1
|
Vergoz D, Schaumann A, Schmitz I, Afonso C, Dé E, Loutelier-Bourhis C, Alexandre S. Lipidome of Acinetobacter baumannii antibiotic persister cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159539. [PMID: 39067686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2024.159539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Persister cells constitute a bacterial subpopulation able to survive to high concentrations of antibiotics. This phenotype is temporary and reversible, and thus could be involved in the recurrence of infections and emergence of antibiotic resistance. To better understand how persister cells survive to such high antibiotic concentration, we examined changes in their lipid composition. We thus compared the lipidome of Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606T persister cells formed under ciprofloxacin treatment with the lipidome of control cells grown without antibiotic. Using matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, we observed a higher abundance of short chains and secondary chains without hydroxylation for lipid A in persister cells. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we found that persister cells produced particular phosphatidylglycerols, as LPAGPE and PAGPE, but also lipids with particular acyl chains containing additional hydroxyl group or uncommon di-unsaturation on C18 and C16 acyl chains. In order to determine the impact of these multiple lipidome modifications on membrane fluidity, fluorescence anisotropy assays were performed. They showed an increase of rigidity for the membrane of persister cells, inducing likely a decrease membrane permeability to protect cells during dormancy. Finally, we highlighted that A. baumannii persister cells also produced particular wax esters, composed of two fatty acids and a fatty diol. These uncommon storage lipids are key metabolites allowing a rapid bacterial regrow when antibiotic pressure disappears. These overall changes in persister lipidome may constitute new therapeutic targets to combat these particular dormant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Vergoz
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, PBS UMR 6270, Polymers, Biopolymers, Surfaces Lab., F-76000 Rouen, France; Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3M FR 3038, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Annick Schaumann
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, PBS UMR 6270, Polymers, Biopolymers, Surfaces Lab., F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Isabelle Schmitz
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, PBS UMR 6270, Polymers, Biopolymers, Surfaces Lab., F-76000 Rouen, France; Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3M FR 3038, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Carlos Afonso
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3M FR 3038, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Emmanuelle Dé
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, PBS UMR 6270, Polymers, Biopolymers, Surfaces Lab., F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Corinne Loutelier-Bourhis
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3M FR 3038, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Stéphane Alexandre
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, PBS UMR 6270, Polymers, Biopolymers, Surfaces Lab., F-76000 Rouen, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gori A, Frigerio R, Gagni P, Burrello J, Panella S, Raimondi A, Bergamaschi G, Lodigiani G, Romano M, Zendrini A, Radeghieri A, Barile L, Cretich M. Addressing Heterogeneity in Direct Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles and Their Analogs by Membrane Sensing Peptides as Pan-Vesicular Affinity Probes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2400533. [PMID: 38822532 PMCID: PMC11304302 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), crucial mediators of cell-to-cell communication, hold significant diagnostic potential due to their ability to concentrate protein biomarkers in bodily fluids. However, challenges in isolating EVs from biological specimens hinder their widespread use. The preferred strategy involves direct analysis, integrating isolation and analysis solutions, with immunoaffinity methods currently dominating. Yet, the heterogeneous nature of EVs poses challenges, as proposed markers may not be as universally present as thought, raising concerns about biomarker screening reliability. This issue extends to EV-mimics, where conventional methods may lack applicability. Addressing these challenges, the study reports on Membrane Sensing Peptides (MSP) as pan-vesicular affinity ligands for both EVs and their non-canonical analogs, streamlining capture and phenotyping through Single Molecule Array (SiMoA). MSP ligands enable direct analysis of circulating EVs, eliminating the need for prior isolation. Demonstrating clinical translation, MSP technology detects an EV-associated epitope signature in serum and plasma, distinguishing myocardial infarction from stable angina. Additionally, MSP allow analysis of tetraspanin-lacking Red Blood Cell-derived EVs, overcoming limitations associated with antibody-based methods. Overall, the work underlines the value of MSP as complementary tools to antibodies, advancing EV analysis for clinical diagnostics and beyond, and marking the first-ever peptide-based application in SiMoA technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Gori
- Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheIstituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC)Milano20131Italy
| | - Roberto Frigerio
- Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheIstituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC)Milano20131Italy
| | - Paola Gagni
- Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheIstituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC)Milano20131Italy
| | - Jacopo Burrello
- Cardiovascular TheranosticsIstituto Cardiocentro TicinoEnte Ospedaliero CantonaleVia Tesserete 48BellinzonaCH‐6500Switzerland
| | - Stefano Panella
- Cardiovascular TheranosticsIstituto Cardiocentro TicinoEnte Ospedaliero CantonaleVia Tesserete 48BellinzonaCH‐6500Switzerland
| | - Andrea Raimondi
- Institute for Research in BiomedicineFaculty of Biomedical SciencesUniversità della Svizzera italiana (USI)BellinzonaCH‐6500Switzerland
| | - Greta Bergamaschi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheIstituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC)Milano20131Italy
| | - Giulia Lodigiani
- Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheIstituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC)Milano20131Italy
| | - Miriam Romano
- Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of BresciaViale Europa 11Brescia25123Italy
- Center for Colloid and Surface ScienceCSGIFlorence50019Italy
| | - Andrea Zendrini
- Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of BresciaViale Europa 11Brescia25123Italy
- Center for Colloid and Surface ScienceCSGIFlorence50019Italy
| | - Annalisa Radeghieri
- Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of BresciaViale Europa 11Brescia25123Italy
- Center for Colloid and Surface ScienceCSGIFlorence50019Italy
| | - Lucio Barile
- Cardiovascular TheranosticsIstituto Cardiocentro TicinoEnte Ospedaliero CantonaleVia Tesserete 48BellinzonaCH‐6500Switzerland
- Euler InstituteFaculty of Biomedical SciencesUniversità della Svizzera ItalianaLugano6900Switzerland
| | - Marina Cretich
- Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheIstituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC)Milano20131Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu J. Roles of membrane mechanics-mediated feedback in membrane traffic. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 89:102401. [PMID: 39018789 PMCID: PMC11297666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2024.102401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Synthesizing the recent progresses, we present our perspectives on how local modulations of membrane curvature, tension, and bending energy define the feedback controls over membrane traffic processes. We speculate the potential mechanisms of, and the control logic behind, the different membrane mechanics-mediated feedback in endocytosis and exo-endocytosis coupling. We elaborate the path forward with the open questions for theoretical considerations and the grand challenges for experimental validations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Salerno S, Piscioneri A, Morelli S, Gori A, Provasi E, Gagni P, Barile L, Cretich M, Chiari M, De Bartolo L. Extracellular vesicles selective capture by peptide-functionalized hollow fiber membranes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 667:338-349. [PMID: 38640653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Recently, membrane devices and processes have been applied for the separation and concentration of subcellular components such as extracellular vesicles (EVs), which play a diagnostic and therapeutic role in many pathological conditions. However, the separation and isolation of specific EV populations from other components found in biological fluids is still challenging. Here, we developed a peptide-functionalized hollow fiber (HF) membrane module to achieve the separation and enrichment of highly pure EVs derived from the culture media of human cardiac progenitor cells. The strategy is based on the functionalization of PSf HF membrane module with BPt, a peptide sequence able to bind nanovesicles characterized by highly curved membranes. HF membranes were modified by a nanometric coating with a copoly azide polymer to limit non-specific interactions and to enable the conjugation with peptide ligand by click chemistry reaction. The BPt-functionalized module was integrated into a TFF process to facilitate the design, rationalization, and optimization of EV isolation. This integration combined size-based transport of species with specific membrane sensing ligands. The TFF integrated BPt-functionalized membrane module demonstrated the ability to selectively capture EVs with diameter < 200 nm into the lumen of fibers while effectively removing contaminants such as albumin. The captured and released EVs contain the common markers including CD63, CD81, CD9 and syntenin-1. Moreover, they maintained a round shape morphology and structural integrity highlighting that this approach enables EVs concentration and purification with low shear stress. Additionally, it achieved the removal of contaminants such as albumin with high reliability and reproducibility, reaching a removal of 93%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Salerno
- Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy, ITM-CNR, via P. Bucci, cubo 17/C, I-87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Antonella Piscioneri
- Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy, ITM-CNR, via P. Bucci, cubo 17/C, I-87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Sabrina Morelli
- Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy, ITM-CNR, via P. Bucci, cubo 17/C, I-87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Alessandro Gori
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies "G. Natta", National Research Council of Italy, SCITEC-CNR, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Provasi
- Lugano Cell Factory, Istituto Cardiocentro Ticino, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, via Tesserete 48, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Paola Gagni
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies "G. Natta", National Research Council of Italy, SCITEC-CNR, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucio Barile
- Cardiovascular Theranostics, Istituto Cardiocentro Ticino, Laboratories for Translational Research, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Via Chiesa 5, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Euler Institute, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Via Buffi 13, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Marina Cretich
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies "G. Natta", National Research Council of Italy, SCITEC-CNR, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcella Chiari
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies "G. Natta", National Research Council of Italy, SCITEC-CNR, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Loredana De Bartolo
- Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy, ITM-CNR, via P. Bucci, cubo 17/C, I-87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mancinelli CD, Marx DC, Gonzalez-Hernandez AJ, Huynh K, Mancinelli L, Arefin A, Khelashvilli G, Levitz J, Eliezer D. Control of G protein-coupled receptor function via membrane-interacting intrinsically disordered C-terminal domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2407744121. [PMID: 38985766 PMCID: PMC11260148 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2407744121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) control intracellular signaling cascades via agonist-dependent coupling to intracellular transducers including heterotrimeric G proteins, GPCR kinases (GRKs), and arrestins. In addition to their critical interactions with the transmembrane core of active GPCRs, all three classes of transducers have also been reported to interact with receptor C-terminal domains (CTDs). An underexplored aspect of GPCR CTDs is their possible role as lipid sensors given their proximity to the membrane. CTD-membrane interactions have the potential to control the accessibility of key regulatory CTD residues to downstream effectors and transducers. Here, we report that the CTDs of two closely related family C GPCRs, metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2) and mGluR3, bind to membranes and that this interaction can regulate receptor function. We first characterize CTD structure with NMR spectroscopy, revealing lipid composition-dependent modes of membrane binding. Using molecular dynamics simulations and structure-guided mutagenesis, we then identify key conserved residues and cancer-associated mutations that modulate CTD-membrane binding. Finally, we provide evidence that mGluR3 transducer coupling is controlled by CTD-membrane interactions in live cells, which may be subject to regulation by CTD phosphorylation and changes in membrane composition. This work reveals an additional mechanism of GPCR modulation, suggesting that CTD-membrane binding may be a general regulatory mode throughout the broad GPCR superfamily.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dagan C. Marx
