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Liao S, Chen Y. The Role of Bioactive Small Molecules in COPD Pathogenesis. COPD 2024; 21:2307618. [PMID: 38329475 DOI: 10.1080/15412555.2024.2307618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is recognized as a predominant contributor to mortality worldwide, which causes significant burdens to both society and individuals. Given the limited treatment options for COPD, there lies a critical realization: the imperative for expeditious development of novel therapeutic modalities that can effectively alleviate disease progression and enhance the quality of life experienced by COPD patients. Within the intricate field of COPD pathogenesis, an assortment of biologically active small molecules, encompassing small protein molecules and their derivatives, assumes crucial roles through diverse mechanisms. These mechanisms relate to the regulation of redox balance, the inhibition of the release of inflammatory mediators, and the modulation of cellular functions. Therefore, the present article aims to explore and elucidate the distinct roles played by different categories of biologically active small molecules in contributing to the pathogenesis of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Liao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yahong Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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2
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Ghosh R, Das M, Mondal S, Banerjee A, Roy L, Das AK, Pal D, Bhattacharya SS, Bhattacharyya M, Pal SK. Targeted Redox Balancing through Pulmonary Nanomedicine Delivery Reverses Oxidative Stress Induced Lung Inflammation. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202400037. [PMID: 38459687 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202400037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Non-invasive delivery of drugs is important for the reversal of respiratory diseases essentially by-passing metabolic pathways and targeting large surface area of drug absorption. Here, we study the inhalation of a redox nano medicine namely citrate functionalized Mn3O4 (C-Mn3O4) duly encapsulated in droplet evaporated aerosols for the balancing of oxidative stress generated by the exposure of Chromium (VI) ion, a potential lung carcinogenic agent. Our optical spectroscopic in-vitro experiments demonstrates the efficacy of redox balancing of the encapsulated nanoparticles (NP) for the maintenance of a homeostatic condition. The formation of Cr-NP complex as an excretion of the heavy metal is also demonstrated through optical spectroscopic and high resolution transmission optical microscopy (HRTEM). Our studies confirm the oxidative stress mitigation activity of the Cr-NP complex. A detailed immunological assay followed by histopathological studies and assessment of mitochondrial parameters in pre-clinical mice model with chromium (Cr) induced lung inflammation establishes the mechanism of drug action to be redox-buffering. Thus, localised delivery of C-Mn3O4 NPs in the respiratory tract via aerosols can act as an effective nanotherapeutic agent against oxidative stress induced lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Rd, Kolkata, 700019, India
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700 106, India
| | - Monojit Das
- Department of Zoology, Vidyasagar University, Rangamati, Midnapore, 721102, India
- Department of Zoology, Uluberia College, University of Calcutta, Uluberia, Howrah, 711315, India
| | - Susmita Mondal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700 106, India
| | - Amrita Banerjee
- Department of Physics, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja S.C. Mallick Rd, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Lopamudra Roy
- Department of Applied Optics and Photonics, University of Calcutta, 92, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Rd, Machuabazar, Kolkata, 700009, India
| | - Anjan Kumar Das
- Department of Pathology, Coochbehar Government Medical College and Hospital, Kotwali, Coochbehar, 736101, India
| | - Debasish Pal
- Department of Zoology, Uluberia College, University of Calcutta, Uluberia, Howrah, 711315, India
| | | | - Maitree Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Rd, Kolkata, 700019, India
| | - Samir Kumar Pal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700 106, India
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3
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Bates JN, Baby SM, Getsy PM, Coffee GA, Hsieh YH, Knauss ZT, Dahan A, Bubier JA, MacFarlane PM, Mueller D, Lewis SJ. L-NAC and L-NAC methyl ester prevent and overcome physical dependence to fentanyl in male rats. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9091. [PMID: 38643270 PMCID: PMC11032344 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59551-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
N-acetyl-L-cysteine (L-NAC) is a proposed therapeutic for opioid use disorder. This study determined whether co-injections of L-NAC (500 μmol/kg, IV) or its highly cell-penetrant analogue, L-NAC methyl ester (L-NACme, 500 μmol/kg, IV), prevent acquisition of acute physical dependence induced by twice-daily injections of fentanyl (125 μg/kg, IV), and overcome acquired dependence to these injections in freely-moving male Sprague Dawley rats. The injection of the opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone HCl (NLX; 1.5 mg/kg, IV), elicited a series of withdrawal phenomena (i.e. behavioral and cardiorespiratory responses, hypothermia and body weight loss) in rats that received 5 or 10 injections of fentanyl and similar numbers of vehicle co-injections. With respect to the development of dependence, the NLX-precipitated withdrawal phenomena were reduced in rats that received had co-injections of L-NAC, and more greatly reduced in rats that received co-injections of L-NACme. In regard to overcoming established dependence, the NLX-precipitated withdrawal phenomena in rats that had received 10 injections of fentanyl (125 μg/kg, IV) were reduced in rats that had received co-injections of L-NAC, and more greatly reduced in rats that received co-injections of L-NACme beginning with injection 6 of fentanyl. This study provides compelling evidence that co-injections of L-NAC and L-NACme prevent the acquisition of physical dependence and overcome acquired dependence to fentanyl in male rats. The higher efficacy of L-NACme is likely due to its greater cell penetrability in brain regions mediating dependence to fentanyl and interaction with intracellular signaling cascades, including redox-dependent processes, responsible for the acquisition of physical dependence to fentanyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Bates
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Atelerix Life Sciences Inc., 300 East Main Street, Suite 202, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Santhosh M Baby
- Section of Biology, Galleon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Horsham, PA, USA
- Translational Sciences Treatment Discovery, Galvani Bioelectronics, Inc, 1250 S Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Paulina M Getsy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy, and Immunology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gregory A Coffee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy, and Immunology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yee-Hsee Hsieh
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Zackery T Knauss
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Albert Dahan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Peter M MacFarlane
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy, and Immunology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Devin Mueller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Stephen J Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy, and Immunology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Functional Electrical Stimulation Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine,, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Gil A, Hoag GE, Salerno JP, Hornig M, Klimas N, Selin LK. Identification of CD8 T-cell dysfunction associated with symptoms in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and Long COVID and treatment with a nebulized antioxidant/anti-pathogen agent in a retrospective case series. Brain Behav Immun Health 2024; 36:100720. [PMID: 38327880 PMCID: PMC10847863 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with post-acute sequelae of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (PASC, i.e., Long COVID) have a symptom complex highly analogous to many features of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), suggesting they may share some aspects of pathogenesis in these similar disorders. ME/CFS is a complex disease affecting numerous organ systems and biological processes and is often preceded by an infection-like episode. It is postulated that the chronic manifestations of illness may result from an altered host response to infection or inability to resolve inflammation, as is being reported in Long COVID. The immunopathogenesis of both disorders is still poorly understood. Here, we show data that suggest Long COVID and ME/CFS may be due to an aberrant response to an immunological trigger-like infection, resulting in a dysregulated immune system with CD8 T-cell dysfunction reminiscent of some aspects of T-cell clonal exhaustion, a phenomenon associated with oxidative stress. As there is an urgent need for diagnostic tools and treatment strategies for these two related disabling disorders, here, in a retrospective case series, we have also identified a potential nebulized antioxidant/anti-pathogen treatment that has evidence of a good safety profile. This nebulized agent is comprised of five ingredients previously reported individually to relieve oxidative stress, attenuate NF-κB signaling, and/or to act directly to inhibit pathogens, including viruses. Administration of this treatment by nebulizer results in rapid access of small doses of well-studied antioxidants and agents with anti-pathogen potential to the lungs; components of this nebulized agent are also likely to be distributed systemically, with potential to enter the central nervous system. Methods and Findings: We conducted an analysis of CD8 T-cell function and severity of symptoms by self-report questionnaires in ME/CFS, Long COVID and healthy controls. We developed a CD8 T-cell functional assay, assessing CD8 T-cell dysfunction by intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) in a group of ME/CFS (n = 12) and Long COVID patients (n = 8), comparing to healthy controls (HC) with similar age and sex (n = 10). Magnet-enriched fresh CD8 T-cells in both patient groups had a significantly diminished capacity to produce both cytokines, IFNγ or TNFα, after PMA stimulation when compared to HC. The symptom severity questionnaire showed similar symptom profiles for the two disorders. Fortuitously, through a retrospective case series, we were able to examine the ICS and questionnaire data of 4 ME/CFS and 4 Long COVID patients in conjunction with their treatment (3-15 months). In parallel with the treatment pursued electively by participants in this retrospective case series, there was an increase in CD8 T-cell IFNγ and TNFα production and a decrease in overall self-reported symptom severity score by 54%. No serious treatment-associated side effects or laboratory anomalies were noted in these patients. Conclusions Here, in this small study, we present two observations that appear potentially fundamental to the pathogenesis and treatment of Long COVID and ME/CFS. The first is that both disorders appear to be characterized by dysfunctional CD8 T-cells with severe deficiencies in their abilities to produce IFNγ and TNFα. The second is that in a small retrospective Long COVID and ME/CFS case series, this immune dysfunction and patient health improved in parallel with treatment with an immunomodulatory, antioxidant pharmacological treatment with anticipated anti-pathogen activity. This work provides evidence of the potential utility of a biomarker, CD8 T-cell dysfunction, and suggests the potential for benefit from a new nebulized antioxidant/anti-pathogen treatment. These immune biomarker data may help build capacity for improved diagnosis and tracking of treatment outcomes during clinical trials for both Long COVID and ME/CFS while providing clues to new treatment avenues that suggest potential efficacy for both conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gil
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Department of Pathology, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - John P. Salerno
- Inspiritol, Inc., Fairfield, CT, USA
- The Salerno Center for Complementary Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Mady Hornig
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, USA
| | - Nancy Klimas
- Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Liisa K. Selin
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Department of Pathology, Worcester, MA, USA
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5
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Cazzola M, Page CP, Wedzicha JA, Celli BR, Anzueto A, Matera MG. Use of thiols and implications for the use of inhaled corticosteroids in the presence of oxidative stress in COPD. Respir Res 2023; 24:194. [PMID: 37517999 PMCID: PMC10388561 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02500-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress and persistent airway inflammation are thought to be important contributors to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This review summarizes the evidence for targeting oxidative stress and inflammation in patients with COPD with mucolytic/antioxidant thiols and inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), either alone or in combination. MAIN BODY Oxidative stress is increased in COPD, particularly during acute exacerbations. It can be triggered by oxidant air pollutants and cigarette smoke and/or by endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) released from mitochondria and activated inflammatory, immune and epithelial cells in the airways, together with a reduction in endogenous antioxidants such as glutathione (GSH). Oxidative stress also drives chronic inflammation and disease progression in the airways by activating intracellular signalling pathways and the release of further inflammatory mediators. ICS are anti-inflammatory agents currently recommended for use with long-acting bronchodilators to prevent exacerbations in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD, especially those with eosinophilic airway inflammation. However, corticosteroids can also increase oxidative stress, which may in turn reduce corticosteroid sensitivity in patients by several mechanisms. Thiol-based agents such as erdosteine, N-acetyl L-cysteine (NAC) and S-carboxymethylcysteine (S-CMC) are mucolytic agents that also act as antioxidants. These agents may reduce oxidative stress directly through the free sulfhydryl groups, serving as a source of reducing equivalents and indirectly though intracellular GSH replenishment. Few studies have compared the effects of corticosteroids and thiol agents on oxidative stress, but there is some evidence for greater antioxidant effects when they are administered together. The current Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) report supports treatment with antioxidants (erdosteine, NAC, S-CMC) in addition to standard-of-care therapy as they have been demonstrated to reduce COPD exacerbations. However, such studies have demonstrated that NAC and S-CMC reduced the exacerbation risk only in patients not treated with ICS, whereas erdosteine reduced COPD exacerbations irrespective of concomitant ICS use suggesting that erdosteine has additional pharmacological actions to ICS. CONCLUSIONS Further clinical trials of antioxidant agents with and without ICS are needed to better understand the place of thiol-based drugs in the treatment of patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Cazzola
- Chair of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Clive P Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jadwiga A Wedzicha
- Respiratory Medicine Division, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Bartolome R Celli
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antonio Anzueto
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, University of Texas Health and South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Maria Gabriella Matera
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
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Oza PP, Kashfi K. Utility of NO and H 2S donating platforms in managing COVID-19: Rationale and promise. Nitric Oxide 2022; 128:72-102. [PMID: 36029975 PMCID: PMC9398942 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections are a continuing global burden on the human population, underscored by the ramifications of the COVID-19 pandemic. Current treatment options and supportive therapies for many viral infections are relatively limited, indicating a need for alternative therapeutic approaches. Virus-induced damage occurs through direct infection of host cells and inflammation-related changes. Severe cases of certain viral infections, including COVID-19, can lead to a hyperinflammatory response termed cytokine storm, resulting in extensive endothelial damage, thrombosis, respiratory failure, and death. Therapies targeting these complications are crucial in addition to antiviral therapies. Nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide are two endogenous gasotransmitters that have emerged as key signaling molecules with a broad range of antiviral actions in addition to having anti-inflammatory properties and protective functions in the vasculature and respiratory system. The enhancement of endogenous nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide levels thus holds promise for managing both early-stage and later-stage viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2. Using SARS-CoV-2 as a model for similar viral infections, here we explore the current evidence regarding nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide's use to limit viral infection, resolve inflammation, and reduce vascular and pulmonary damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak P Oza
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10031, USA; Graduate Program in Biology, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, 10091, USA.
