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Sun D, Rozmoš M, Kokkoris V, Kotianová M, Hršelová H, Bukovská P, Faghihinia M, Jansa J. Unraveling the diversity of hyphal explorative traits among Rhizophagus irregularis genotypes. MYCORRHIZA 2024; 34:303-316. [PMID: 38829432 PMCID: PMC11283409 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-024-01154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Differences in functioning among various genotypes of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can determine their fitness under specific environmental conditions, although knowledge of the underlying mechanisms still is very fragmented. Here we compared seven homokaryotic isolates (genotypes) of Rhizophagus irregularis, aiming to characterize the range of intraspecific variability with respect to hyphal exploration of organic nitrogen (N) resources, and N supply to plants. To this end we established two experiments (one in vitro and one in open pots) and used 15N-chitin as the isotopically labeled organic N source. In Experiment 1 (in vitro), mycelium of all AM fungal genotypes transferred a higher amount of 15N to the plants than the passive transfer of 15N measured in the non-mycorrhizal (NM) controls. Noticeably, certain genotypes (e.g., LPA9) showed higher extraradical mycelium biomass production but not necessarily greater 15N acquisition than the others. Experiment 2 (in pots) highlighted that some of the AM fungal genotypes (e.g., MA2, STSI) exhibited higher rates of targeted hyphal exploration of chitin-enriched zones, indicative of distinct N exploration patterns from the other genotypes. Importantly, there was a high congruence of hyphal exploration patterns between the two experiments (isolate STSI always showing highest efficiency of hyphal exploration and isolate L23/1 being consistently the lowest), despite very different (micro) environmental conditions in the two experiments. This study suggests possible strategies that AM fungal genotypes employ for efficient N acquisition, and how to measure them. Implications of such traits for local mycorrhizal community assembly still need to be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daquan Sun
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, 14220, Praha 4, 1083, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Rozmoš
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, 14220, Praha 4, 1083, Czech Republic
| | - Vasilis Kokkoris
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, NL-1081HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Michala Kotianová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, 14220, Praha 4, 1083, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hršelová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, 14220, Praha 4, 1083, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Bukovská
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, 14220, Praha 4, 1083, Czech Republic
| | - Maede Faghihinia
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, 14220, Praha 4, 1083, Czech Republic
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology, and Microbiology, Iowa State University, 2213 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA, 50011, US
| | - Jan Jansa
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, 14220, Praha 4, 1083, Czech Republic
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Comparative genomic analysis reveals contraction of gene families with putative roles in pathogenesis in the fungal boxwood pathogens Calonectria henricotiae and C. pseudonaviculata. BMC Ecol Evol 2022; 22:79. [PMID: 35725368 PMCID: PMC9210730 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-022-02035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Boxwood blight disease caused by Calonectria henricotiae and C. pseudonaviculata is of ecological and economic significance in cultivated and native ecosystems worldwide. Prior research has focused on understanding the population genetic and genomic diversity of C. henricotiae and C. pseudonaviculata, but gene family evolution in the context of host adaptation, plant pathogenesis, and trophic lifestyle is poorly understood. This study applied bioinformatic and phylogenetic methods to examine gene family evolution in C. henricotiae, C. pseudonaviculata and 22 related fungi in the Nectriaceae that vary in pathogenic and saprobic (apathogenic) lifestyles. Results A total of 19,750 gene families were identified in the 24 genomes, of which 422 were rapidly evolving. Among the six Calonectria species, C. henricotiae and C. pseudonaviculata were the only species to experience high levels of rapid contraction of pathogenesis-related gene families (89% and 78%, respectively). In contrast, saprobic species Calonectria multiphialidica and C. naviculata, two of the closest known relatives of C. henricotiae and C. pseudonaviculata, showed rapid expansion of pathogenesis-related gene families. Conclusions Our results provide novel insight into gene family evolution within C. henricotiae and C. pseudonaviculata and suggest gene family contraction may have contributed to limited host-range expansion of these pathogens within the plant family Buxaceae. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-022-02035-4.