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065
| | | | - Kevin Huynh
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065
| | - Lucia Mancinelli
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065
| | - Anisul Arefin
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065
| | - George Khelashvilli
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065
| | - Joshua Levitz
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065
| | - David Eliezer
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Huster D, Maiti S, Herrmann A. Phospholipid Membranes as Chemically and Functionally Tunable Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2312898. [PMID: 38456771 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The sheet-like lipid bilayer is the fundamental structural component of all cell membranes. Its building blocks are phospholipids and cholesterol. Their amphiphilic structure spontaneously leads to the formation of a bilayer in aqueous environment. Lipids are not just structural elements. Individual lipid species, the lipid membrane structure, and lipid dynamics influence and regulate membrane protein function. An exciting field is emerging where the membrane-associated material properties of different bilayer systems are used in designing innovative solutions for widespread applications across various fields, such as the food industry, cosmetics, nano- and biomedicine, drug storage and delivery, biotechnology, nano- and biosensors, and computing. Here, the authors summarize what is known about how lipids determine the properties and functions of biological membranes and how this has been or can be translated into innovative applications. Based on recent progress in the understanding of membrane structure, dynamics, and physical properties, a perspective is provided on how membrane-controlled regulation of protein functions can extend current applications and even offer new applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Huster
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16/18, D-04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sudipta Maiti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, 400 005, India
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department Chemistry and Biochemistry, SupraFAB, Altensteinstr. 23a, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gahlot P, Kravic B, Rota G, van den Boom J, Levantovsky S, Schulze N, Maspero E, Polo S, Behrends C, Meyer H. Lysosomal damage sensing and lysophagy initiation by SPG20-ITCH. Mol Cell 2024; 84:1556-1569.e10. [PMID: 38503285 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2024.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Cells respond to lysosomal membrane permeabilization by membrane repair or selective macroautophagy of damaged lysosomes, termed lysophagy, but it is not fully understood how this decision is made. Here, we uncover a pathway in human cells that detects lipid bilayer perturbations in the limiting membrane of compromised lysosomes, which fail to be repaired, and then initiates ubiquitin-triggered lysophagy. We find that SPG20 binds the repair factor IST1 on damaged lysosomes and, importantly, integrates that with the detection of damage-associated lipid-packing defects of the lysosomal membrane. Detection occurs via sensory amphipathic helices in SPG20 before rupture of the membrane. If lipid-packing defects are extensive, such as during lipid peroxidation, SPG20 recruits and activates ITCH, which marks the damaged lysosome with lysine-63-linked ubiquitin chains to initiate lysophagy and thus triages the lysosome for destruction. With SPG20 being linked to neurodegeneration, these findings highlight the relevance of a coordinated lysosomal damage response for cellular homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pinki Gahlot
- Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bojana Kravic
- Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Giulia Rota
- Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Johannes van den Boom
- Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sophie Levantovsky
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Schulze
- Imaging Center Campus Essen, Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Elena Maspero
- IFOM ETS, The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Polo
- IFOM ETS, The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Christian Behrends
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hemmo Meyer
- Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ye Y, Liang X, Wang G, Bewley MC, Hamamoto K, Liu X, Flanagan JM, Wang HG, Takahashi Y, Tian F. Identification of membrane curvature sensing motifs essential for VPS37A phagophore recruitment and autophagosome closure. Commun Biol 2024; 7:334. [PMID: 38491121 PMCID: PMC10942982 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
VPS37A, an ESCRT-I complex component, is required for recruiting a subset of ESCRT proteins to the phagophore for autophagosome closure. However, the mechanism by which VPS37A is targeted to the phagophore remains obscure. Here, we demonstrate that the VPS37A N-terminal domain exhibits selective interactions with highly curved membranes, mediated by two membrane-interacting motifs within the disordered regions surrounding its Ubiquitin E2 variant-like (UEVL) domain. Site-directed mutations of residues in these motifs disrupt ESCRT-I localization to the phagophore and result in defective phagophore closure and compromised autophagic flux in vivo, highlighting their essential role during autophagy. In conjunction with the UEVL domain, we postulate that these motifs guide a functional assembly of the ESCRT machinery at the highly curved tip of the phagophore for autophagosome closure. These results advance the notion that the distinctive membrane architecture of the cup-shaped phagophore spatially regulates autophagosome biogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yansheng Ye
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
| | - Xinwen Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Guifang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Maria C Bewley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Kouta Hamamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - John M Flanagan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Hong-Gang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Yoshinori Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
| | - Fang Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kockelkoren G, Lauritsen L, Shuttle CG, Kazepidou E, Vonkova I, Zhang Y, Breuer A, Kennard C, Brunetti RM, D'Este E, Weiner OD, Uline M, Stamou D. Molecular mechanism of GPCR spatial organization at the plasma membrane. Nat Chem Biol 2024; 20:142-150. [PMID: 37460675 PMCID: PMC10792125 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate many critical physiological processes. Their spatial organization in plasma membrane (PM) domains is believed to encode signaling specificity and efficiency. However, the existence of domains and, crucially, the mechanism of formation of such putative domains remain elusive. Here, live-cell imaging (corrected for topography-induced imaging artifacts) conclusively established the existence of PM domains for GPCRs. Paradoxically, energetic coupling to extremely shallow PM curvature (<1 µm-1) emerged as the dominant, necessary and sufficient molecular mechanism of GPCR spatiotemporal organization. Experiments with different GPCRs, H-Ras, Piezo1 and epidermal growth factor receptor, suggest that the mechanism is general, yet protein specific, and can be regulated by ligands. These findings delineate a new spatiomechanical molecular mechanism that can transduce to domain-based signaling any mechanical or chemical stimulus that affects the morphology of the PM and suggest innovative therapeutic strategies targeting cellular shape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Kockelkoren
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line Lauritsen
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christopher G Shuttle
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eleftheria Kazepidou
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivana Vonkova
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yunxiao Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Artù Breuer
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Celeste Kennard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Rachel M Brunetti
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elisa D'Este
- Max-Planck-Institute for Medical Research, Optical Microscopy Facility, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Orion D Weiner
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark Uline
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
| | - Dimitrios Stamou
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Atomos Biotech, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bohorquez LC, de Sousa J, Garcia-Garcia T, Dugar G, Wang B, Jonker MJ, Noirot-Gros MF, Lalk M, Hamoen LW. Metabolic and chromosomal changes in a Bacillus subtilis whiA mutant. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0179523. [PMID: 37916812 PMCID: PMC10714963 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01795-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE WhiA is a conserved DNA-binding protein that influences cell division in many Gram-positive bacteria and, in B. subtilis, also chromosome segregation. How WhiA works in Bacillus subtilis is unknown. Here, we tested three hypothetical mechanisms using metabolomics, fatty acid analysis, and chromosome confirmation capture experiments. This revealed that WhiA does not influence cell division and chromosome segregation by modulating either central carbon metabolism or fatty acid composition. However, the inactivation of WhiA reduces short-range chromosome interactions. These findings provide new avenues to study the molecular mechanism of WhiA in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura C. Bohorquez
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joana de Sousa
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Transito Garcia-Garcia
- Laboratoire de Genetique Microbienne, Domaine de Vilvert, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Gaurav Dugar
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Biwen Wang
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martijs J. Jonker
- RNA Biology and Applied Bioinformatics Research Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marie-Françoise Noirot-Gros
- Laboratoire de Genetique Microbienne, Domaine de Vilvert, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Michael Lalk
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Leendert W. Hamoen
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Has C, Das SL. The Functionality of Membrane-Inserting Proteins and Peptides: Curvature Sensing, Generation, and Pore Formation. J Membr Biol 2023; 256:343-372. [PMID: 37650909 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-023-00289-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Proteins and peptides with hydrophobic and amphiphilic segments are responsible for many biological functions. The sensing and generation of membrane curvature are the functions of several protein domains or motifs. While some specific membrane proteins play an essential role in controlling the curvature of distinct intracellular membranes, others participate in various cellular processes such as clathrin-mediated endocytosis, where several proteins sort themselves at the neck of the membrane bud. A few membrane-inserting proteins form nanopores that permeate selective ions and water to cross the membrane. In addition, many natural and synthetic small peptides and protein toxins disrupt the membrane by inducing nonspecific pores in the membrane. The pore formation causes cell death through the uncontrolled exchange between interior and exterior cellular contents. In this article, we discuss the insertion depth and orientation of protein/peptide helices, and their role as a sensor and inducer of membrane curvature as well as a pore former in the membrane. We anticipate that this extensive review will assist biophysicists to gain insight into curvature sensing, generation, and pore formation by membrane insertion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Has
- Department of Chemical Engineering, GSFC University, Vadodara, 391750, Gujarat, India.