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7
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Getsy PM, Baby SM, May WJ, Lewis THJ, Bates JN, Hsieh YH, Gaston B, Lewis SJ. L-NAC reverses of the adverse effects of fentanyl infusion on ventilation and blood-gas chemistry. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113277. [PMID: 35724513 PMCID: PMC9458628 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for development of drugs that are able to reverse the adverse effects of opioids on breathing and arterial blood-gas (ABG) chemistry while preserving opioid analgesia. The present study describes the effects of bolus injections of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (L-NAC, 500 μmol/kg, IV) on ventilatory parameters, ABG chemistry, Alveolar-arterial (A-a) gradient, sedation (righting reflex) and analgesia status (tail-flick latency assay) in unanesthetized adult male Sprague Dawley rats receiving a continuous infusion of fentanyl (1 μg/kg/min, IV). Fentanyl infusion elicited pronounced disturbances in (1) ventilatory parameters (e.g., decreases in frequency of breathing, tidal volume and minute ventilation), (2) ABG chemistry (decreases in pH, pO2, sO2 with increases in pCO2), (3) A-a gradient (increases that were consistent with reduced alveolar gas exchange), and (4) sedation and analgesia. Bolus injections of L-NAC given 60 and 90 min after start of fentanyl infusion elicited rapid and sustained reversal of the deleterious effects of fentanyl infusion on ventilatory parameters and ABG chemistry, whereas they did not affect the sedative or analgesic effects of fentanyl. Systemic L-NAC is approved for human use, and thus our findings raise the possibility that this biologically active thiol may be an effective compound to combat opioid-induced respiratory depression in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina M Getsy
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Santhosh M Baby
- Galleon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 213 Witmer Road, Horsham, PA 19044, USA.
| | - Walter J May
- Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Tristan H J Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - James N Bates
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Yee-Hsee Hsieh
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Benjamin Gaston
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Stephen J Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Li M, Mao JC, Zhu YZ. Hydrogen Sulfide: a Novel Immunoinflammatory Regulator in Rheumatoid Arthritis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1315:161-179. [PMID: 34302692 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-0991-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), an endogenous, gaseous, signaling transmitter, has been shown to have vasodilative, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective activities. Increasing evidence also indicates that H2S can suppress the production of inflammatory mediators by immune cells, for example, T cells and macrophages. Inflammation is closely related to an immune response in several diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and cancer. Considering these biological effects of H2S, a potential role in the treatment of immune-related RA is being exploited. In the present review, we will provide an overview of the therapeutic potential of H2S in RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Jian-Chun Mao
- Department of Rheumatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Zhun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China. .,School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Brancaccio M, Mennitti C, Cesaro A, Fimiani F, Moscarella E, Caiazza M, Gragnano F, Ranieri A, D’Alicandro G, Tinto N, Mazzaccara C, Lombardo B, Pero R, Limongelli G, Frisso G, Calabrò P, Scudiero O. Dietary Thiols: A Potential Supporting Strategy against Oxidative Stress in Heart Failure and Muscular Damage during Sports Activity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249424. [PMID: 33339141 PMCID: PMC7765667 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Moderate exercise combined with proper nutrition are considered protective factors against cardiovascular disease and musculoskeletal disorders. However, physical activity is known not only to have positive effects. In fact, the achievement of a good performance requires a very high oxygen consumption, which leads to the formation of oxygen free radicals, responsible for premature cell aging and diseases such as heart failure and muscle injury. In this scenario, a primary role is played by antioxidants, in particular by natural antioxidants that can be taken through the diet. Natural antioxidants are molecules capable of counteracting oxygen free radicals without causing cellular cytotoxicity. In recent years, therefore, research has conducted numerous studies on the identification of natural micronutrients, in order to prevent or mitigate oxidative stress induced by physical activity by helping to support conventional drug therapies against heart failure and muscle damage. The aim of this review is to have an overview of how controlled physical activity and a diet rich in antioxidants can represent a “natural cure” to prevent imbalances caused by free oxygen radicals in diseases such as heart failure and muscle damage. In particular, we will focus on sulfur-containing compounds that have the ability to protect the body from oxidative stress. We will mainly focus on six natural antioxidants: glutathione, taurine, lipoic acid, sulforaphane, garlic and methylsulfonylmethane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarita Brancaccio
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy;
| | - Cristina Mennitti
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.M.); (N.T.); (C.M.); (B.L.); (R.P.)
| | - Arturo Cesaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (E.M.); (F.G.); (G.L.)
- Division of Clinical Cardiology, A.O.R.N. “Sant’Anna e San Sebastiano”, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Fabio Fimiani
- Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Monaldi Hospital, 81100 Naples, Italy; (F.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Elisabetta Moscarella
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (E.M.); (F.G.); (G.L.)
- Division of Clinical Cardiology, A.O.R.N. “Sant’Anna e San Sebastiano”, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Martina Caiazza
- Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Monaldi Hospital, 81100 Naples, Italy; (F.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Felice Gragnano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (E.M.); (F.G.); (G.L.)
- Division of Clinical Cardiology, A.O.R.N. “Sant’Anna e San Sebastiano”, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni D’Alicandro
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Center of Sports Medicine and Disability, AORN, Santobono-Pausillipon, 80122 Naples, Italy;
| | - Nadia Tinto
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.M.); (N.T.); (C.M.); (B.L.); (R.P.)
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Cristina Mazzaccara
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.M.); (N.T.); (C.M.); (B.L.); (R.P.)
| | - Barbara Lombardo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.M.); (N.T.); (C.M.); (B.L.); (R.P.)
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Raffaela Pero
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.M.); (N.T.); (C.M.); (B.L.); (R.P.)
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Limongelli
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (E.M.); (F.G.); (G.L.)
- Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Monaldi Hospital, 81100 Naples, Italy; (F.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Giulia Frisso
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.M.); (N.T.); (C.M.); (B.L.); (R.P.)
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence: (G.F.); (P.C.); (O.S.); Tel.: +39-347-240-9595 (G.F.); +39-338-434-6963 (P.C.); +39-339-613-9908 (O.S.)
| | - Paolo Calabrò
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (E.M.); (F.G.); (G.L.)
- Division of Clinical Cardiology, A.O.R.N. “Sant’Anna e San Sebastiano”, 81100 Caserta, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.F.); (P.C.); (O.S.); Tel.: +39-347-240-9595 (G.F.); +39-338-434-6963 (P.C.); +39-339-613-9908 (O.S.)
| | - Olga Scudiero
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.M.); (N.T.); (C.M.); (B.L.); (R.P.)
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.F.); (P.C.); (O.S.); Tel.: +39-347-240-9595 (G.F.); +39-338-434-6963 (P.C.); +39-339-613-9908 (O.S.)