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Giovannini L, Sbrana C, Avio L, Turrini A. Diversity of a phosphate transporter gene among species and isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 367:5733160. [PMID: 32043113 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are a key group of beneficial obligate biotrophs, establishing a mutualistic symbiosis with the roots of most land plants. The molecular markers generally used for their characterization are mainly based on informative regions of nuclear rDNA (SSU-ITS-LSU), although protein-encoding genes have also been proposed. Within functional genes, those encoding for phosphate transporters (PT) are particularly important in AMF, given their primary ability to take up Pi from soil, and to differentially affect plant phosphate nutrition. In this work, we investigated the genetic diversity of PT1 gene sequences and sequences of the taxonomically relevant SSU-ITS-LSU region in two isolates of the species Funneliformis coronatus, three isolates of the species Funneliformis mosseae and two species of the genus Rhizoglomus, originated from geographically distant areas and cultured in vivo. Our results showed that partial PT1 sequences not only successfully differentiated AMF genera and species like ribosomal gene sequences but also highlighted intraspecific diversity among F. mosseae and F. coronatus isolates. The study of functional genes related to the uptake of key mineral nutrients for the assessment of AMF diversity represents a key step in the selection of efficient isolates to be used as inocula in sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Giovannini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristiana Sbrana
- CNR, Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luciano Avio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Turrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Pepe A, Giovannetti M, Sbrana C. Appressoria and phosphorus fluxes in mycorrhizal plants: connections between soil- and plant-based hyphae. MYCORRHIZA 2020; 30:589-600. [PMID: 32533256 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00972-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) live in symbiosis with plant roots, facilitating mineral nutrient transfer from soil to hosts through large networks of extraradical hyphae. Limited data are available on the fungal structures (appressoria) connecting soil- to root-based mycelium, in relation to plant nutrition. Two in vivo systems were set up using three AMF, Funneliformis mosseae, Funneliformis coronatus and Rhizoglomus irregulare, grown in symbiosis with Cichorium intybus. The assessment of plant P content, number of appressoria, diameter of their subtending hyphae and length of colonized roots allowed calculation of the total cross-section area of appressorium-subtending hyphae, which differed among the three AMF and was correlated with plant P contents and with extraradical mycelium density. A conservative evaluation of P fluxes from soil- to plant-based hyphae occurring through appressoria gave values ranging from 1.7 to 4.2 × 10-8 mol cm-2 s-1 (moles per total cross-section area of the appressorium subtending hyphae per time elapsed), depending on AMF identity. This work suggests that, beyond intraradical colonization and extraradical mycelium extent, connections between extraradical and intraradical fungal mycelium through appressoria are important for mycorrhizal plant nutrition, as appressorium structural traits and density can be related to P transfer mediated by AMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Pepe
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Manuela Giovannetti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristiana Sbrana
- CNR-Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Pisa Unit, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
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Sbrana C, Strani P, Pepe A, de Novais CB, Giovannetti M. Divergence of Funneliformis mosseae populations over 20 years of laboratory cultivation, as revealed by vegetative incompatibility and molecular analysis. MYCORRHIZA 2018; 28:329-341. [PMID: 29574495 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-018-0830-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are widespread, important plant symbionts. They absorb and translocate mineral nutrients from the soil to host plants through an extensive extraradical mycelium, consisting of indefinitely large networks of nonseptate, multinucleated hyphae which may be interconnected by hyphal fusions (anastomoses). This work investigated whether different lineages of the same isolate may lose the ability to establish successful anastomoses, becoming vegetatively incompatible, when grown separately. The occurrence of hyphal incompatibility among five lineages of Funneliformis mosseae, originated from the same ancestor isolate and grown in vivo for more than 20 years in different European locations, was assessed by systematic detection of anastomosis frequency and cytological studies. Anastomosis frequencies ranged from 60 to 80% within the same lineage and from 17 to 44% among different lineages. The consistent detection of protoplasm continuity and nuclei in perfect fusions showed active protoplasm flow both within and between lineages. In pairings between different lineages, post-fusion incompatible reactions occurred in 6-48% of hyphal contacts and pre-fusion incompatibility in 2-17%. Molecular fingerprinting profiles showed genetic divergence among lineages, with overall Jaccard similarity indices ranging from 0.85 to 0.95. Here, phenotypic divergence among the five F. mosseae lineages was demonstrated by the reduction of their ability to form anastomosis and the detection of high levels of vegetative incompatibility. Our data suggest that potential genetic divergence may occur in AMF over only 20 years and represent the basis for detailed studies on the relationship between genes regulating anastomosis formation and hyphal compatibility in AMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Sbrana
- CNR-Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, UOS Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Strani
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pepe
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Candido Barreto de Novais