| | - Sovan Lal Das
- Physical and Chemical Biology Laboratory and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Palakkad, 678623, Kerala, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Badvaram I, Camley BA. Physical limits to membrane curvature sensing by a single protein. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:064407. [PMID: 38243534 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.064407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Membrane curvature sensing is essential for a diverse range of biological processes. Recent experiments have revealed that a single nanometer-sized septin protein has different binding rates to membrane-coated glass beads of 1-µm and 3-µm diameters, even though the septin is orders of magnitude smaller than the beads. This sensing ability is especially surprising since curvature-sensing proteins must deal with persistent thermal fluctuations of the membrane, leading to discrepancies between the bead's curvature and the local membrane curvature sensed instantaneously by a protein. Using continuum models of fluctuating membranes, we investigate whether it is feasible for a protein acting as a perfect observer of the membrane to sense micron-scale curvature either by measuring local membrane curvature or by using bilayer lipid densities as a proxy. To do this, we develop algorithms to simulate lipid density and membrane shape fluctuations. We derive physical limits to the sensing efficacy of a protein in terms of protein size, membrane thickness, membrane bending modulus, membrane-substrate adhesion strength, and bead size. To explain the experimental protein-bead association rates, we develop two classes of predictive models: (i) for proteins that maximally associate to a preferred curvature and (ii) for proteins with enhanced association rates above a threshold curvature. We find that the experimentally observed sensing efficacy is close to the theoretical sensing limits imposed on a septin-sized protein. Protein-membrane association rates may depend on the curvature of the bead, but the strength of this dependence is limited by the fluctuations in membrane height and density.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indrajit Badvaram
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Brian A Camley
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
- William H. Miller III Department of Physics & Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Aftahy K, Arrasate P, Bashkirov PV, Kuzmin PI, Maurizot V, Huc I, Frolov VA. Molecular Sensing and Manipulation of Protein Oligomerization in Membrane Nanotubes with Bolaamphiphilic Foldamers. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25150-25159. [PMID: 37948300 PMCID: PMC10682987 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive and reversible self-assembly of supramolecular protein structures is a fundamental characteristic of dynamic living matter. However, the quantitative detection and assessment of the emergence of mesoscale protein complexes from small and dynamic oligomeric precursors remains highly challenging. Here, we present a novel approach utilizing a short membrane nanotube (sNT) pulled from a planar membrane reservoir as nanotemplates for molecular reconstruction, manipulation, and sensing of protein oligomerization and self-assembly at the mesoscale. The sNT reports changes in membrane shape and rigidity caused by membrane-bound proteins as variations of the ionic conductivity of the sNT lumen. To confine oligomerization to the sNT, we have designed and synthesized rigid oligoamide foldamer tapes (ROFTs). Charged ROFTs incorporate into the planar and sNT membranes, mediate protein binding to the membranes, and, driven by the luminal electric field, shuttle the bound proteins between the sNT and planar membranes. Using Annexin-V (AnV) as a prototype, we show that the sNT detects AnV oligomers shuttled into the nanotube by ROFTs. Accumulation of AnV on the sNT induces its self-assembly into a curved lattice, restricting the sNT geometry and inhibiting the material uptake from the reservoir during the sNT extension, leading to the sNT fission. By comparing the spontaneous and ROFT-mediated entry of AnV into the sNT, we reveal how intricate membrane curvature sensing by small AnV oligomers controls the lattice self-assembly. These results establish sNT-ROFT as a powerful tool for molecular reconstruction and functional analyses of protein oligomerization and self-assembly, with broad application to various membrane processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Aftahy
- Department
of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Pedro Arrasate
- Biofisika
Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU), University of
the Basque Country, Leioa 48940, Spain
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of the Basque Country, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Pavel V. Bashkirov
- Research
Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine, Moscow 117246, Russia
| | - Petr I. Kuzmin
- A.N.
Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Victor Maurizot
- Univ. Bordeaux,
CNRS, Bordeaux Institut National Polytechnique, CBMN (UMR 5248), Pessac 33600, France
| | - Ivan Huc
- Department
of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Vadim A. Frolov
- Biofisika
Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU), University of
the Basque Country, Leioa 48940, Spain
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of the Basque Country, Leioa 48940, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sigrist SJ, Haucke V. Orchestrating vesicular and nonvesicular membrane dynamics by intrinsically disordered proteins. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57758. [PMID: 37680133 PMCID: PMC10626433 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Compartmentalization by membranes is a common feature of eukaryotic cells and serves to spatiotemporally confine biochemical reactions to control physiology. Membrane-bound organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the Golgi complex, endosomes and lysosomes, and the plasma membrane, continuously exchange material via vesicular carriers. In addition to vesicular trafficking entailing budding, fission, and fusion processes, organelles can form membrane contact sites (MCSs) that enable the nonvesicular exchange of lipids, ions, and metabolites, or the secretion of neurotransmitters via subsequent membrane fusion. Recent data suggest that biomolecule and information transfer via vesicular carriers and via MCSs share common organizational principles and are often mediated by proteins with intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs). Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) can assemble via low-affinity, multivalent interactions to facilitate membrane tethering, deformation, fission, or fusion. Here, we review our current understanding of how IDPs drive the formation of multivalent protein assemblies and protein condensates to orchestrate vesicular and nonvesicular transport with a special focus on presynaptic neurotransmission. We further discuss how dysfunction of IDPs causes disease and outline perspectives for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan J Sigrist
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, PharmacyFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Volker Haucke
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, PharmacyFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Cell BiologyLeibniz Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP)BerlinGermany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Renne MF, Ernst R. Membrane homeostasis beyond fluidity: control of membrane compressibility. Trends Biochem Sci 2023; 48:963-977. [PMID: 37652754 PMCID: PMC10580326 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Biomembranes are complex materials composed of lipids and proteins that compartmentalize biochemistry. They are actively remodeled in response to physical and metabolic cues, as well as during cell differentiation and stress. The concept of homeoviscous adaptation has become a textbook example of membrane responsiveness. Here, we discuss limitations and common misconceptions revolving around it. By highlighting key moments in the life cycle of a transmembrane protein, we illustrate that membrane thickness and a finely regulated membrane compressibility are crucial to facilitate proper membrane protein insertion, function, sorting, and inheritance. We propose that the unfolded protein response (UPR) provides a mechanism for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane homeostasis by sensing aberrant transverse membrane stiffening and triggering adaptive responses that re-establish membrane compressibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mike F Renne
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany; PZMS, Center for Molecular Signaling, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Robert Ernst
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany; PZMS, Center for Molecular Signaling, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu Z, Christensen SM, Capaldi X, Hosseini SI, Zeng L, Zhang Y, Reyes-Lamothe R, Reisner W. Characterizing interaction of multiple nanocavity confined plasmids in presence of large DNA model nucleoid. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:6545-6555. [PMID: 37599597 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00491k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria have numerous large dsDNA molecules that freely interact within the cell, including multiple plasmids, primary and secondary chromosomes. The cell membrane maintains a micron-scale confinement, ensuring that the dsDNA species are proximal at all times and interact strongly in a manner influenced by the cell morphology (e.g. whether cell geometry is spherical or anisotropic). These interactions lead to non-uniform spatial organization and complex dynamics, including segregation of plasmid DNA to polar and membrane proximal regions. However, exactly how this organization arises, how it depends on cell morphology and number of interacting dsDNA species are under debate. Here, using an in vitro nanofluidic model, featuring a cavity that can be opened and closed in situ, we address how plasmid copy number and confinement geometry alter plasmid spatial distribution and dynamics. We find that increasing the plasmid number alters the plasmid spatial distribution and shortens the plasmid polar dwell time; sharper cavity end curvature leads to longer plasmid dwell times.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zezhou Liu
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue université, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2T8, Canada.
| | - Sarah M Christensen
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue université, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2T8, Canada.
- Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Eckhardt, 5720 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Xavier Capaldi
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue université, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2T8, Canada.
| | - Seyed Imman Hosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, 3775 rue université, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Lili Zeng
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue université, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2T8, Canada.
| | - Yuning Zhang
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue université, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2T8, Canada.
