace element concentrations in tobacco were obtained using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry on samples of legal and illicit products mainly from Europe. Authentic and counterfeit products were discriminated by identifying outliers from data sets of legal products using Mahalanobis distance and graphical profiling methods. Identical and closely similar counterfeits were picked out using Euclidean distance, and counterfeit provenance was addressed using chemometric methods to identify geographical affinities. RESULTS Taking Marlboro as an exemplar, the major brands are shown to be remarkably consistent in composition, in marked contrast to counterfeits bearing the same brand name. Analysis of 35 illicit products seized in the European Union (EU) indicates that 18 are indistinguishable or closely similar to Marlboro legally sold in the EU, while 17 are sufficiently different to be deemed counterfeit, among them being 2 counterfeits so closely similar that their tobaccos are likely to come from the same source. The tobacco in the large majority of counterfeits in this data set appears to originate in Asia. CONCLUSIONS Multivariate and graphical analysis of trace elements in tobacco can effectively authenticate brands, crossmatch illicit products across jurisdictions and may identify their geographical sources.
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17
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Zhang M, Mo H, Sun W, Guo Y, Li J. Systematic Isolation and Characterization of Cadmium Tolerant Genes in Tobacco: A cDNA Library Construction and Screening Approach. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161147. [PMID: 27579677 PMCID: PMC5007098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution is a major limiting factor that severely affects plant growth worldwide, and the accumulation of heavy metal in the plant may be hazardous to human health. To identify the processes involved in cadmium detoxification, we constructed a cDNA library of tobacco roots acclimated to cadmium (Cd) stress. According to the results of functional screening cDNA library with a yeast Cd-sensitive mutant, ycf1Δ, we obtained a series of candidate genes that were involved in Cd response. Sequence analysis and yeast functional complementation of 24 positive cDNA clones revealed that, in addition to antioxidant genes, genes implicated in abiotic and biotic stress defenses, cellular metabolism, and signal transduction showed Cd detoxification effects in yeast. The real time RT-PCR analyses revealed that some Cd tolerance/ detoxification genes may be able to anticipate in other stresses such as biotic defense and water balance in tobacco. Taken together, our data suggest that plants' acclimation to Cd stress is a highly complex process associated with broad gene functions. Moreover, our results provide insights into the Cd detoxification mechanisms along with the antioxidant system, defense gene induction, and calcium signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Hui Mo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Wen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
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18
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Cai T, Luo W, Ruan D, Wu YJ, Fox DA, Chen J. The History, Status, Gaps, and Future Directions of Neurotoxicology in China. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:722-732. [PMID: 26824332 PMCID: PMC4892912 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid economic development in China has produced serious ecological, environmental, and health problems. Neurotoxicity has been recognized as a major public health problem. The Chinese government, research institutes, and scientists conducted extensive studies concerning the source, characteristics, and mechanisms of neurotoxicants. OBJECTIVES This paper presents, for the first time, a comprehensive history and review of major sources of neurotoxicants, national bodies/legislation engaged, and major neurotoxicology research in China. METHODS Peer-reviewed research and pollution studies by Chinese scientists from 1991 to 2015 were examined. PubMed, Web of Science and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were the major search tools. RESULTS The central problem is an increased exposure to neurotoxicants from air and water, food contamination, e-waste recycling, and manufacturing of household products. China formulated an institutional framework and standards system for management of major neurotoxicants. Basic and applied research was initiated, and international cooperation was achieved. The annual number of peer-reviewed neurotoxicology papers from Chinese authors increased almost 30-fold since 2001. CONCLUSIONS Despite extensive efforts, neurotoxicity remains a significant public health problem. This provides great challenges and opportunities. We identified 10 significant areas that require major educational, environmental, governmental, and research efforts, as well as attention to public awareness. For example, there is a need to increase efforts to utilize new in vivo and in vitro models, determine the potential neurotoxicity and mechanisms involved in newly emerging pollutants, and examine the effects and mechanisms of mixtures. In the future, we anticipate working with scientists worldwide to accomplish these goals and eliminate, prevent and treat neurotoxicity. CITATION Cai T, Luo W, Ruan D, Wu YJ, Fox DA, Chen J. 2016. The history, status, gaps, and future directions of neurotoxicology in China. Environ Health Perspect 124:722-732; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409566.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongjian Cai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjing Luo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Diyun Ruan
- Neurotoxicology Lab, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yi-Jun Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Donald A. Fox
- College of Optometry,
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry,
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jingyuan Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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19
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Sundblad BM, Ji J, Levänen B, Midander K, Julander A, Larsson K, Palmberg L, Lindén A. Extracellular cadmium in the bronchoalveolar space of long-term tobacco smokers with and without COPD and its association with inflammation. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2016; 11:1005-13. [PMID: 27274222 PMCID: PMC4869628 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s105234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco contains cadmium, and this metal has been attributed a causative role in pulmonary emphysema among smokers, although extracellular cadmium has not to date been quantified in the bronchoalveolar space of tobacco smokers with or without COPD. We determined whether cadmium is enhanced in the bronchoalveolar space of long-term tobacco smokers with or without COPD in vivo, its association with inflammation, and its effect on chemokine release in macrophage-like cells in vitro. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), sputum, and blood samples were collected from current, long-term smokers with and without COPD and from healthy nonsmokers. Cadmium concentrations were determined in cell-free BAL fluid using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Blood monocyte-derived macrophages were exposed to cadmium chloride in vitro. Depending upon the type of sample, molecular markers of inflammation were quantified either as protein (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) or as mRNA (real-time polymerase chain reaction). Cadmium concentrations were markedly increased in cell-free BAL fluid of smokers compared to that of nonsmokers (n=19–29; P<0.001), irrespective of COPD. In these smokers, the measured cadmium displayed positive correlations with macrophage TNF-α mRNA in BAL, neutrophil and CD8+ cell concentrations in blood, and finally with IL-6, IL-8, and MMP-9 protein in sputum (n=10–20; P<0.05). The cadmium chloride exposure caused a concentration-dependent increase in extracellular IL-8 protein in monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro. In conclusion, extracellular cadmium is enhanced in the bronchoalveolar space of long-term smokers and displays pro-inflammatory features. Its pathogenic role in tobacco-induced disease deserves further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt-Marie Sundblad
