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Bird SP, Nienhuis M, Biagioli B, De Pauw K, Meeusen R. Supplementation Strategies for Strength and Power Athletes: Carbohydrate, Protein, and Amino Acid Ingestion. Nutrients 2024; 16:1886. [PMID: 38931241 PMCID: PMC11206787 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
It is a common belief amongst strength and power athletes that nutritional supplementation strategies aid recovery by shifting the anabolic/catabolic profile toward anabolism. Factors such as nutrient quantity, nutrient quality, and nutrient timing significantly impact upon the effectiveness of nutritional strategies in optimizing the acute responses to resistance exercise and the adaptive response to resistance training (i.e., muscle growth and strength expression). Specifically, the aim of this review is to address carbohydrates (CHOs), protein (PRO), and/or amino acids (AAs) supplementation strategies, as there is growing evidence suggesting a link between nutrient signaling and the initiation of protein synthesis, muscle glycogen resynthesis, and the attenuation of myofibrillar protein degradation following resistance exercise. Collectively, the current scientific literature indicates that nutritional supplementation strategies utilizing CHO, PRO, and/or AA represents an important approach aimed at enhancing muscular responses for strength and power athletes, primarily increased muscular hypertrophy and enhanced strength expression. There appears to be a critical interaction between resistance exercise and nutrient-cell signaling associated with the principle of nutrient timing (i.e., pre-exercise, during, and post-exercise). Recommendations for nutritional supplementation strategies to promote muscular responses for strength and athletes are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P. Bird
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia
| | - Mitch Nienhuis
- Movement Science, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA
| | - Brian Biagioli
- Kinesiology and Sport Sciences, School of Education and Human Development, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Kevin De Pauw
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group (MFYS), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
- Brussels Human Robotics Research Center (BruBotics), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Romain Meeusen
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group (MFYS), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
- Department of Sports, Recreation, Exercise and Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
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Hu S, Chen X, Zheng G, Zhao Y, He X, Liu X, Lu F, Lin Y. The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Blepharoptosis in an Elderly Asian Population. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024; 48:1298-1305. [PMID: 38168822 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-023-03804-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related blepharoptosis, or ptosis, affects vision and appearance. Associations with age, gender, BMI, and diabetes have been explored, but the link to blood lipids remains unclear. The impact on refraction also lacks consensus. This study addresses gaps by investigating ptosis prevalence and factors in a representative Chinese population, aiming for a comprehensive understanding. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among individuals aged 50 and above who were willing to participate in comprehensive systemic check-ups, behavioral questionnaires, and ophthalmic examinations at Yaoxi Community Health Center in Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province. RESULTS The prevalence of blepharoptosis among the elderly participants at this health center was 27.16%. Individuals with blepharoptosis tended to be older, male, exhibited slightly higher body mass index, wider waist circumference, engaged in lower exercise frequency, and had a higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and with-the-rule astigmatism compared to their counterparts without these conditions. Adjusting for all other confounding variables, older age, being male, higher fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and lower exercise frequency displayed statistically significant relationships with blepharoptosis. After examining the distribution of blepharoptosis degrees within relevant factor subgroups, we noted a higher prevalence of severe ptosis in subgroups associated with older age, male gender, higher FPG, and against-the-rule astigmatism. CONCLUSION The notable associations with age, gender, FPG, and exercise level suggest a multifactorial etiology for blepharoptosis. The observed link between with-the-rule astigmatism and blepharoptosis implies a potential contributory role in the refractive aspect of blepharoptosis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Hu
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan West Road, Lucheng District, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xi Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan West Road, Lucheng District, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gu Zheng
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan West Road, Lucheng District, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiming Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan West Road, Lucheng District, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin He
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan West Road, Lucheng District, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinting Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan West Road, Lucheng District, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fan Lu
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan West Road, Lucheng District, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yanyan Lin
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan West Road, Lucheng District, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China.
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Hesketh SJ. Advancing cancer cachexia diagnosis with -omics technology and exercise as molecular medicine. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 6:1-15. [PMID: 38463663 PMCID: PMC10918365 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Muscle atrophy exacerbates disease outcomes and increases mortality, whereas the preservation of skeletal muscle mass and function play pivotal roles in ensuring long-term health and overall quality-of-life. Muscle atrophy represents a significant clinical challenge, involving the continued loss of muscle mass and strength, which frequently accompany the development of numerous types of cancer. Cancer cachexia is a highly prevalent multifactorial syndrome, and although cachexia is one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths, there are still no approved management strategies for the disease. The etiology of this condition is based on the upregulation of systemic inflammation factors and catabolic stimuli, resulting in the inhibition of protein synthesis and enhancement of protein degradation. Numerous necessary cellular processes are disrupted by cachectic pathology, which mediate intracellular signalling pathways resulting in the net loss of muscle and organelles. However, the exact underpinning molecular mechanisms of how these changes are orchestrated are incompletely understood. Much work is still required, but structured exercise has the capacity to counteract numerous detrimental effects linked to cancer cachexia. Primarily through the stimulation of muscle protein synthesis, enhancement of mitochondrial function, and the release of myokines. As a result, muscle mass and strength increase, leading to improved mobility, and quality-of-life. This review summarises existing knowledge of the complex molecular networks that regulate cancer cachexia and exercise, highlighting the molecular interplay between the two for potential therapeutic intervention. Finally, the utility of mass spectrometry-based proteomics is considered as a way of establishing early diagnostic biomarkers of cachectic patients.
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Forman DE, Kuchel GA, Newman JC, Kirkland JL, Volpi E, Taffet GE, Barzilai N, Pandey A, Kitzman DW, Libby P, Ferrucci L. Impact of Geroscience on Therapeutic Strategies for Older Adults With Cardiovascular Disease: JACC Scientific Statement. J Am Coll Cardiol 2023; 82:631-647. [PMID: 37389519 PMCID: PMC10414756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Geroscience posits that cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other chronic diseases result from progressive erosion of the effectiveness of homeostatic mechanisms that oppose age-related accumulation of molecular damage. This hypothetical common root to chronic diseases explains why patients with CVD are often affected by multimorbidity and frailty and why older age negatively affects CVD prognosis and treatment response. Gerotherapeutics enhance resilience mechanisms that counter age-related molecular damage to prevent chronic diseases, frailty, and disability, thereby extending healthspan. Here, we describe the main resilience mechanisms of mammalian aging, with a focus on how they can affect CVD pathophysiology. We next present novel gerotherapeutic approaches, some of which are already used in management of CVD, and explore their potential to transform care and management of CVD. The geroscience paradigm is gaining traction broadly in medical specialties, with potential to mitigate premature aging, reduce health care disparities, and improve population healthspan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Forman
- Department of Medicine (Geriatrics and Cardiology) University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; GRECC, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - George A Kuchel
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - John C Newman
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato California, USA; Division of Geriatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - James L Kirkland
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elena Volpi
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - George E Taffet
- Department of Medicine (Geriatrics and Cardiovascular Sciences), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nir Barzilai
- Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Bronx, New York, USA; Einstein-NSC and Glenn Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Ambarish Pandey
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Dalane W Kitzman
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter Libby
- Cardiovascular Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Nutritional Strategies in the Rehabilitation of Musculoskeletal Injuries in Athletes: A Systematic Integrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040819. [PMID: 36839176 PMCID: PMC9965375 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that three to five million sports injuries occur worldwide each year. The highest incidence is reported during competition periods with mainly affectation of the musculoskeletal tissue. For appropriate nutritional management and correct use of nutritional supplements, it is important to individualize based on clinical effects and know the adaptive response during the rehabilitation phase after a sports injury in athletes. Therefore, the aim of this PRISMA in Exercise, Rehabilitation, Sport Medicine and Sports Science PERSiST-based systematic integrative review was to perform an update on nutritional strategies during the rehabilitation phase of musculoskeletal injuries in elite athletes. After searching the following databases: PubMed/Medline, Scopus, PEDro, and Google Scholar, a total of 18 studies met the inclusion criteria (Price Index: 66.6%). The risk of bias assessment for randomized controlled trials was performed using the RoB 2.0 tool while review articles were evaluated using the AMSTAR 2.0 items. Based on the main findings of the selected studies, nutritional strategies that benefit the rehabilitation process in injured athletes include balanced energy intake, and a high-protein and carbohydrate-rich diet. Supportive supervision should be provided to avoid low energy availability. The potential of supplementation with collagen, creatine monohydrate, omega-3 (fish oils), and vitamin D requires further research although the effects are quite promising. It is worth noting the lack of clinical research in injured athletes and the higher number of reviews in the last 10 years. After analyzing the current quantitative and non-quantitative evidence, we encourage researchers to conduct further clinical research studies evaluating doses of the discussed nutrients during the rehabilitation process to confirm findings, but also follow international guidelines at the time to review scientific literature.