- BGI Research, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Rodrigo Reyes-Lamothe
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 33649 Sir William Osler, Montréal, Québec, H3G 0B18, Canada
| | - Walter Reisner
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue université, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2T8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lu CH, Tsai CT, Jones Iv T, Chim V, Klausen LH, Zhang W, Li X, Jahed Z, Cui B. A NanoCurvS platform for quantitative and multiplex analysis of curvature-sensing proteins. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:5205-5217. [PMID: 37337788 PMCID: PMC10809791 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01856j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The cell membrane is characterized by a rich variety of topographical features such as local protrusions or invaginations. Curvature-sensing proteins, including the Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) or epsin N-terminal homology (ENTH) family proteins, sense the bending sharpness and the positive/negative sign of these topographical features to induce subsequent intracellular signaling. A number of assays have been developed to study curvature-sensing properties of proteins in vitro, but it is still challenging to probe low curvature regime with the diameter of curvature from hundreds of nanometers to micrometers. It is particularly difficult to generate negative membrane curvatures with well-defined curvature values in the low curvature regime. In this work, we develop a nanostructure-based curvature sensing (NanoCurvS) platform that enables quantitative and multiplex analysis of curvature-sensitive proteins in the low curvature regime, in both negative and positive directions. We use NanoCurvS to quantitatively measure the sensing range of a negative curvature-sensing protein IRSp53 (an I-BAR protein) and a positive curvature-sensing protein FBP17 (an F-BAR protein). We find that, in cell lysates, the I-BAR domain of IRSp53 is able to sense shallow negative curvatures with the diameter-of-curvature up to 1500 nm, a range much wider than previously expected. NanoCurvS is also used to probe the autoinhibition effect of IRSp53 and the phosphorylation effect of FBP17. Therefore, the NanoCurvS platform provides a robust, multiplex, and easy-to-use tool for quantitative analysis of both positive and negative curvature-sensing proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hao Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Ching-Ting Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Taylor Jones Iv
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Vincent Chim
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Lasse H Klausen
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Zeinab Jahed
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Bianxiao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Wu-Tsai Neuroscience Institute and ChEM-H institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Anila MM, Ghosh R, Różycki B. Membrane curvature sensing by model biomolecular condensates. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:3723-3732. [PMID: 37190858 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00131h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecular condensates (BCs) are fluid droplets that form in biological cells by liquid-liquid phase separation. Their major components are intrinsically disordered proteins. Vast attention has been given in recent years to BCs inside the cytosol and nucleus. BCs at the cell membrane have not been studied to the same extent so far. However, recent studies provide increasingly more examples of interfaces between BCs and membranes which function as platforms for diverse biomolecular processes. Galectin-3, for example, is known to mediate clathrin-independent endocytosis and has been recently shown to undergo liquid-liquid phase separation, but the function of BCs of galectin-3 in endocytic pit formation is unknown. Here, we use dissipative particle dynamics simulations to study a generic coarse-grained model for BCs interacting with lipid membranes. In analogy to galectin-3, we consider polymers comprising two segments - one of them mediates multivalent attractive interactions between the polymers, and the other one has affinity for association with specific lipid head groups. When these polymers are brought into contact with a multi-component membrane, they spontaneously assemble into droplets and, simultaneously, induce lateral separation of lipids within the membrane. Interestingly, we find that if the membrane is bent, the polymer droplets localize at membrane regions curved inward. Although the polymers have no particular shape or intrinsic curvature, they appear to sense membrane curvature when clustered at the membrane. Our results indicate toward a generic mechanism of membrane curvature sensing by BCs involved in such processes as endocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Midhun Mohan Anila
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Rikhia Ghosh
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Bartosz Różycki
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liu L, Tang Y, Zhou Z, Huang Y, Zhang R, Lyu H, Xiao S, Guo D, Ali DW, Michalak M, Chen XZ, Zhou C, Tang J. Membrane Curvature: The Inseparable Companion of Autophagy. Cells 2023; 12:1132. [PMID: 37190041 PMCID: PMC10136490 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved recycling process of eukaryotic cells that degrades protein aggregates or damaged organelles with the participation of autophagy-related proteins. Membrane bending is a key step in autophagosome membrane formation and nucleation. A variety of autophagy-related proteins (ATGs) are needed to sense and generate membrane curvature, which then complete the membrane remodeling process. The Atg1 complex, Atg2-Atg18 complex, Vps34 complex, Atg12-Atg5 conjugation system, Atg8-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugation system, and transmembrane protein Atg9 promote the production of autophagosomal membranes directly or indirectly through their specific structures to alter membrane curvature. There are three common mechanisms to explain the change in membrane curvature. For example, the BAR domain of Bif-1 senses and tethers Atg9 vesicles to change the membrane curvature of the isolation membrane (IM), and the Atg9 vesicles are reported as a source of the IM in the autophagy process. The amphiphilic helix of Bif-1 inserts directly into the phospholipid bilayer, causing membrane asymmetry, and thus changing the membrane curvature of the IM. Atg2 forms a pathway for lipid transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the IM, and this pathway also contributes to the formation of the IM. In this review, we introduce the phenomena and causes of membrane curvature changes in the process of macroautophagy, and the mechanisms of ATGs in membrane curvature and autophagosome membrane formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Yu Tang
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Zijuan Zhou
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Hao Lyu
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Shuai Xiao
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Dong Guo
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Declan William Ali
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Marek Michalak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Xing-Zhen Chen
- Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Cefan Zhou
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Jingfeng Tang
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Maingi V, Zhang Z, Thachuk C, Sarraf N, Chapman ER, Rothemund PWK. Digital nanoreactors to control absolute stoichiometry and spatiotemporal behavior of DNA receptors within lipid bilayers. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1532. [PMID: 36941256 PMCID: PMC10027858 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36996-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between membrane proteins are essential for cell survival but are often poorly understood. Even the biologically functional ratio of components within a multi-subunit membrane complex-the native stoichiometry-is difficult to establish. Here we demonstrate digital nanoreactors that can control interactions between lipid-bound molecular receptors along three key dimensions: stoichiometric, spatial, and temporal. Each nanoreactor is based on a DNA origami ring, which both templates the synthesis of a liposome and provides tethering sites for DNA-based receptors (modelling membrane proteins). Receptors are released into the liposomal membrane using strand displacement and a DNA logic gate measures receptor heterodimer formation. High-efficiency tethering of receptors enables the kinetics of receptors in 1:1 and 2:2 absolute stoichiometries to be observed by bulk fluorescence, which in principle is generalizable to any ratio. Similar single-molecule-in-bulk experiments using DNA-linked membrane proteins could determine native stoichiometry and the kinetics of membrane protein interactions for applications ranging from signalling research to drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Maingi
- Department of Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Chris Thachuk
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Namita Sarraf
- Department of Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Edwin R Chapman
- Department of Neuroscience and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| | - Paul W K Rothemund
- Department of Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Department of Computation & Neural Systems, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Department of Computation + Mathematical Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
van Hilten N, Methorst J, Verwei N, Risselada HJ. Physics-based generative model of curvature sensing peptides; distinguishing sensors from binders. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade8839. [PMID: 36930719 PMCID: PMC10022891 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade8839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Proteins can specifically bind to curved membranes through curvature-induced hydrophobic lipid packing defects. The chemical diversity among such curvature "sensors" challenges our understanding of how they differ from general membrane "binders" that bind without curvature selectivity. Here, we combine an evolutionary algorithm with coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations (Evo-MD) to resolve the peptide sequences that optimally recognize the curvature of lipid membranes. We subsequently demonstrate how a synergy between Evo-MD and a neural network (NN) can enhance the identification and discovery of curvature sensing peptides and proteins. To this aim, we benchmark a physics-trained NN model against experimental data and show that we can correctly identify known sensors and binders. We illustrate that sensing and binding are phenomena that lie on the same thermodynamic continuum, with only subtle but explainable differences in membrane binding free energy, consistent with the serendipitous discovery of sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niek van Hilten