- Unit for Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jie Ji
- Unit for Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bettina Levänen
- Unit for Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klara Midander
- Unit for Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anneli Julander
- Unit for Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kjell Larsson
- Unit for Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Palmberg
- Unit for Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Lindén
- Unit for Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Saha N, Rahman MS, Jolly YN, Rahman A, Sattar MA, Hai MA. Spatial distribution and contamination assessment of six heavy metals in soils and their transfer into mature tobacco plants in Kushtia District, Bangladesh. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:3414-26. [PMID: 26490917 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5575-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Although the tobacco production and consumption rate in Bangladesh is very high and a substantial portion of premature deaths is caused by tobacco smoking, the status of heavy metals in tobacco plants has not yet determined. This study, therefore, investigated the concentrations of Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb, Cr, and Zn in tobacco plants and their surrounding agricultural soils in Kushtia District, Bangladesh. The geochemical maps showed a similar spatial distribution pattern of the analyzed metals and identified Shempur, Kharara, Taragunia, and Shantidanga as metal hot spots. Geoanalytical indexes were applied to assess the extent of soil contamination, and the results depicted that the soils of Shempur, Kharara, Taragunia, and Shantidanga were moderately contaminated where Cd contributed the most to contamination degree (C d) in spite of its relative low content. However, other five areas in Kushtia District were suggested as uncontaminated according to both C d and pollution load index (PLI). The hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) showed no possible indication of human health risks via ingestion of agricultural soils. This study also determined that human activities such as excess application of commercial fertilizers, animal manures, and metal-based pesticides were the sources of Cu, Ni, Cd, and Cr enrichment in soils and that the metals into tobacco plants were transported from the soils. The present study conclusively suggested that regulation of improper use of agrochemicals and continuous monitoring of heavy metals in tobacco plants are needed to reduce the tobacco-related detrimental health problems in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narottam Saha
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh.
- School of Earth Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - M Safiur Rahman
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, NRCD, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, BAEC, GPO Box 3787, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
- Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Center, BAEC, 4-Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Yeasmin Nahar Jolly
- Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Center, BAEC, 4-Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Atiqur Rahman
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia, 7003, Bangladesh
| | - M Abdus Sattar
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia, 7003, Bangladesh
| | - M Abdul Hai
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia, 7003, Bangladesh
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Schneller LM, Zwierzchowski BA, Caruso RV, Li Q, Yuan J, Fong GT, O'Connor RJ. Changes in tar yields and cigarette design in samples of Chinese cigarettes, 2009 and 2012. Tob Control 2015; 24 Suppl 4:iv60-3. [PMID: 25352560 PMCID: PMC4693290 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND China is home to the greatest number of smokers as well as the greatest number of smoking-related deaths. An active and growing market of cigarettes marketed as 'light' or 'low tar' may keep health-concerned smokers from quitting, wrongly believing that such brands are less harmful. OBJECTIVE This study sought to observe changes in cigarette design characteristics and reported tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide (TNCO) levels in a sample of cigarette brands obtained in seven Chinese cities from 2009 to 2012. METHODS Cigarettes were purchased and shipped to Roswell Park Cancer Institute, where 91 pairs of packs were selected for physical cigarette design characteristic testing and recording of TNCO values. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS, and was initially characterised using descriptive statistics, correlations and generalised estimating equations to observe changes in brand varieties over time. FINDINGS Reported TNCO values on packs saw mean tar, nicotine and CO levels decrease from 2009 to 2012 by 7.9%, 4.5% and 6.0%, respectively. Ventilation was the only cigarette design feature that significantly changed over time (p<0.001), with an increase of 31.7%. Significant predictors of tar and CO yield overall were ventilation and per-cigarette tobacco weight, while for nicotine tobacco moisture was also an independent predictor of yield. CONCLUSIONS The use of ventilation to decrease TNCO emissions is misleading smokers to believe that they are smoking a 'light/low' tar cigarette that is healthier, and is potentially forestalling the quitting behaviours that would begin to reduce the health burden of tobacco in China, and so should be prohibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane M. Schneller
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Rosalie V. Caruso
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PRC
| | - Jiang Yuan
- Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PRC
| | - Geoffrey T. Fong