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Galluzzo V, Zazzara MB, Ciciarello F, Savera G, Pais C, Calvani R, Picca A, Marzetti E, Landi F, Tosato M. Fatigue In Covid-19 Survivors: The Potential Impact Of A Nutritional Supplement On Muscle Strength And Function. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 51:215-221. [PMID: 36184207 PMCID: PMC9428328 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Fatigue with reduced tolerance to exercise is a common persistent long-lasting feature amongst COVID-19 survivors. The assessment of muscle function in this category of patients is often neglected. Aim. To evaluate the potential impact of a daily supplementation based on amino acids, minerals, vitamins, and plant extracts (Apportal®) on muscle function, body composition, laboratory parameters and self-rated health in a small group of COVID-19 survivors affected by fatigue. Methods Thirty participants were enrolled among patients affected by physical fatigue during or after acute COVID-19 and admitted to the post-COVID-19 outpatient service at Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli in Rome between 1st March 2021 and 30th April 2021. All participants were evaluated at first visit (t0) and at control visit (t1), after taking a daily sachet of Apportal® for 28 days. Muscle function was analyzed using hand grip strength test, exhaustion strength time and the number of repetitions at one-minute chair stand test. Body composition was assessed with bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Laboratory parameters, including standard blood biochemistry and ferritin levels, were evaluated at the first visit and during the control visit. A quick evaluation of self-rated health, before COVID-19, at t0 and t1, was obtained through a visual analogue scale (VAS). Results Participants aged 60 years and older were 13 (43%). Females represented the 70% of the study sample. Participants hospitalized for COVID-19 with low-flow oxygen supplementation represented the 43.3% of the study sample while 3.3% received noninvasive ventilation (NIV) or invasive ventilation. Hand grip strength improved from 26.3 Kg to 28.9 Kg (p < 0.05) at t1 as compared to t0. The mean time of strength exhaustion increased from 31.7 s (sec) at t0 to 47.5 s at t1 (p < 0.05). Participants performed a higher number of repetitions (28.3 vs. 22.0; p < 0.05) during the one-minute chair stand test at t1 as compared to t0. A trend, although not significant, in reduction of ferritin levels was found after nutritional supplementation (94.4 vs. 84.3, respectively; p = 0.01). The self-rated health status increased by at least 13 points (t0, mean 57.6 ± 5.86; t1, mean 71.4 ± 6.73; p < 0.05). Conclusions After 28 days of nutritional supplementation with Apportal® in COVID-19 survivors affected by fatigue with reduced tolerance to exercise, we found a significant improvement in means of muscle strength and physical performance, associated with enhancement of self-rated health status between t0 and t1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Galluzzo
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | - Giulia Savera
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Pais
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Calvani
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Picca
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Marzetti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Geriatrics and Orthopedics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Landi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Geriatrics and Orthopedics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Tosato
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Verschueren A, Palminha C, Delmont E, Attarian S. Changes in neuromuscular function in elders: Novel techniques for assessment of motor unit loss and motor unit remodeling with aging. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2022; 178:780-787. [PMID: 35863917 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2022.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Functional muscle fiber denervation is a major contributor to the decline in physical function observed with aging and is now a recognized cause of sarcopenia, a muscle disorder characterized by progressive and generalized degenerative loss of skeletal muscle mass, quality, and strength. There is an interrelationship between muscle strength, motor unit (MU) number, and aging, which suggests that a portion of muscle weakness in seniors may be attributable to the loss of functional MUs. During normal aging, there is a time-related progression of MU loss, an adaptive sprouting followed by a maladaptive sprouting, and continuing recession of terminal Schwann cells leading to a reduced capacity for compensatory reinnervation in elders. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, increasing age at onset predicts worse survival ALS and it is possible that age-related depletion of the motor neuron pool may worsen motor neuron disease. MUNE methods are used to estimate the number of functional MU, data from MUNIX arguing for motor neuron loss with aging will be reviewed. Recently, a new MRI technique MU-MRI could be used to assess the MU recruitment or explore the activity of a single MU. This review presents published studies on the changes of neuromuscular function with aging, then focusing on these two novel techniques for assessment of MU loss and MU remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Verschueren
- Reference Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders and ALS, CHU La Timone, Aix-Marseille University, 264, rue Saint Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France.
| | - C Palminha
- Reference Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders and ALS, CHU La Timone, Aix-Marseille University, 264, rue Saint Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - E Delmont
- Reference Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders and ALS, CHU La Timone, Aix-Marseille University, 264, rue Saint Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - S Attarian
- Reference Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders and ALS, CHU La Timone, Aix-Marseille University, 264, rue Saint Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
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Vieira AF, Santos JS, Costa RR, Cadore EL, Macedo RCO. Effects of Protein Supplementation Associated with Resistance Training on Body Composition and Muscle Strength in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews with Meta-analyses. Sports Med 2022; 52:2511-2522. [PMID: 35689750 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01704-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are some controversial findings regarding the benefits of combining protein supplementation with resistance training in order to optimize adaptations to training in older adults. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review was to summarize the evidence from meta-analyses assessing the effects of protein supplementation combined with resistance training on body composition and muscle strength in the older population. METHODS We included systematic reviews with meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials that examined the effects of protein and/or amino acid supplementation associated with resistance training compared with resistance training alone on lean body mass, muscle mass, and muscle strength in older people. The search was performed using the MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Google Scholar, and OpenGrey databases. Methodological quality was assessed using the Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews 2 checklist, and the quality of evidence was determined using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system. The pooled effect estimates were computed from the standardized mean difference and the 95% confidence interval achieved by each meta-analysis, using random effects models. RESULTS Five reviews were included, all of moderate methodological quality. In the analyses, protein supplementation combined with resistance training was associated with greater increases in lean body mass and muscle mass when compared with resistance training alone. However, no differences were observed between the interventions on muscle strength increases. The quality of evidence ranged from moderate to very low. CONCLUSION Protein supplementation associated with resistance training induces greater increases in lean body mass compared with resistance training alone. In addition, it is suggested that the use of protein supplementation enhances gains in muscle mass but does not promote greater increases in muscle strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Ferreira Vieira
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 750, Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre, RS, 90690-200, Brazil. .,Faculdade Sogipa, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Eduardo Lusa Cadore
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 750, Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre, RS, 90690-200, Brazil
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Body Composition Differences Between Excess Weight Loss ≥ 50% and < 50% at 12 Months Following Bariatric Surgery. Obes Surg 2022; 32:2556-2566. [PMID: 35648364 PMCID: PMC9156838 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-022-06128-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Background The relationship between weight loss and body composition is undefined after bariatric surgery. The objective of this study was to compare body composition changes in patients with excess weight loss ≥ 50% (EWL ≥ 50) and < 50% at 12 months post-operatively (EWL < 50). Methods A prospective cohort study was completed on patients undergoing bariatric surgery at two tertiary hospitals between 2017 and 2021. Body composition was measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry immediately before surgery, and at 1, 6, and 12 months post-operatively. Body mass index (BMI), fat mass (FM), lean body mass (LBM), and skeletal muscle index (SMI) trajectories were analysed between patients with EWL ≥ 50% and EWL < 50%. Results Thirty-seven patients were included in this series (EWL ≥ 50% n = 25, EWL < 50% n = 12), comprising of both primary and revisional bariatric surgery cases, undergoing a sleeve gastrectomy (62.2%), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (32.4%), or one anastomosis gastric bypass (5.4%). The EWL ≥ 50% group demonstrated a more optimal mean FM-to-LBM loss ratio than the EWL < 50% group. EWL ≥ 50% patients lost 2.0 kg more FM than EWL < 50% patients for each 1 kg of LBM lost. EWL ≥ 50% was also associated with an increase in mean SMI% over 12 months (5.5 vs. 2.4%; p < 0.0009). Across the whole cohort, the first month after surgery accounted for 67.4% of the total LBM reduction that occurred during the 12-month post-operative period. Conclusion This data suggests EWL ≥ 50% is associated with a more optimal body composition outcome than EWL < 50%. LBM reduction occurs predominantly in the early post-operative period. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11695-022-06128-3.