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10
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Gu Q, Ali SF, Kanungo J. Effects of acetyl L-carnitine on zebrafish embryos: Phenotypic and gene expression studies. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:256-264. [PMID: 32691447 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Acetyl L-carnitine (ALCAR), a dietary supplement and an antioxidant, plays a vital role in the bioenergetic process that produces ATP. Although there are reports on antioxidant toxicity, there is no information on the potential toxicity of ALCAR. Here, using zebrafish embryos, we explored whether ALCAR modulated ATP synthesis, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and expression of specific genes related to major signaling pathways that control metabolism, growth, differentiation, apoptosis and oxidative stress. First, we show that ALCAR elicits a physiologic response, as ATP levels increased after ALCAR treatment. Simultaneously, an increase in the expression of ROS, a by-product of ATP synthesis, was observed in the ALCAR-treated embryos. Consistent with higher ROS expression, the level of cysteine, a precursor of glutathione, was significantly reduced. ALCAR did not have any drastic effect on overall development and heart rate. Polymerase chain reaction-based gene expression array analyses showed no significant change in the expression of 83 genes related to 10 major signaling pathways including: the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), Wingless and Int-1 (Wnt), nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT), p53, Notch, Hedgehog, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), oxidative stress, and hypoxia pathways. Our results show that the expression of 83 genes related to these major signaling pathways did not change significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Gu
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Syed F Ali
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Jyotshna Kanungo
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
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11
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Dabo AJ, Ezegbunam W, Wyman AE, Moon J, Railwah C, Lora A, Majka SM, Geraghty P, Foronjy RF. Targeting c-Src Reverses Accelerated GPX-1 mRNA Decay in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Airway Epithelial Cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 62:598-607. [PMID: 31801023 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0177oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced expression of the cellular antioxidant glutathione peroxidase (GPX)-1 prevents cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation and tissue destruction. Subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), however, have decreased airway GPX-1 levels, rendering them more susceptible to disease onset and progression. The mechanisms that downregulate GPX-1 in the airway epithelium in COPD remain unknown. To ascertain these factors, analyses were conducted using human airway epithelial cells isolated from healthy subjects and human subjects with COPD and lung tissue from control and cigarette smoke-exposed A/J mice. Tyrosine phosphorylation modifies GPX-1 expression and cigarette smoke activates the tyrosine kinase c-Src. Therefore, studies were conducted to evaluate the role of c-Src on GPX-1 levels in COPD. These studies identified accelerated GPX-1 mRNA decay in COPD airway epithelial cells. Targeting the tyrosine kinase c-Src with siRNA inhibited GPX-1 mRNA degradation and restored GPX-1 protein levels in human airway epithelial cells. In contrast, silencing the tyrosine kinase c-Abl, or the transcriptional activator Nrf2, had no effect on GPX-1 mRNA stability. The chemical inhibitors for c-Src (saracatinib and dasanitib) restored GPX-1 mRNA levels and GPX-1 activity in COPD airway cells in vitro. Similarly, saracatinib prevented the loss of lung Gpx-1 expression in response to chronic smoke exposure in vivo. Thus, this study establishes that the decreased GPX-1 expression that occurs in COPD lungs is at least partially due to accelerated mRNA decay. Furthermore, these findings show that targeting c-Src represents a potential therapeutic approach to augment GPX-1 responses and counter smoke-induced lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdoulaye J Dabo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and.,Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York; and
| | - Wendy Ezegbunam
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Anne E Wyman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Jane Moon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Christopher Railwah
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Alnardo Lora
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Susan M Majka
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Patrick Geraghty
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and.,Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York; and
| | - Robert F Foronjy
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and.,Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York; and
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12
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N-acetylcysteine prevents verapamil-induced cardiotoxicity with no effect on the noradrenergic arch-associated neurons in zebrafish. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144:111559. [PMID: 32640352 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a strong association between calcium channel blockers (CCBs) and heart failure. CCB toxicity is very common due to overdose and underlying medical conditions. CCBs also have been shown to affect the nervous system. Recently, we demonstrated that the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) prevented ketamine-induced cardiotoxicity, developmental toxicity and neurotoxicity. Functionally, we attributed NAC's beneficial effect to its ability to increase cellular calcium. Here, we hypothesized that if there was an involvement of calcium in NAC's preventative effects on ketamine toxicity, NAC might also ameliorate toxicities induced by verapamil, an L-type CCB used to treat hypertension. Using zebrafish embryos, we show that in the absence of NAC, verapamil (up to 100 μM) dose-dependently reduced heart rate and those effects were prevented by NAC co-treatment. Furthermore, a 2-h treatment with NAC rescued reduction of heart rate induced by pre-treatment of 50 and 100 μM of verapamil for 18 h. Verapamil up to 100 μM and NAC up to 1.5 mM did not have any adverse effects on the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in the noradrenergic neurons of the arch-associated cluster (AAC) located near the heart. NAC did not change cysteine levels in the embryos suggesting that the beneficial effect of NAC on verapamil toxicity may not involve its antioxidant property. In our search for compounds that can prevent CCB toxicity, this study, for the first time, demonstrates protective effects of NAC against verapamil's adverse effects on the heart.
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13
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Baddini-Martinez J, Ferreira J, Tanni S, Alves LR, Cabral Junior BF, Carvalho CRR, Cezare TJ, Costa CHD, Gazzana MB, Jezler S, Kairalla RA, Kawano-Dourado L, Lima MS, Mancuzo E, Moreira MAC, Rodrigues MP, Rodrigues SCS, Rubin AS, Rufino RL, Steidle LJM, Storrer K, Baldi BG. Brazilian guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Official document of the Brazilian Thoracic Association based on the GRADE methodology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 46:e20190423. [PMID: 32130337 PMCID: PMC7462709 DOI: 10.36416/1806-3756/e20190423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a form of chronic interstitial lung disease of unknown cause, which predominantly affects elderly men who are current or former smokers. Even though it is an uncommon disease, it is of great importance because of its severity and poor prognosis. In recent decades, several pharmacological treatment modalities have been investigated for the treatment of this disease, and the classic concepts have therefore been revised. The purpose of these guidelines was to define evidence-based recommendations regarding the use of pharmacological agents in the treatment of IPF in Brazil. We sought to provide guidance on the practical issues faced by clinicians in their daily lives. Patients of interest, Intervention to be studied, Comparison of intervention and Outcome of interest (PICO)-style questions were formulated to address aspects related to the use of corticosteroids, N-acetylcysteine, gastroesophageal reflux medications, endothelin-receptor antagonists, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, pirfenidone, and nintedanib. To formulate the PICO questions, a group of Brazilian specialists working in the area was assembled and an extensive review of the literature on the subject was carried out. Previously published systematic reviews with meta-analyses were analyzed for the strength of the compiled evidence, and, on that basis, recommendations were developed by employing the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. The authors believe that the present document represents an important advance to be incorporated in the approach to patients with IPF, aiming mainly to improve its management, and can become an auxiliary tool for defining public policies related to IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Baddini-Martinez
- . Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto (SP) Brasil.,. Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo (SP) Brasil
| | - Juliana Ferreira
- . Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo (SP) Brasil
| | - Suzana Tanni
- . Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP - Botucatu (SP) Brasil
| | - Luis Renato Alves
- . Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto (SP) Brasil
| | | | | | - Talita Jacon Cezare
- . Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP - Botucatu (SP) Brasil
| | | | | | - Sérgio Jezler
- . Hospital Geral Roberto Santos, Salvador (BA) Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Eliane Mancuzo
- . Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte (MG) Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Adalberto Sperb Rubin
- . Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (RS) Brasil
| | | | | | - Karin Storrer
- . Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR - Curitiba (PR) Brasil
| | - Bruno Guedes Baldi
- . Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo (SP) Brasil
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14
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A diazabenzoperylene derivative as ratiometric fluorescent probe for cysteine with super large Stokes shift. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:2687-2696. [PMID: 32072211 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02500-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Biothiols, including cysteine (Cys), homocysteine (Hcy), and glutathione (GSH), play key roles in biological processes, and detecting such thiols selectively is critical for understanding functions of biothiols. In this work, a pyridazine annelated perylene-based fluorescent probe PAPC is synthesized for highly selective detection of Cys. PAPC exhibits strong blue emission in PBS, while the red emission at 605 nm can be observed in the presence of Cys. The probe PAPC shows ratiometric fluorescence (I605/I460) detection of Cys with wide linear range of 1-120 μM and low detection limit of 0.19 μM. Super large Stokes shift (170 nm) and ratiometric fluorescence endow the probe low background signal. The discrimination of Cys over Hcy and GSH can be achieved through the difference of the ratiometric fluorescence. In addition, the probe has been proven to track Cys in real samples such as urine and HeLa cells. Therefore, PAPC probe is a promising candidate for detecting Cys in practical application. Graphical abstract.
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15
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Bhattacharjee P, Chatterjee S, Achari A, Saha A, Nandi D, Acharya C, Chatterjee K, Ghosh S, Swarnakar S, Jaisankar P. A bis-indole/carbazole based C5-curcuminoid fluorescent probe with large Stokes shift for selective detection of biothiols and application to live cell imaging. Analyst 2020; 145:1184-1189. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an02190f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A series of heterocyclic C5-Curcuminoid (PJ1–PJ6) having large Stokes shift (Δλ= 104–173 nm) have been synthesized under the microwave irradiation andPJ1has been utilized for selective detection of thiols in A375 cells and apoptosis in AGS cells.
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16
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The Use of Inhaled N-Acetylcysteine for Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Voice 2019; 35:618-624. [PMID: 31848062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2019.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the mainstay of the medical treatment for laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD). However, extraesophageal symptoms of LPRD, such as globus, are often refractory to PPI treatment. Many kinds of adjunctive medications have been attempted to address those refractory cases. We aimed to study whether inhaled N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a mucolytic agent, has additive effects for the treatment of LPRD when used in conjunction with PPIs. METHODS Patients with reflux symptom index (RSI) greater than 13 and reflux finding scores (RFS) greater than 7 were prospectively enrolled and were randomly assigned to control or study group. Patients were treated with oral rabeprazole in the control group and with oral rabeprazole and inhaled NAC in the study group. Patients were followed once a month for 2 months with questionnaires and stroboscopic examination. At every follow-up, RSI and RFS were checked. The extent of improvements of RSI and RFS were evaluated and compared between two groups. RESULTS With treatment, the mean RSI changed from 21.0 to 7.6 (P < 0.001) in control group and from 19.7 to 4.5 (P < 0.001) in study group. The mean RFS also changed from 12.9 to 7.1 (P < 0.001) in control group and from 13.5 to 6.9 (P < 0.001) in study group. For both RSI and RFS, the extents of improvement were not significantly different between two groups. In patients whose RSI improved less than nine at the first follow-up (poor early responders), RSI became significantly lower in the study group (4.6 ± 2.0) than in the control group (9.5 ± 4.6) at second follow-up (P = 0.019). In good early responders, however, RSI was not significantly different between the two groups in the second follow-up. CONCLUSIONS In this study, there were no significant differences in the overall outcome between patients treated with inhaled NAC and PPI and those with PPI alone. Interestingly, some additional therapeutic effect of NAC appeared late for the patients with poor early response. Further studies are required to investigate the underlying mechanism for this.