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Forestry Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Manuela Giovannetti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Ellouze W, Hamel C, Singh AK, Mishra V, DePauw RM, Knox RE. Abundance of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal taxa associated with the roots and rhizosphere soil of different durum wheat cultivars in the Canadian prairies. Can J Microbiol 2018; 64:527-536. [PMID: 29633625 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2017-0637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the variation in how wheat genotypes shape their arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities in a prairie environment is foundational to breeding for enhanced AM fungi-wheat interactions. The AM fungal communities associated with 32 durum wheat genotypes were described by pyrosequencing of amplicons. The experiment was set up at two locations in the Canadian prairies. The intensively managed site was highly dominated by Funneliformis. Genotype influenced the AM fungal community in the rhizosphere soil, but there was no evidence of a differential genotype effect on the AM fungal community of durum wheat roots. The influence of durum wheat genotype on the AM fungal community of the soil was less important at the intensively managed site. Certain durum wheat genotypes, such as Strongfield, Plenty, and CDC Verona, were associated with high abundance of Paraglomus, and Dominikia was undetected in the rhizosphere of the recent cultivars Enterprise, Eurostar, Commander, and Brigade. Genetic variation in the association of durum wheat with AM fungi suggests the possibility of increasing the sustainability of cropping systems through the use of durum wheat genotypes that select highly effective AM fungal taxa residing in the agricultural soils of the Canadian prairies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Ellouze
- a Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 1030, 1 Airport Road, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada.,b Crop Diversification Centre South, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, 301 Horticultural Station Road East, Brooks, AB T1R 1E6, Canada
| | - Chantal Hamel
- a Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 1030, 1 Airport Road, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada
| | - Asheesh K Singh
- c Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, 1501 Agronomy Hall, Ames, IA 50011-1010, USA
| | - Vachaspati Mishra
- b Crop Diversification Centre South, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, 301 Horticultural Station Road East, Brooks, AB T1R 1E6, Canada
| | - Ron M DePauw
- a Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 1030, 1 Airport Road, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada.,d Advancing Wheat Technology, 870 Field Drive, Swift Current, SK S9H 4N5, Canada
| | - Ron E Knox
- a Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 1030, 1 Airport Road, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada
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Leal PL, Carvalho TSDE, Siqueira JO, Moreira FMS. Assessment of the occurrence and richness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spores by direct analysis of field samples and trap culture - a comparative study. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2017; 90:2359-2373. [PMID: 28793011 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201720170120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we hypothesized that two spore-based methods, direct analysis of field samples and trap cultures, simultaneously used for assessment of occurrence and species richness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may vary in their efficiency according to the environmental conditions and the total AMF species richness of the evaluated ecosystem. The performance of both methods was analyzed based on two datasets: 1) a complete site x species matrix compiled from two studies in different land uses in the Amazon using direct analysis of field samples and trap cultures. 2) Total number of AMF morphotypes detected by both methods in published manuscripts across several ecosystems. From dataset 1, direct analysis of field samples revealed 57 morphotypes, whereas only 21 of these were detected by trap culture. Community variation (beta diversity) analysis revealed that field samples are far more sensitive in detecting shifts in AMF community composition among land uses than trap cultures in the Amazon region, with the combined results of both methods being not better than that obtained only by direct analysis of field samples. Analysis of dataset 2 showed that the relative performance of trap cultures, using direct analysis of field sample as reference, was inversely related to the total observed AMF species richness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia L Leal
- Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Av. Doutor Sylvio Menicucci, 1001, Bairro Kennedy, 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil.,Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Rio de Contas, 58, Quadra 17, Lote 58, Bairro Candeias, 45029-094 Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brazil
| | - Teotonio S DE Carvalho
- Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Av. Doutor Sylvio Menicucci, 1001, Bairro Kennedy, 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - José Oswaldo Siqueira
- Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Av. Doutor Sylvio Menicucci, 1001, Bairro Kennedy, 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil.,Instituto Tecnológico Vale para Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Rua Boaventura da Silva, 955, Nazaré, 66055-090 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Fatima M S Moreira
- Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Av. Doutor Sylvio Menicucci, 1001, Bairro Kennedy, 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil