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333 CC, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Methorst
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333 CC, Netherlands
| | - Nino Verwei
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333 CC, Netherlands
| | - Herre Jelger Risselada
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333 CC, Netherlands
- Department of Physics, Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 4, Dortmund, 44227, Germany
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ball HL, Said H, Chapman K, Fu R, Xiong Y, Burk JA, Rosenbaum D, Veneziano R, Cotten ML. Orexin A, an amphipathic α-helical neuropeptide involved in pleiotropic functions in the nervous and immune systems: Synthetic approach and biophysical studies of the membrane-bound state. Biophys Chem 2023; 297:107007. [PMID: 37037119 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2023.107007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
This research reports on the membrane interactions of orexin A (OXA), an α-helical and amphipathic neuropeptide that contains 33 residues and two disulfide bonds in the N-terminal region. OXA, which activates the orexins 1 and 2 receptors in neural and immune cell membranes, has essential pleiotropic physiological effects, including at the levels of arousal, sleep/wakefulness, energy balance, neuroprotection, lipid signaling, the inflammatory response, and pain. As a result, the orexin system has become a prominent target to treat diseases such as sleep disorders, drug addiction, and inflammation. While the high-resolution structure of OXA has been investigated in water and bound to micelles, there is a lack of information about its conformation bound to phospholipid membranes and its receptors. NMR is a powerful method to investigate peptide structures in a membrane environment. To facilitate the NMR structural studies of OXA exposed to membranes, we present a novel synthetic scheme, leading to the production of isotopically-labeled material at high purity. A receptor activation assay shows that the 15N-labeled peptide is biologically active. Biophysical studies are performed using surface plasmon resonance, circular dichroism, and NMR to investigate the interactions of OXA with phospholipid bilayers. The results demonstrate a strong interaction between the peptide and phospholipids, an increase in α-helical content upon membrane binding, and an in-plane orientation of the C-terminal region critical to function. This new knowledge about structure-activity relationships in OXA could inspire the design of novel therapeutics that leverage the anti-inflammatory and neuro-protective functions of OXA, and therefore could help address neuroinflammation, a major issue associated with neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haydn L Ball
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Hooda Said
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Computing, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Karen Chapman
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Riqiang Fu
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Yawei Xiong
- Department of Applied Science, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA
| | - Joshua A Burk
- Department of Psychological Sciences, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA
| | - Daniel Rosenbaum
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Remi Veneziano
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Computing, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Myriam L Cotten
- Department of Applied Science, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Grooms A, Nordmann AN, Badu-Tawiah AK. Plasma-Droplet Reaction Systems: A Direct Mass Spectrometry Approach for Enhanced Characterization of Lipids at Multiple Isomer Levels. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2023; 3:32-44. [PMID: 36817012 PMCID: PMC9936802 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Neutral triacylglyceride (TG) lipids are critical in cellular function, signaling, and energy storage. Multiple molecular pathways control TG structure via nonselective routes making them structurally complex and analytically challenging to characterize. The presence of C=C bond positional isomers exacerbates this challenge as complete structural elucidation is not possible by conventional tandem mass spectrometric methods such as collision-induced dissociation (CID), alone. Herein, we report a custom-made coaxial contained-electrospray ionization (ESI) emitter that allows the fusion of plasma discharge with charged microdroplets during electrospray (ES). Etched capillaries were incorporated into this contained-ES emitter, facilitating the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at low (3 kV) ESI voltages and allowing stable ESI ion signal to be achieved at an unprecedented high (7 kV) spray voltage. The analytical utility of inducing plasma discharge during electrospray was investigated using online ionization of neutral TGs, in situ epoxidation of unsaturation sites, and C=C bond localization via conventional CID mass spectrometry. Collisional activation of the lipid epoxide generated during the online plasma-droplet fusion experiment resulted in a novel fragmentation pattern that showed a quadruplet of diagnostic ions for confident assignment of C=C bond positions and subsequent isomer differentiation. This phenomenon enabled the identification of a novel TG lipid, composed of conjugated linoleic acid, that is isomeric with two other TG lipids naturally found in extra virgin olive oil. To validate our findings, we analyzed various standards of TG lipids, including triolein, trilinolein, and trilinolenin, and isomeric mixtures in the positive-ion mode, each of which produced the expected quadruplet diagnostic fragment ions. Further validation was obtained by analyzing standards of free fatty acids expected from the hydrolysis of the TG lipids in the negative-ion mode, together with isomeric mixtures. The chemistry governing the gas-phase fragmentation of the lipid epoxides was carefully elucidated for each TG lipid analyzed. This comprehensive shotgun lipidomic approach has the potential to impact biomedical research since it can be accomplished on readily available mass spectrometers without the need for instrument modification.
Collapse
|
24
|
Büber E, Schröder T, Scheckenbach M, Dass M, Franquelim HG, Tinnefeld P. DNA Origami Curvature Sensors for Nanoparticle and Vesicle Size Determination with Single-Molecule FRET Readout. ACS NANO 2023; 17:3088-3097. [PMID: 36735241 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Particle size is an important characteristic of materials with a direct effect on their physicochemical features. Besides nanoparticles, particle size and surface curvature are particularly important in the world of lipids and cellular membranes as the cell membrane undergoes conformational changes in many biological processes which leads to diverging local curvature values. On account of that, it is important to develop cost-effective, rapid and sufficiently precise systems that can measure the surface curvature on the nanoscale that can be translated to size for spherical particles. As an alternative approach for particle characterization, we present flexible DNA nanodevices that can adapt to the curvature of the structure they are bound to. The curvature sensors use Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) as the transduction mechanism on the single-molecule level. The curvature sensors consist of segmented DNA origami structures connected via flexible DNA linkers incorporating a FRET pair. The activity of the sensors was first demonstrated with defined binding to different DNA origami geometries used as templates. Then the DNA origami curvature sensors were applied to measure spherical silica beads having different size, and subsequently on lipid vesicles. With the designed sensors, we could reliably distinguish different sized nanoparticles within a size range of 50-300 nm as well as the bending angle range of 50-180°. This study helps with the development of more advanced modular-curvature sensing devices that are capable of determining the sizes of nanoparticles and biological complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ece Büber
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377Munich, Germany
| | - Tim Schröder
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Scheckenbach
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377Munich, Germany
| | - Mihir Dass
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539Munich, Germany
| | - Henri G Franquelim
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152Martinsried, Germany
- Interfaculty Centre for Bioactive Matter, Leipzig University, c/o Deutscher Platz 5 (BBZ), 04109Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philip Tinnefeld
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lottermoser JA, Dittman JS. Complexin Membrane Interactions: Implications for Synapse Evolution and Function. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:167774. [PMID: 35931110 PMCID: PMC9807284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The molecules and mechanisms behind chemical synaptic transmission have been explored for decades. For several of the core proteins involved in synaptic vesicle fusion, we now have a reasonably detailed grasp of their biochemical, structural, and functional properties. Complexin is one of the key synaptic proteins for which a simple mechanistic understanding is still lacking. Living up to its name, this small protein has been associated with a variety of roles differing between synapses and between species, but little consensus has been reached on its fundamental modes of action. Much attention has been paid to its deeply conserved SNARE-binding properties, while membrane-binding features of complexin and their functional significance have yet to be explored to the same degree. In this review, we summarize the known membrane interactions of the complexin C-terminal domain and their potential relevance to its function, synaptic localization, and evolutionary history.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeremy S Dittman
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Strada A, Frigerio R, Bergamaschi G, Gagni P, Cretich M, Gori A. Membrane-Sensing Peptides for Extracellular Vesicle Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2578:249-257. [PMID: 36152293 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2732-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Analytical platforms for small extracellular vesicle (sEV) high-throughput analysis are highly desirable. These bionanoparticles present fairly distinctive lipid membrane features including high curvature, lipid-packing defects, and a relative abundance in lipids. sEV membrane could be considered as a "universal" marker, complementary or alternative to traditional surface-associated proteins. Here, we describe the use of membrane-sensing peptides as a new, highly efficient ligand to directly integrate sEV capturing and analysis on a microarray platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Strada
- National Research Council of Italy, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC-CNR), Milan, Italy.
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Milan, Italy.