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard J. O'Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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O’Connor RJ, Schneller LM, Caruso RV, Stephens WE, Li Q, Yuan J, Fong GT. Toxic metal and nicotine content of cigarettes sold in China, 2009 and 2012. Tob Control 2015; 24 Suppl 4:iv55-9. [PMID: 25335903 PMCID: PMC4663972 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metals of primary health concern can accumulate in the tobacco plant and contribute to smokers' exposures to carcinogens, a significant cause of the millions of smoking-related deaths in China each year. These exposures are due to the smoker's addiction to nicotine. OBJECTIVE This study sought to explore toxic heavy metal and nicotine concentrations in the tobacco of Chinese cigarette brands purchased in 2009 and 2012, as well as its regional variation. METHODS Cigarette packs for this study were purchased from seven Chinese cities in 2009 and 2012, and 91 pairs of cigarettes were matched based on UPC for comparison. Ten cigarette sticks were randomly selected from each pack and tested using polarised energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) for arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) concentrations. Nicotine analysis was conducted following Coresta's Recommended Method N°62. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS, encompassing descriptive statistics, correlations and generalised estimating equations to observe changes in brand varieties overtime. FINDINGS On average, from 2009 to 2012, As, Cd, Cr and Pb concentrations have decreased in Chinese tobacco. Of the seven cities where the cigarette brands were purchased, only four cities showed significant differences of the selected metals from 2009 to 2012. However, there was no significant change in the tobacco nicotine content from 2009 to 2012. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco in Chinese cigarettes purchased in seven geographically disbursed cities contains consistently high levels of metals, including carcinogens like Cd. One source may be the improper use of fertilisers. These numbers should be monitored more carefully and regulated by health officials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. O’Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Liane M. Schneller
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Rosalie V. Caruso
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - W. Edryd Stephens
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews, Irvine Building, North Street, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9AL, UK
| | - Qiang Li
- Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jiang Yuan
- Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Geoffrey T. Fong
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A3, Canada
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Rubio Armendáriz C, Garcia T, Soler A, Gutiérrez Fernández ÁJ, Glez-Weller D, Luis González G, de la Torre AH, Revert Gironés C. Heavy metals in cigarettes for sale in Spain. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 143:162-9. [PMID: 26492401 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the concentrations of eight metals (Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr) in 33 cigarette brands for sale in Spain. Samples were analysed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). Mean values obtained were 428 µg Al/g, 0.810 µg Cd/g, 0.558 µg Co/g, 1.442 µg Cr/g, 112.026 µg Mn/g, 2.238 µg Ni/g, 0.602 µg Pb/g and 82.206 µg Sr/g. Statistically significant differences were observed with respect to concentrations of Co (0.004), Cr (0.045), Mn (0.005) and Sr (0.005) between black and blond tobacco and between levels of Mn (0.027) among manufacturers. Considering a Cd inhalation rate of 10% and a Cd absorption rate of 50%, absorption of Cd for smokers of 30 cigarettes/day was estimated at 0.75 µg Cd/day. An inhalation rate of 2-6% and an absorption rate of 86% were considered for Pb, Pb absorption in smokers of 30 cigarettes/day was therefore 0.18-0.54 μg/day. In view of the significant toxic effects of these metals, quantification and control of their concentrations in this drug are of the utmost importance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiago Garcia
- Área de Toxicología. Universidad de La Laguna. 38071 La Laguna. S/C de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Alfredo Soler
- Área de Toxicología. Universidad de La Laguna. 38071 La Laguna. S/C de Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Dailos Glez-Weller
- Área de Toxicología. Universidad de La Laguna. 38071 La Laguna. S/C de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Gara Luis González
- Área de Toxicología. Universidad de La Laguna. 38071 La Laguna. S/C de Tenerife, Spain
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Liu W, Shang S, Feng X, Zhang G, Wu F. Modulation of exogenous selenium in cadmium-induced changes in antioxidative metabolism, cadmium uptake, and photosynthetic performance in the 2 tobacco genotypes differing in cadmium tolerance. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:92-9. [PMID: 25263007 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydroponic experiments were conducted using cadmium (Cd)-sensitive (cv Guiyan 1) and Cd-tolerant (Yunyan 2) tobacco cultivars to evaluate cultivar differences in response to Cd toxicity in the presence of selenium (Se). The results showed that addition of 3 µM Se in 50 µM Cd solution markedly reduced Cd accumulation in plants, alleviated Cd-induced growth inhibition, and increased nitrogen and chlorophyll contents as well as photosynthetic performance (i.e., net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate). External Se dramatically depressed Cd-induced O2 (•-) , H2 O2 , and malondialdehyde accumulation, especially in the sensitive cultivar. Selenium significantly elevated Cd-depressed activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione-peroxidase, and glutathione reductase in the both cultivars after 7-d treatments. Meanwhile, Se counteracted Cd-induced alterations in certain nutrient elements; for example, it significantly increased Zn and Ca concentrations and reduced Mg concentration in both cultivars. Furthermore, Se significantly elevated Cd-depressed H(+) -K(+) -adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), Na(+) -K(+) -ATPase, and Ca(2+) -Mg(2+) -ATPase activities. The beneficial effect of Se under Cd stress may be related mainly to the increased ATPase activity and reduced Cd uptake and reactive oxygen species accumulation, thus reducing the negative consequences of oxidative stress caused by Cd toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxing Liu
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Campbell RC, Stephens WE, Meharg AA. Consistency of arsenic speciation in global tobacco products with implications for health and regulation. Tob Induc Dis 2014; 12:24. [PMID: 25540607 PMCID: PMC4275931 DOI: 10.1186/s12971-014-0024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tobacco smoke is a major risk to the health of its users and arsenic is among the components of smoke present at concentrations of toxicological concern. There are significant variations in human toxicity between inorganic and organic arsenic species and the aim of this study was to determine whether there are predictable relationships among major arsenic species in tobacco that could be useful for risk assessment. Methods 14 samples of tobacco were studied spanning a wide range of concentrations in samples from different geographical regions, including certified reference materials and cigarette products. Inorganic and major organic arsenic species were extracted from powdered tobacco samples by nitric acid using microwave digestion. Concentrations of arsenic species in these extracts were determined using HPLC-ICPMS. Results The concentrations of total inorganic arsenic species range from 144 to 3914 μg kg-1, while organic species dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) ranges from 21 to 176 μg As kg-1, and monomethylarsonic acid (MA) ranges from 30 to 116 μg kg-1. The percentage of species eluted compared to the total arsenic extracted ranges from 11.1 to 36.8% suggesting that some As species (possibly macro-molecules, strongly complexed or in organic forms) do not elute from the column. This low percentage of column-speciated arsenic is indicative that more complex forms of arsenic exist in the tobacco. All the analysed species correlate positively with total arsenic concentration over the whole compositional range and regression analysis indicates a consistent ratio of about 4:1 in favour of inorganic arsenic compared with MA + DMA. Conclusions The dominance of inorganic arsenic species among those components analysed is a marked feature of the diverse range of tobaccos selected for study. Such consistency is important in the context of a WHO expert panel recommendation to regulate tobacco crops and products using total arsenic concentration. If implemented more research would be required to develop models that accurately predict the smoker’s exposure to reduced inorganic arsenic species on the basis of leaf or product concentration and product design features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Cj Campbell