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17
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Cazzola M, Calzetta L, Page C, Rogliani P, Matera MG. Thiol-Based Drugs in Pulmonary Medicine: Much More than Mucolytics. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2019; 40:452-463. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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18
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Gould RL, Pazdro R. Impact of Supplementary Amino Acids, Micronutrients, and Overall Diet on Glutathione Homeostasis. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1056. [PMID: 31083508 PMCID: PMC6566166 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a critical endogenous antioxidant found in all eukaryotic cells. Higher GSH concentrations protect against cellular damage, tissue degeneration, and disease progression in various models, so there is considerable interest in developing interventions that augment GSH biosynthesis. Oral GSH supplementation is not the most efficient option due to the enzymatic degradation of ingested GSH within the intestine by γ-glutamyltransferase, but supplementation of its component amino acids-cysteine, glycine, and glutamate-enhances tissue GSH synthesis. Furthermore, supplementation with some non-precursor amino acids and micronutrients appears to influence the redox status of GSH and related antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E, lowering systemic oxidative stress and slowing the rate of tissue deterioration. In this review, the effects of oral supplementation of amino acids and micronutrients on GSH metabolism are evaluated. And since specific dietary patterns and diets are being prescribed as first-line therapeutics for conditions such as hypertension and diabetes, the impact of overall diets on GSH homeostasis is also assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Gould
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Robert Pazdro
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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19
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Abbas MN, Saeed AA, Ali MB, Errachid A, Zine N, Baraket A, Singh B. Biosensor for the oxidative stress biomarker glutathione based on SAM of cobalt phthalocyanine on a thioctic acid modified gold electrode. J Solid State Electrochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-018-04191-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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20
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Jargin SV. Scientific Papers and Patents on Substances with Unproven Effects. Part 2. RECENT PATENTS ON DRUG DELIVERY & FORMULATION 2019; 13:160-173. [PMID: 31424374 PMCID: PMC7011683 DOI: 10.2174/1872211313666190819124752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Several examples are discussed in this review, where substances without proven effects were proposed for practical use within the scope of evidence-based medicines. The following is discussed here: generalizations of the hormesis concept and its use in support of homeopathy; phytoestrogens and soy products potentially having feminizing effects; glycosaminoglycans for the treatment of osteoarthritis and possibilities of their replacement by diet modifications; flavonoids recommended for the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veins; acetylcysteine as a mucolytic agent and its questionable efficiency especially by an oral intake; stem cells and cell therapies. In conclusion, placebo therapies can be beneficial and ethically justifiable but it is not a sufficient reason to publish biased information. Importantly, placebo must be devoid of adverse effects, otherwise, it is named pseudo-placebo. Therapeutic methods with unproven effects should be tested in high-quality research shielded from the funding bias. Some issues discussed in this review are not entirely clear, and the arguments provided here can initiate a constructive discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei V. Jargin
- Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Clementovski per 6-82, Moscow115184, Russia
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21
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Dash M, Maity M, Dey A, Perveen H, Khatun S, Jana L, Chattopadhyay S. The consequence of NAC on sodium arsenite-induced uterine oxidative stress. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:278-287. [PMID: 29511641 PMCID: PMC5835492 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic consumption through drinking water is a worldwide major health problem. Management of arsenic intoxication with invasive, painful therapy using metal chelators is usually used as a conventional treatment strategy in human. In this present study, we examined the efficacy of oral administration of N-acetyl l-cysteine (NAC) in limiting arsenic-mediated female reproductive disorders and oxidative stress in female Wistar rats. The treatment was continued for 8 days (2 estrus cycles) on rats with sodium arsenite (10 mg/Kg body weight) orally. We examined the electrozymographic imprint of three different enzymatic antioxidants in uterine tissue. Rats fed with sodium arsenite exhibited a significant lessening in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Uterine DNA breakage, necrosis, ovarian and uterine tissue damage, disruption in steroidogenesis were also found in arsenic treated rats. Co-administration of NAC at different doses (50 mg/kg body weight, 100 mg/kg body weight, respectively) significantly reversed the action of uterine oxidative stress markers like malondialdehyde (MDA), conjugated dienes (CD) and non protein soluble thiol (NPSH); and noticeably improved antioxidant status of the arsenic fed rats. This ultimately resulted in the uterine tissue repairing followed by improvement of ovarian steroidogenesis. However, this effective function of NAC might be crucial for the restoration of arsenic-induced female reproductive organ damage in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Dash
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science and Management, and Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics division (UGC Innovative Department), Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal 721102, India
| | - Moulima Maity
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science and Management, and Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics division (UGC Innovative Department), Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal 721102, India
| | - Arindam Dey
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science and Management, and Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics division (UGC Innovative Department), Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal 721102, India
| | - Hasina Perveen
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science and Management, and Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics division (UGC Innovative Department), Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal 721102, India
| | - Shamima Khatun
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science and Management, and Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics division (UGC Innovative Department), Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal 721102, India
| | - Lipirani Jana
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science and Management, and Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics division (UGC Innovative Department), Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal 721102, India
| | - Sandip Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science and Management, and Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics division (UGC Innovative Department), Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal 721102, India
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22
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Yuan S, Shen X, Kevil CG. Beyond a Gasotransmitter: Hydrogen Sulfide and Polysulfide in Cardiovascular Health and Immune Response. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:634-653. [PMID: 28398086 PMCID: PMC5576200 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) metabolism leads to the formation of oxidized sulfide species, including polysulfide, persulfide, and others. Evidence is emerging that many biological effects of H2S may indeed be due to polysulfide and persulfide activation of signaling pathways and reactivity with discrete small molecules. Recent Advances: Exogenous oxidized sulfide species, including polysulfides, are more reactive than H2S with a wide range of molecules. Importantly, endogenous polysulfide and persulfide formation has been reported to occur via transsulfuration enzymes, cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) and cystathionine β-synthase (CBS). CRITICAL ISSUES In light of the recent understanding of oxidized sulfide metabolite formation and reactivity, comparatively few studies have been reported comparing cellular biological and in vivo effects of H2S donors versus polysulfide and persulfide donors. Likewise, it is equally unclear when, how, and to what extent persulfide and polysulfide formation occurs in vivo under pathophysiological conditions. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Additional studies regarding persulfide and polysulfide formation and molecular reactions are needed in nearly all aspects of biology to better understand how sulfide metabolites contribute to key chemical biology reactions involved in cardiovascular health and immune responses. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 634-653.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yuan
- 1 Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center Shreveport , Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Xinggui Shen
- 2 Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, LSU Health Sciences Center Shreveport , Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Christopher G Kevil
- 2 Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, LSU Health Sciences Center Shreveport , Shreveport, Louisiana
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Pasupathy S, Tavella R, Grover S, Raman B, Procter NEK, Du YT, Mahadavan G, Stafford I, Heresztyn T, Holmes A, Zeitz C, Arstall M, Selvanayagam J, Horowitz JD, Beltrame JF. Early Use of N-acetylcysteine With Nitrate Therapy in Patients Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Reduces Myocardial Infarct Size (the NACIAM Trial [N-acetylcysteine in Acute Myocardial Infarction]). Circulation 2017. [PMID: 28634219 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.027575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contemporary ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction management involves primary percutaneous coronary intervention, with ongoing studies focusing on infarct size reduction using ancillary therapies. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is an antioxidant with reactive oxygen species scavenging properties that also potentiates the effects of nitroglycerin and thus represents a potentially beneficial ancillary therapy in primary percutaneous coronary intervention. The NACIAM trial (N-acetylcysteine in Acute Myocardial Infarction) examined the effects of NAC on infarct size in patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. METHODS This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study evaluated the effects of intravenous high-dose NAC (29 g over 2 days) with background low-dose nitroglycerin (7.2 mg over 2 days) on early cardiac magnetic resonance imaging-assessed infarct size. Secondary end points included cardiac magnetic resonance-determined myocardial salvage and creatine kinase kinetics. RESULTS Of 112 randomized patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction, 75 (37 in NAC group, 38 in placebo group) underwent early cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Median duration of ischemia pretreatment was 2.4 hours. With background nitroglycerin infusion administered to all patients, those randomized to NAC exhibited an absolute 5.5% reduction in cardiac magnetic resonance-assessed infarct size relative to placebo (median, 11.0%; [interquartile range 4.1, 16.3] versus 16.5%; [interquartile range 10.7, 24.2]; P=0.02). Myocardial salvage was approximately doubled in the NAC group (60%; interquartile range, 37-79) compared with placebo (27%; interquartile range, 14-42; P<0.01) and median creatine kinase areas under the curve were 22 000 and 38 000 IU·h in the NAC and placebo groups, respectively (P=0.08). CONCLUSIONS High-dose intravenous NAC administered with low-dose intravenous nitroglycerin is associated with reduced infarct size in patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. A larger study is required to assess the impact of this therapy on clinical cardiac outcomes. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry. URL: http://www.anzctr.org.au/. Unique identifier: 12610000280000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivabaskari Pasupathy
- From Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., Y.T.D., G.M., C.Z., M.A., J.D.H., J.F.B); Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., I.S., T.H., A.H., C.Z., J.D.H., J.F.B); Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., Y.D., G.M., I.S., T.H., A.H., C.Z., J.D.H., J.F.B); Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (G.M., C.Z., M.A., J.F.B.); Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (S.G., J.S.); Discipline of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia (S.G., J.S.); and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia (J.S.)
| | - Rosanna Tavella
- From Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., Y.T.D., G.M., C.Z., M.A., J.D.H., J.F.B); Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., I.S., T.H., A.H., C.Z., J.D.H., J.F.B); Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., Y.D., G.M., I.S., T.H., A.H., C.Z., J.D.H., J.F.B); Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (G.M., C.Z., M.A., J.F.B.); Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (S.G., J.S.); Discipline of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia (S.G., J.S.); and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia (J.S.)
| | - Suchi Grover
- From Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., Y.T.D., G.M., C.Z., M.A., J.D.H., J.F.B); Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., I.S., T.H., A.H., C.Z., J.D.H., J.F.B); Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., Y.D., G.M., I.S., T.H., A.H., C.Z., J.D.H., J.F.B); Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (G.M., C.Z., M.A., J.F.B.); Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (S.G., J.S.); Discipline of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia (S.G., J.S.); and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia (J.S.)
