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Witherspoon DP, White RMB, Bámaca MY, Browning CR, Leech TGJ, Leventhal T, Matthews SA, Pinchak N, Roy AL, Sugie N, Winkler EN. Place-Based Developmental Research: Conceptual and Methodological Advances in Studying Youth Development in Context. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 2023; 88:7-130. [PMID: 37953661 PMCID: PMC10651169 DOI: 10.1111/mono.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Scientists have, for some time, recognized that development unfolds in numerous settings, including families, schools, neighborhoods, and organized and unorganized activity settings. Since the turn of the 20th century, the body of mainstream neighborhood effects scholarship draws heavily from the early 20th century Chicago School of Sociology frameworks and have been situating development in neighborhood contexts and working to identify the structures and processes via which neighborhoods matter for a range of developmental outcomes, especially achievement, behavioral and emotional problems, and sexual activity. From this body of work, two new areas of developmental scholarship are emerging. Both areas are promising for advancing an understanding of child development in context. First, cultural-developmental neighborhood researchers are advancing neighborhood effects research that explicitly recognizes the ways that racial, ethnic, cultural, and immigrant social positions matter for neighborhood environments and for youths' developmental demands, affordances, experiences, and competencies. This body of work substantially expands the range of developmental outcomes examined in neighborhood effects scholarship to recognize normative physical, emotional, cognitive, behavioral, social, and cultural competencies that have largely been overlooked in neighborhood effects scholarship that espoused a more color-blind developmental approach. Second, activity space neighborhood researchers are recognizing that residential neighborhoods have important implications for broader activity spaces-or the set of locations and settings to which youth are regularly exposed, including, for example, schools, work, organized activities, and hang-outs. They are using newer technologies and geographic frameworks to assess exposure to residential neighborhood and extra-neighborhood environments. These perspectives recognize that time (i.e., from microtime to mesotime) and place are critically bound and that exposures can be operationalized at numerous levels of the ecological system (i.e., from microsystems to macrosystems). These frameworks address important limitations of prior development in context scholarship by addressing selection and exposure. Addressing selection involves recognizing that families have some degree of choice when selecting into settings and variables that predict families' choices (e.g., income) also predict development. Considering exposure involves recognizing that different participants or residents experience different amounts of shared and nonshared exposures, resulting in both under-and over-estimation of contextual effects. Activity space scholars incorporate exposure to the residential neighborhood environments, but also to other locations and settings to which youth are regularly exposed, like schools, after-school settings, work, and hang-outs. Unfortunately, the cultural-development and activity space streams, which have both emerged from early 20th century work on neighborhood effects on development, have been advancing largely independently. Thus, the overarching aim of this monograph is to integrate scholarship on residential neighborhoods, cultural development, and activity spaces to advance a framework that can support a better understanding of development in context for diverse groups. In Chapters I and II we present the historical context of the three streams of theoretical, conceptual, and methodological research. We also advance a comprehensive cultural-developmental activity space framework for studying development in context among children, youth, and families that are ethnically, racially, and culturally heterogeneous. This framework actively recognized diversity in ethnic, racial, immigrant, and socioeconomic social positions. In Chapters III-V we advance specific features of the framework, focusing on: (1) the different levels of nested and nonnested ecological systems that can be captured and operationalized with activity space methods, (2) the different dimensions of time and exposures or experiences that can be captured and operationalized by activity space methods, and (3) the importance of settings structures and social processes for identifying underlying mechanisms of contextual effects on development. Structures are setting features related to the composition and spatial arrangement of people and institutions (e.g., socioeconomic disadvantage, ethnic/racial compositions). Social processes represent the collective social dynamics that take place in settings, like social interactions, group activities, experiences with local institutions, mechanisms of social control, or shared beliefs. In Chapter VI, we highlight a range of methodological and empirical exemplars from the United States that are informed by our comprehensive cultural-developmental activity space framework. These exemplars feature both quantitative and qualitative methods, including method mixing. These exemplars feature both quantitative and qualitative methods, including method mixing. The exemplars also highlight the application of the framework across four different samples from populations that vary in terms of race, ethnicity, gender, age, socioeconomic status (SES), geographic region, and urbanicity. They capture activity space characteristics and features in a variety of ways, in addition to incorporating family shared and nonshared activity space exposures. Finally, in Chapter VII we summarize the contributions of the framework for advancing a more comprehensive science of development in context, one that better realizes major developmental theories emphasizing persons, processes, contexts, and time. Additionally, we offer a place-based, culturally informed developmental research agenda to meet the needs of an increasingly diverse population.