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews, Irvine Building, North Street, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9AL UK
| | - W Edryd Stephens
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews, Irvine Building, North Street, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9AL UK
| | - Andrew A Meharg
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stanmills Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG UK
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Inoue Y, Umezaki M, Jiang H, Li D, Du J, Jin Y, Yang B, Li B, Li Y, Watanabe C. Urinary concentrations of toxic and essential trace elements among rural residents in Hainan Island, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:13047-64. [PMID: 25514155 PMCID: PMC4276661 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph111213047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxic element exposure and essential trace element consumption may have changed after the Chinese economy transformed to a market-oriented system. The objectives of this study were to measure urinary concentrations of toxic (arsenic, cadmium, lead) and essential trace (selenium, zinc, copper) elements among rural residents in Hainan, China and to examine if variations in economic development are linked to differences in toxic and trace element exposure. METHODS We conducted a questionnaire-based survey and undertook anthropometric measurements of residents aged ≥20 years (n = 599). Urinary samples were collected and analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. RESULTS The median (μg/g creatinine) element concentrations were: arsenic, 73.2; cadmium, 1.8; lead, 3.1; selenium, 36.5; zinc, 371; and copper, 11.0. Intra-community variation in element concentrations was explained by age (arsenic, cadmium, zinc and copper), sex (arsenic, cadmium and selenium: higher in females; zinc: higher in males), body mass index (cadmium) and individual involvement in the market economy as indexed by agrochemical use (lead and selenium). The degree of community-level economic development, which was determined by the proportion of people living in better housing among the study communities, was positively associated with cadmium concentration. CONCLUSIONS The degree of community-level economic development was positively associated with urinary cadmium concentration while individual involvement in the market economy was positively associated with lead and selenium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Inoue
- Department of Human Ecology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Umezaki
- Department of Human Ecology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Hongwei Jiang
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, 457-4 Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8047, Japan.
| | - Dandan Li
- Hainan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 44 Haifu Road, Haikou, Hainan 57023, China.
| | - Jianwei Du
- Hainan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 44 Haifu Road, Haikou, Hainan 57023, China.
| | - Yuming Jin
- Hainan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 44 Haifu Road, Haikou, Hainan 57023, China.
| | - Bin Yang
- Hainan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 44 Haifu Road, Haikou, Hainan 57023, China.
| | - Bai Li
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yufeng Li
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Chiho Watanabe
- Department of Human Ecology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Piadé JJ, Jaccard G, Dolka C, Belushkin M, Wajrock S. Differences in cadmium transfer from tobacco to cigarette smoke, compared to arsenic or lead. Toxicol Rep 2014; 2:12-26. [PMID: 28962333 PMCID: PMC5598168 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic, cadmium and lead levels in tobacco filler and cigarette smoke were determined in a 568-sample worldwide survey. Median tobacco levels for arsenic, cadmium and lead were 237, 769 and 397 ng/g respectively, comparable to those previously reported albeit somewhat lower for lead and cadmium. Median mainstream smoke yields for arsenic, cadmium and lead were <3.75, 18.2, and <12.8 ng/cig. under ISO, and <8.71, 75.1 and <45.7 ng/cig. under Health Canada Intense (HCI) smoking regime respectively. In the case of cigarettes with activated carbon, a selective retention of cadmium but not lead or arsenic was observed. This effect was more pronounced under ISO than under HCI smoking regimes. Cadmium selective retention by activated carbon was confirmed by testing specially designed prototype cigarettes and the causes for this selective filtration were investigated. The differences between cadmium, arsenic and lead in terms of their speciation in tobaccos and in cigarette smoke could be related to their distribution in the ash, butt, mainstream (in gas-phase and particulate-phase) and sidestream smoke of a smoked cigarette. The possible formation of organometallic cadmium derivatives in the smoke gas-phase is discussed, the presence of which could adequately explain the observed cadmium selective filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.-J. Piadé
- Philip Morris International, Philip Morris Products SA, Rue des Usines 90, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - G. Jaccard
- Philip Morris International Management SA, Quai Jeanrenaud 3, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - C. Dolka
- Philip Morris International, Philip Morris Products SA, Rue des Usines 90, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - M. Belushkin
- Philip Morris International, Philip Morris Products SA, Rue des Usines 90, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - S. Wajrock
- Philip Morris International Management SA, Quai Jeanrenaud 3, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Campbell RCJ, Stephens WE, Finch AA, Geraki K. Controls on the valence species of arsenic in tobacco smoke: XANES investigation with implications for health and regulation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:3449-56. [PMID: 24521490 DOI: 10.1021/es4039243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is one of four metals/metalloids in tobacco being considered for regulation. In vitro toxicological response to As varies substantially, determined primarily by valence and compound speciation, and inorganic arsenite (As(III)) compounds are the most toxic to humans. This study uses X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) to determine valence states of As from the tobacco plant to the crucial combustion stage that creates respirable smoke. Samples studied include cultivated plants (some burdened with additional As), reference standards, and commercial products, along with smoke condensate and ash from these samples. The relative contributions of As(III) and As(V) to the XANES spectra are analyzed, and a consistent pattern of redox changes emerges. Tobacco leaf and manufactured products tend to be dominated by As(V) whereas combustion produces respirable smoke invariably in As(III) form and ash invariably as As(V). The valence state of precursor tobacco is not a controlling factor because all the As mobilized in smoke is reduced during combustion. This study concludes that tobacco combustion exposes smokers to potentially the most toxic forms of arsenic, and this exposure is magnified in regions where arsenic is present in tobacco crops at relatively high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C J Campbell