| | - Betty Raman
- From Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., Y.T.D., G.M., C.Z., M.A., J.D.H., J.F.B); Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., I.S., T.H., A.H., C.Z., J.D.H., J.F.B); Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., Y.D., G.M., I.S., T.H., A.H., C.Z., J.D.H., J.F.B); Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (G.M., C.Z., M.A., J.F.B.); Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (S.G., J.S.); Discipline of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia (S.G., J.S.); and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia (J.S.)
| | - Nathan E K Procter
- From Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., Y.T.D., G.M., C.Z., M.A., J.D.H., J.F.B); Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., I.S., T.H., A.H., C.Z., J.D.H., J.F.B); Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., Y.D., G.M., I.S., T.H., A.H., C.Z., J.D.H., J.F.B); Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (G.M., C.Z., M.A., J.F.B.); Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (S.G., J.S.); Discipline of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia (S.G., J.S.); and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia (J.S.)
| | - Yang Timothy Du
- From Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., Y.T.D., G.M., C.Z., M.A., J.D.H., J.F.B); Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., I.S., T.H., A.H., C.Z., J.D.H., J.F.B); Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., Y.D., G.M., I.S., T.H., A.H., C.Z., J.D.H., J.F.B); Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (G.M., C.Z., M.A., J.F.B.); Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (S.G., J.S.); Discipline of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia (S.G., J.S.); and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia (J.S.)
| | - Gnanadevan Mahadavan
- From Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., Y.T.D., G.M., C.Z., M.A., J.D.H., J.F.B); Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., I.S., T.H., A.H., C.Z., J.D.H., J.F.B); Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., Y.D., G.M., I.S., T.H., A.H., C.Z., J.D.H., J.F.B); Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (G.M., C.Z., M.A., J.F.B.); Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (S.G., J.S.); Discipline of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia (S.G., J.S.); and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia (J.S.)
| | - Irene Stafford
- From Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., Y.T.D., G.M., C.Z., M.A., J.D.H., J.F.B); Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., I.S., T.H., A.H., C.Z., J.D.H., J.F.B); Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., Y.D., G.M., I.S., T.H., A.H., C.Z., J.D.H., J.F.B); Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (G.M., C.Z., M.A., J.F.B.); Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (S.G., J.S.); Discipline of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia (S.G., J.S.); and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia (J.S.)
| | - Tamila Heresztyn
- From Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., Y.T.D., G.M., C.Z., M.A., J.D.H., J.F.B); Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., I.S., T.H., A.H., C.Z., J.D.H., J.F.B); Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., Y.D., G.M., I.S., T.H., A.H., C.Z., J.D.H., J.F.B); Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (G.M., C.Z., M.A., J.F.B.); Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (S.G., J.S.); Discipline of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia (S.G., J.S.); and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia (J.S.)
| | - Andrew Holmes
- From Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., Y.T.D., G.M., C.Z., M.A., J.D.H., J.F.B); Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., I.S., T.H., A.H., C.Z., J.D.H., J.F.B); Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., Y.D., G.M., I.S., T.H., A.H., C.Z., J.D.H., J.F.B); Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (G.M., C.Z., M.A., J.F.B.); Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (S.G., J.S.); Discipline of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia (S.G., J.S.); and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia (J.S.)
| | - Christopher Zeitz
- From Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., Y.T.D., G.M., C.Z., M.A., J.D.H., J.F.B); Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., I.S., T.H., A.H., C.Z., J.D.H., J.F.B); Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., Y.D., G.M., I.S., T.H., A.H., C.Z., J.D.H., J.F.B); Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (G.M., C.Z., M.A., J.F.B.); Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (S.G., J.S.); Discipline of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia (S.G., J.S.); and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia (J.S.)
| | - Margaret Arstall
- From Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., Y.T.D., G.M., C.Z., M.A., J.D.H., J.F.B); Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., I.S., T.H., A.H., C.Z., J.D.H., J.F.B); Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., Y.D., G.M., I.S., T.H., A.H., C.Z., J.D.H., J.F.B); Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (G.M., C.Z., M.A., J.F.B.); Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (S.G., J.S.); Discipline of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia (S.G., J.S.); and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia (J.S.)
| | - Joseph Selvanayagam
- From Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., Y.T.D., G.M., C.Z., M.A., J.D.H., J.F.B); Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., I.S., T.H., A.H., C.Z., J.D.H., J.F.B); Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., Y.D., G.M., I.S., T.H., A.H., C.Z., J.D.H., J.F.B); Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (G.M., C.Z., M.A., J.F.B.); Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (S.G., J.S.); Discipline of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia (S.G., J.S.); and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia (J.S.)
| | - John D Horowitz
- From Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., Y.T.D., G.M., C.Z., M.A., J.D.H., J.F.B); Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., I.S., T.H., A.H., C.Z., J.D.H., J.F.B); Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., Y.D., G.M., I.S., T.H., A.H., C.Z., J.D.H., J.F.B); Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (G.M., C.Z., M.A., J.F.B.); Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (S.G., J.S.); Discipline of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia (S.G., J.S.); and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia (J.S.)
| | - John F Beltrame
- From Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., Y.T.D., G.M., C.Z., M.A., J.D.H., J.F.B); Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., I.S., T.H., A.H., C.Z., J.D.H., J.F.B); Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (S.P., R.T., B.R., N.E.K.P., Y.D., G.M., I.S., T.H., A.H., C.Z., J.D.H., J.F.B); Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (G.M., C.Z., M.A., J.F.B.); Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Australia (S.G., J.S.); Discipline of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia (S.G., J.S.); and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia (J.S.).
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Visual colorimetric sensor array for discrimination of antioxidants in serum using MnO2 nanosheets triggered multicolor chromogenic system. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 91:89-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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McLeay Y, Stannard S, Houltham S, Starck C. Dietary thiols in exercise: oxidative stress defence, exercise performance, and adaptation. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2017; 14:12. [PMID: 28465675 PMCID: PMC5408473 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-017-0168-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Endurance athletes are susceptible to cellular damage initiated by excessive levels of aerobic exercise-produced reactive oxygen species (ROS). Whilst ROS can contribute to the onset of fatigue, there is increasing evidence that they play a crucial role in exercise adaptations. The use of antioxidant supplements such as vitamin C and E in athletes is common; however, their ability to enhance performance and facilitate recovery is controversial, with many studies suggesting a blunting of training adaptations with supplementation. The up-regulation of endogenous antioxidant systems brought about by exercise training allows for greater tolerance to subsequent ROS, thus, athletes may benefit from increasing these systems through dietary thiol donors. Recent work has shown supplementation with a cysteine donor (N-acetylcysteine; NAC) improves antioxidant capacity by augmenting glutathione levels and reducing markers of oxidative stress, as well as ergogenic potential through association with delayed fatigue in numerous experimental models. However, the use of this, and other thiol donors may have adverse physiological effects. A recent discovery for the use of a thiol donor food source, keratin, to potentially enhance endogenous antioxidants may have important implications for endurance athletes hoping to enhance performance and recovery without blunting training adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanita McLeay
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Stephen Stannard
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Stuart Houltham
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Carlene Starck
- Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Yazdani A, Janzen N, Czorny S, Ungard RG, Miladinovic T, Singh G, Valliant JF. Preparation of tetrazine-containing [2 + 1] complexes of 99mTc and in vivo targeting using bioorthogonal inverse electron demand Diels–Alder chemistry. Dalton Trans 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01497j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A new 99mTc-labelled tetrazine for targeted imaging using bioorthogonal chemistry was developed and evaluated in vivo using a trans-cyclooctene derived bisphosphonate targeting regions of high bone turnover and bone lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolreza Yazdani
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
| | - Nancy Janzen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
| | - Shannon Czorny
- Centre for Probe Development and Commercialization
- Hamilton
- Canada
| | - Robert G. Ungard
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
| | - Tanya Miladinovic
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
| | - Gurmit Singh
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
| | - John F. Valliant
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
- Centre for Probe Development and Commercialization
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Salve VT, Atram JS. N-Acetylcysteine Combined with Home Based Physical Activity: Effect on Health Related Quality of Life in Stable COPD Patients- A Randomised Controlled Trial. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:OC16-OC19. [PMID: 28208905 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/23668.8980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Quality of life is adversely affected in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), due to irreversible, progressive nature of the disease and limitations of current treatment options available. One of the important aim of treatment of COPD is to improve Quality of Life (QoL). Cigarette smoke contains numerous free radicals and other oxidants. Oxidative stress has been implicated in pathogenesis, progression of disease and exacerbation in COPD. Pulmonary tuberculosis, outdoor and indoor air pollution and many others are aetiologies of COPD in non-smokers. N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) is a precursor of endogenous anti-oxidant, Glutathione (GSH) and both agents act as free radical scavengers. Exercise limitation results in poor physical performance and eventually poor QoL in COPD. AIM To observe the combined effect of 600mg of NAC once daily and physical activity (home based) in addition to standard treatment for ten weeks, compared with placebo as control group with standard treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS This randomised controlled trial was conducted at a tertiary care centre in Mumbai for two years from December 2011 to December 2013. Hundred patients diagnosed as stable COPD (as per Global Initiative against Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2010 guidelines) were enrolled in the study. There were 50 patients in study group and control group each. The QoL was assessed using Saint George Respiratory Questionnaire-C (SGRQ-C) initially and at the end of ten weeks. The study group was treated with NAC 600mg once a day combined with daily physical activity in addition to standard treatment. Control group patients were treated with placebo and standard treatment. RESULTS At the end of 10 weeks, it was observed that, mean change in SGRQ-C was significant in "study group" as compared to "control group". Mean change in score among study group was 4.72 and the same in control was 1.32, p-value=0.007. There was significant improvement in SGRQ-C score at the end of 10 weeks and QoL in the study group (p-value-0.0001 i.e., <0.05) while improvement in SGRQ-C score and QoL score in control group was not significant (p-value=0.118 i.e., >0.05). Overall, there was statistically significant improvement in SGRQ-C score and QoL (p-value=0.03 i.e., <0.05) in the study group. CONCLUSION From the current study, it can be concluded that N-acetylcysteine 600mg once a day and 20 minute daily walk in addition to regular treatment improves QoL in stable COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Tukaram Salve
- Associate Professor, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, ESI-PGIMSR MGM Hospital , Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jitesh S Atram
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Indira Gandhi Government Medical College , Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
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Evidence of a Redox-Dependent Regulation of Immune Responses to Exercise-Induced Inflammation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:2840643. [PMID: 27974950 PMCID: PMC5126438 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2840643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We used thiol-based antioxidant supplementation (n-acetylcysteine, NAC) to determine whether immune mobilisation following skeletal muscle microtrauma induced by exercise is redox-sensitive in healthy humans. According to a two-trial, double-blind, crossover, repeated measures design, 10 young men received either placebo or NAC (20 mg/kg/day) immediately after a muscle-damaging exercise protocol (300 eccentric contractions) and for eight consecutive days. Blood sampling and performance assessments were performed before exercise, after exercise, and daily throughout recovery. NAC reduced the decline of reduced glutathione in erythrocytes and the increase of plasma protein carbonyls, serum TAC and erythrocyte oxidized glutathione, and TBARS and catalase activity during recovery thereby altering postexercise redox status. The rise of muscle damage and inflammatory markers (muscle strength, creatine kinase activity, CRP, proinflammatory cytokines, and adhesion molecules) was less pronounced in NAC during the first phase of recovery. The rise of leukocyte and neutrophil count was decreased by NAC after exercise. Results on immune cell subpopulations obtained by flow cytometry indicated that NAC ingestion reduced the exercise-induced rise of total macrophages, HLA+ macrophages, and 11B+ macrophages and abolished the exercise-induced upregulation of B lymphocytes. Natural killer cells declined only in PLA immediately after exercise. These results indicate that thiol-based antioxidant supplementation blunts immune cell mobilisation in response to exercise-induced inflammation suggesting that leukocyte mobilization may be under redox-dependent regulation.