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Whalen DJ, Gilbert KE, Barch DM, Luby JL. Using A Thin Slice Coding Approach to Assess Preschool Overweight and Obesity. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 42:3991-4000. [PMID: 37009263 PMCID: PMC10062486 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01761-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health problem and cause of significant burden across the lifespan. Longitudinal samples, beginning in early childhood offer an advantageous approach to studying obesity, given the potential to observe within-individual changes over time. Yet among the many available longitudinal studies of children, particularly those studying psychological disorders, do not assess for overweight/obesity status or related constructs necessary to compute BMI. We offer a unique thin slice approach for assessing obesity/overweight status using previously collected video data. The current study observationally coded overweight/obesity status in a clinically enriched sample of preschoolers oversampled for depression (N=299). Preschoolers (ages 3-6 years) completed 1-8 structured observational tasks with an experimenter. Overweight/obesity was coded using a "thin slice" technique with 7,820 unique ratings available for analysis. Parent-reported physical health problems were assessed throughout the study and BMI percentiles were available from ages 8-19 years. Thin-slice ratings of overweight/obesity were reliably observed in preschoolers' ages 3-6 years. Thin-slice ratings of overweight/obesity during preschool significantly predicted adolescent BMI percentiles at six separate assessments spanning ages 8-19 years. Further, preschool overweight/obese thin-slice ratings were associated with more physical health problems over time and less sport/activity participation during preschool. Overweight/obesity can be observationally identified in preschool-age children and offers a reliable estimate of future BMI percentile. Study findings highlight how previously collected data could be utilized to study the developmental trajectories of overweight/obesity to inform this critical public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana J. Whalen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis
| | | | - Deanna M. Barch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis
- The Program in Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Joan L. Luby
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis
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Keijsers GPJ, de Vries A, Hopman I, Hutschemaekers GJM, Witteman CLM. Client-Rated Working Alliance Quality Relates to Perceptions of Therapists as Trustworthy Experts, Rather Than to Therapists' Positive Nonverbal Behavior. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2022.41.3.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The present study sought a better understanding of the sources of client-perceived quality of the working alliance. Methods: At the end of psychotherapy sessions 3 and 5, 60 outpatient clients completed the Working Alliance Inventory-client form (WAI-c) and the Counselor Rating Form (CRF) measuring perceived therapists’ social power. At the same time, therapists estimated their clients’ WAI-c ratings (WAI-c-t). Also, frequency/duration of seven video-recorded positive nonverbal therapist behaviors in session 3 were coded. Results: WAI-c correlations with CRF were high (rs = .62 and .81) and WAI-c-moderate was (rs = .33 and .49). Nonverbal therapist codes, jointly (p = .64) and separately (ρs ≤ .14), were unrelated to WAI-c ratings, with the exception of Forward lean frequency (ρ = .29). Discussion: Client-perceived quality of the working alliance relates to therapists coming across as attractive, skilled, and trustworthy rather than to their actual positive nonverbal behavior.