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of St. Andrews , Irvine Building, North Street, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9AL, U.K
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Lopez JR, Somsamouth K, Mounivong B, Sinclair R, Soret S, Knutsen S, Singh PN. Environmental exposures, lung function, and respiratory health in rural Lao PDR. THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 45:198-206. [PMID: 24964671 PMCID: PMC5053019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Although the individual contributions of smoked tobacco and indoor air pollution have been identified, there are very few studies that have characterized and measured the effects of inhaled particles from a wide range of personal, household, and community practices common in rural Asia. The objective of our study was to examine the association between environmental inhaled exposures and lung function among rural males of Lao PDR. In a sample of 92 males from rural Lao PDR, study subjects completed a survey on household exposures, a physical exam, and the following measures of lung function: FEV1, FVC, and the ratio of FEV1/FVC. Our findings were as follows: a) > 80% of the subjects were exposed to indoor cooking fires (wood fuel), animal handling, dust and dirt; b) 57.6% of subjects were in the impaired range (FEV1/FVC < 0.7); and c) animal handling was negatively associated (p < 0.03) with FEV1 and FVC. Among males in rural Lao PDR, we found a high prevalence of chronic exposure to inhaled particles (animal handling, dust/dirt, smoke) and a high prevalence of impaired lung function. Findings from this pilot study indicate that associations between exposure to multiple sources of particulate matter common in rural areas and lung function need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime R Lopez
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | | | - Boualoy Mounivong
- Center for Information Education for Health, Ministry of Health, Lao PDR
| | - Ryan Sinclair
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Sam Soret
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Synnove Knutsen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Pramil N Singh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Center for Health Research, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
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Calcium–calmodulin signaling elicits mitochondrial dysfunction and the release of cytochrome c during cadmium-induced apoptosis in primary osteoblasts. Toxicol Lett 2014; 224:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Toxic metal concentrations in cigarettes obtained from U.S. smokers in 2009: results from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) United States survey cohort. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 11:202-17. [PMID: 24452255 PMCID: PMC3924441 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Smoking-related diseases can be attributed to the inhalation of many different toxins, including heavy metals, which have a host of detrimental health effects. The current study reports the levels of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) in cigarettes obtained from adult smokers participating in the 2009 wave of the ITC United States Survey (N = 320). The mean As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb levels were 0.17, 0.86, 2.35, 2.21, and 0.44 µg/g, respectively. There were some differences in metal concentrations of cigarette brands produced by different manufacturers, suggesting differences in the source of tobaccos used by different companies. For Ni, there were significant pairwise differences between Philip Morris U.S. (PMUSA) and R.J. Reynolds (RJR) brands (PMUSA higher; p < 0.001), PMUSA and other manufacturer (OM) brands (PMUSA higher; p < 0.001), and RJR and OM brands (RJR higher; p = 0.006). For Cr, RJR brands had higher levels than did OM brands (p = 0.02). Levels of As, Cd, and Pb did not differ significantly across manufacturer groups (p > 0.10). Because of the variety of toxic heavy metals in cigarette tobacco, and their numerous negative health effects, metal content in cigarette tobacco should be reduced.
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Yu F, Nehl EJ, Zheng T, He N, Berg CJ, Lemieux AF, Lin L, Tran A, Sullivan PS, Wong FY. A syndemic including cigarette smoking and sexual risk behaviors among a sample of MSM in Shanghai, China. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 132:265-70. [PMID: 23517682 PMCID: PMC3726538 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We explored possible correlates of cigarette smoking and their associations with levels of smoking among a sample of Chinese men who have sex with men (MSM). We also explored the syndemic associations of substance use and psychosocial problems on sexual risk behaviors. METHODS Cross-sectional data collection from 404 MSM in Shanghai, China. RESULTS MSM exhibit a high prevalence of smoking (66.3%). Both light and heavy smoking were associated with alcohol and drug use, depression, intimate partner violence, sexual attitudes, and gay identity (though the associations for light smokers were moderate compared to those for heavy smokers). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate the presence of a health syndemic among MSM, and suggest that smoking prevention and cessation and other substance abuse interventions should be integrated into efforts preventing sexual risk behaviors among MSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Yu
- Department of Behavioral Sciences & Health Education, Emory University's Rollins School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
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Piadé JJ, Wajrock S, Jaccard G, Janeke G. Formation of mainstream cigarette smoke constituents prioritized by the World Health Organization--yield patterns observed in market surveys, clustering and inverse correlations. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 55:329-47. [PMID: 23357567 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The WHO TobReg proposed mandating ceilings on selected smoke constituents determined from the market-specific median of nicotine-normalized yield distributions. Data validating this regulatory concept were obtained from essentially single-blend surveys. This process is strongly impacted by inverse correlations among yields. In the present study, 18 priority WHO smoke constituent yields (nicotine-normalized) were determined (using two smoking regimens) from 262 commercial brands including American, Virginia and local blends from 13 countries. Principal Component Analysis was used to identify yields patterns, clustering of blend types and the inverse correlations causing these clusters. Three principal components explain about 75% of total data variability. PC1 was sensitive to the relative levels of gas- and particle-phase compounds. PC2 and PC3 cluster American- and Virginia-blends, revealing inverse correlations: Nitrogen oxides and amino- or nitroso-aromatic compounds inversely correlate to either formaldehyde and acrolein, or benzo(a)pyrene and di-hydroxybenzenes. These results can be explained by reviewing the processes determining each components smoke delivery. Regulatory initiatives simultaneously targeting selected smoke constituents in markets with mixed blend styles will be strongly impacted by the inverse correlations described. It is difficult to predict the ultimate impact of such regulations on public health, considering the complex chemistry of cigarette smoke formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-J Piadé