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Areias MCC, Shimizu K, Compton RG. Cysteine determination via adsorptive stripping voltammetry using a bare glassy carbon electrode. Analyst 2016; 141:5563-70. [PMID: 27419249 DOI: 10.1039/c6an01413e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical determination of cysteine is investigated by adsorptive stripping voltammetric detection of a copper-cysteine complex compound using a bare glassy carbon electrode. In acidic 0.1 M KNO3 solution (pH 4), the electrochemical oxidation of this complex compound generates a characteristic anodic peak ca. -0.17 V vs. a standard mercury/mercurous sulphate reference electrode. The voltammetric response is highly reproducible within 2.1% error (n = 3). A linear dynamic range is obtained for a cysteine concentration of 1.0 μM to 10.0 μM. The sensitivity of 0.18 ± 0.006 μA μM(-1) and the limit of detection of 0.03 μM (n = 3) make our methodology highly applicable for practical applications. Successful determination of cysteine concentration in the presence of glutathione has also been demonstrated by the sequential determination of the concentrations of total thiol and the tripeptide alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalena C C Areias
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Jornalista Anibal Fernandes, s/no Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE CEP 50.740-560, Brazil
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Homa M, Galgóczy L, Tóth E, Virágh M, Chandrasekaran M, Vágvölgyi C, Papp T. In vitro susceptibility of Scedosporium isolates to N-acetyl-L-cysteine alone and in combination with conventional antifungal agents. Med Mycol 2016; 54:776-9. [PMID: 27143635 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myw029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, Scedosporium species have been more commonly recognized from severe, difficult-to-treat human infections, such as upper respiratory tract and pulmonary infections. To select an appropriate therapeutic approach for these infections is challenging, because of the commonly observed resistance of the causative agents to several antifungal drugs. Therefore, to find a novel strategy for the treatment of pulmonary Scedosporium infections the in vitro antifungal effect of a mucolytic agent, N-acetyl-L-cysteine and its in vitro combinations with conventional antifungals were investigated. Synergistic and indifferent interactions were registered in 23 and 13 cases, respectively. Antagonism was not revealed between the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónika Homa
- University of Szeged, Faculty of Science and Informatics, Department of Microbiology, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Galgóczy
- University of Szeged, Faculty of Science and Informatics, Department of Microbiology, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary Medical University of Innsbruck, Biocenter, Division of Molecular Biology, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Eszter Tóth
- University of Szeged, Faculty of Science and Informatics, Department of Microbiology, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Máté Virágh
- University of Szeged, Faculty of Science and Informatics, Department of Microbiology, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Muthusamy Chandrasekaran
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- University of Szeged, Faculty of Science and Informatics, Department of Microbiology, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tamás Papp
- University of Szeged, Faculty of Science and Informatics, Department of Microbiology, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
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Sanguinetti CM. N-acetylcysteine in COPD: why, how, and when? Multidiscip Respir Med 2016; 11:8. [PMID: 26855777 PMCID: PMC4744393 DOI: 10.1186/s40248-016-0039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidants have long been recognized to have an important role in the pathogenesis of COPD, and in this cigarette smoke has a strong responsibility, because it generates a conspicuous amount of oxidant radicals able to modify the structure of the respiratory tract and to enhance several mechanisms that sustain lung inflammation in COPD. In fact, oxidative stress is highly increased in COPD and natural antioxidant capacities, mainly afforded by reduced glutathione, are often overcome. Thus an exogenous supplementation of antioxidant compounds is mandatory to at least partially counteract the oxidative stress. For this purpose N-acetylcysteine has great potentialities due to its capacity of directly contrasting oxidants with its free thiols, and to the possibility it has of acting as donor of cysteine precursors aimed at glutathione restoration. Many studies in vitro and in vivo have already demonstrated the antioxidant capacity of NAC. Many clinical studies have long been performed to explore the efficacy of NAC in COPD with altern results, especially when the drug was used at very low dosage and/or for a short period of time. More recently, several trials have been conducted to verify the appropriateness of using high-dose NAC in COPD, above all to decrease the exacerbations rate. The results have been encouraging, even if some of the data come from the most widely sized trials that have been conducted in Chinese populations. Although other evidence should be necessary to confirm the results in other populations of patients, high-dose oral NAC nevertheless offers interesting perspectives as add-on therapy for COPD patients.
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Ghanizadeh Kazerouni E, Franklin CE, Seebacher F. UV-B exposure reduces locomotor performance by impairing muscle function but not mitochondrial ATP production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 219:96-102. [PMID: 26567351 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.131615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet B radiation (UV-B) can reduce swimming performance by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. High concentrations of ROS can damage mitochondria, resulting in reduced ATP production. ROS can also damage muscle proteins, thereby leading to impaired muscle contractile function. We have shown previously that UV-B exposure reduces locomotor performance in mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) without affecting metabolic scope. Our aim was therefore to test whether UV-B influences swimming performance of mosquitofish by ROS-induced damage to muscle proteins without affecting mitochondrial function. In a fully factorial design, we exposed mosquitofish to UV-B and no-UV-B controls in combination with exposure to N-acetylcysteine (NAC) plus no-NAC controls. We used NAC, a precursor of glutathione, as an antioxidant to test whether any effects of UV-B on swimming performance were at least partly due to UV-B-induced ROS. UV-B significantly reduced critical sustained swimming performance and tail beat frequencies, and it increased ROS-induced damage (protein carbonyl concentrations and lipid peroxidation) in muscle. However, UV-B did not affect the activity of sarco-endoplasmic reticulum ATPase (SERCA), an enzyme associated with muscle calcium cycling and muscle relaxation. UV-B did not affect ADP phosphorylation (state 3) rates of mitochondrial respiration, and it did not alter the amount of ATP produced per atom of oxygen consumed (P:O ratio). However, UV-B reduced the mitochondrial respiratory control ratio. Under UV-B exposure, fish treated with NAC showed greater swimming performance and tail beat frequencies, higher glutathione concentrations, and lower protein carbonyl concentrations and lipid peroxidation than untreated fish. Tail beat amplitude was not affected by any treatment. Our results showed, firstly, that the effects of UV-B on locomotor performance were mediated by ROS and, secondly, that reduced swimming performance was not caused by impaired mitochondrial ATP production. Instead, reduced tail beat frequencies indicate that muscle of UV-B exposed fish were slower, which was likely to have been caused by slower contraction rates, because SERCA activities remained unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig E Franklin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Frank Seebacher
- School of Biological Sciences A08, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Rombouts I, Lagrain B, Scherf KA, Koehler P, Delcour JA. Formation and reshuffling of disulfide bonds in bovine serum albumin demonstrated using tandem mass spectrometry with collision-induced and electron-transfer dissociation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12210. [PMID: 26193081 PMCID: PMC4507448 DOI: 10.1038/srep12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermolysin hydrolyzates of freshly isolated, extensively stored (6 years, 6 °C, dry) and heated (60 min, 90 °C, in excess water) bovine serum albumin (BSA) samples were analyzed with liquid chromatography (LC) electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) using alternating electron-transfer dissociation (ETD) and collision-induced dissociation (CID). The positions of disulfide bonds and free thiol groups in the different samples were compared to those deduced from the crystal structure of native BSA. Results revealed non-enzymatic posttranslational modifications of cysteine during isolation, extensive dry storage, and heating. Heat-induced extractability loss of BSA was linked to the impact of protein unfolding on the involvement of specific cysteine residues in intermolecular and intramolecular thiol-disulfide interchange and thiol oxidation reactions. The here developed approach holds promise for exploring disulfide bond formation and reshuffling in various proteins under conditions relevant for chemical, biochemical, pharmaceutical and food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ine Rombouts
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, box 2463, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert Lagrain
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, box 2463, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katharina A. Scherf
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Institut, Lise-Meitner-Straβe 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Peter Koehler
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Institut, Lise-Meitner-Straβe 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Jan A. Delcour
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, box 2463, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Ochi M, Tanaka Y, Toyoda H. Protective effect of N-acetylcysteine against nicardipine hydrochloride-induced autophagic cell death of human vascular endothelial cells. J Toxicol Sci 2015; 40:551-8. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.40.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Ochi
- Biological Research Department, Sawai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | | | - Hiromu Toyoda
- Biological Research Department, Sawai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
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Santus P, Corsico A, Solidoro P, Braido F, Di Marco F, Scichilone N. Oxidative stress and respiratory system: pharmacological and clinical reappraisal of N-acetylcysteine. COPD 2014; 11:705-17. [PMID: 24787454 PMCID: PMC4245155 DOI: 10.3109/15412555.2014.898040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The large surface area for gas exchange makes the respiratory system particularly susceptible to oxidative stress-mediated injury. Both endogenous and exogenous pro-oxidants (e.g. cigarette smoke) trigger activation of leukocytes and host defenses. These mechanisms interact in a "multilevel cycle" responsible for the control of the oxidant/antioxidant homeostasis. Several studies have demonstrated the presence of increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidants (e.g. reduced glutathione [GSH]) in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but the contribution of oxidative stress to the pathophysiology of COPD is generally only minimally discussed. The aim of this review was to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases, particularly COPD, and to examine the available clinical and experimental evidence on the use of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a precursor of GSH, as an adjunct to standard therapy for the treatment of COPD. The proposed concept of "multilevel cycle" helps understand the relationship between respiratory diseases and oxidative stress, thus clarifying the rationale for using NAC in COPD. Until recently, antioxidant drugs such as NAC have been regarded only as mucolytic agents. Nevertheless, several clinical trials indicate that NAC may reduce the rate of COPD exacerbations and improve small airways function. The most plausible explanation for the beneficial effects observed in patients with COPD treated with NAC lies in the mucolytic and antioxidant effects of this drug. Modulation of bronchial inflammation by NAC may further account for these favorable clinical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierachille Santus