| | - Roberto Frigerio
- National Research Council of Italy, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC-CNR), Milan, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Greta Bergamaschi
- National Research Council of Italy, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC-CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Gagni
- National Research Council of Italy, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC-CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Cretich
- National Research Council of Italy, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC-CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gori
- National Research Council of Italy, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC-CNR), Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Semeraro EF, Pajtinka P, Marx L, Kabelka I, Leber R, Lohner K, Vácha R, Pabst G. Magainin 2 and PGLa in bacterial membrane mimics IV: Membrane curvature and partitioning. Biophys J 2022; 121:4689-4701. [PMID: 36258677 PMCID: PMC9748257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that the synergistically enhanced antimicrobial activity of magainin 2 (MG2a) and PGLa is related to membrane adhesion and fusion. Here, we demonstrate that equimolar mixtures of MG2a and L18W-PGLa induce positive monolayer curvature stress and sense, at the same time, positive mean and Gaussian bilayer curvatures already at low amounts of bound peptide. The combination of both abilities-membrane curvature sensing and inducing-is most likely the base for the synergistically enhanced peptide activity. In addition, our coarse-grained simulations suggest that fusion stalks are promoted by decreasing the free-energy barrier for their formation rather than by stabilizing their shape. We also interrogated peptide partitioning as a function of lipid and peptide concentration using tryptophan fluorescence spectroscopy and peptide-induced leakage of dyes from lipid vesicles. In agreement with a previous report, we find increased membrane partitioning of L18W-PGLa in the presence of MG2a. However, this effect does not prevail to lipid concentrations higher than 1 mM, above which all peptides associate with the lipid bilayers. This implies that synergistic effects of MG2a and L18W-PGLa in previously reported experiments with lipid concentrations >1 mM are due to peptide-induced membrane remodeling and not their specific membrane partitioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico F Semeraro
- University of Graz, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Biophysics Division, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Pajtinka
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lisa Marx
- University of Graz, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Biophysics Division, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ivo Kabelka
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Regina Leber
- University of Graz, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Biophysics Division, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Karl Lohner
- University of Graz, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Biophysics Division, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Vácha
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Georg Pabst
- University of Graz, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Biophysics Division, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mochizuki K. The packing parameter of bare surfactant does not necessarily indicate morphological changes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 631:17-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.10.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
29
|
Multifunctional membranes for lipidic nanovesicle capture. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
30
|
Wurz AI, Bunner WP, Szatmari EM, Hughes RM. CRY-BARs: Versatile light-gated molecular tools for the remodeling of membrane architectures. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102388. [PMID: 35987384 PMCID: PMC9530617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BAR (Bin, Amphiphysin and Rvs) protein domains are responsible for the generation of membrane curvature and represent a critical mechanical component of cellular functions. Thus, BAR domains have great potential as components of membrane-remodeling tools for cell biologists. In this work, we describe the design and implementation of a family of versatile light-gated I-BAR (inverse-BAR) domain containing tools derived from the fusion of the A. thaliana Cryptochrome 2 photoreceptor and I-BAR protein domains ('CRY-BARs') with applications in the remodeling of membrane architectures and the control of cellular dynamics. By taking advantage of the intrinsic membrane binding propensity of the I-BAR domain, CRY-BARs can be used for spatial and temporal control of cellular processes that require induction of membrane protrusions. Using cell lines and primary neuron cultures, we demonstrate here that the CRY-BAR optogenetic tool evokes membrane dynamics changes associated with cellular activity. Moreover, we provide evidence that ezrin, an actin and PIP2 binding protein, acts as a relay between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton and therefore is an important mediator of switch function. Overall, we propose that CRY-BARs hold promise as a useful addition to the optogenetic toolkit to study membrane remodeling in live cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna I Wurz
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States
| | - Wyatt Paul Bunner
- Department of Physical Therapy, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States
| | - Erzsebet M Szatmari
- Department of Physical Therapy, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States
| | - Robert M Hughes
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Membrane curvature and PS localize coagulation proteins to filopodia and retraction fibers of endothelial cells. Blood Adv 2022; 7:60-72. [PMID: 35849711 PMCID: PMC9827038 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021006870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior reports indicate that the convex membrane curvature of phosphatidylserine (PS)-containing vesicles enhances formation of binding sites for factor Va and lactadherin. Yet, the relationship of convex curvature to localization of these proteins on cells remains unknown. We developed a membrane topology model, using phospholipid bilayers supported by nano-etched silica substrates, to further explore the relationship between curvature and localization of coagulation proteins. Ridge convexity corresponded to maximal curvature of physiologic membranes (radii of 10 or 30 nm) and the troughs had a variable concave curvature. The benchmark PS probe lactadherin exhibited strong differential binding to the ridges, on membranes with 4% to 15% PS. Factor Va, with a PS-binding motif homologous to lactadherin, also bound selectively to the ridges. Bound factor Va supported coincident binding of factor Xa, localizing prothrombinase complexes to the ridges. Endothelial cells responded to prothrombotic stressors and stimuli (staurosporine, tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF- α]) by retracting cell margins and forming filaments and filopodia. These had a high positive curvature similar to supported membrane ridges and selectively bound lactadherin. Likewise, the retraction filaments and filopodia bound factor Va and supported assembly of prothrombinase, whereas the cell body did not. The perfusion of plasma over TNF-α-stimulated endothelia in culture dishes and engineered 3-dimensional microvessels led to fibrin deposition at cell margins, inhibited by lactadherin, without clotting of bulk plasma. Our results indicate that stressed or stimulated endothelial cells support prothrombinase activity localized to convex topological features at cell margins. These findings may relate to perivascular fibrin deposition in sepsis and inflammation.
Collapse
|
32
|
De Belly H, Paluch EK, Chalut KJ. Interplay between mechanics and signalling in regulating cell fate. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:465-480. [PMID: 35365816 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00472-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical signalling affects multiple biological processes during development and in adult organisms, including cell fate transitions, cell migration, morphogenesis and immune responses. Here, we review recent insights into the mechanisms and functions of two main routes of mechanical signalling: outside-in mechanical signalling, such as mechanosensing of substrate properties or shear stresses; and mechanical signalling regulated by the physical properties of the cell surface itself. We discuss examples of how these two classes of mechanical signalling regulate stem cell function, as well as developmental processes in vivo. We also discuss how cell surface mechanics affects intracellular signalling and, in turn, how intracellular signalling controls cell surface mechanics, generating feedback into the regulation of mechanosensing. The cooperation between mechanosensing, intracellular signalling and cell surface mechanics has a profound impact on biological processes. We discuss here our understanding of how these three elements interact to regulate stem cell fate and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry De Belly
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ewa K Paluch
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Kevin J Chalut
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Wellcome/MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
van Hilten N, Stroh KS, Risselada HJ. Efficient Quantification of Lipid Packing Defect Sensing by Amphipathic Peptides: Comparing Martini 2 and 3 with CHARMM36. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:4503-4514. [PMID: 35709386 PMCID: PMC9281404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In biological systems, proteins can be attracted to curved or stretched regions of lipid bilayers by sensing hydrophobic defects in the lipid packing on the membrane surface. Here, we present an efficient end-state free energy calculation method to quantify such sensing in molecular dynamics simulations. We illustrate that lipid packing defect sensing can be defined as the difference in mechanical work required to stretch a membrane with and without a peptide bound to the surface. We also demonstrate that a peptide's ability to concurrently induce excess leaflet area (tension) and elastic softening─a property we call the "characteristic area of sensing" (CHAOS)─and lipid packing sensing behavior are in fact two sides of the same coin. In essence, defect sensing displays a peptide's propensity to generate tension. The here-proposed mechanical pathway is equally accurate yet, computationally, about 40 times less costly than the commonly used alchemical pathway (thermodynamic integration), allowing for more feasible free energy calculations in atomistic simulations. This enabled us to directly compare the Martini 2 and 3 coarse-grained and the CHARMM36 atomistic force fields in terms of relative binding free energies for six representative peptides including the curvature sensor ALPS and two antiviral amphipathic helices (AH). We observed that Martini 3 qualitatively reproduces experimental trends while producing substantially lower (relative) binding free energies and shallower membrane insertion depths compared to atomistic simulations. In contrast, Martini 2 tends to overestimate (relative) binding free energies. Finally, we offer a glimpse into how our end-state-based free energy method can enable the inverse design of optimal lipid packing defect sensing peptides when used in conjunction with our recently developed evolutionary molecular dynamics (Evo-MD) method. We argue that these optimized defect sensors─aside from their biomedical and biophysical relevance─can provide valuable targets for the development of lipid force fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niek van Hilten
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Kai Steffen Stroh
- Department of Physics, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund 44221, Germany.,Institute for Theoretical Physics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Herre Jelger Risselada