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Rue des Usines 90, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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Satarug S, Swaddiwudhipong W, Ruangyuttikarn W, Nishijo M, Ruiz P. Modeling cadmium exposures in low- and high-exposure areas in Thailand. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:531-6. [PMID: 23434727 PMCID: PMC3673184 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous U.S. population modeling studies have reported that urinary cadmium (Cd) excretion patterns differ with age, sex, and dietary exposure; associations between Cd exposures and health outcomes also have differed by age and sex. Therefore, it is important to test models used to estimate Cd exposures across an expanded Cd-exposure range. OBJECTIVES We estimated relative Cd exposures from both diet and smoking in low- and high-exposure scenarios to provide data for improving risk assessment calculations. METHODS We used a Cd toxicokinetic-based model to estimate Cd exposures based on urinary Cd levels measured for 399 persons in a low-exposure area (Bangkok) and 6,747 persons in a high-exposure area (Mae Sot) in Thailand. RESULTS In Bangkok, we estimated dietary Cd exposures of 50-56 µg/day for males and 21-27 µg/day for females 20-59 years of age who never smoked. In Mae Sot, we estimated dietary Cd exposures of 188-224 µg/day for males and 99-113 µg/day for females 20-59 years of age who never smoked. In Bangkok, we estimated Cd exposures from smoking to be 5.5-20.4 µg/day for male smokers 20-59 years of age. In Mae Sot, we estimated Cd exposures from smoking to be 9.8-26 µg/day for male heavy smokers and 26 µg/day for female heavy smokers. CONCLUSION This study provides estimates of Cd exposures from diet and smoking in low- and high-exposure scenarios. Our findings suggest a relatively small safety margin between the established tolerable Cd reference exposure of 62 µg/day and exposure levels previously associated with evidence of kidney and bone effects in Mae Sot residents, where dietary Cd exposures among women were only 1.6-2.1 times the reference value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soisungwan Satarug
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland School of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Satarug S, Moore MR. Emerging roles of cadmium and heme oxygenase in type-2 diabetes and cancer susceptibility. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2012; 228:267-88. [PMID: 23117262 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.228.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Many decades after an outbreak of severe cadmium poisoning, known as Itai-itai disease, cadmium continues to pose a significant threat to human health worldwide. This review provides an update on the effects of this environmental toxicant cadmium, observed in numerous populations despite modest exposure levels. In addition, it describes the current knowledge on the link between heme catabolism and glycolysis. It examines novel functions of heme oxygenase-2 (HO-2) that protect against type 2-diabetes and obesity, which have emerged from diabetic/obese phenotypes of the HO-2 knockout mouse model. Increased cancer susceptibility in type-2 diabetes has been noted in several large cohorts. This is a cause for concern, given the high prevalence of type-2 diabetes worldwide. A lifetime exposure to cadmium is associated with pre-diabetes, diabetes, and overall cancer mortality with sex-related differences in specific types of cancer. Liver and kidney are target organs for the toxic effects of cadmium. These two organs are central to the maintenance of blood glucose levels. Further, inhibition of gluconeogenesis is a known effect of heme, while cadmium has the propensity to alter heme catabolism. This raises the possibility that cadmium may mimic certain HO-2 deficiency conditions, resulting in diabetic symptoms. Intriguingly, evidence has emerged from a recent study to suggest the potential interaction and co-regulation of HO-2 with the key regulator of glycolysis: 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 4 (PFKFB4). HO-2 could thus be critical to a metabolic switch to cancer-prone cells because the enzyme PFKFB and glycolysis are metabolic requirements for cell proliferation and resistance to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soisungwan Satarug
- Center for Kidney Disease Research, University of Queensland School of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia.
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Liu J, Leung PWL, McCauley L, Ai Y, Pinto-Martin J. Mother's environmental tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy and externalizing behavior problems in children. Neurotoxicology 2012. [PMID: 23178460 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the impact of active maternal smoking during pregnancy on child health has been well investigated, the association between maternal passive smoking, or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), or second-hand smoke, and behavioral development of offspring is less clear. This study examines the association between maternal ETS exposure during pregnancy and child behavior problems. METHODS Cross-sectional data of 646 mother-child pairs from the Jintan China Cohort Study were used in the analyses. Mother's exposure to tobacco smoking at home, the workplace, and other places during pregnancy (for the determination of maternal ETS exposure) and children's behaviors (via Child Behavior Checklist) were assessed when the children were 5-6 years old. Logistic regression models were constructed to examine associations between maternal exposure to ETS during pregnancy and internalizing and externalizing behavior problems, adjusting for potential cofounders including child sex and parental characteristics. RESULTS 37% of mothers reported ETS during pregnancy. Children of mothers exposed to ETS during pregnancy had higher scores for externalizing and total behavior problems, with 25% of children whose mothers were exposed to ETS compared to 16% of children of unexposed mothers. After adjusting for potential confounders, ETS exposure was associated with a higher risk of externalizing behavior problems in offspring of exposed mothers (OR=2.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27-3.43). Analysis after multiple imputations and sensitivity analysis further verified the association, but no dose-response relationship was found. ETS exposure, however, was not associated with internalizing or total behavior problems. CONCLUSION This study suggests that maternal ETS exposure during pregnancy may impact child behavioral development, particularly externalizing behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghong Liu