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute. Pneumologia Riabilitativa Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri-Istituto Scientifico di Milano-IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Angelo Corsico
- Respiratory Disease Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, DMM, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Solidoro
- SCDO Pneumologia, Dipartimento Cardiovascolare e Toracico, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Presidio Molinette, Torino, Italy
| | - Fulvio Braido
- Clinica Malattie Respiratorie e Allergologia Dipartimento di Medicina Interna (DiMI) Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria IRCCS San Martino di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Fabiano Di Marco
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Pneumologia, Ospedale San Paolo, Milano, Italy
| | - Nicola Scichilone
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica (Di.Bi.M.I.S.), Sezione di Pneumologia, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Tse HN, Raiteri L, Wong KY, Ng LY, Yee KS, Tseng CZS. Benefits of High-Dose N-Acetylcysteine to Exacerbation-Prone Patients With COPD. Chest 2014; 146:611-623. [DOI: 10.1378/chest.13-2784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Panahi Y, Ghanei M, Hajhashemi A, Sahebkar A. Effects of Curcuminoids-Piperine Combination on Systemic Oxidative Stress, Clinical Symptoms and Quality of Life in Subjects with Chronic Pulmonary Complications Due to Sulfur Mustard: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Diet Suppl 2014; 13:93-105. [DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2014.952865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Tse HN, Tseng CZS. Update on the pathological processes, molecular biology, and clinical utility of N-acetylcysteine in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2014; 9:825-36. [PMID: 25125976 PMCID: PMC4130719 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s51057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common and morbid disease characterized by high oxidative stress. Its pathogenesis is complex, and involves excessive oxidative stress (redox imbalance), protease/antiprotease imbalance, inflammation, apoptosis, and autoimmunity. Among these, oxidative stress has a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of COPD by initiating and mediating various redox-sensitive signal transduction pathways and gene expression. The protective physiological mechanisms of the redox balance in the human body, their role in the pathogenesis of COPD, and the clinical correlation between oxidative stress and COPD are reviewed in this paper. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a mucolytic agent with both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This paper also reviews the use of NAC in patients with COPD, especially the dose-dependent properties of NAC, eg, its effects on lung function and the exacerbation rate in patients with the disease. Earlier data from BRONCUS (the Bronchitis Randomized on NAC Cost-Utility Study) did not suggest that NAC was beneficial in patients with COPD, only indicating that it reduced exacerbation in an “inhaled steroid-naïve” subgroup. With regard to the dose-dependent properties of NAC, two recent randomized controlled Chinese trials suggested that high-dose NAC (1,200 mg daily) can reduce exacerbations in patients with COPD, especially in those with an earlier (moderately severe) stage of disease, and also in those who are at high risk of exacerbations. However, there was no significant effect on symptoms or quality of life in patients receiving NAC. Further studies are warranted to investigate the effect of NAC at higher doses in non-Chinese patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi Nam Tse
- Medical and Geriatric Department, Kwong Wah Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Cee Zhung Steven Tseng
- Medical and Geriatric Department, Kwong Wah Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
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Nolasco L, Nolasco J, Feng S, Afshar-Kharghan V, Moake J. Human Complement Factor H Is a Reductase for Large Soluble von Willebrand Factor Multimers—Brief Report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:2524-8. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Nolasco
- From the Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX (L.N., J.N., J.M.); and Department of Pulmonary Medicine, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (S.F., V.A.-K.)
| | - Jennifer Nolasco
- From the Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX (L.N., J.N., J.M.); and Department of Pulmonary Medicine, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (S.F., V.A.-K.)
| | - Shuju Feng
- From the Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX (L.N., J.N., J.M.); and Department of Pulmonary Medicine, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (S.F., V.A.-K.)
| | - Vahid Afshar-Kharghan
- From the Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX (L.N., J.N., J.M.); and Department of Pulmonary Medicine, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (S.F., V.A.-K.)
| | - Joel Moake
- From the Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX (L.N., J.N., J.M.); and Department of Pulmonary Medicine, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (S.F., V.A.-K.)
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Tse HN, Raiteri L, Wong KY, Yee KS, Ng LY, Wai KY, Loo CK, Chan MH. High-dose N-acetylcysteine in stable COPD: the 1-year, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled HIACE study. Chest 2013; 144:106-118. [PMID: 23348146 DOI: 10.1378/chest.12-2357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mucolytic and antioxidant effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) may have great value in COPD treatment. However, beneficial effects have not been confirmed in clinical studies, possibly due to insufficient NAC doses and/or inadequate outcome parameters used. The objective of this study was to investigate high-dose NAC plus usual therapy in Chinese patients with stable COPD. METHODS The 1-year HIACE (The Effect of High Dose N-acetylcysteine on Air Trapping and Airway Resistance of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-a Double-blinded, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial) double-blind trial conducted in Kwong Wah Hospital, Hong Kong, randomized eligible patients aged 50 to 80 years with stable COPD to NAC 600 mg bid or placebo after 4-week run-in. Lung function parameters, symptoms, modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnea and St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) scores, 6-min walking distance (6MWD), and exacerbation and admission rates were measured at baseline and every 16 weeks for 1 year. RESULTS Of 133 patients screened, 120 were eligible (93.2% men; mean age, 70.8±0.74 years; %FEV1 53.9±2.0%). Baseline characteristics were similar in the two groups. At 1 year, there was a significant improvement in forced expiratory flow 25% to 75% (P=.037) and forced oscillation technique, a significant reduction in exacerbation frequency (0.96 times/y vs 1.71 times/y, P=.019), and a tendency toward reduction in admission rate (0.5 times/y vs 0.8 times/y, P=.196) with NAC vs placebo. There were no significant between-group differences in mMRC dypsnea score, SGRQ score, and 6MWD. No major adverse effects were reported. CONCLUSION In this study, 1-year treatment with high-dose NAC resulted in significantly improved small airways function and decreased exacerbation frequency in patients with stable COPD. TRIAL REGISTRY ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT01136239; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Raiteri
- Medical Department, Innovation & Medical Sciences, Zambon Company SpA, Bresso, Italy
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Zhang H, Yin G, Jiang H, Zhang C. High-dose N-acetylcysteine decreases silica-induced lung fibrosis in the rat. J Int Med Res 2013; 41:1179-86. [PMID: 23771710 DOI: 10.1177/0300060513488503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To study the potential of high-dose N-acetylcysteine (NAC) to attenuate silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis in the rat. Methods Rats exposed to intratracheal instillation of silica particles were treated with 500 mg/kg NAC orally every day for 7 days, before and up to 28 days after silica administration ( n = 32), or received no treatment following silica exposure ( n = 32); a third group received intratracheal saline ( n = 32). Fibrosis score, and hydroxyproline (HYP) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, were assessed in lung tissue. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-8 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Histopathology revealed inflammation and fibrosis in lung tissue from rats exposed to silica, but not in saline controls. The fibrosis score was significantly lower in animals treated with NAC compared with silica-exposed untreated rats. HYP and MDA content were significantly lower at all timepoints, following NAC treatment versus no treatment, in silica-exposed rats. NAC attenuated silica-induced increases in TNF-α, IL-8 and hsCRP in BALF and serum. Conclusions Oral treatment with high-dose NAC during early silica exposure can ameliorate the activity of proinflammatory cytokines, thus attenuating subsequent lung fibrosis. These results suggest that NAC has potential as a treatment for silica-induced lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Gang Yin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Chunling Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Samuni Y, Goldstein S, Dean OM, Berk M. The chemistry and biological activities of N-acetylcysteine. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:4117-29. [PMID: 23618697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 541] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been in clinical practice for several decades. It has been used as a mucolytic agent and for the treatment of numerous disorders including paracetamol intoxication, doxorubicin cardiotoxicity, ischemia-reperfusion cardiac injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, bronchitis, chemotherapy-induced toxicity, HIV/AIDS, heavy metal toxicity and psychiatric disorders. SCOPE OF REVIEW The mechanisms underlying the therapeutic and clinical applications of NAC are complex and still unclear. The present review is focused on the chemistry of NAC and its interactions and functions at the organ, tissue and cellular levels in an attempt to bridge the gap between its recognized biological activities and chemistry. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The antioxidative activity of NAC as of other thiols can be attributed to its fast reactions with OH, NO2, CO3(-) and thiyl radicals as well as to restitution of impaired targets in vital cellular components. NAC reacts relatively slowly with superoxide, hydrogen-peroxide and peroxynitrite, which cast some doubt on the importance of these reactions under physiological conditions. The uniqueness of NAC is most probably due to efficient reduction of disulfide bonds in proteins thus altering their structures and disrupting their ligand bonding, competition with larger reducing molecules in sterically less accessible spaces, and serving as a precursor of cysteine for GSH synthesis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The outlined reactions only partially explain the diverse biological effects of NAC, and further studies are required for determining its ability to cross the cell membrane and the blood-brain barrier as well as elucidating its reactions with components of cell signaling pathways.