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands.,Department of Physics, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund 44221, Germany.,Institute for Theoretical Physics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tumor protein D54 binds intracellular nanovesicles via an extended amphipathic region. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102136. [PMID: 35714773 PMCID: PMC9270247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor Protein D54 (TPD54) is an abundant cytosolic protein that belongs to the TPD52 family, a family of four proteins (TPD52, 53, 54 and 55) that are overexpressed in several cancer cells. Even though the functions of these proteins remain elusive, recent investigations indicate that TPD54 binds to very small cytosolic vesicles with a diameter of ca. 30 nm, half the size of classical (e.g. COPI and COPII) transport vesicles. Here, we investigated the mechanism of intracellular nanovesicle capture by TPD54. Bioinformatical analysis suggests that TPD54 contains a small coiled-coil followed by four amphipathic helices (AH1-4), which could fold upon binding to lipid membranes. Limited proteolysis, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, tryptophan fluorescence, and cysteine mutagenesis coupled to covalent binding of a membrane sensitive probe showed that binding of TPD54 to small liposomes is accompanied by large structural changes in the amphipathic helix region. Furthermore, site-directed mutagenesis indicated that AH2 and AH3 have a predominant role in TPD54 binding to membranes both in cells and using model liposomes. We found that AH3 has the physicochemical features of an Amphipathic Lipid Packing Sensor (ALPS) motif, which, in other proteins, enables membrane binding in a curvature-dependent manner. Accordingly, we observed that binding of TPD54 to liposomes is very sensitive to membrane curvature and lipid unsaturation. We conclude that TPD54 recognizes nanovesicles through a combination of ALPS-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
Collapse
|
35
|
Dresser L, Graham SP, Miller LM, Schaefer C, Conteduca D, Johnson S, Leake MC, Quinn SD. Tween-20 Induces the Structural Remodeling of Single Lipid Vesicles. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:5341-5350. [PMID: 35678387 PMCID: PMC9208007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The solubilization of lipid membranes by Tween-20 is crucial for a number of biotechnological applications, but the mechanistic details remain elusive. Evidence from ensemble assays supports a solubilization model that encompasses surfactant association with the membrane and the release of mixed micelles to solution, but whether this process also involves intermediate transitions between regimes is unanswered. In search of mechanistic origins, increasing focus is placed on identifying Tween-20 interactions with controllable membrane mimetics. Here, we employed ultrasensitive biosensing approaches, including single-vesicle spectroscopy based on fluorescence and energy transfer from membrane-encapsulated molecules, to interrogate interactions between Tween-20 and submicrometer-sized vesicles below the optical diffraction limit. We discovered that Tween-20, even at concentrations below the critical micellar concentration, triggers stepwise and phase-dependent structural remodeling events, including permeabilization and swelling, in both freely diffusing and surface-tethered vesicles, highlighting the substantial impact the surfactant has on vesicle conformation and stability prior to lysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Dresser
- Department
of Physics, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Sarah P. Graham
- Department
of Physics, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Lisa M. Miller
- Department
of Electronic Engineering, University of
York, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | | | | | - Steven Johnson
- Department
of Electronic Engineering, University of
York, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
- York
Biomedical Research Institute, University
of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Mark C. Leake
- Department
of Physics, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
- Department
of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
- York
Biomedical Research Institute, University
of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Steven D. Quinn
- Department
of Physics, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
- York
Biomedical Research Institute, University
of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Larocque G, Royle SJ. Integrating intracellular nanovesicles into integrin trafficking pathways and beyond. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:335. [PMID: 35657500 PMCID: PMC9166830 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04371-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Membrane traffic controls the movement of proteins and lipids from one cellular compartment to another using a system of transport vesicles. Intracellular nanovesicles (INVs) are a newly described class of transport vesicles. These vesicles are small, carry diverse cargo, and are involved in multiple trafficking steps including anterograde traffic and endosomal recycling. An example of a biological process that they control is cell migration and invasion, due to their role in integrin recycling. In this review, we describe what is known so far about these vesicles. We discuss how INVs may integrate into established membrane trafficking pathways using integrin recycling as an example. We speculate where in the cell INVs have the potential to operate and we identify key questions for future investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen J Royle
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Nishide R, Ishihara S. Pattern Propagation Driven by Surface Curvature. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:224101. [PMID: 35714259 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.224101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pattern dynamics on curved surfaces are found everywhere in nature. The geometry of surfaces has been shown to influence dynamics and play a functional role, yet a comprehensive understanding is still elusive. Here, we report for the first time that a static Turing pattern on a flat surface can propagate on a curved surface, as opposed to previous studies, where the pattern is presupposed to be static irrespective of the surface geometry. To understand such significant changes on curved surfaces, we investigate reaction-diffusion systems on axisymmetric curved surfaces. Numerical and theoretical analyses reveal that both the symmetries of the surface and pattern participate in the initiation of pattern propagation. This study provides a novel and generic mechanism of pattern propagation that is caused by surface curvature, as well as insights into the general role of surface geometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Nishide
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Shuji Ishihara
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
- Universal Biology Institute, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Brodin L, Milovanovic D, Rizzoli SO, Shupliakov O. α-Synuclein in the Synaptic Vesicle Liquid Phase: Active Player or Passive Bystander? Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:891508. [PMID: 35664678 PMCID: PMC9159372 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.891508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein α-synuclein, which is well-known for its links to Parkinson’s Disease, is associated with synaptic vesicles (SVs) in nerve terminals. Despite intensive studies, its precise physiological function remains elusive. Accumulating evidence indicates that liquid-liquid phase separation takes part in the assembly and/or maintenance of different synaptic compartments. The current review discusses recent data suggesting α-synuclein as a component of the SV liquid phase. We also consider possible implications of these data for disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Brodin
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Lennart Brodin, ; Oleg Shupliakov,
| | - Dragomir Milovanovic
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany
| | - Silvio O. Rizzoli
- Institute of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oleg Shupliakov
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- *Correspondence: Lennart Brodin, ; Oleg Shupliakov,
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bashkirov PV, Kuzmin PI, Vera Lillo J, Frolov VA. Molecular Shape Solution for Mesoscopic Remodeling of Cellular Membranes. Annu Rev Biophys 2022; 51:473-497. [PMID: 35239417 PMCID: PMC10787580 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-011422-100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cellular membranes self-assemble from and interact with various molecular species. Each molecule locally shapes the lipid bilayer, the soft elastic core of cellular membranes. The dynamic architecture of intracellular membrane systems is based on elastic transformations and lateral redistribution of these elementary shapes, driven by chemical and curvature stress gradients. The minimization of the total elastic stress by such redistribution composes the most basic, primordial mechanism of membrane curvature-composition coupling (CCC). Although CCC is generally considered in the context of dynamic compositional heterogeneity of cellular membrane systems, in this article we discuss a broader involvement of CCC in controlling membrane deformations. We focus specifically on the mesoscale membrane transformations in open, reservoir-governed systems, such as membrane budding, tubulation, and the emergence of highly curved sites of membrane fusion and fission. We reveal that the reshuffling of molecular shapes constitutes an independent deformation mode with complex rheological properties.This mode controls effective elasticity of local deformations as well as stationary elastic stress, thus emerging as a major regulator of intracellular membrane remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel V Bashkirov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Molecular and Biological Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter I Kuzmin
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Javier Vera Lillo
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain;
| | - Vadim A Frolov
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain;
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Insights into Membrane Curvature Sensing and Membrane Remodeling by Intrinsically Disordered Proteins and Protein Regions. J Membr Biol 2022; 255:237-259. [PMID: 35451616 PMCID: PMC9028910 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-022-00237-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cellular membranes are highly dynamic in shape. They can rapidly and precisely regulate their shape to perform various cellular functions. The protein’s ability to sense membrane curvature is essential in various biological events such as cell signaling and membrane trafficking. As they are bound, these curvature-sensing proteins may also change the local membrane shape by one or more curvature driving mechanisms. Established curvature-sensing/driving mechanisms rely on proteins with specific structural features such as amphipathic helices and intrinsically curved shapes. However, the recent discovery and characterization of many proteins have shattered the protein structure–function paradigm, believing that the protein functions require a unique structural feature. Typically, such structure-independent functions are carried either entirely by intrinsically disordered proteins or hybrid proteins containing disordered regions and structured domains. It is becoming more apparent that disordered proteins and regions can be potent sensors/inducers of membrane curvatures. In this article, we outline the basic features of disordered proteins and regions, the motifs in such proteins that encode the function, membrane remodeling by disordered proteins and regions, and assays that may be employed to investigate curvature sensing and generation by ordered/disordered proteins.
Collapse
|
41
|
Francia V, Reker-Smit C, Salvati A. Mechanisms of Uptake and Membrane Curvature Generation for the Internalization of Silica Nanoparticles by Cells. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:3118-3124. [PMID: 35377663 PMCID: PMC9011393 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanosized drug carriers enter cells via active mechanisms of endocytosis but the pathways involved are often not clarified. Cells possess several mechanisms to generate membrane curvature during uptake. However, the mechanisms of membrane curvature generation for nanoparticle uptake have not been explored so far. Here, we combined different methods to characterize how silica nanoparticles with a human serum corona enter cells. In these conditions, silica nanoparticles are internalized via the LDL receptor (LDLR). We demonstrate that despite the interaction with LDLR, uptake is not clathrin-mediated, as usually observed for this receptor. Additionally, silencing the expression of different proteins involved in clathrin-independent mechanisms and several BAR-domain proteins known to generate membrane curvature strongly reduces nanoparticle uptake. Thus, nanosized objects targeted to specific receptors, such as here LDLR, can enter cells via different mechanisms than their endogenous ligands. Additionally, nanoparticles may trigger alternative mechanisms of membrane curvature generation for their internalization.