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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Ebert-McNeill A, Clark SP, Miller JJ, Birdsall P, Chandar M, Wu L, Cerny EA, Hall PH, Johnson MH, Isales C, Chutkan N, Bhattacharyya MH. Cadmium intake and systemic exposure in postmenopausal women and age-matched men who smoke cigarettes. Toxicol Sci 2012; 130:191-204. [PMID: 22831969 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mean blood cadmium (B-Cd) concentrations are two- to threefold higher in smokers than in nonsmokers. The basis for this phenomenon is not well understood. We conducted a detailed, multifaceted study of cadmium exposure in smokers. Groups were older smokers (62±4 years, n = 25, 20% male) and nonsmokers (62±3 years, n = 16, 31% male). Each subject's cigarettes were machine smoked, generating individually paired measures of inhaled cadmium (I-Cd) versus B-Cd; I-Cd and B-Cd were each evaluated three times, at monthly intervals. Urine cadmium (U-Cd) was analyzed for comparison. In four smokers, a duplicate-diet study was conducted, along with a kinetic study of plasma cadmium versus B-Cd. Female smokers had a mean B-Cd of 1.21ng Cd/ml, with a nearly 10-fold range (0.29-2.74ng Cd/ml); nonsmokers had a lower mean B-Cd, 0.35ng Cd/ml (p < 0.05), and narrower range (0.20-0.61ng Cd/ml). Means and ranges for males were similar. Estimates of cadmium amounts inhaled daily for our subjects smoking ≥ 20 cigarettes/day were far less than the 15 µg Cd reported to be ingested daily via diet. This I-Cd amount was too low to alone explain the 3.5-fold elevation of B-Cd in our smokers, even assuming greater cadmium absorption via lungs than gastrointestinal tract; cadmium accumulated in smokers' lungs may provide the added cadmium. Finally, B-Cd appeared to be linearly related to I-Cd values in 75% of smokers, whereas 25% had far higher B-Cd, implying a possible heterogeneity among smokers regarding circulating cadmium concentrations and potentially cadmium toxicity.
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Lazarević K, Nikolić D, Stosić L, Milutinović S, Videnović J, Bogdanović D. Determination of lead and arsenic in tobacco and cigarettes: an important issue of public health. Cent Eur J Public Health 2012; 20:62-6. [PMID: 22571020 DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a3728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Contents of lead and arsenic were determined in 617 tobacco samples and 80 samples of cigarettes. The mean content of lead in tobacco was 0.93 microg/g (range 0.02-8.56 microg/g) and arsenic was 0.15 microg/g (range < 0.02-2.04 microg/g). The mean content of lead in cigarettes was 1.26 microg/g (range 0.02-6.72 microg/g) and arsenic was 0.11 microg/g (range < 0.02-0.71 micro/g). There was a large variability in lead and arsenic content among samples of tobacco and samples of cigarettes. Positive correlation between lead and arsenic contents in tobacco was found (r = 0.22; p < 0.0001). Based on our data and data from literature we compare the content of lead and arsenic in tobacco and cigarettes in other studies and discuss the influence of smoking to lead and arsenic exposure and health. In conclusion, at the same time with the implementation of tobacco use prevention programmes it is advisable to implement continuous monitoring of lead and arsenic in tobacco and cigarettes in order to reduce the health risk due to exposure of these metals.
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Lind PM, Olsén L, Lind L. Circulating levels of metals are related to carotid atherosclerosis in elderly. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 416:80-8. [PMID: 22178028 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate if blood levels of trace and/or heavy metals are related to atherosclerosis in a cross-sectional study in elderly. In the population-based Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS) study (1016 subjects, all aged 70), the prevalence of carotid artery plaques was recorded by ultrasound. The numbers of carotid arteries with plaques (0, 1 or 2) were recorded. Also the thickness (IMT) and gray scale (IM-GSM) of the intima-media complex were measured together with plaque echogenicity. Eleven heavy metals and trace elements were analyzed in whole blood, using inductively coupled plasma-sector field mass spectrometry. Nickel levels were related to the number of carotid arteries with plaques in an inverted U-shaped manner after multiple adjustment for gender, waist circumference, body mass index, fasting blood glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, HDL and LDL cholesterol, serum triglycerides, smoking, antihypertensive treatment and statin use (p=0.026). IM-GSM and plaque echogenicity were both inversely related to chromium in a linear fashion, and to aluminum in an inverted U-shaped manner (both p<0.0001 for IM-GSM). The relationships between metals and IMT were modest. Circulating levels of some metals, like nickel, aluminum and chromium, were related to atherosclerotic plaques or the echogenicity of the IM-GSM and overt plaques independently of cardiovascular risk factors, including lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Monica Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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40
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Gao HW, Ma DD, Xu G. Medicinal plant acid-treatment for a healthier herb tea and recycling of the spent herb residue. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20429k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Abstract
Biochemically and pathologically, there is strong evidence for both atopic and nonatopic airway sensitization, hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation as a consequence of exposure to tobacco mainstream or sidestream smoke particulate. There is growing evidence for the relation between exposure to mainstream and sidestream smoke and diseases resulting from reactive oxidant challenge and inflammation directly as a consequence of the combined activity of neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, eosinophils, basophils, as a humoral immunological consequence of sensitization, and that the metal components of the particulate play a role in adjuvant effects. As an end consequence, carcinogenicity is a known outcome of chronic inflammation. Smokeless tobacco has been evaluated by the IARC as a group 1 carcinogen. Of the many harmful constituents in smokeless tobacco, oral tissue metallothionein gradients suggest that metals contribute to the toxicity from smokeless tobacco use and possibly sensitization. This work reviews and examines work on probable contributions of toxic metals from tobacco and smoke to pathology observed as a consequence of smoking and the use of smokeless tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Steve Pappas
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, NE MS F-44 Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Abstract