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Janoušková M, Krak K, Vosátka M, Püschel D, Štorchová H. Inoculation effects on root-colonizing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities spread beyond directly inoculated plants. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181525. [PMID: 28738069 PMCID: PMC5524347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may improve plant performance at disturbed sites, but inoculation may also suppress root colonization by native AMF and decrease the diversity of the root-colonizing AMF community. This has been shown for the roots of directly inoculated plants, but little is known about the stability of inoculation effects, and to which degree the inoculant and the inoculation-induced changes in AMF community composition spread into newly emerging seedlings that were not in direct contact with the introduced propagules. We addressed this topic in a greenhouse experiment based on the soil and native AMF community of a post-mining site. Plants were cultivated in compartmented pots with substrate containing the native AMF community, where AMF extraradical mycelium radiating from directly inoculated plants was allowed to inoculate neighboring plants. The abundances of the inoculated isolate and of native AMF taxa were monitored in the roots of the directly inoculated plants and the neighboring plants by quantitative real-time PCR. As expected, inoculation suppressed root colonization of the directly inoculated plants by other AMF taxa of the native AMF community and also by native genotypes of the same species as used for inoculation. In the neighboring plants, high abundance of the inoculant and the suppression of native AMF were maintained. Thus, we demonstrate that inoculation effects on native AMF propagate into plants that were not in direct contact with the introduced inoculum, and are therefore likely to persist at the site of inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Janoušková
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Karol Krak
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Vosátka
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - David Püschel
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Štorchová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czech Republic
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Krishnamoorthy R, Premalatha N, Karthik M, Anandham R, Senthilkumar M, Gopal NO, Selvakumar G, Sa T. Molecular Markers for the Identification and Diversity Analysis of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF). Fungal Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-34106-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Welling MT, Liu L, Rose TJ, Waters DLE, Benkendorff K. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: effects on plant terpenoid accumulation. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:552-62. [PMID: 26499392 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are a diverse group of soil-dwelling fungi that form symbiotic associations with land plants. AMF-plant associations promote the accumulation of plant terpenoids beneficial to human health, although how AMF mediate terpenoid accumulation is not fully understood. A critical assessment and discussion of the literature relating to mechanisms by which AMF influence plant terpenoid accumulation, and whether this symbiosis can be harnessed in horticultural ecosystems was performed. Modification of plant morphology, phosphorus availability and gene transcription involved with terpenoid biosynthetic pathways were identified as key mechanisms associated with terpenoid accumulation in AMF-colonised plants. In order to exploit AMF-plant symbioses in horticultural ecosystems it is important to consider the specificity of the AMF-plant association, the predominant factor affecting terpenoid accumulation, as well as the end use application of the harvested plant material. Future research should focus on resolving the relationship between ecologically matched AMF genotypes and terpenoid accumulation in plants to establish if these associations are effective in promoting mechanisms favourable for plant terpenoid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Welling
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - L Liu
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - T J Rose
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
- Southern Cross GeoScience, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - D L E Waters
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - K Benkendorff
- School of Environment, Science & Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
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11
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Wang X, Zhao S, Bücking H. Arbuscular mycorrhizal growth responses are fungal specific but do not differ between soybean genotypes with different phosphate efficiency. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 118:11-21. [PMID: 27208734 PMCID: PMC4934396 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi play a key role in the phosphate (P) uptake of many important crop species, but the mechanisms that control their efficiency and their contribution to the P nutrition of the host plant are only poorly understood. METHODS The P uptake and growth potential of two soybean genotypes that differ in their root architectural traits and P acquisition efficiency were studied after colonization with different AM fungi and the transcript levels of plant P transporters involved in the plant or mycorrhizal P uptake pathway were examined. KEY RESULTS The mycorrhizal growth responses of both soybean genotypes ranged from highly beneficial to detrimental, and were dependent on the P supply conditions, and the fungal species involved. Only the colonization with Rhizophagus irregularis increased the growth and P uptake of both soybean genotypes. The expression of GmPT4 was downregulated, while the mycorrhiza-inducible P transporter GmPT10 was upregulated by colonization with R. irregularis Colonization with both fungi also led to higher transcript levels of the mycorrhiza-inducible P transporter GmPT9, but only in plants colonized with R. irregularis were the higher transcript levels correlated to a better P supply. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that AM fungi can also significantly contribute to the P uptake and growth potential of genotypes with a higher P acquisition efficiency, but that mycorrhizal P benefits depend strongly on the P supply conditions and the fungal species involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiurong Wang
- Root Biology Center, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China South Dakota State University, Biology and Microbiology Department, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Shaopeng Zhao
- Root Biology Center, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Heike Bücking