Collapse
|
42
|
|
43
|
Labrecque CL, Nolan AL, Develin AM, Castillo AJ, Offenbacher AR, Fuglestad B. Membrane-Mimicking Reverse Micelles for High-Resolution Interfacial Study of Proteins and Membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:3676-3686. [PMID: 35298177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite substantial advances, the study of proteins interacting with membranes remains a significant challenge. While integral membrane proteins have been a major focus of recent efforts, peripheral membrane proteins (PMPs) and their interactions with membranes and lipids have far less high-resolution information available. Their small size and the dynamic nature of their interactions have stalled detailed interfacial study using structural methods like cryo-EM and X-ray crystallography. A major roadblock for the structural analysis of PMP interactions is limitations in membrane models to study the membrane recruited state. Commonly used membrane mimics such as liposomes, bicelles, nanodiscs, and micelles are either very large or composed of non-biological detergents, limiting their utility for the NMR study of PMPs. While there have been previous successes with integral and peripheral membrane proteins, currently employed reverse micelle (RM) compositions are optimized for their inertness with proteins rather than their ability to mimic membranes. Applying more native, membrane-like lipids and surfactants promises to be a valuable advancement for the study of interfacial interactions between proteins and membranes. Here, we describe the development of phosphocholine-based RM systems that mimic biological membranes and are compatible with high-resolution protein NMR. We demonstrate new formulations that are able to encapsulate the model soluble protein, ubiquitin, with minimal perturbations of the protein structure. Furthermore, one formula, DLPC:DPC, allowed the encapsulation of the PMPs glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) and phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 1 (PEBP1) and enabled the embedment of these proteins, matching the expected interactions with biological membranes. Dynamic light scattering and small-angle X-ray scattering characterization of the RMs reveals small, approximately spherical, and non-aggregated particles, a prerequisite for protein NMR and other avenues of study. The formulations presented here represent a new tool for the study of elusive PMP interactions and other membrane interfacial investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney L Labrecque
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Aubree L Nolan
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Angela M Develin
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Abdul J Castillo
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Adam R Offenbacher
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, United States
| | - Brian Fuglestad
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zhang L, Wang Y, Dong Y, Pant A, Liu Y, Masserman L, Xu Y, McLaughlin RN, Bai J. The endophilin curvature-sensitive motif requires electrostatic guidance to recycle synaptic vesicles in vivo. Dev Cell 2022; 57:750-766.e5. [PMID: 35303431 PMCID: PMC8969179 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Curvature-sensing mechanisms assist proteins in executing particular actions on various membrane organelles. Here, we investigate the functional specificity of curvature-sensing amphipathic motifs in Caenorhabditis elegans through the study of endophilin, an endocytic protein for synaptic vesicle recycling. We generate chimeric endophilin proteins by replacing the endophilin amphipathic motif H0 with other curvature-sensing amphipathic motifs. We find that the role of amphipathic motifs cannot simply be extrapolated from the identity of their parental proteins. For example, the amphipathic motif of the nuclear pore complex protein NUP133 functionally replaces the synaptic role of endophilin H0. Interestingly, non-functional endophilin chimeras have similar defects-producing fewer synaptic vesicles but more endosomes-and this indicates that the curvature-sensing motifs in these chimeras have a common deficiency for reforming synaptic vesicles. Finally, we convert non-functional endophilin chimeras into functional proteins by changing the cationic property of amphipathic motifs, successfully reprogramming the functional specificity of curvature-sensing motifs in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, P.R. China; Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Yongming Dong
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Aaradhya Pant
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Laura Masserman
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ye Xu
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Jihong Bai
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kluge C, Pöhnl M, Böckmann RA. Spontaneous local membrane curvature induced by transmembrane proteins. Biophys J 2022; 121:671-683. [PMID: 35122737 PMCID: PMC8943716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The (local) curvature of cellular membranes acts as a driving force for the targeting of membrane-associated proteins to specific membrane domains, as well as a sorting mechanism for transmembrane proteins, e.g., by accumulation in regions of matching spontaneous curvature. The latter measure was previously experimentally employed to study the curvature induced by the potassium channel KvAP and by aquaporin AQP0. However, the direction of the reported spontaneous curvature levels as well as the molecular driving forces governing the membrane curvature induced by these integral transmembrane proteins could not be addressed experimentally. Here, using both coarse-grained and atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we report induced spontaneous curvature values for the homologous potassium channel Kv 1.2/2.1 Chimera (KvChim) and AQP0 embedded in unrestrained lipid bicelles that are in very good agreement with experiment. Importantly, the direction of curvature could be directly assessed from our simulations: KvChim induces a strong positive membrane curvature (≈0.036 nm-1) whereas AQP0 causes a comparably small negative curvature (≈-0.019 nm-1). Analyses of protein-lipid interactions within the bicelle revealed that the potassium channel shapes the surrounding membrane via structural determinants. Differences in shape of the protein-lipid interface of the voltage-gating domains between the extracellular and cytosolic membrane leaflets induce membrane stress and thereby promote a protein-proximal membrane curvature. In contrast, the water pore AQP0 displayed a high structural stability and an only faint effect on the surrounding membrane environment that is connected to its wedge-like shape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kluge
- Computational Biology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Pöhnl
- Computational Biology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer A. Böckmann
- Computational Biology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany,National Center for High-Performance Computing Erlangen (NHR@FAU), Erlangen, Germany,Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Selectivity of mTOR-Phosphatidic Acid Interactions Is Driven by Acyl Chain Structure and Cholesterol. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010119. [PMID: 35011681 PMCID: PMC8750377 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The need to gain insights into the molecular details of peripheral membrane proteins’ specificity towards phosphatidic acid (PA) is undeniable. The variety of PA species classified in terms of acyl chain length and saturation translates into a complicated, enigmatic network of functional effects that exert a critical influence on cell physiology. As a consequence, numerous studies on the importance of phosphatidic acid in human diseases have been conducted in recent years. One of the key proteins in this context is mTOR, considered to be the most important cellular sensor of essential nutrients while regulating cell proliferation, and which also appears to require PA to build stable and active complexes. Here, we investigated the specific recognition of three physiologically important PA species by the mTOR FRB domain in the presence or absence of cholesterol in targeted membranes. Using a broad range of methods based on model lipid membrane systems, we elucidated how the length and saturation of PA acyl chains influence specific binding of the mTOR FRB domain to the membrane. We also discovered that cholesterol exerts a strong modulatory effect on PA-FRB recognition. Our data provide insight into the molecular details of some physiological effects reported previously and reveal novel mechanisms of fine-tuning the signaling cascades dependent on PA.
Collapse
|
47
|
Kratochvil HT, Newberry RW, Mensa B, Mravic M, DeGrado WF. Spiers Memorial Lecture: Analysis and de novo design of membrane-interactive peptides. Faraday Discuss 2021; 232:9-48. [PMID: 34693965 PMCID: PMC8979563 DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00061f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-peptide interactions play critical roles in many cellular and organismic functions, including protection from infection, remodeling of membranes, signaling, and ion transport. Peptides interact with membranes in a variety of ways: some associate with membrane surfaces in either intrinsically disordered conformations or well-defined secondary structures. Peptides with sufficient hydrophobicity can also insert vertically as transmembrane monomers, and many associate further into membrane-spanning helical bundles. Indeed, some peptides progress through each of these stages in the process of forming oligomeric bundles. In each case, the structure of the peptide and the membrane represent a delicate balance between peptide-membrane and peptide-peptide interactions. We will review this literature from the perspective of several biologically important systems, including antimicrobial peptides and their mimics, α-synuclein, receptor tyrosine kinases, and ion channels. We also discuss the use of de novo design to construct models to test our understanding of the underlying principles and to provide useful leads for pharmaceutical intervention of diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huong T Kratochvil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Robert W Newberry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Bruk Mensa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Marco Mravic
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - William F DeGrado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Correlating biological activity to thermo-structural analysis of the interaction of CTX with synthetic models of macrophage membranes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23712. [PMID: 34887428 PMCID: PMC8660830 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02552-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The important pharmacological actions of Crotoxin (CTX) on macrophages, the main toxin in the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus, and its important participation in the control of different pathophysiological processes, have been demonstrated. The biological activities performed by macrophages are related to signaling mediated by receptors expressed on the membrane surface of these cells or opening and closing of ion channels, generation of membrane curvature and pore formation. In the present work, the interaction of the CTX complex with the cell membrane of macrophages is studied, both using biological cells and synthetic lipid membranes to monitor structural alterations induced by the protein. Here we show that CTX can penetrate THP-1 cells and induce pores only in anionic lipid model membranes, suggesting that a possible access pathway for CTX to the cell is via lipids with anionic polar heads. Considering that the selectivity of the lipid composition varies in different tissues and organs of the human body, the thermostructural studies presented here are extremely important to open new investigations on the biological activities of CTX in different biological systems.
Collapse
|
49
|
Fu Y, Zeno WF, Stachowiak JC, Johnson ME. A continuum membrane model can predict curvature sensing by helix insertion. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:10649-10663. [PMID: 34792524 PMCID: PMC8877990 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01333e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Protein domains, such as ENTH (epsin N-terminal homology) and BAR (bin/amphiphysin/rvs), contain amphipathic helices that drive preferential binding to curved membranes. However, predicting how the physical parameters of these domains control this 'curvature sensing' behavior is challenging due to the local membrane deformations generated by the nanoscopic helix on the surface of a large sphere. We here use a deformable continuum model that accounts for the physical properties of the membrane and the helix insertion to predict curvature sensing behavior, with direct validation against multiple experimental datasets. We show that the insertion can be modeled as a local change to the membrane's spontaneous curvature, cins0, producing excellent agreement with the energetics extracted from experiments on ENTH binding to vesicles and cylinders, and of ArfGAP helices to vesicles. For small vesicles with high curvature, the insertion lowers the membrane energy by relieving strain on a membrane that is far from its preferred curvature of zero. For larger vesicles, however, the insertion has the inverse effect, de-stabilizing the membrane by introducing more strain. We formulate here an empirical expression that accurately captures numerically calculated membrane energies as a function of both basic membrane properties (bending modulus κ and radius R) as well as stresses applied by the inserted helix (cins0 and area Ains). We therefore predict how these physical parameters will alter the energetics of helix binding to curved vesicles, which is an essential step in understanding their localization dynamics during membrane remodeling processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiben Fu
- T. C. Jenkins Department of Biophysics, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA.
| | - Wade F Zeno
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089, USA
| | - Jeanne C Stachowiak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Margaret E Johnson
- T. C. Jenkins Department of Biophysics, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Iriondo MN, Etxaniz A, Antón Z, Montes LR, Alonso A. Molecular and mesoscopic geometries in autophagosome generation. A review. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183731. [PMID: 34419487 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential process in cell self-repair and survival. The centre of the autophagic event is the generation of the so-called autophagosome (AP), a vesicle surrounded by a double membrane (two bilayers). The AP delivers its cargo to a lysosome, for degradation and re-use of the hydrolysis products as new building blocks. AP formation is a very complex event, requiring dozens of specific proteins, and involving numerous instances of membrane biogenesis and architecture, including membrane fusion and fission. Many stages of AP generation can be rationalised in terms of curvature, both the molecular geometry of lipids interpreted in terms of 'intrinsic curvature', and the overall mesoscopic curvature of the whole membrane, as observed with microscopy techniques. The present contribution intends to bring together the worlds of biophysics and cell biology of autophagy, in the hope that the resulting cross-pollination will generate abundant fruit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina N Iriondo
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Asier Etxaniz
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Zuriñe Antón
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - L Ruth Montes
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Alicia Alonso
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|