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Miller MS, Moore JE, Walb MC, Kock ND, Attia A, Isom S, McBride JE, Munley MT. Chemoprevention by N-acetylcysteine of low-dose CT-induced murine lung tumorigenesis. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:319-24. [PMID: 23104176 PMCID: PMC3564436 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from the National Lung Screening Trial suggested that annual computed tomography (CT) screening of at-risk patients decreases lung cancer mortality by 20%. We assessed the effects of low-dose CT radiation in mice exposed to 4-(methylnitrosoamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) to mimic the effects of annual CT screening in heavy smokers and ex-smokers. A/J mice were treated at 8 weeks with NNK followed 1 week later by 4 weekly doses of 0, 10, 30 or 50 mGy of whole-body CT and euthanized 8 months later. Irradiated mice exhibited significant 1.8- to 2-fold increases in tumor multiplicity in males (16.1 ± 0.8 versus 9.1 ± 1.5 tumors per mouse; P < 0.0001) and females (21.6 ± 0.8 versus 10.5 ± 1.4 tumors per mouse; P < 0.0001), respectively, compared with unirradiated mice with no dose effect observed; female mice exhibited higher sensitivity to radiation exposure than did males (P < 0.0001). Similar results were obtained when tumor area was determined. To assess if the deleterious effects of radiation could be prevented by antioxidants, female mice were fed a diet containing 0.7% N-acetylcysteine (NAC) starting 3 days prior to the first CT exposure and continuing for a total of 5 weeks. NAC prevented CT induced increases in tumor multiplicity (10.5 ± 1.2 versus 20.7 ± 1.5 tumors per mouse; P < 0.0001) back to levels seen in NNK/unirradiated mice (10.5 ± 1.2). Our data suggest that exposure of sensitive populations to CT radiation increases the risk of tumorigenesis, and that antioxidants may prevent the long-term carcinogenic effects of low-dose radiation exposure. This would allow annual screening with CT while preventing the potential long-term toxicity of radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Steven Miller
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Lee IT, Yang CM. Role of NADPH oxidase/ROS in pro-inflammatory mediators-induced airway and pulmonary diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:581-90. [PMID: 22587816 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are products of normal cellular metabolism and are known to act as second messengers. Under physiological conditions, ROS participate in maintenance of cellular 'redox homeostasis' in order to protect cells against oxidative stress. In addition, regulation of redox state is important for cell activation, viability, proliferation, and organ function. However, overproduction of ROS, most frequently due to excessive stimulation of either reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) by pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) or the mitochondrial electron transport chain and xanthine oxidase, results in oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is a deleterious process that leads to airway and lung damage and consequently to several respiratory inflammatory diseases/injuries, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), asthma, cystic fibrosis (CF), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Many of the known inflammatory target proteins, such as matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)), are associated with NADPH oxidase activation and ROS overproduction in response to pro-inflammatory mediators. Thus, oxidative stress regulates both key inflammatory signal transduction pathways and target proteins involved in airway and lung inflammation. In this review, we discuss mechanisms of NADPH oxidase/ROS in the expression of inflammatory target proteins involved in airway and lung diseases. Knowledge of the mechanisms of ROS regulation could lead to the pharmacological manipulation of antioxidants in airway and lung inflammation and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ta Lee
- Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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Kıray S, Onalan G, Karabay G, Zeyneloglu H, Kuscu E. Antioxidant prophylaxis for cellular injury in ovarian surface epithelium resulting from CO₂ pneumoperitoneum in a laparoscopic rat model. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 284:765-72. [PMID: 21617921 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-011-1933-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Selective cytoprotective functions of vitamin E, N-acetyl-L: -cysteine, and amifostine have been used as a preventer of ischemia injury by expelling the free oxygen radicals leading to stabilization of the cellular membranes. The purpose of this experimental study was to investigate the oxidative stress related to cellular injury in ovarian surface epithelium and the effect of prophylaxis with an anti-oxidant using laparoscopic rat model. DESIGN Laparoscopic rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Randomly allocated 40 Wistar Albino female rats have been used for the pneumoperitoneum model which was constituted to fix the intraabdominal pressure on 5 mmHg for 60 min. The antioxidants, vitamin E and NAC were given to rats 3 days before the operation and were applied for 30 days; amifostine was applied 30 min before the operation until after for 7 days. After abdominal desufflation, over biopsies were made on the 13th min, 24th h, and 7th and 30th days. By using of transmission electron microscopy, the damage on cells and organels were assessed and graded. RESULTS In ovarian surface epithelium, the apical surface specializations were affected in all groups except Vit E group:The microvilli were irregular and coarse and had disappeared in some places. Some cells were separated from the epithelium. In addition, mitochondria degeneration was observed in all group except Vit E. CONCLUSIONS In the early period of laparoscopy, reversible cellular damage occurs and this damage can be prevented by vitamin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sule Kıray
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baskent University School of Medicine, Kubilay Sok no: 36 Maltepe, 06570 Ankara, Turkey
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Rafii R, Albertson TE, Louie S, Chan AL. Update on pharmaceutical and minimally invasive management strategies for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pulm Med 2011; 2011:257496. [PMID: 21660228 PMCID: PMC3109340 DOI: 10.1155/2011/257496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a debilitating pulmonary disorder with systemic effects, and it is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States. COPD patients not only develop respiratory limitations, but can also demonstrate systemic wasting, features of depression, and can succumb to social isolation. Smoking cessation is crucial, and pharmacotherapy with bronchodilators is helpful in symptom management. Inhaled corticosteroids may be beneficial in some patients. In addition, pulmonary rehabilitation and palliative care are important components under the right clinical circumstance. This review highlights current guidelines and management strategies for COPD and emphasizes novel pharmacotherapy and minimally invasive (nonsurgical) lung-volume reduction interventions that may prove to be of significant benefit in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokhsara Rafii
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine and VA Northern California Health Care System, 4150 V Street, Suite 3400, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Timothy E. Albertson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine and VA Northern California Health Care System, 4150 V Street, Suite 3400, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Samuel Louie
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, 4150 V Street, Suite 3400, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Andrew L. Chan
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine and VA Northern California Health Care System, 4150 V Street, Suite 3400, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Reinero CR, Lee-Fowler TM, Dodam JR, Cohn LA, DeClue AE, Guntur VP. Endotracheal nebulization of N-acetylcysteine increases airway resistance in cats with experimental asthma. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 13:69-73. [PMID: 21145769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a mucolytic and antioxidant, is speculated to cause bronchoconstriction in cats when delivered via aerosol. We hypothesized that in cats with experimental asthma, aerosol delivery of NAC (400mg cumulative dose) via an endotracheal tube would increase airflow limitation as measured by ventilator-acquired mechanics. After endotracheal drug delivery, airway resistance and inspiratory plateau pressure (Pplat) measurements were obtained in six mechanically ventilated asthmatic cats. Results demonstrated significantly increased airway resistance (P=0.0007) compared with aerosolized saline control; Pplats were not significantly different (P=0.059). All cats exhibited at least one adverse effect: excessive airway secretions (n=3), spontaneous cough (n=2), unilateral strabismus (n=1) and post-anesthetic death (n=1). No adverse reactions were noted with saline aerosol; cough was noted in one cat with methacholine challenge. In conclusion, airway resistance and adverse reactions were documented in all cats after NAC aerosol delivery. Further studies must be performed to evaluate if it is an effective mucolytic and/or antioxidant in cats and to determine if bronchodilator pre-treatment will negate NAC-induced bronchoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol R Reinero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Nascimento MM, Suliman ME, Silva M, Chinaglia T, Marchioro J, Hayashi SY, Riella MC, Lindholm B, Anderstam B. Effect of oral N-acetylcysteine treatment on plasma inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in peritoneal dialysis patients: a placebo-controlled study. Perit Dial Int 2010; 30:336-42. [PMID: 20190028 DOI: 10.3747/pdi.2009.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation and oxidative stress (OS) are cardiovascular risk factors in patients with chronic kidney disease. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a thiol-containing antioxidant with anti-inflammatory properties and has been shown to reduce the number of cardiovascular events in hemodialysis patients. METHODS The current study aimed to determine the effect of oral NAC (2 x 600 mg/daily) on plasma levels of inflammatory and OS markers in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. We performed a placebo-controlled study over 8 weeks in 30 patients (40% males, age 52 +/- 13 years) on regular PD. Before the study was started, the patients were divided into 2 groups of 15 patients matched for age and gender. 22 patients completed the study (12 on NAC, 10 on placebo). Proinflammatory cytokines [high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and pentraxin 3] and markers of OS (pentosidine, advanced oxidation protein products, homocysteine, glutathione, asymmetric dimethylarginine, and free sulfhydryls) were measured before and after treatment with NAC. RESULTS Treatment with NAC for 8 weeks increased mean baseline plasma NAC levels from 2.6 to 24.8 mumol/L (p = 0.007). This intervention, which caused no side effects, significantly diminished IL-6 levels, from 9.4 (4.5 - 31) to 7.6 (4.9 - 13.5) pg/mL (p = 0.006), whereas no such changes were observed in the placebo group. NAC treatment did not significantly affect the other inflammatory and OS markers. CONCLUSION Short-term oral NAC treatment resulted in reduction of circulating IL-6, suggesting that such treatment could be a useful strategy in blunting the inflammatory response in PD patients.
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Abstract
The reader may be eager to examine in which diseases ozonetherapy can be proficiently used and she/he will be amazed by the versatility of this complementary approach (Table 9 1). The fact that the medical applications are numerous exposes the ozonetherapist to medical derision because superficial observers or sarcastic sceptics consider ozonetherapy as the modern panacea. This seems so because ozone, like oxygen, is a molecule able to act simultaneously on several blood components with different functions but, as we shall discuss, ozonetherapy is not a panacea. The ozone messengers ROS and LOPs can act either locally or systemically in practically all cells of an organism. In contrast to the dogma that “ozone is always toxic”, three decades of clinical experience, although mostly acquired in private clinics in millions of patients, have shown that ozone can act as a disinfectant, an oxygen donor, an immunomodulator, a paradoxical inducer of antioxidant enzymes, a metabolic enhancer, an inducer of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and possibly an activator of stem cells with consequent neovascularization and tissue reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velio Bocci
- Department of Physiology, University of Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Davies L, Calverley PMA. The evidence for the use of oral mucolytic agents in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Br Med Bull 2010; 93:217-27. [PMID: 20031934 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldp050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oral mucolytics are now recommended in some treatment guidelines for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This article reviews the evidence for their use and their possible benefits. SOURCES OF DATA The review is based upon peer reviewed publications relating to the use of mucolytics in COPD cited in PubMed. AREAS OF AGREEMENT Much of the published evidence is of somewhat poor quality and many studies include patients with both chronic bronchitis and COPD. Mucolytics reduce exacerbations by up to 0.8 exacerbations per year, but have little additional benefit in those on standard maximum therapy. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY Data that mucolytics improve symptoms, alter mucus or impact health-related quality of life in COPD patients receiving other standard therapy are unconvincing. In those on little or no other treatment, they may reduce exacerbation rate. GROWING POINTS The use of mucolytics to treat acute exacerbations is promising. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH Head-to-head trials of mucolytics versus long-acting bronchodilators and/or inhaled corticosteroids are lacking. Even in patients with severe COPD who remain symptomatic despite maximal inhaled therapy the role of mucolytics remains unproven.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Davies
- Aintree Chest Centre, University Hospital Aintree, Lower Lane, Liverpool, UK
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