- South Dakota State University, Biology and Microbiology Department, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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Mensah JA, Koch AM, Antunes PM, Kiers ET, Hart M, Bücking H. High functional diversity within species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is associated with differences in phosphate and nitrogen uptake and fungal phosphate metabolism. MYCORRHIZA 2015; 25:533-46. [PMID: 25708401 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-015-0631-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth responses following colonization with different isolates of a single species of an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus can range from highly beneficial to detrimental, but the reasons for this high within-species diversity are currently unknown. To examine whether differences in growth and nutritional benefits are related to the phosphate (P) metabolism of the fungal symbiont, the effect of 31 different isolates from 10 AM fungal morphospecies on the P and nitrogen (N) nutrition of Medicago sativa and the P allocation among different P pools was examined. Based on differences in the mycorrhizal growth response, high, medium, and low performance isolates were distinguished. Plant growth benefit was positively correlated to the mycorrhizal effect on P and N nutrition. High performance isolates increased plant biomass by more than 170 % and contributed substantially to both P and N nutrition, whereas the effect of medium performance isolates particularly on the N nutrition of the host was significantly lower. Roots colonized by high performance isolates were characterized by relatively low tissue concentrations of inorganic P and short-chain polyphosphates and a high ratio between long- to short-chain polyphosphates. The high performance isolates belonged to different morphospecies and genera, indicating that the ability to contribute to P and N nutrition is widespread within the Glomeromycota and that differences in symbiotic performance and P metabolism are not specific for individual fungal morphospecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry A Mensah
- Biology and Microbiology Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Alexander M Koch
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Pedro M Antunes
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, P6A 2G4, Canada
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Institute of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda Hart
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Heike Bücking
- Biology and Microbiology Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
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Dai M, Bainard LD, Hamel C, Gan Y, Lynch D. Impact of land use on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in rural Canada. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:6719-29. [PMID: 23995929 PMCID: PMC3811508 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01333-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of land use on soil bio-resources is largely unknown. We examined the communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in wheat-growing cropland, natural areas, and seminatural areas along roads. We sampled the Canadian prairie extensively (317 sites) and sampled 20 sites in the Atlantic maritime ecozone for comparison. The proportions of the different AM fungal taxa in the communities found at these sites varied with land use type and ecozones, based on pyrosequencing of 18S rRNA gene (rDNA) amplicons, but the lists of AM fungal taxa obtained from the different land use types and ecozones were very similar. In the prairie, the Glomeraceae family was the most abundant and diverse family of Glomeromycota, followed by the Claroideoglomeraceae, but in the Atlantic maritime ecozone, the Claroideoglomeraceae family was most abundant. In the prairie, species richness and Shannon's diversity index were highest in roadsides, whereas cropland had a higher degree of species richness than roadsides in the Atlantic maritime ecozone. The frequencies of occurrence of the different AM fungal taxa in croplands in the prairie and Atlantic maritime ecozones were highly correlated, but the AM fungal communities in these ecozones had different structures. We conclude that the AM fungal resources of soils are resilient to disturbance and that the richness of AM fungi under cropland management has been maintained, despite evidence of a structural shift imposed by this type of land use. Roadsides in the Canadian prairie are a good repository for the conservation of AM fungal diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulan Dai
- Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Luke D. Bainard
- Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Chantal Hamel
- Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yantai Gan
- Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Derek Lynch
- Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Impact of land use on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in rural Canada. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013. [PMID: 23995929 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01333‐13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of land use on soil bio-resources is largely unknown. We examined the communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in wheat-growing cropland, natural areas, and seminatural areas along roads. We sampled the Canadian prairie extensively (317 sites) and sampled 20 sites in the Atlantic maritime ecozone for comparison. The proportions of the different AM fungal taxa in the communities found at these sites varied with land use type and ecozones, based on pyrosequencing of 18S rRNA gene (rDNA) amplicons, but the lists of AM fungal taxa obtained from the different land use types and ecozones were very similar. In the prairie, the Glomeraceae family was the most abundant and diverse family of Glomeromycota, followed by the Claroideoglomeraceae, but in the Atlantic maritime ecozone, the Claroideoglomeraceae family was most abundant. In the prairie, species richness and Shannon's diversity index were highest in roadsides, whereas cropland had a higher degree of species richness than roadsides in the Atlantic maritime ecozone. The frequencies of occurrence of the different AM fungal taxa in croplands in the prairie and Atlantic maritime ecozones were highly correlated, but the AM fungal communities in these ecozones had different structures. We conclude that the AM fungal resources of soils are resilient to disturbance and that the richness of AM fungi under cropland management has been maintained, despite evidence of a structural shift imposed by this type of land use. Roadsides in the Canadian prairie are a good repository for the conservation of AM fungal diversity.