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Domić J, Grootswagers P, van Loon LJC, de Groot LCPGM. Perspective: Vegan Diets for Older Adults? A Perspective On the Potential Impact On Muscle Mass and Strength. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:712-725. [PMID: 35108354 PMCID: PMC9156387 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumers are increasingly encouraged to consume more plant-based foods and lower their consumption of foods from animal origin. Concurrently, older adults are recommended to consume an adequate amount of high-quality dietary protein for the prevention of age-related muscle loss. In the current Perspective article, we discuss why it may not be preferred to consume a vegan diet at an older age. Our perspective is based on the proposed lower bioavailability and functionality of proteins in a vegan diet due to the matrix of the whole-food protein sources, the lower essential amino acid (EAA) content, and specific EAA deficiencies in proteins derived from plant-based foods. We propose that a vegan diet increases the risk of an inadequate protein intake at an older age and that current strategies to improve the anabolic properties of plant-based foods are not feasible for many older adults. We provide recommendations for further research to substantiate the remaining knowledge gaps regarding the consequences of a vegan diet on skeletal muscle mass and strength at an older age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pol Grootswagers
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands,Institute of Sports and Exercise Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Rahmati M, Gondin J, Malakoutinia F. Effects of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation on Quadriceps Muscle Strength and Mass in Healthy Young and Older Adults: A Scoping Review. Phys Ther 2021; 101:6294526. [PMID: 34106246 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzab144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has been used as a safe and relevant complement to voluntary resistance training, its effectiveness in increasing quadriceps femoris muscle strength and mass in healthy young and older adults has not been determined. The aim of this scoping review was to assess the effects of NMES on quadriceps muscle strength and mass in healthy young and older adults. METHODS CENTRAL, Pedro, MEDLINE, and PubMed were searched from inception to September 2019. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared NMES with control group or voluntary resistance training for healthy young and older adults were included. Study characteristics, primary and secondary outcome parameters, and details of the NMES intervention were extracted by 2 reviewers. Only studies for which full text was available in English were included. RESULTS Thirty-two RCTs including 796 healthy participants were identified as being eligible for young adults, and 5 RCTs including 123 healthy participants were identified as being eligible for older adults. The available evidence strongly suggests that NMES improves quadriceps muscle strength compared with a control group in young adults, but its efficacy seems lower than that of voluntary resistance training. The available limited evidence regarding the effects of NMES on quadriceps muscle mass compared with control in young adults is inconclusive, with 3 RCTs showing positive effects and 3 RCTs not showing positive effects. The very limited available evidence from 5 RCTs in older adults suggests that NMES might be beneficial for increasing quadriceps muscle strength and mass. CONCLUSION Overall, the evidence indicates that NMES is an efficacious method for increasing quadriceps muscle strength in young adults, whereas its impact on muscle mass requires further investigations. In addition, the effectiveness of NMES needs to be confirmed in older adults on the basis of more high-quality RCTs with larger sample sizes. IMPACT This scoping review of 37 RCTs including 919 people is the first study, to the authors' knowledge, to show that the use of NMES increases quadriceps muscle strength in young adults and might improve quadriceps muscle strength compared with control interventions in older adults. In both young and older adults, the effects of NMES on quadriceps muscle mass are still unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Rahmati
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran
| | - Julien Gondin
- Institut NeuroMyoGène (INMG), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Fatemeh Malakoutinia
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran
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Pascual-Fernández J, Fernández-Montero A, Córdova-Martínez A, Pastor D, Martínez-Rodríguez A, Roche E. Sarcopenia: Molecular Pathways and Potential Targets for Intervention. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228844. [PMID: 33266508 PMCID: PMC7700275 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with sarcopenia. The loss of strength results in decreased muscle mass and motor function. This process accelerates the progressive muscle deterioration observed in older adults, favoring the presence of debilitating pathologies. In addition, sarcopenia leads to a decrease in quality of life, significantly affecting self-sufficiency. Altogether, these results in an increase in economic resources from the National Health Systems devoted to mitigating this problem in the elderly, particularly in developed countries. Different etiological determinants are involved in the progression of the disease, including: neurological factors, endocrine alterations, as well as nutritional and lifestyle changes related to the adoption of more sedentary habits. Molecular and cellular mechanisms have not been clearly characterized, resulting in the absence of an effective treatment for sarcopenia. Nevertheless, physical activity seems to be the sole strategy to delay sarcopenia and its symptoms. The present review intends to bring together the data explaining how physical activity modulates at a molecular and cellular level all factors that predispose or favor the progression of this deteriorating pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alfredo Córdova-Martínez
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, GIR Physical Exercise and Aging, University of Valladolid, Campus Duques de Soria, 42004 Soria, Spain;
| | - Diego Pastor
- Department of Sport Sciences, University Miguel Hernández (Elche), 03202 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, 3690 Alicante, Spain;
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Enrique Roche
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
- Department of Applied Biology-Nutrition, Institute of Bioengineering, University Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-965222029
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13
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Vieira TS, Pinto AP, Batitucci G, da Rocha AL, Filho HT, Gonçalves DA, da Silva ASR, de Freitas EC. Protein blend and casein supplementations before inactive phase similarly activate mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling in rat skeletal muscle. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2020; 63:171-178. [PMID: 32859884 DOI: 10.4103/cjp.cjp_31_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
During overnight sleep, the longest postabsorptive and inactive phase of the day causes protein catabolism and loss. However, the daytime ingestion of dairy proteins has been shown to stimulate muscle protein synthesis and growth. This study compared the effects of pre-sleep supplementation of a protein blend (PB) composed of micellar casein (MCa) and whey protein (1:1) versus isolate MCa on the plasma levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and the activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, a critical intracellular pathway involved in the regulation of muscle protein synthesis. After 10 h of fasting during the active phase, rats were fed with a single dose of PB or MCa (5.6 g protein/kg of body mass) by gavage, and samples of blood and gastrocnemius muscle were collected at 30, 90, and 450 min. PB and MCa supplementations induced an increase (~3-fold, P < 0.001) of plasma BCAAs at 30 and 90 min. Most importantly, the stimulatory phosphorylation levels of mTOR and its downstream target p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) were similarly higher (~2.5-fold, P < 0.001) 30 and 90 min after MCa and PB. Plasma levels of leucine, isoleucine, valine, and overall BCAAs were correlated with the activation of mTOR (P < 0.001) and p70S6K (P < 0.001). MCa and PB supplementations before the inactive phase of rats resulted in an anabolic milieu in the skeletal muscle by inducing a transient increase in plasma BCAAs and a similar activation of the mTOR/p70S6K axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tales Sambrano Vieira
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, State University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana P Pinto
- Department of Health Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Batitucci
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, State University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alisson L da Rocha
- Department of Health Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hugo T Filho
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dawit A Gonçalves
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo; Department of Physical Education, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adelino Sanchez R da Silva
- Department of Health Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School; School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ellen Cristini de Freitas
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, State University of São Paulo, Araraquara; School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Tanaka M, Sugimoto K, Fujimoto T, Xie K, Takahashi T, Akasaka H, Yasunobe Y, Takeya Y, Yamamoto K, Hirabayashi T, Fujino H, Rakugi H. Differential effects of pre-exercise on cancer cachexia-induced muscle atrophy in fast- and slow-twitch muscles. FASEB J 2020; 34:14389-14406. [PMID: 32892438 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001330r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that pre-exercise may effectively prevent cancer cachexia-induced muscle atrophy in both fast- and slow-twitch muscle types. Additionally, the fast-twitch muscle may be more affected by cancer cachexia than slow-twitch muscle. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of pre-exercise on cancer cachexia-induced atrophy and on atrophy in fast- and slow-twitch muscles. Twelve male Wistar rats were randomly divided into sedentary and exercise groups, and another 24 rats were randomly divided into control, pre-exercise, cancer cachexia induced by intraperitoneal injections of ascites hepatoma AH130 cells, and pre-exercise plus cancer cachexia groups. We analyzed changes in muscle mass and in gene and protein expression levels of major regulators and indicators of muscle protein degradation and synthesis pathways, angiogenic factors, and mitochondrial function in both the plantaris and soleus muscles. Pre-exercise inhibited muscle mass loss, rescued protein synthesis, prevented capillary regression, and suppressed hypoxia in the plantaris and soleus muscles. Pre-exercise inhibited mitochondrial dysfunction differently in fast- and slow-twitch muscles. These results suggested that pre-exercise has the potential to inhibit cancer-cachexia-induced muscle atrophy in both fast- and slow-twitch muscles. Furthermore, the different progressions of cancer-cachexia-induced muscle atrophy in fast- and slow-twitch muscles are related to differences in mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Tanaka
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation Science, Osaka Health Science University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken Sugimoto
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taku Fujimoto
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keyu Xie
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Takahashi
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akasaka
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukiko Yasunobe
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasushi Takeya
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Yamamoto
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takumi Hirabayashi
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hidemi Fujino
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiromi Rakugi
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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15
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Master PBZ, Macedo RCO. Effects of dietary supplementation in sport and exercise: a review of evidence on milk proteins and amino acids. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:1225-1239. [PMID: 32363897 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1756216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dietary supplements, especially protein, are used by athletes to achieve the exercise and training daily demands, and have been receiving research focus on their role regarding recovery and performance. Protein supplements are preferred over traditional protein sources because of their ease of availability and use. In addition to consuming a complete protein supplement, such as whey protein, the ingestion of a supplement containing only amino acids has been of interest for promoting skeletal muscle anabolism and high-quality weight loss. The aim of this study was to review the existing evidence on the effects of protein and amino acid supplementation on exercise. The preponderance of evidence suggests that protein supplementation, especially milk proteins, potentiate muscle protein synthesis, lean mass and exercise recovery. Unlike proteins, amino acids supplementation (branched-chain amino acids, glutamine or leucine) results from research are equivocal and are not warranted.