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Nonverbal pre-performance expressions of professional darts players distinguish between good and poor performance. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20147. [PMID: 34635761 PMCID: PMC8505661 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99729-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research attempted to extend prior research that showed that thin-slices of pre-performance nonverbal behavior (NVB) of professional darts players gives valid information to observers about subsequent performance tendencies. Specifically, we investigated what kind of nonverbal cues were associated with success and informed thin-slice ratings. Participants (N = 61) were first asked to estimate the performance of a random sample of videos showing the preparatory NVB of professional darts players (N = 47) either performing well (470 clips) or poorly (470 clips). Preparatory NVB was assessed via preparation times and Active Appearance Modeling using Noldus FaceReader. Results showed that observers could distinguish between good and poor performance based on thin-slices of preparatory NVB (p = 0.001, d = 0.87). Further analyses showed that facial expressions prior to poor performance showed more arousal (p = 0.011, ƞ2p = 0.10), sadness (p = 0.040, ƞ2p = 0.04), and anxiety (p = 0.009, ƞ2p = 0.09) and preparation times were shorter (p = 0.001, ƞ2p = 0.36) prior to poor performance than good performance. Lens model analyses showed preparation times (p = 0.001, rho = 0.18), neutral (p = 0.001, rho = 0.13), sad (rho = 0.12), and facial expressions of arousal (p = 0.001, rho = 0.11) to be correlated with observers’ performance ratings. Hence, preparation times and facial cues associated with a player’s level of arousal, neutrality, and sadness seem to be valid nonverbal cues that observers utilize to infer information about subsequent perceptual-motor performance.
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Facial femininity and perceptions of eating disorders: A reverse-correlation study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255766. [PMID: 34358270 PMCID: PMC8345843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eating disorders are prevalent in college students but college students are not accurate in identifying the presence of eating disorders (ED) especially when race is involved. Much has been researched about diagnostic ability in vignette form, but little outside of this. For example, it is not known how facial features, such as perceived femininity, may affect observers' beliefs about the likelihood of disordered eating depending on race. In the present study, we examined how biases regarding facial appearance and disordered eating may differ depending on the race of face images. Using a technique called reverse correlation, we estimated the image templates associated with perceived likelihood of disordered eating using both White and Black Faces. Specifically, we recruited 28 college students who categorized White and Black faces according to perceived likelihood of an eating disorder diagnosis in the presence of image noise. Subsequently, we asked Amazon Mechanical Turk participants to categorize the resulting race-specific face templates according to perceived ED likelihood and femininity. The templates corresponding to a high likelihood of an ED diagnosis were distinguished from low-likelihood images by this second independent participant sample at above-chance levels. For Black faces, the templates corresponding to a high likelihood of an ED diagnosis were also selected as more feminine than low-likelihood templates at an above-chance level, whereas there was no such effect found for White faces. These results suggest that stereotyped beliefs about both femininity and the likelihood of disordered eating may interact with perceptual processes.
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Vorauer JD, Anderson S, Badejo A. Who can spot a potential problem gambler? Testing “it takes one to know one” and acquaintanceship effects in a university student population. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shelby Anderson
- Department of Psychology University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - Adefemi Badejo
- Department of Psychology University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB Canada
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Murphy NA, Hall JA. Capturing Behavior in Small Doses: A Review of Comparative Research in Evaluating Thin Slices for Behavioral Measurement. Front Psychol 2021; 12:667326. [PMID: 33995225 PMCID: PMC8116694 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.667326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thin slices are used across a wide array of research domains to observe, measure, and predict human behavior. This article reviews the thin-slice method as a measurement technique and summarizes current comparative thin-slice research regarding the reliability and validity of thin slices to represent behavior or social constructs. We outline decision factors in using thin-slice behavioral coding and detail three avenues of thin-slice comparative research: (1) assessing whether thin slices can adequately approximate the total of the recorded behavior or be interchangeable with each other (representativeness); (2) assessing how well thin slices can predict variables that are different from the behavior measured in the slice (predictive validity), and (3) assessing how interpersonal judgment accuracy can depend on the length of the slice (accuracy-length validity). The aim of the review is to provide information researchers may use when designing and evaluating thin-slice behavioral measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora A Murphy
- Department of Psychology, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Judith A Hall