Background Littered cigarette butts represent potential point sources for environmental contamination. In areas with substantial amounts of cigarette litter, environmental hazards may arise as chemical components are leached from the filters and smoked tobacco. Objective The three main aims of this study were: (1) to quantify the amount of Al, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, Sr, Ti and Zn leached from cigarette butts, (2) to determine the relationship between the pH of the aqueous soaking solution and metal concentration leached and (3) to determine the relationship between the period of soaking in aqueous solution and metal concentration leached. Methods Smoked cigarette butts and unsmoked cigarettes were added to phials containing aqueous solutions of pH 4.00, 5.00 and 6.00 (±0.05). The metal concentration of the resultant leachates was measured via inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) 1 day, 7 days and 34 days after sample addition. Results All metals were detected in leachates 1 day after sample addition (with the exception of Cd) and were released at varying rates. No clear relationship between pH within the range typical of precipitation and metal concentration leached was observed. Conclusions Based on the gradual release of multiple metals over the full 34-day study period, cigarette litter was found to be a point source for metal contamination. The apparent rapid leaching of other metals may increase the risk of acute harm to local organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Moerman
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Vardavas CI, Patelarou E, Grandér M, Chatzi L, Palm B, Fthenou E, Roumeliotaki T, Koutis A, Kafatos A, Vrijheid M, Connolly GN, Murphy S, Vahter M, Kogevinas M. The association between active/passive smoking and toxic metals among pregnant women in Greece. Xenobiotica 2011; 41:456-63. [PMID: 21381896 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2011.559294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to toxic metals during pregnancy may have detrimental effects on foetal development. We assessed the role of sociodemographic characteristics and active and passive smoking on blood concentrations of metals (As, Cd, Pb, Hg, Sb, U, Mn and Mo). Venous blood drawn from 50 pregnant women, randomly selected from the mother-child birth cohort 'Rhea'. Extensive questionnaire data on active and passive smoking were collected. Urinary cotinine was measured to validate self-reported exposure and non-smoking status. Smokers had higher concentrations of Cd (1.0 µg/L) as compared with non-smokers (0.29 µg/L, P < 0.001) and a tendency for higher As and Hg. Among non-smokers, blood As and Hg concentrations were also associated with exposure to passive smoking in public venues and the family home and to overall greater secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure (As: 0.97µg/L among heavy-exposed compared with 0.20 µg/L among the low-exposed, P < 0.05; Hg: 2.1 µg/L vs. 0.9 µg/L respectively, P < 0.05). Controlling for fish and seafood intake altered the statistical significance but not the direction of the above associations. Smoking was associated with higher Cd concentrations in pregnant women, although the association between passive smoking and elevated As and Hg concentrations was indicative, however inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantine I Vardavas
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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O'Connor RJ, Wilkins KJ, Caruso RV, Cummings KM, Kozlowski LT. Cigarette characteristic and emission variations across high-, middle- and low-income countries. Public Health 2010; 124:667-74. [PMID: 21030055 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2010.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The public health burden of tobacco use is shifting to the developing world, and the tobacco industry may apply some of its successful marketing tactics, such as allaying health concerns with product modifications. This study used standard smoking machine tests to examine the extent to which the industry is introducing engineering features that reduce tar and nicotine to cigarettes sold in middle- and low-income countries. STUDY DESIGN Multicountry observational study. METHODS Cigarettes from 10 different countries were purchased in 2005 and 2007 with low-, middle- and high-income countries identified using the World Bank's per capita gross national income metric. Physical measurements of each brand were tested, and tobacco moisture and weight, paper porosity, filter ventilation and pressure drop were analysed. Tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide emission levels were determined for each brand using International Organization for Standardization and Canadian Intensive methods. Statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. RESULTS Among cigarette brands with filters, more brands were ventilated in high-income countries compared with middle- and low-income countries [χ(2)(4)=25.92, P<0.001]. Low-income brands differed from high- and middle-income brands in engineering features such as filter density, ventilation and paper porosity, while tobacco weight and density measures separated the middle- and high-income groups. Smoke emissions differed across income groups, but these differences were largely negated when one accounted for design features. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that as a country's income level increases, cigarettes become more highly engineered and the emissions levels decrease. In order to reduce the burden of tobacco-related disease and further effective product regulation, health officials must understand cigarette design and function within and between countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J O'Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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O'Connor RJ, Wilkins KJ, Caruso RV, Cummings KM, Kozlowski LT. Cigarette characteristic and emission variations across high-, middle- and low-income countries. Public Health 2010. [PMID: 21030055 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2010.08.018s0033-3506(10)00290-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The public health burden of tobacco use is shifting to the developing world, and the tobacco industry may apply some of its successful marketing tactics, such as allaying health concerns with product modifications. This study used standard smoking machine tests to examine the extent to which the industry is introducing engineering features that reduce tar and nicotine to cigarettes sold in middle- and low-income countries. STUDY DESIGN Multicountry observational study. METHODS Cigarettes from 10 different countries were purchased in 2005 and 2007 with low-, middle- and high-income countries identified using the World Bank's per capita gross national income metric. Physical measurements of each brand were tested, and tobacco moisture and weight, paper porosity, filter ventilation and pressure drop were analysed. Tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide emission levels were determined for each brand using International Organization for Standardization and Canadian Intensive methods. Statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. RESULTS Among cigarette brands with filters, more brands were ventilated in high-income countries compared with middle- and low-income countries [χ(2)(4)=25.92, P<0.001]. Low-income brands differed from high- and middle-income brands in engineering features such as filter density, ventilation and paper porosity, while tobacco weight and density measures separated the middle- and high-income groups. Smoke emissions differed across income groups, but these differences were largely negated when one accounted for design features. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that as a country's income level increases, cigarettes become more highly engineered and the emissions levels decrease. In order to reduce the burden of tobacco-related disease and further effective product regulation, health officials must understand cigarette design and function within and between countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J O'Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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