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16
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Kemmler W, Weineck M, Kohl M, von Stengel S, Giessing J, Fröhlich M, Schoene D. High Intensity Resistance Exercise Training to Improve Body Composition and Strength in Older Men With Osteosarcopenia. Results of the Randomized Controlled Franconian Osteopenia and Sarcopenia Trial (FrOST). Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:4. [PMID: 33344999 PMCID: PMC7739651 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerably decreased muscle mass and function are subsumed under "sarcopenia," a geriatric syndrome. Dedicated exercise programs maintain muscle mass and function; however, due to the limited enthusiasm of older adults to exercise, it is important to generate low-threshold interventions for this vulnerable cohort. Thus, the primary aim of this study was to determine the effect of low volume/high intensity resistance exercise training (HIT-RT) combined with protein supplementation on body composition and strength in older men with sarcopenia and osteopenia (osteosarcopenia). Forty-three community-dwelling (cdw) older men (78 ± 4 years) with osteosarcopenia were randomly allocated to a consistently supervised HIT-RT (n = 21) or an inactive control group (CG, n = 22). HIT-RT scheduled a single set protocol with high intensity and effort applied twice a week for 36 weeks so far. Both groups were supplemented with Vit-D (800 IE/d), calcium (1,000 mg/d) and whey-protein (CG: 1.2 vs. HIT-RT: 1.5-1.7 g/kg/d). Study endpoints were body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry) and maximum isokinetic hip/leg-extensor strength (MIES) by leg-press. After 36 weeks, one participant who developed prostate cancer after inclusion in the study (HIT-RT) and two participants who lost interest (CG, HIT-RT) quit the study. Attendance rate for HIT-RT averaged 93 ± 5%. Total and thigh lean body mass (LBM) significantly (p < 0.001) increased in the HIT-RT and was maintained in the CG (p = 0.46 and 0.37). Differences between the groups for changes of total and thigh LBM were pronounced (p < 0.001; SMD d' = 1.17 and 1.20). Total and abdominal body fat percentage decreased significantly in the HIT-RT (p < 0.001) and increased in the CG (p = 0.039 and p = 0.097). Intergroup differences were significant (p < 0.001; SMD: d' = 1.35 and 1.28). Finally, MIES was maintained in the CG (p = 0.860), and improved significantly (p < 0.001) in the HIT-RT. Differences between the groups were significant (p < 0.001, SMD: d' = 2.41). No adverse effects of the intervention were observed. In summary, the HIT-RT/protein protocol significantly affected body composition and strength in cdw men 72 years+ with osteosarcopenia. In the absence of negative side effects, the intervention was feasible, attractive and time effective. Thus, we conclude that supervised HIT-RT might be an exercise option for older men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Kemmler
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Weineck
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Kohl
- Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Furtwangen University, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Simon von Stengel
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Giessing
- Institute of Sports Science, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Michael Fröhlich
- Department of Sports Science, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Daniel Schoene
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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17
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Tanaka M, Sugimoto K, Fujimoto T, Xie K, Takahashi T, Akasaka H, Kurinami H, Yasunobe Y, Matsumoto T, Fujino H, Rakugi H. Preventive effects of low-intensity exercise on cancer cachexia-induced muscle atrophy. FASEB J 2019; 33:7852-7862. [PMID: 30916585 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802430r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that low-intensity endurance exercise might be more effective in preventing cancer cachexia-induced muscle atrophy through both an increase in protein synthesis and a decrease in protein degradation. The purpose of present study was to evaluate the effects and to clarify the mechanism of low-intensity endurance exercise on cancer cachexia-induced muscle atrophy. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control (Cont), Cont plus exercise (Ex), AH130-induced cancer cachexia (AH130), and AH130 plus Ex. Cancer cachexia was induced by intraperitoneal injections with AH130 Yoshida ascites hepatoma cells; we analyzed the changes in muscle mass and the gene and protein expression levels of major regulators or indicators of skeletal muscle protein degradation and synthesis pathway in the soleus muscles. Low-intensity exercise inhibited the muscle mass loss through a suppression of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, increased hypoxia-inducible factor- 1α and phosphorylated AMPK, and inhibited the deactivation of mammalian target of rapamycin pathway in the soleus muscle, which contributed to the prevention of cancer cachexia-induced muscle atrophy. These results suggest that low-intensity exercise has the potential to become an effective therapeutic intervention for the prevention of cancer cachexia-induced muscle atrophy.-Tanaka, M., Sugimoto, K., Fujimoto, T., Xie, K., Takahashi, T., Akasaka, H., Kurinami, H., Yasunobe, Y., Matsumoto, T., Fujino, H., Rakugi, H. Preventive effects of low-intensity exercise on cancer cachexia-induced muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Tanaka
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation Science, Osaka Health Science University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken Sugimoto
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation Science, Osaka Health Science University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taku Fujimoto
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Keyu Xie
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Takahashi
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akasaka
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Hitomi Kurinami
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yukiko Yasunobe
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Matsumoto
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hidemi Fujino
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiromi Rakugi
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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18
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Abou Sawan S, van Vliet S, Parel JT, Beals JW, Mazzulla M, West DWD, Philp A, Li Z, Paluska SA, Burd NA, Moore DR. Translocation and protein complex co-localization of mTOR is associated with postprandial myofibrillar protein synthesis at rest and after endurance exercise. Physiol Rep 2019; 6. [PMID: 29512299 PMCID: PMC5840389 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Translocation and colocalization of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) with regulatory proteins represents a critical step in translation initiation of protein synthesis in vitro. However, mechanistic insight into the control of postprandial skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates at rest and after an acute bout of endurance exercise in humans is lacking. In crossover trials, eight endurance‐trained men received primed‐continuous infusions of L‐[ring‐2H5]phenylalanine and consumed a mixed‐macronutrient meal (18 g protein, 60 g carbohydrates, 17 g fat) at rest (REST) and after 60 min of treadmill running at 70% VO2peak (EX). Skeletal muscle biopsies were collected to measure changes in phosphorylation and colocalization in the mTORC1‐pathway, in addition to rates of myofibrillar (MyoPS) and mitochondrial (MitoPS) protein synthesis. MyoPS increased (P < 0.05) above fasted in REST (~2.1‐fold) and EX (~twofold) during the 300 min postprandial period, with no corresponding changes in MitoPS (P > 0.05). TSC2/Rheb colocalization decreased below fasted at 60 and 300 min after feeding in REST and EX (P < 0.01). mTOR colocalization with Rheb increased above fasted at 60 and 300 min after feeding in REST and EX (P < 0.01), which was consistent with an increased phosphorylation 4E‐BP1Thr37/46 and rpS6ser240/244 at 60 min. Our data suggest that MyoPS, but not MitoPS, is primarily nutrient responsive in trained young men at rest and after endurance exercise. The postprandial increase in MyoPS is associated with an increase in mTOR/Rheb colocalization and a reciprocal decrease in TSC2/Rheb colocalization and thus likely represent important regulatory events for in vivo skeletal muscle myofibrillar mRNA translation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney Abou Sawan
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Stephan van Vliet
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Justin T Parel
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Joseph W Beals
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Michael Mazzulla
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Daniel W D West
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Andrew Philp
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zhong Li
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Scott A Paluska
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
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19
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Gorgey AS, Witt O, O’Brien L, Cardozo C, Chen Q, Lesnefsky EJ, Graham ZA. Mitochondrial health and muscle plasticity after spinal cord injury. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 119:315-331. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-4039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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20
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CONCEIÇÃO MIGUELS, VECHIN FELIPEC, LIXANDRÃO MANOEL, DAMAS FELIPE, LIBARDI CLEITONA, TRICOLI VALMOR, ROSCHEL HAMILTON, CAMERA DONNY, UGRINOWITSCH CARLOS. Muscle Fiber Hypertrophy and Myonuclei Addition: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:1385-1393. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Joy JM, Vogel RM, Shane Broughton K, Kudla U, Kerr NY, Davison JM, Wildman REC, DiMarco NM. Daytime and nighttime casein supplements similarly increase muscle size and strength in response to resistance training earlier in the day: a preliminary investigation. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2018; 15:24. [PMID: 29764464 PMCID: PMC5952515 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-018-0228-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Casein protein consumed before sleep has been suggested to offer an overnight supply of exogenous amino acids for anabolic processes. The purpose of this study was to compare supplemental casein consumed earlier in the day (DayTime, DT) versus shortly before bed (NightTime, NT) on body composition, strength, and muscle hypertrophy in response to supervised resistance training. METHODS Thirteen males participated in a 10-week exercise and dietary intervention while receiving 35 g casein daily. Isocaloric diets provided 1.8 g protein/kg body weight. RESULTS Both groups increased (p < 0.05) in lean soft tissue (DT Pre: 58.3 ± 10.3 kg; DT Post: 61.1 ± 11.1 kg; NT Pre: 58.3 ± 8.6 kg; NT Post: 60.3 ± 8.2 kg), cross-sectional area (CSA, DT Pre: 3.4 ± 1.5 cm2; DT Post: 4.1 ± 1.7 cm2; NT Pre: 3.3 ± 1.6 cm2; NT Post: 3.7 ± 1.6 cm2) and strength in the leg press (DT Pre: 341 ± 87.3 kg; DT Post: 421.1 ± 94.0 kg; NT Pre: 450.0 ± 180.3 kg; NT Post: 533.9 ± 155.4 kg) and bench press (DT Pre: 89.0 ± 27.0 kg; DT Post: 101.0 ± 24.0 kg; NT Pre 100.8 ± 32.4 kg; NT Post: 109.1 ± 30.4 kg) with no difference between groups in any variable (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Both NT and DT protein consumption as part of a 24-h nutrition approach are effective for increasing strength and hypertrophy. The results support the strategy of achieving specific daily protein levels versus specific timing of protein ingestion for increasing muscle mass and performance. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03352583 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Joy
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Department, Texas Woman's University, 304 Administration Drive, Denton, TX, 76204, USA. .,Institute for Women's Health, Texas Woman's University, 013 Human Development Building, P.O. Box 425876, Denton, TX, 76204-5888, USA.