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
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Rezeppa T, Okuno H, Qasmieh N, Racz SJ, Borelli JL, Reyes ADL. Unfamiliar Untrained Observers' Ratings of Adolescent Safety Behaviors Within Social Interactions with Unfamiliar Peer Confederates. Behav Ther 2021; 52:564-576. [PMID: 33990234 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Adolescents experiencing social anxiety often engage in safety behaviors-covert avoidance strategies for managing distress (e.g., avoiding eye contact)-that factor into the development and maintenance of their concerns. Prior work supports the psychometric properties of the Subtle Avoidance Frequency Examination (SAFE), a self-report survey of safety behaviors. Yet, we need complementary methods for assessing these behaviors within contexts where adolescents often experience concerns, namely, interactions with unfamiliar peers. Recent work indicates that, based on short, direct social interactions with adolescents, individuals posing as unfamiliar peers (i.e., peer confederates) and without assessment training can capably report about adolescent social anxiety. We built on prior work by testing whether we could gather valid SAFE reports from unfamiliar untrained observers (UUOs), who observed adolescents within archived recordings of these short social interactions. A mixed clinical/community sample of 105 adolescents self-reported on their functioning and participated in a series of social interaction tasks with peer confederates, who also provided social anxiety reports about the adolescent. Based on video recordings of these tasks, trained independent observers rated adolescents' observed social skills, and an additional set of UUOs completed SAFE reports of these same adolescents. Unfamiliar untrained observers' SAFE reports (a) related to adolescents' SAFE self-reports, (b) distinguished adolescents on clinically elevated social anxiety concerns, (c) related to trained independent observers' ratings of adolescent social skills within interactions with peer confederates, and (d) related to adolescents' self-reported arousal within these same interactions. Our findings support use of unfamiliar observers' perspectives to understand socially anxious adolescents' interpersonal functioning.
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Ly LH, Weary DM. Facial expression in humans as a measure of empathy towards farm animals in pain. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247808. [PMID: 33647043 PMCID: PMC7920373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
People often express concern for the welfare of farm animals, but research on this topic has relied upon self-report. Facial expressions provide a quantifiable measure of emotional response that may be less susceptible to social desirability bias and other issues associated with self-report. Viewing other humans in pain elicits facial expressions indicative of empathy. Here we provide the first evidence that this measure can also be used to assess human empathetic responses towards farm animals, showing that facial expressions respond reliably when participants view videos of farm animals undergoing painful procedures. Participants (n = 30) were asked to watch publicly sourced video clips of cows and pigs undergoing common management procedures (e.g. disbudding, castration, tail docking) and control videos (e.g. being lightly restrained, standing). Participants provided their subjective rating of the intensity of 5 negative emotions (pain, sadness, anger, fear, disgust) on an 11-point Likert scale. Videos of the participants (watching the animals) were scored for intensity of unpleasantness of the participants' facial expression (also on an 11-point Likert scale) by a trained observer who was blind to treatment. Participants showed more intense facial expressions while viewing painful procedures versus control procedures (mean ± SE Likert; 2.4 ± 0.08 versus 0.6 ± 0.17). Participants who reported more intense negative responses also showed stronger facial expressions (slope ± SE = 0.4 ± 0.04). Both the self-reported and facial measures varied with species and procedure witnessed. These results indicate that facial expressions can be used to assess human-animal empathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexis H. Ly
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel M. Weary
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- * E-mail:
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10
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Whalen DJ, Gilbert KE, Jackson JJ, Barch DM, Luby JL. Using a Thin Slice Coding Approach to Assess Preschool Personality Dimensions. J Pers Assess 2021; 103:214-223. [PMID: 32013574 PMCID: PMC7398835 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2020.1722140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A large literature assessing personality across the lifespan has used the Big Five as an organizing framework, with evidence that variation along different dimensions predicts aspects of psychopathology. Parent reports indicate that these dimensions emerge as early as preschool, but there is a need for objective, observational measures of personality in young children, as parent report can be confounded by the parents' own personality and psychopathology. The current study observationally coded personality dimensions in a clinically enriched sample of preschoolers. A heterogeneous group of preschoolers oversampled for depression (N = 299) completed 1-8 structured observational tasks with an experimenter. Big Five personality dimensions of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience were coded using a "thin slice" technique with 7,820 unique ratings available for analysis. Thin slice ratings of personality dimensions were reliably observed in preschoolers ages 3-6 years. Within and across-task, consistency was also evident, with consistency estimates higher than found in adult samples. Divergent validity was limited, with coders distinguishing between three (extraversion/openness; agreeableness/conscientiousness; and neuroticism) rather than five dimensions. Personality dimensions can be observationally identified in preschool-age children and offer reliable estimates that stand across different observational tasks. Study findings highlight the importance of observational approaches to assessing early personality dimensions, as well as the utility of the thin slice approach for meaningful secondary data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana J. Whalen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis
| | | | - Joshua J. Jackson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Deanna M. Barch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis
- The Program in Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Joan L. Luby
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis
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12
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Dossett ML, Hall JA, Kaptchuk TJ, Yeh GY. Improved health outcomes in integrative medicine visits may reflect differences in physician and patient behaviors compared to standard medical visits. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2021; 104:315-321. [PMID: 32811749 PMCID: PMC7855201 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify differences in patient-physician interactions associated with improvements in GERD symptoms in a randomized controlled trial comparing integrative medicine and primary care/standard visits. METHODS We analyzed video recordings of 2-minute excerpts (thin slices) from the beginning, middle, and end of 21 study visits (11 standard, 10 integrative medicine). RESULTS According to blind coders' analysis of the excerpts, prospective improvement in GERD symptoms was most highly correlated with patients appearing pleased (r = 0.71, p < 0.01) and friendly (r = 0.67, p < 0.01) at the end of the visit, controlling for visit type. The combination of patient and physician smiling at the end of the visit was associated with improvement in GERD symptoms (r2 = 0.45, p = 0.004). The physician in the integrative visits was more engaged (p = 0.009), friendly (p = 0.005), relaxed (p = 0.002), smiled longer (p = 0.006), gazed longer (p = 0.02), and gestured more (p = 0.007), compared to standard visits. Patients in integrative visits also smiled longer (p = 0.004). CONCLUSION The expanded history-taking questions asked by integrative clinicians may enhance relationship building, modifying patients' responses and improving patient-centered behaviors from clinicians,ultimately facilitating symptom improvement. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Analysis of nonverbal behaviors may facilitate a better understanding of patient-clinician interactions in integrative medicine visits and yield insights to improve clinical interactions in conventional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Dossett
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, and Bioethics, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, USA; Division of General Internal Medicine and Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA; Division of General Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA.
| | - Judith A Hall
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Ted J Kaptchuk
- Division of General Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA
| | - Gloria Y Yeh
- Division of General Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA
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Shield A, Wang X, Bone D, Narayaran S, Grossman RB. Conversational correlates of rapid social judgments of children and adolescents with and without ASD. CLINICAL LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS 2021; 35:172-184. [PMID: 32520595 PMCID: PMC7725932 DOI: 10.1080/02699206.2020.1771772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by deficits in social communication, and even children with ASD with preserved language are often perceived as socially awkward. We ask if linguistic patterns are associated with social perceptions of speakers. Twenty-one adolescents with ASD participated in conversations with an adult; each conversation was then rated for the social dimensions of likability, outgoingness, social skilfulness, responsiveness, and fluency. Conversations were analysed for responses to questions, pauses, and acoustic variables. Wide intonation ranges and more pauses within children's own conversational turn were predictors of more positive social ratings while failure to respond to one's conversational partner, faster syllable rate, and smaller quantity of speech were negative predictors of social perceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Shield
- Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Statistics, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Daniel Bone
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shrikanth Narayaran
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ruth B Grossman
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Emerson College, Boston, MA, USA
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Cannon CJ, Makol BA, Keeley LM, Qasmieh N, Okuno H, Racz SJ, De Los Reyes A. A Paradigm for Understanding Adolescent Social Anxiety with Unfamiliar Peers: Conceptual Foundations and Directions for Future Research. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2020; 23:338-364. [DOI: 10.1007/s10567-020-00314-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Ramseyer F, Ebert A, Roser P, Edel M, Tschacher W, Brüne M. Exploring nonverbal synchrony in borderline personality disorder: A double‐blind placebo‐controlled study using oxytocin. BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 59:186-207. [DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Ramseyer