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Seguel A, Cumming JR, Klugh-Stewart K, Cornejo P, Borie F. The role of arbuscular mycorrhizas in decreasing aluminium phytotoxicity in acidic soils: a review. MYCORRHIZA 2013; 23:167-83. [PMID: 23328806 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-013-0479-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Soil acidity is an impediment to agricultural production on a significant portion of arable land worldwide. Low productivity of these soils is mainly due to nutrient limitation and the presence of high levels of aluminium (Al), which causes deleterious effects on plant physiology and growth. In response to acidic soil stress, plants have evolved various mechanisms to tolerate high concentrations of Al in the soil solution. These strategies for Al detoxification include mechanisms that reduce the activity of Al3+ and its toxicity, either externally through exudation of Al-chelating compounds such as organic acids into the rhizosphere or internally through the accumulation of Al-organic acid complexes sequestered within plant cells. Additionally, root colonization by symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi increases plant resistance to acidity and phytotoxic levels of Al in the soil environment. In this review, the role of the AM symbiosis in increasing the Al resistance of plants in natural and agricultural ecosystems under phytotoxic conditions of Al is discussed. Mechanisms of Al resistance induced by AM fungi in host plants and variation in resistance among AM fungi that contribute to detoxifying Al in the rhizosphere environment are considered with respect to altering Al bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Seguel
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco, Chile
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Pellegrino E, Turrini A, Gamper HA, Cafà G, Bonari E, Young JPW, Giovannetti M. Establishment, persistence and effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculants in the field revealed using molecular genetic tracing and measurement of yield components. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 194:810-822. [PMID: 22380845 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04090.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
• Inoculation of crop plants by non-native strains of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi as bio-enhancers is promoted without clear evidence for symbiotic effectiveness and fungal persistence. To address such gaps, the forage legume Medicago sativa was inoculated in an agronomic field trial with two isolates of Funneliformis mosseae differing in their nuclear rDNA sequences from native strains. • The inoculants were traced by PCR with a novel combination of the universal fungal NS31 and Glomeromycota-specific LSUGlom1 primers which target the nuclear rDNA cistron. The amplicons were classified by restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing. • The two applied fungal inoculants were successfully traced and discriminated from native strains in roots sampled from the field up to 2 yr post inoculation. Moreover, field inoculation with inocula of non-native isolates of F. mosseae appeared to have stimulated root colonization and yield of M. sativa. • Proof of inoculation success and sustained positive effects on biomass production and quality of M. sativa crop plants hold promise for the role that AM fungal inoculants could play in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pellegrino
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, P.za Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Crop Plant Biology, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Turrini
- Department of Crop Plant Biology, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Hannes A Gamper
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Group of Plant Nutrition, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Eschikon 33, 8315 Lindau (ZH), Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Cafà
- Department of Crop Plant Biology, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Enrico Bonari
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, P.za Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - J Peter W Young
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Manuela Giovannetti
- Department of Crop Plant Biology, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Cheeke TE, Pace BA, Rosenstiel TN, Cruzan MB. The influence of fertilizer level and spore density on arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of transgenic Bt 11 maize (Zea mays) in experimental microcosms. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2010; 75:304-12. [PMID: 21198682 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.01013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Crop plants genetically modified for the expression of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal toxins have broad appeal for reducing insect damage in agricultural systems, yet questions remain about the impact of Bt plants on symbiotic soil organisms. Here, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) colonization of transgenic maize isoline Bt 11 (expressing Cry1Ab) and its non-Bt parental line (Providence) was evaluated under different fertilizer level and spore density scenarios. In a three-way factorial design, Bt 11 and non-Bt maize were inoculated with 0, 40, or 80 spores of Glomus mosseae and treated weekly with 'No' (0 g L(-1) ), 'Low' (0.23 g L(-1) ), or 'High' (1.87 g L(-1) ) levels of a complete fertilizer and grown for 60 days in a greenhouse. While no difference in AMF colonization was detected between the Bt 11 and Providence maize cultivars in the lower spore/higher fertilizer treatments, microcosm experiments demonstrated a significant reduction in AMF colonization in Bt 11 maize roots in the 80 spore treatments when fertilizer was limited. These results confirm previous work indicating an altered relationship between this Bt 11 maize isoline and AMF and demonstrate that the magnitude of this response is strongly dependent on both nutrient supply and AMF spore inoculation level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya E Cheeke
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA.
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Opik M, Vanatoa A, Vanatoa E, Moora M, Davison J, Kalwij JM, Reier U, Zobel M. The online database MaarjAM reveals global and ecosystemic distribution patterns in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycota). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 188:223-41. [PMID: 20561207 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 501] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
• Here, we describe a new database, MaarjAM, that summarizes publicly available Glomeromycota DNA sequence data and associated metadata. The goal of the database is to facilitate the description of distribution and richness patterns in this group of fungi. • Small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene sequences and available metadata were collated from all suitable taxonomic and ecological publications. These data have been made accessible in an open-access database (http://maarjam.botany.ut.ee). • Two hundred and eighty-two SSU rRNA gene virtual taxa (VT) were described based on a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of all collated Glomeromycota sequences. Two-thirds of VT showed limited distribution ranges, occurring in single current or historic continents or climatic zones. Those VT that associated with a taxonomically wide range of host plants also tended to have a wide geographical distribution, and vice versa. No relationships were detected between VT richness and latitude, elevation or vascular plant richness. • The collated Glomeromycota molecular diversity data suggest limited distribution ranges in most Glomeromycota taxa and a positive relationship between the width of a taxon's geographical range and its host taxonomic range. Inconsistencies between molecular and traditional taxonomy of Glomeromycota, and shortage of data from major continents and ecosystems, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Opik
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai St., 51005 Tartu, Estonia.
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Stockinger H, Krüger M, Schüßler A. DNA barcoding of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 187:461-474. [PMID: 20456046 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
*Currently, no official DNA barcode region is defined for the Fungi. The COX1 gene DNA barcode is difficult to apply. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region has been suggested as a primary barcode candidate, but for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF; Glomeromycota) the region is exceptionably variable and does not resolve closely related species. *DNA barcoding analyses were performed with datasets from several phylogenetic lineages of the Glomeromycota. We tested a c. 1500 bp fragment spanning small subunit (SSU), ITS region, and large subunit (LSU) nuclear ribosomal DNA for species resolving power. Subfragments covering the complete ITS region, c. 800 bp of the LSU rDNA, and three c. 400 bp fragments spanning the ITS2, the LSU-D1 or LSU-D2 domains were also analysed. *Barcode gap analyses did not resolve all species, but neighbour joining analyses, using Kimura two-parameter (K2P) distances, resolved all species when based on the 1500 bp fragment. The shorter fragments failed to separate closely related species. *We recommend the complete 1500 bp fragment as a basis for AMF DNA barcoding. This will also allow future identification of AMF at species level based on 400 or 1000 bp amplicons in deep sequencing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Stockinger
- LMU Munich, Department of Biology, Genetics, Grosshaderner Strasse 4, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Manuela Krüger
- LMU Munich, Department of Biology, Genetics, Grosshaderner Strasse 4, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Arthur Schüßler
- LMU Munich, Department of Biology, Genetics, Grosshaderner Strasse 4, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
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