| | - Roxanne M Vogel
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Department, Texas Woman's University, 304 Administration Drive, Denton, TX, 76204, USA.,Institute for Women's Health, Texas Woman's University, 013 Human Development Building, P.O. Box 425876, Denton, TX, 76204-5888, USA.,GU Energy Labs, Berkeley, CA, 94710, USA
| | - K Shane Broughton
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Department, Texas Woman's University, 304 Administration Drive, Denton, TX, 76204, USA
| | - Urszula Kudla
- Friesland Campina, 6700 AE Wageningen, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Nathaniel Y Kerr
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Department, Texas Woman's University, 304 Administration Drive, Denton, TX, 76204, USA
| | - Jason M Davison
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Department, Texas Woman's University, 304 Administration Drive, Denton, TX, 76204, USA
| | - Robert E C Wildman
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Department, Texas Woman's University, 304 Administration Drive, Denton, TX, 76204, USA.,Dymatize Athletic Nutrition Institute, Dallas, TX, 75207, USA
| | - Nancy M DiMarco
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Department, Texas Woman's University, 304 Administration Drive, Denton, TX, 76204, USA.,Institute for Women's Health, Texas Woman's University, 013 Human Development Building, P.O. Box 425876, Denton, TX, 76204-5888, USA
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22
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Conceição MS, Chacon-Mikahil MPT, Telles GD, Libardi CA, Júnior EMM, Vechin FC, DE Andrade ALL, Gáspari AF, Brum PC, Cavaglieri CR, Serag S, Spiegelman BM, Hawley JA, Camera DM. Attenuated PGC-1α Isoforms following Endurance Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:1699-707. [PMID: 27128665 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exercise performed with blood flow restriction simultaneously enhances the acute responses to both myogenic and mitochondrial pathways with roles in training adaptation. We investigated isoform-specific gene expression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 and selected target genes and proteins regulating skeletal muscle training adaptation. METHODS Nine healthy, untrained males participated in a randomized, counterbalanced, crossover design in which each subject completed a bout of low-intensity endurance exercise performed with blood flow restriction (15 min cycling at 40% of V˙O2peak, BFR-EE), endurance exercise (30 min cycling at 70% of V˙O2peak, EE), or resistance exercise (4 × 10 repetitions of leg press at 70% of one-repetition maximum) separated by at least 1 wk of recovery. A single resting muscle biopsy (vastus lateralis) was obtained 2 wk before the first exercise trial (rest) and 3 h after each bout. RESULTS Total PGC-1α mRNA abundance, along with all four isoforms, increased above rest with EE only (P < 0.05) being higher than BFR-EE (P < 0.05). PGC-1α1, 2, and 4 were higher after EE compared with resistance exercise (P < 0.05). EE also increased vascular endothelial growth factor, Hif-1α, and MuRF-1 mRNA abundance above rest (P < 0.05), whereas COXIV mRNA expression increased with EE compared with BFR-EE (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The attenuated expression of all four PGC-1α isoforms when EE is performed with blood flow restriction suggests this type of exercise provides an insufficient stimulus to activate the signaling pathways governing mitochondrial and angiogenesis responses observed with moderate- to high-intensity EE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Soares Conceição
- 1Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, BRAZIL; 2Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, BRAZIL; 3School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BRAZIL; 4Department of Cell Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; 5Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA; and 6Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, England, UNITED KINGDOM
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Di Meo S, Iossa S, Venditti P. Improvement of obesity-linked skeletal muscle insulin resistance by strength and endurance training. J Endocrinol 2017; 234:R159-R181. [PMID: 28778962 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-linked insulin resistance is mainly due to fatty acid overload in non-adipose tissues, particularly skeletal muscle and liver, where it results in high production of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunction. Accumulating evidence indicates that resistance and endurance training alone and in combination can counteract the harmful effects of obesity increasing insulin sensitivity, thus preventing diabetes. This review focuses the mechanisms underlying the exercise role in opposing skeletal muscle insulin resistance-linked metabolic dysfunction. It is apparent that exercise acts through two mechanisms: (1) it stimulates glucose transport by activating an insulin-independent pathway and (2) it protects against mitochondrial dysfunction-induced insulin resistance by increasing muscle antioxidant defenses and mitochondrial biogenesis. However, antioxidant supplementation combined with endurance training increases glucose transport in insulin-resistant skeletal muscle in an additive fashion only when antioxidants that are able to increase the expression of antioxidant enzymes and/or the activity of components of the insulin signaling pathway are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Di Meo
- Dipartimento di BiologiaUniversità di Napoli 'Federico II', Napoli, Italy
| | - Susanna Iossa
- Dipartimento di BiologiaUniversità di Napoli 'Federico II', Napoli, Italy
| | - Paola Venditti
- Dipartimento di BiologiaUniversità di Napoli 'Federico II', Napoli, Italy
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Nikolić N, Görgens SW, Thoresen GH, Aas V, Eckel J, Eckardt K. Electrical pulse stimulation of cultured skeletal muscle cells as a model for in vitro exercise - possibilities and limitations. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 220:310-331. [PMID: 27863008 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial health-related effects of exercise are well recognized, and numerous studies have investigated underlying mechanism using various in vivo and in vitro models. Although electrical pulse stimulation (EPS) for the induction of muscle contraction has been used for quite some time, its application on cultured skeletal muscle cells of animal or human origin as a model of in vitro exercise is a more recent development. In this review, we compare in vivo exercise and in vitro EPS with regard to effects on signalling, expression level and metabolism. We provide a comprehensive overview of different EPS protocols and their applications, discuss technical aspects of this model including critical controls and the importance of a proper maintenance procedure and finally discuss the limitations of the EPS model.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Nikolić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences; School of Pharmacy; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - S. W. Görgens
- Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology; German Diabetes Center; Düsseldorf Germany
| | - G. H. Thoresen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences; School of Pharmacy; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
- Department of Pharmacology; Institute of Clinical Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - V. Aas
- Department of Life Sciences and Health; Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences; Oslo Norway
| | - J. Eckel
- Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology; German Diabetes Center; Düsseldorf Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.); Düsseldorf Germany
| | - K. Eckardt
- Department of Nutrition; Institute for Basic Medical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
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25
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de Freitas MC, Gerosa-Neto J, Zanchi NE, Lira FS, Rossi FE. Role of metabolic stress for enhancing muscle adaptations: Practical applications. World J Methodol 2017; 7:46-54. [PMID: 28706859 PMCID: PMC5489423 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v7.i2.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic stress is a physiological process that occurs during exercise in response to low energy that leads to metabolite accumulation [lactate, phosphate inorganic (Pi) and ions of hydrogen (H+)] in muscle cells. Traditional exercise protocol (i.e., Resistance training) has an important impact on the increase of metabolite accumulation, which influences hormonal release, hypoxia, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell swelling. Changes in acute exercise routines, such as intensity, volume and rest between sets, are determinants for the magnitude of metabolic stress, furthermore, different types of training, such as low-intensity resistance training plus blood flow restriction and high intensity interval training, could be used to maximize metabolic stress during exercise. Thus, the objective of this review is to describe practical applications that induce metabolic stress and the potential effects of metabolic stress to increase systemic hormonal release, hypoxia, ROS production, cell swelling and muscle adaptations.
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26
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Waldron M, Whelan K, Jeffries O, Burt D, Howe L, Patterson SD. The effects of acute branched-chain amino acid supplementation on recovery from a single bout of hypertrophy exercise in resistance-trained athletes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:630-636. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of acute branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation on recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage among experienced resistance-trained athletes. In a double-blind matched-pairs design, 16 resistance-trained participants, routinely performing hypertrophy training, were randomly assigned to a BCAA (n = 8) or placebo (n = 8) group. The BCAAs were administered at a dosage of 0.087 g/kg body mass, with a 2:1:1 ratio of leucine, isoleucine, and valine. The participants performed 6 sets of 10 full-squats at 70% 1-repetition maximum to induce muscle damage. All participants were diet-controlled across the study. Creatine kinase, peak isometric knee-extensor force, perceived muscle soreness, and countermovement jump (CMJ) height were measured immediately before (baseline) and at 1 h, 24 h, and 48 h postexercise. There were large to very large time effects for all measurements between baseline and 24–48 h. Between-group comparisons, expressed as a percentage of baseline, revealed differences in isometric strength at 24-h (placebo ∼87% vs. BCAA ∼92%; moderate, likely), CMJ at 24 h (placebo ∼93% vs. BCAA ∼96%; small, likely), and muscle soreness at both 24 h (placebo ∼685% vs. BCAA ∼531%; small, likely) and 48 h (placebo ∼468% vs. BCAA ∼350%; small, likely). Acute supplementation of BCAAs (0.087 g/kg) increased the rate of recovery in isometric strength, CMJ height, and perceived muscle soreness compared with placebo after a hypertrophy-based training session among diet-controlled, resistance-trained athletes. These findings question the need for longer BCAA loading phases and highlight the importance of dietary control in studies of this type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Waldron
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary’s University, Waldegrave Road, Twickenham, London TW1 4SX, UK
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, NSW 2350, Australia
| | - Kieran Whelan
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary’s University, Waldegrave Road, Twickenham, London TW1 4SX, UK
| | - Owen Jeffries
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary’s University, Waldegrave Road, Twickenham, London TW1 4SX, UK
| | - Dean Burt
- Sport and Exercise Science, Brindley Building, Staffordshire University, Leek Road, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - Louis Howe
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary’s University, Waldegrave Road, Twickenham, London TW1 4SX, UK
| | - Stephen David Patterson
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary’s University, Waldegrave Road, Twickenham, London TW1 4SX, UK
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27
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Poortmans JR, Carpentier A. Protein metabolism and physical training: any need for amino acid supplementation? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s41110-016-0022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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28
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Lancha AH, Zanella R, Tanabe SGO, Andriamihaja M, Blachier F. Dietary protein supplementation in the elderly for limiting muscle mass loss. Amino Acids 2016; 49:33-47. [PMID: 27807658 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2355-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Supplementation with whey and other dietary protein, mainly associated with exercise training, has been proposed to be beneficial for the elderly to gain and maintain lean body mass and improve health parameters. The main objective of this review is to examine the evidence provided by the scientific literature indicating benefit from such supplementation and to define the likely best strategy of protein uptake for optimal objectified results in the elderly. Overall, it appears that an intake of approximately 0.4 g protein/kg BW per meal thus representing 1.2-1.6 g protein/kg BW/day may be recommended taking into account potential anabolic resistance. The losses of the skeletal muscle mass contribute to lower the capacity to perform activities in daily living, emphasizing that an optimal protein consumption may represent an important parameter to preserve independence and contribute to health status. However, it is worth noting that the maximal intake of protein with no adverse effect is not known, and that high levels of protein intake is associated with increased transfer of protein to the colon with potential deleterious effects. Thus, it is important to examine in each individual case the benefit that can be expected from supplementation with whey protein, taking into account the usual protein dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Herbert Lancha
- Laboratório de Nutrição e Metabolismo, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte da Universidade de São Paulo, EEFE-USP, R. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-030, Brazil.
| | - Rudyard Zanella
- Laboratório de Nutrição e Metabolismo, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte da Universidade de São Paulo, EEFE-USP, R. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Stefan Gleissner Ohara Tanabe
- Laboratório de Nutrição e Metabolismo, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte da Universidade de São Paulo, EEFE-USP, R. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Mireille Andriamihaja
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Francois Blachier
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005, Paris, France.