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy Institute of Psychology University of Bern Switzerland
| | - Andreas Ebert
- Division of Social Neuropsychiatry and Evolutionary Medicine Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine LWL University Hospital BochumRuhr‐University Bochum Germany
| | - Patrik Roser
- Centre for Addiction Disorders Psychiatric Hospital Königsfelden Psychiatric Services Aargau Academic Hospital of the University of Zurich Switzerland
| | | | - Wolfgang Tschacher
- Department of Experimental Psychology University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Bern Switzerland
| | - Martin Brüne
- Division of Social Neuropsychiatry and Evolutionary Medicine Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine LWL University Hospital BochumRuhr‐University Bochum Germany
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Caspi A, Bogler R, Tzuman O. “Judging a Book by Its Cover”: The Dominance of Delivery Over Content When Perceiving Charisma. GROUP & ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1059601119835982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Perceived charisma is an outcome of message content and delivery, where the latter dominates the former. Framing perception of charisma within dual-process theories, we suggest a rapid processing of delivery and a slow processing of content. We aimed to track the differential processing speed of content and delivery that accounts for the delivery dominance. In two laboratory experiments, we manipulated content and delivery. Participants reported perceived charisma after viewing a presentation (Experiment 1) or moment-by-moment during the presentation (Experiment 2). The results confirmed the immediate influence of delivery on perceived charisma that was later either supported or revised by the content. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avner Caspi
- The Open University of Israel, Raanana, Israel
| | | | - Ofir Tzuman
- The Open University of Israel, Raanana, Israel
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Blanch-Hartigan D, Ruben MA, Hall JA, Schmid Mast M. Measuring nonverbal behavior in clinical interactions: A pragmatic guide. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2018; 101:2209-2218. [PMID: 30146408 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Understanding nonverbal behavior is key to the research, teaching, and practice of clinical communication. However, the measurement of nonverbal behavior can be complex and time-intensive. There are many decisions to make and factors to consider when coding nonverbal behaviors. METHODS Based on our experience conducting nonverbal behavior research in clinical interactions, we developed practical advice and strategies for coding nonverbal behavior in clinical communication, including a checklist of questions to consider for any nonverbal coding project. RESULTS We provide suggestions for beginning the nonverbal coding process, operationalizing the coding approach, and conducting the coding. CONCLUSION A key to decision-making around nonverbal behavior coding is establishing clear research questions and using these to guide the process. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS The field needs more coding of nonverbal behavior to better describe what happens in clinical interactions, to understand why nonverbal behaviors occur, and to determine the predictors and consequences of nonverbal behaviors in clinical interactions. A larger evidence base can inform better teaching practices and communication interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mollie A Ruben
- Department of Psychology, University of Maine, Orono, USA; Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, USA
| | - Judith A Hall
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Marianne Schmid Mast
- Department of Organizational Behavior, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Smyth JM, Juth V, Ma J, Sliwinski M. A slice of life: Ecologically valid methods for research on social relationships and health across the life span. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Ma
- University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine
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19
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Tackett JL, Smack AJ, Herzhoff K, Reardon KW, Daoud S, Granic I. Measuring child personality when child personality was not measured: Application of a thin-slice approach. Personal Ment Health 2017; 11:4-13. [PMID: 27670747 DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent efforts have demonstrated that thin-slice (TS) assessment-or assessment of individual characteristics after only brief exposure to that individual's behaviour-can produce reliable and valid measurements of child personality traits. The extent to which this approach can be generalized to archival data not designed to measure personality, and whether it can be used to measure personality pathology traits in youth, is not yet known. Archival video data of a parent-child interaction task was collected as part of a clinical intervention trial for aggressive children (N = 177). Unacquainted observers independently watched the clips and rated children on normal-range (neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness to experience) and pathological (callous-unemotional) personality traits. TS ratings of child personality showed strong internal consistency, valid associations with measures of externalizing problems and temperament, and revealed differentiated subgroups of children based on severity. As such, these findings demonstrate an ecologically valid application of TS methodology and illustrate how researchers and clinicians can extend their existing data by measuring child personality using TS methodology, even in cases where child personality was not originally measured. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Tackett