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Abstract
The skeletal muscle phenotype is subject to considerable malleability depending on use as well as internal and external cues. In humans, low-load endurance-type exercise leads to qualitative changes of muscle tissue characterized by an increase in structures supporting oxygen delivery and consumption, such as capillaries and mitochondria. High-load strength-type exercise leads to growth of muscle fibers dominated by an increase in contractile proteins. In endurance exercise, stress-induced signaling leads to transcriptional upregulation of genes, with Ca(2+) signaling and the energy status of the muscle cells sensed through AMPK being major input determinants. Several interrelated signaling pathways converge on the transcriptional co-activator PGC-1α, perceived to be the coordinator of much of the transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes. Strength training is dominated by a translational upregulation controlled by mTORC1. mTORC1 is mainly regulated by an insulin- and/or growth-factor-dependent signaling cascade as well as mechanical and nutritional cues. Muscle growth is further supported by DNA recruitment through activation and incorporation of satellite cells. In addition, there are several negative regulators of muscle mass. We currently have a good descriptive understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling the muscle phenotype. The topology of signaling networks seems highly conserved among species, with the signaling outcome being dependent on the particular way individual species make use of the options offered by the multi-nodal networks. As a consequence, muscle structural and functional modifications can be achieved by an almost unlimited combination of inputs and downstream signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Hoppeler
- Emeritus Department of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, Bern 9 CH-3000, Switzerland
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Camera DM, Smiles WJ, Hawley JA. Exercise-induced skeletal muscle signaling pathways and human athletic performance. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 98:131-143. [PMID: 26876650 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a highly malleable tissue capable of altering its phenotype in response to external stimuli including exercise. This response is determined by the mode, (endurance- versus resistance-based), volume, intensity and frequency of exercise performed with the magnitude of this response-adaptation the basis for enhanced physical work capacity. However, training-induced adaptations in skeletal muscle are variable and unpredictable between individuals. With the recent application of molecular techniques to exercise biology, there has been a greater understanding of the multiplicity and complexity of cellular networks involved in exercise responses. This review summarizes the molecular and cellular events mediating adaptation processes in skeletal muscle in response to exercise. We discuss established and novel cell signaling proteins mediating key physiological responses associated with enhanced exercise performance and the capacity for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species to modulate training adaptation responses. We also examine the molecular bases underpinning heterogeneous responses to resistance and endurance exercise and the dissociation between molecular 'markers' of training adaptation and subsequent exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donny M Camera
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Vic. 3065, Australia
| | - William J Smiles
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Vic. 3065, Australia
| | - John A Hawley
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Vic. 3065, Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom.
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31
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Qaisar R, Bhaskaran S, Van Remmen H. Muscle fiber type diversification during exercise and regeneration. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 98:56-67. [PMID: 27032709 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The plasticity of skeletal muscle can be traced down to extensive metabolic, structural and molecular remodeling at the single fiber level. Skeletal muscle is comprised of different fiber types that are the basis of muscle plasticity in response to various functional demands. Resistance and endurance exercises are two external stimuli that differ in their duration and intensity of contraction and elicit markedly different responses in muscles adaptation. Further, eccentric contractions that are associated with exercise-induced injuries, elicit varied muscle adaptation and regenerative responses. Most adaptive changes are fiber type-specific and are highly influenced by diverse structural, metabolic and functional characteristics of individual fiber types. Regulation of signaling pathways by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress also plays an important role in muscle fiber adaptation during exercise. This review focuses on cellular and molecular responses that regulate the adaptation of skeletal muscle to exercise and exercise-related injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Qaisar
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Shylesh Bhaskaran
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Holly Van Remmen
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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Nakada S, Ogasawara R, Kawada S, Maekawa T, Ishii N. Correlation between Ribosome Biogenesis and the Magnitude of Hypertrophy in Overloaded Skeletal Muscle. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147284. [PMID: 26824605 PMCID: PMC4732984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
External loads applied to skeletal muscle cause increases in the protein translation rate, which leads to muscle hypertrophy. Although some studies have demonstrated that increases in the capacity and efficiency of translation are involved in this process, it remains unclear how these two factors are related to the magnitude of muscle hypertrophy. The present study aimed to clarify the roles played by the capacity and efficiency of translation in muscle hypertrophy. We used an improved synergist ablation in which the magnitude of compensatory hypertrophy could be controlled by partial removal of synergist muscles. Male rats were assigned to four groups in which the plantaris muscle was unilaterally subjected to weak (WK), moderate (MO), middle (MI), and strong (ST) overloading by four types of synergist ablation. Fourteen days after surgery, the weight of the plantaris muscle per body weight increased by 8%, 22%, 32% and 45%, in the WK, MO, MI and ST groups, respectively. Five days after surgery, 18+28S rRNA content (an indicator of translational capacity) increased with increasing overload, with increases of 1.8-fold (MO), 2.2-fold (MI), and 2.5-fold (ST), respectively, relative to non-overloaded muscle (NL) in the WK group. rRNA content showed a strong correlation with relative muscle weight measured 14 days after surgery (r = 0.98). The phosphorylated form of p70S6K (a positive regulator of translational efficiency) showed a marked increase in the MO group, but no further increase was observed with further increase in overload (increases of 22.6-fold (MO), 17.4-fold (MI), and 18.2-fold (ST), respectively, relative to NL in the WK group). These results indicate that increases in ribosome biogenesis at the early phase of overloading are strongly dependent on the amount of overloading, and may play an important role in increasing the translational capacity for further gain of muscular size.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Hypertrophy/genetics
- Hypertrophy/metabolism
- Hypertrophy/physiopathology
- Hypertrophy/surgery
- Male
- Muscle Proteins/biosynthesis
- Muscle Proteins/genetics
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/surgery
- Organelle Biogenesis
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Biosynthesis
- RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/biosynthesis
- RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 28S/biosynthesis
- RNA, Ribosomal, 28S/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa/biosynthesis
- Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa/genetics
- Ribosomes/genetics
- Ribosomes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nakada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Riki Ogasawara
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Kawada
- Department of Sport and Medical Science, Teikyo University Faculty of Medical Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Maekawa
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naokata Ishii
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Yan B, Lai X, Yi L, Wang Y, Hu Y. Effects of Five-Week Resistance Training in Hypoxia on Hormones and Muscle Strength. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:184-93. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wall BT, Gorissen SH, Pennings B, Koopman R, Groen BBL, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. Aging Is Accompanied by a Blunted Muscle Protein Synthetic Response to Protein Ingestion. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140903. [PMID: 26536130 PMCID: PMC4633096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass with aging (sarcopenia) forms a global health concern. It has been suggested that an impaired capacity to increase muscle protein synthesis rates in response to protein intake is a key contributor to sarcopenia. We assessed whether differences in post-absorptive and/or post-prandial muscle protein synthesis rates exist between large cohorts of healthy young and older men. PROCEDURES We performed a cross-sectional, retrospective study comparing in vivo post-absorptive muscle protein synthesis rates determined with stable isotope methodologies between 34 healthy young (22±1 y) and 72 older (75±1 y) men, and post-prandial muscle protein synthesis rates between 35 healthy young (22±1 y) and 40 older (74±1 y) men. FINDINGS Post-absorptive muscle protein synthesis rates did not differ significantly between the young and older group. Post-prandial muscle protein synthesis rates were 16% lower in the older subjects when compared with the young. Muscle protein synthesis rates were >3 fold more responsive to dietary protein ingestion in the young. Irrespective of age, there was a strong negative correlation between post-absorptive muscle protein synthesis rates and the increase in muscle protein synthesis rate following protein ingestion. CONCLUSIONS Aging is associated with the development of muscle anabolic inflexibility which represents a key physiological mechanism underpinning sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Toby Wall
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan H. Gorissen
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Pennings
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - René Koopman
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Bart B. L. Groen
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Lex B. Verdijk
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J. C. van Loon
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Campbell WW, Kim JE, Amankwaah AF, Gordon SL, Weinheimer-Haus EM. Higher Total Protein Intake and Change in Total Protein Intake Affect Body Composition but Not Metabolic Syndrome Indexes in Middle-Aged Overweight and Obese Adults Who Perform Resistance and Aerobic Exercise for 36 Weeks. J Nutr 2015; 145:2076-83. [PMID: 26246322 PMCID: PMC4548166 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.213595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies assessing the effects of protein supplementation on changes in body composition (BC) and health rarely consider the impact of total protein intake (TPro) or the change in TPro (CTPro) from participants' usual diets. OBJECTIVE This secondary data analysis assessed the impact of TPro and CTPro on changes in BC and metabolic syndrome (MetS) indexes in overweight and obese middle-aged adults who participated in an exercise training program. METHODS Men and women [n = 117; age: 50 ± 0.7 y, body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)): 30.1 ± 0.3; means ± SEs] performed resistance exercise 2 d/wk and aerobic exercise 1 d/wk and consumed an unrestricted diet along with 200-kcal supplements (0, 10, 20, or 30 g whey protein) twice daily for 36 wk. Protein intake was assessed via 4-d food records. Multiple linear regression model and stratified analysis were applied for data analyses. RESULTS Among all subjects, TPro and CTPro were inversely associated (P < 0.05) with changes in body mass, fat mass (FM), and BMI. Changes in BC were different (P < 0.05) among groups that consumed <1.0 (n = 43) vs. ≥1.0 to <1.2 (n = 29) vs. ≥1.2 g · kg(-1) · d(-1) (n = 45). The TPro group with ≥1.0 to <1.2 g ·: kg(-1) ·: d(-1) reduced FM and %FM and increased percentage of LM (%LM) compared with the lowest TPro group, whereas the TPro group with ≥1.2 g ·: kg(-1) ·: d(-1) presented intermediate responses on changes in FM, %FM, and %LM. The gain in LM was not different among groups. In addition, MetS indexes were not influenced by TPro and CTPro. CONCLUSIONS In conjunction with exercise training, higher TPro promoted positive changes in BC but not in MetS indexes in overweight and obese middle-aged adults. Changes in TPro from before to during the intervention also influenced BC responses and should be considered in future research when different TPro is achieved via diet or supplements. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00812409.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne W Campbell
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
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Devries MC, Breen L, Von Allmen M, MacDonald MJ, Moore DR, Offord EA, Horcajada MN, Breuillé D, Phillips SM. Low-load resistance training during step-reduction attenuates declines in muscle mass and strength and enhances anabolic sensitivity in older men. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/8/e12493. [PMID: 26265753 PMCID: PMC4562579 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Step-reduction (SR) in older adults results in muscle atrophy and an attenuated rise in postprandial muscle protein synthesis (MPS): anabolic resistance. Knowing that resistance exercise (RT) can enhance MPS, we examined whether RT could enhance MPS following 2 weeks of SR. In addition, as we postulated that SR may impair feeding-induced vasodilation limiting nutrient delivery to muscle, we also examined whether citrulline (CIT), as an arginine and nitric oxide precursor, could attenuate muscle anabolic resistance accompanying SR. We used a unilateral leg model to compare older subjects’ who had undergone SR to a loaded condition of SR plus RT (SR + RT). Thirty older men (70 ± 1 years) underwent 14 days of SR (<1500 steps/day) with supplementation of either 5 g/day CIT or glycine placebo. Throughout SR, subjects performed unilateral low-load RT thrice weekly. We assessed muscle protein synthesis in the postabsorptive and postprandial state (20 g whey isolate plus 15 g glycine or as micellar-whey with 5 g CIT or 15 g glycine, n = 10/group). As MPS was similar after ingestion of either whey isolate, micellar-whey, or micellar-whey + CIT data related to different dietary groups were collapsed to compare SR and SR + RT legs. Subjects’ daily steps were reduced by 80 ± 2% during SR (P < 0.001) compared with baseline. Leg fat-free mass decreased with SR (−124 ± 61 g) and increased in the SR + RT (+126 ± 68 g; P = 0.003). Myofibrillar FSR was lower (P < 0.0001) in the SR as compared with the SR + RT leg in the postabsorptive (0.026 ± 0.001%/h vs. 0.045 ± 0.001%/h) and postprandial states (0.055 ± 0.002%/h vs. 0.115 ± 0.003%/h). We conclude that low-load RT, but not supplementation with CIT, can attenuate the deleterious effects of SR in aging muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leigh Breen
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark Von Allmen
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Denis Breuillé
- Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd, Lausanne, Switzerland
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McGlory C, Phillips SM. Exercise and the Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 135:153-73. [PMID: 26477914 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a critical organ serving as the primary site for postprandial glucose disposal and the generation of contractile force. The size of human skeletal muscle mass is dependent upon the temporal relationship between changes in muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown. The aim of this chapter is to review our current understanding of how resistance exercise influences protein turnover with a specific emphasis on the molecular factors regulating MPS. We also will discuss recent data relating to the prescription of resistance exercise to maximize skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Finally, we evaluate the impact of age and periods of disuse on the loss of muscle mass and the controversy surround the etiology of muscle disuse atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris McGlory
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
The health-promoting benefits of exercise have been recognized for centuries, yet the molecular and cellular mechanisms for the acute and chronic adaptive response to a variety of physical activities remain incompletely described. This Perspective will take a forward view to highlight emerging questions and frontiers in the ever-changing landscape of exercise biology. The biology of exercise is complex, highly variable, and involves a myriad of adaptive responses in multiple organ systems. Given the multitude of changes that occur in each organ during exercise, future researchers will need to integrate tissue-specific responses with large-scale omics to resolve the integrated biology of exercise. The ultimate goal will be to understand how these system-wide, tissue-specific exercise-induced changes lead to measurable physiological outcomes at the whole-body level to improve health and well-being.
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Kirby TJ, Lee JD, England JH, Chaillou T, Esser KA, McCarthy JJ. Blunted hypertrophic response in aged skeletal muscle is associated with decreased ribosome biogenesis. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 119:321-7. [PMID: 26048973 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00296.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of skeletal muscle to hypertrophy in response to a growth stimulus is known to be compromised in older individuals. We hypothesized that a change in the expression of protein-encoding genes in response to a hypertrophic stimulus contributes to the blunted hypertrophy observed with aging. To test this hypothesis, we determined gene expression by microarray analysis of plantaris muscle from 5- and 25-mo-old mice subjected to 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 days of synergist ablation to induce hypertrophy. Overall, 1,607 genes were identified as being differentially expressed across the time course between young and old groups; however, the difference in gene expression was modest, with cluster analysis showing a similar pattern of expression between the two groups. Despite ribosome protein gene expression being higher in the aged group, ribosome biogenesis was significantly blunted in the skeletal muscle of aged mice compared with mice young in response to the hypertrophic stimulus (50% vs. 2.5-fold, respectively). The failure to upregulate pre-47S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) expression in muscle undergoing hypertrophy of old mice indicated that rDNA transcription by RNA polymerase I was impaired. Contrary to our hypothesis, the findings of the study suggest that impaired ribosome biogenesis was a primary factor underlying the blunted hypertrophic response observed in skeletal muscle of old mice rather than dramatic differences in the expression of protein-encoding genes. The diminished increase in total RNA, pre-47S rRNA, and 28S rRNA expression in aged muscle suggest that the primary dysfunction in ribosome biogenesis occurs at the level of rRNA transcription and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Kirby
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Jonah D Lee
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Jonathan H England
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Thomas Chaillou
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - John J McCarthy
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky;
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40
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Sampson JA, Groeller H. Is repetition failure critical for the development of muscle hypertrophy and strength? Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 26:375-83. [PMID: 25809472 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This investigation sought to determine the effect of resistance training to failure on functional, structural and neural elbow flexor muscle adaptation. Twenty-eight males completed a 4-week familiarization period and were then counterbalanced on the basis of responsiveness across; non-failure rapid shortening (RS; rapid concentric, 2 s eccentric), non-failure stretch-shortening (SSC; rapid concentric, rapid eccentric), and failure control (C, 2 s concentric, 2 s eccentric), for a 12-week unilateral elbow flexor resistance training regimen, 3 × week using 85% of one repetition maximum (1RM). 1RM, maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), and muscle activation (EMG(RMS)) of the agonist, antagonist, and stabilizer muscles were assessed before and after the 12-week training period. The average number of repetitions per set was significantly lower in RS 4.2 [confidence interval (CI): 4.2, 4.3] and SSC 4.2 (CI: 4.2, 4.3) compared with C 6.1 (CI: 5.8, 6.4). A significant increase in 1RM (30.5%), MVC (13.3%), CSA (11.4%), and agonist EMG(RMS) (22.1%) was observed; however, no between-group differences were detected. In contrast, antagonist EMG(RMS) increased significantly in SSC (40.5%) and C (23.3%), but decreased in RS (13.5%). Similar adaptations across the three resistance training regimen suggest repetition failure is not critical to elicit significant neural and structural changes to skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Sampson
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - H Groeller
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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41
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Devries MC, Phillips SM. Supplemental Protein in Support of Muscle Mass and Health: Advantage Whey. J Food Sci 2015; 80 Suppl 1:A8-A15. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela C. Devries
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group (EMRG); Dept. of Kinesiology; McMaster Univ; 1280 Main St. W, IWC E210 Hamilton ON L8S 4K1 Canada
| | - Stuart M. Phillips
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group (EMRG); Dept. of Kinesiology; McMaster Univ; 1280 Main St. W, IWC E210 Hamilton ON L8S 4K1 Canada
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Aguiar AF, Buzzachera CF, Pereira RM, Sanches VC, Januário RB, da Silva RA, Rabelo LM, de Oliveira Gil AW. A single set of exhaustive exercise before resistance training improves muscular performance in young men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:1589-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Margolis LM, Rivas DA. Implications of exercise training and distribution of protein intake on molecular processes regulating skeletal muscle plasticity. Calcif Tissue Int 2015; 96:211-21. [PMID: 25348078 PMCID: PMC6691734 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-014-9921-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To optimize its function, skeletal muscle exhibits exceptional plasticity and possesses the fundamental capacity to adapt its metabolic and contractile properties in response to various external stimuli (e.g., external loading, nutrient availability, and humoral factors). The adaptability of skeletal muscle, along with its relatively large mass and high metabolic rate, makes this tissue an important contributor to whole body health and mobility. This adaptational process includes changes in the number, size, and structural/functional properties of the myofibers. The adaptations of skeletal muscle to exercise are highly interrelated with dietary intake, particularly dietary protein, which has been shown to further potentiate exercise training-induced adaptations. Understanding the molecular adaptation of skeletal muscle to exercise and protein consumption is vital to elicit maximum benefit from exercise training to improve human performance and health. In this review, we will provide an overview of the molecular pathways regulating skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise and protein, and discuss the role of subsequent timing of nutrient intake following exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee M Margolis
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center On Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
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Russell AP, Lamon S. Exercise, Skeletal Muscle and Circulating microRNAs. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 135:471-96. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
With regular practice, resistance exercise can lead to gains in skeletal muscle mass by means of hypertrophy. The process of skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy comes about as a result of the confluence of positive muscle protein balance and satellite cell addition to muscle fibers. Positive muscle protein balance is achieved when the rate of new muscle protein synthesis (MPS) exceeds that of muscle protein breakdown (MPB). While resistance exercise and postprandial hyperaminoacidemia both stimulate MPS, it is through the synergistic effects of these two stimuli that a net gain in muscle proteins occurs and muscle fiber hypertrophy takes place. Current evidence favors the post-exercise period as a time when rapid hyperaminoacidemia promotes a marked rise in the rate of MPS. Dietary proteins with a full complement of essential amino acids and high leucine contents that are rapidly digested are more likely to be efficacious in this regard. Various other compounds have been added to complete proteins, including carbohydrate, arginine and glutamine, in an attempt to augment the effectiveness of the protein in stimulating MPS (or suppressing MPB), but none has proved particularly effective. Evidence points to a higher protein intake in combination with resistance exercise as being efficacious in allowing preservation, and on occasion increases, in skeletal muscle mass with dietary energy restriction aimed at the promotion of weight loss. The goal of this review is to examine practices of protein ingestion in combination with resistance exercise that have some evidence for efficacy and to highlight future areas for investigation.