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Avanté J Smack
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Kathrin Herzhoff
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Kathleen W Reardon
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Stephanie Daoud
- Stephanie Daoud, Joyceville Institution, Correctional Service of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Isabela Granic
- Isabela Granic, Department of Psychology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Gelderland, Netherlands
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20
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Street CNH, Vadillo MA. Can the Unconscious Boost Lie-Detection Accuracy? CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721416656348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a variety of methods have been used to show that unconscious processes can boost lie-detection accuracy. This article considers the latest developments in the context of research into unconscious cognition. Unconscious cognition has been under attack in recent years because the findings do not replicate, and when they do show reliably improved performance, they fail to exclude the possibility that conscious processing is at work. Here we show that work into unconscious lie detection suffers from the same weaknesses. Future research would benefit from taking a stronger theoretical stance and explicitly attempting to exclude conscious-processing accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris N. H. Street
- Department of Psychology, University of Huddersfield
- International Research Centre for Investigative Psychology, University of Huddersfield
| | - Miguel A. Vadillo
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, King’s College London
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21
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Daros AR, Ruocco AC, Rule NO. Identifying Mental Disorder from the Faces of Women with Borderline Personality Disorder. JOURNAL OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10919-016-0237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Walton KM, Ingersoll BR. The utility of Thin Slice ratings for predicting language growth in children with autism spectrum disorder. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2015; 20:374-80. [DOI: 10.1177/1362361315584465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Literature on “Thin Slice” ratings indicates that a number of personality characteristics and behaviors can be accurately predicted by ratings of very short segments (<5 min) of behavior. This study examined the utility of Thin Slice ratings of young children with autism spectrum disorder for predicting developmental skills and language gains over time. A total of 22 preschool-aged children with autism spectrum disorder participated in a battery of developmental assessments and a video-taped therapist–child interaction at Time 1. They then participated in follow-up testing of language skills and a second therapist–child interaction 6 months later (Time 2). Groups of approximately 25 naïve undergraduate students provided impression ratings (“Thin Slice ratings”) about each child’s skills and behaviors during 2-min segments taken from the therapist–child interaction videos at each time point. Thin Slice ratings at Time 1 were highly correlated with child scores on several developmental assessments at Time 1. In addition, Thin Slice ratings at Time 1 predicted gain in parent-reported expressive vocabulary over the course of 6 months, over and above the predictive utility of Time 1 vocabulary size. These findings provide preliminary evidence for the concurrent and predictive validity of Thin Slice ratings in young children with autism spectrum disorder.
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Bogart KR, Tickle-Degnen L. Looking beyond the face: a training to improve perceivers' impressions of people with facial paralysis. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2015; 98:251-256. [PMID: 25441097 PMCID: PMC4282959 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Healthcare providers and lay people alike tend to form inaccurate first impressions of people with facial movement disorders such as facial paralysis (FP) because of the natural tendency to base impressions on the face. This study tested the effectiveness of the first interpersonal sensitivity training for FP. METHODS Undergraduate participants were randomly assigned to one of two training conditions or an untrained control. Education raised awareness about FP symptoms and experiences and instructed participants to form their impressions based on cues from the body and voice rather than the face. Education+feedback added feedback about the correctness of participants' judgments. Subsequently, participants watched 30s video clips of people with FP and rated their extraversion. RESULTS Participants' bias and accuracy in the two training conditions did not significantly differ, but they were significantly less biased than controls. Training did not improve the more challenging task of accurately detecting individual differences in extraversion. CONCLUSION Educating people improves bias, but not accuracy, of impressions of people with FP. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Information from the education condition could be delivered in a pamphlet to those likely to interact with this population such as healthcare providers and educators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R Bogart
- School of Psychological Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA.
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