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Knuth ND, Johannsen DL, Tamboli RA, Marks-Shulman PA, Huizenga R, Chen KY, Abumrad NN, Ravussin E, Hall KD. Metabolic adaptation following massive weight loss is related to the degree of energy imbalance and changes in circulating leptin. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:2563-9. [PMID: 25236175 PMCID: PMC4236233 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure changes in resting metabolic rate (RMR) and body composition in obese subjects following massive weight loss achieved via bariatric surgery or calorie restriction plus vigorous exercise. METHODS Body composition and RMR were measured in 13 pairs of obese subjects retrospectively matched for sex, body mass index, weight, and age who underwent either Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB) or participated in "The Biggest Loser" weight loss competition (BLC). RESULTS Both groups had similar final weight loss (RYGB: 40.2 ± 12.7 kg, BLC: 48.8 ± 14.9 kg; P = 0.14); however, RYGB lost a larger proportion of their weight as fat-free mass (FFM) (RYGB: 30 ± 12%, BLC: 16 ± 8% [P < 0.01]). In both groups, RMR decreased significantly more than expected based on measured body composition changes. The magnitude of this metabolic adaptation was correlated with the degree of energy imbalance (r = 0.55, P = 0.004) and the decrease in circulating leptin (r = 0.47, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Calorie restriction along with vigorous exercise in BLC participants resulted in preservation of FFM and greater metabolic adaption compared to RYGB subjects despite comparable weight loss. Metabolic adaptation was related to the degree of energy imbalance and the changes in circulating leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas D. Knuth
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | | | | | | | - Kong Y. Chen
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Naji N. Abumrad
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808
| | - Kevin D. Hall
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Artioli GG, De Oliveira Silvestre JG, Guilherme JPLF, Baptista IL, Ramos GV, Da Silva WJ, Miyabara EH, Moriscot AS. Embryonic stem cells improve skeletal muscle recovery after extreme atrophy in mice. Muscle Nerve 2014; 51:346-52. [PMID: 24934406 DOI: 10.1002/mus.24320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We injected embryonic stem cells into mouse tibialis anterior muscles subjected to botulinum toxin injections as a model for reversible neurogenic atrophy. METHODS Muscles were exposed to botulinum toxin for 4 weeks and allowed to recover for up to 6 weeks. At the onset of recovery, a single muscle injection of embryonic stem cells was administered. The myofiber cross-sectional area, single twitch force, peak tetanic force, time-to-peak force, and half-relaxation time were determined. RESULTS Although the stem cell injection did not affect the myofiber cross-sectional area gain in recovering muscles, most functional parameters improved significantly compared with those of recovering muscles that did not receive the stem cell injection. CONCLUSIONS Muscle function recovery was accelerated by embryonic stem cell delivery in this durable neurogenic atrophy model. We conclude that stem cells should be considered a potential therapeutic tool for recovery after extreme skeletal muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Giannini Artioli
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Striated Muscle, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes 2415, São Paulo CEP 05508-000, Brazil; Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sport, Department of Biodynamics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Ip EJ, Trinh K, Tenerowicz MJ, Pal J, Lindfelt TA, Perry PJ. Characteristics and Behaviors of Older Male Anabolic Steroid Users. J Pharm Pract 2014; 28:450-6. [PMID: 24643452 DOI: 10.1177/0897190014527319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare and contrast the characteristics of 2 groups of men ≥40 years old: reported anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) users and nonusers. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. SETTING Thirty-eight online fitness, weight lifting, bodybuilding, and steroid Web sites. PARTICIPANTS A total of 67 male AAS users and 76 male nonusers ≥40 years old. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURED Demographics, utilization of AAS and other performance-enhancing agents (PEAs), exercise patterns, history of illicit drugs and alcohol use, and psychiatric traits/diagnoses. RESULTS The majority of AAS users ≥40 years old were caucasian (92.5%), heterosexual (97.0%), and classified themselves as recreational exercisers (79.1%). AAS users took more PEAs (11.5 ± 5.6 vs 4.6 ± 2.7; P < .001), were more likely to binge drink (47.8% vs 29.0%; P = .025), report heavy alcohol use (21.0% vs 7.9%; P = .031), meet criteria for substance dependence disorder (27.4% vs 4.0%; P < .001), and report an anxiety disorder diagnosis (12.0% vs 2.6%; P = .046) than nonusers. CONCLUSIONS AAS misuse is prevalent among older men and is associated with polypharmacy, more aggressive alcohol use, and a higher incidence of substance dependence and anxiety disorders compared to nonusers. This information may help clinicians and researchers identify and develop appropriate intervention strategies for AAS abuse among older men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Ip
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | - Karen Trinh
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Tenerowicz
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | - Jai Pal
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | - Tristan A Lindfelt
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | - Paul J Perry
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, CA, USA
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Hoppeler H, Baum O, Lurman G, Mueller M. Molecular mechanisms of muscle plasticity with exercise. Compr Physiol 2013; 1:1383-412. [PMID: 23733647 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The skeletal muscle phenotype is subject to considerable malleability depending on use. Low-intensity endurance type exercise leads to qualitative changes of muscle tissue characterized mainly by an increase in structures supporting oxygen delivery and consumption. High-load strength-type exercise leads to growth of muscle fibers dominated by an increase in contractile proteins. In low-intensity exercise, stress-induced signaling leads to transcriptional upregulation of a multitude of genes with Ca(2+) signaling and the energy status of the muscle cells sensed through AMPK being major input determinants. Several parallel signaling pathways converge on the transcriptional co-activator PGC-1α, perceived as being the coordinator of much of the transcriptional and posttranscriptional processes. High-load training is dominated by a translational upregulation controlled by mTOR mainly influenced by an insulin/growth factor-dependent signaling cascade as well as mechanical and nutritional cues. Exercise-induced muscle growth is further supported by DNA recruitment through activation and incorporation of satellite cells. Crucial nodes of strength and endurance exercise signaling networks are shared making these training modes interdependent. Robustness of exercise-related signaling is the consequence of signaling being multiple parallel with feed-back and feed-forward control over single and multiple signaling levels. We currently have a good descriptive understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling muscle phenotypic plasticity. We lack understanding of the precise interactions among partners of signaling networks and accordingly models to predict signaling outcome of entire networks. A major current challenge is to verify and apply available knowledge gained in model systems to predict human phenotypic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Hoppeler
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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50
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Curzi D, Lattanzi D, Ciuffoli S, Burattini S, Grindeland RE, Edgerton VR, Roy RR, Tidball JG, Falcieri E. Growth hormone plus resistance exercise attenuate structural changes in rat myotendinous junctions resulting from chronic unloading. Eur J Histochem 2013; 57:e37. [PMID: 24441190 PMCID: PMC3896039 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2013.e37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Myotendinous junctions (MTJs) are specialized sites on the muscle surface where forces generated by myofibrils are transmitted across the sarcolemma to the extracellular matrix. At the ultrastructural level, the interface between the sarcolemma and extracellular matrix is highly folded and interdigitated at these junctions. In this study, the effect of exercise and growth hormone (GH) treatments on the changes in MTJ structure that occur during muscle unloading, has been analyzed. Twenty hypophysectomized rats were assigned randomly to one of five groups: ambulatory control, hindlimb unloaded, hindlimb unloaded plus exercise (3 daily bouts of 10 climbs up a ladder with 50% body wt attached to the tail), hindlimb unloaded plus GH (2 daily injections of 1 mg/kg body wt, i.p.), and hindlimb unloaded plus exercise plus GH. MTJs of the plantaris muscle were analyzed by electron microscopy and the contact between muscle and tendon was evaluated using an IL/B ratio, where B is the base and IL is the interface length of MTJ's digit-like processes. After 10 days of unloading, the mean IL/B ratio was significantly lower in unloaded (3.92), unloaded plus exercise (4.18), and unloaded plus GH (5.25) groups than in the ambulatory control (6.39) group. On the opposite, the mean IL/B ratio in the group treated with both exercise and GH (7.3) was similar to control. These findings indicate that the interaction between exercise and GH treatments attenuates the changes in MTJ structure that result from chronic unloading and thus can be used as a countermeasure to these adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Curzi
- Carlo Bo University of Urbino.
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