1
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He C, Yuan Y, Gong C, Wang X, Lyu G. Applications of Tissue Clearing in Central and Peripheral Nerves. Neuroscience 2024; 546:104-117. [PMID: 38570062 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The techniques of tissue clearing have been proposed and applied in anatomical and biomedical research since the 19th century. As we all know, the original study of the nervous system relied on serial ultrathin sections and stereoscopic techniques. The 3D visualization of the nervous system was established by software splicing and reconstruction. With the development of science and technology, microscope equipment had constantly been upgraded. Despite the great progress that has been made in this field, the workload is too complex, and it needs high technical requirements. Abundant mistakes due to manual sections were inescapable and structural integrity remained questionable. According to the classification of tissue transparency methods, we introduced the latest application of transparency methods in central and peripheral nerve research from optical imaging, molecular markers and data analysis. This review summarizes the application of transparent technology in neural pathways. We hope to provide some inspiration for the continuous optimization of tissue clearing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng He
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chuanhui Gong
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Guangming Lyu
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China; Department of Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China.
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2
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Beau M, Herzfeld DJ, Naveros F, Hemelt ME, D’Agostino F, Oostland M, Sánchez-López A, Chung YY, Michael Maibach, Kyranakis S, Stabb HN, Martínez Lopera MG, Lajko A, Zedler M, Ohmae S, Hall NJ, Clark BA, Cohen D, Lisberger SG, Kostadinov D, Hull C, Häusser M, Medina JF. A deep-learning strategy to identify cell types across species from high-density extracellular recordings. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.30.577845. [PMID: 38352514 PMCID: PMC10862837 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.30.577845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
High-density probes allow electrophysiological recordings from many neurons simultaneously across entire brain circuits but don't reveal cell type. Here, we develop a strategy to identify cell types from extracellular recordings in awake animals, revealing the computational roles of neurons with distinct functional, molecular, and anatomical properties. We combine optogenetic activation and pharmacology using the cerebellum as a testbed to generate a curated ground-truth library of electrophysiological properties for Purkinje cells, molecular layer interneurons, Golgi cells, and mossy fibers. We train a semi-supervised deep-learning classifier that predicts cell types with greater than 95% accuracy based on waveform, discharge statistics, and layer of the recorded neuron. The classifier's predictions agree with expert classification on recordings using different probes, in different laboratories, from functionally distinct cerebellar regions, and across animal species. Our classifier extends the power of modern dynamical systems analyses by revealing the unique contributions of simultaneously-recorded cell types during behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Beau
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - David J. Herzfeld
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Francisco Naveros
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Computer Engineering, Automation and Robotics, Research Centre for Information and Communication Technologies, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Marie E. Hemelt
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Federico D’Agostino
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marlies Oostland
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Young Yoon Chung
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Maibach
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen Kyranakis
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hannah N. Stabb
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Agoston Lajko
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marie Zedler
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Shogo Ohmae
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nathan J. Hall
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Beverley A. Clark
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dana Cohen
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | | | - Dimitar Kostadinov
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Court Hull
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael Häusser
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Javier F. Medina
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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3
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Jeong M, Choi JH, Jang H, Sohn DH, Wang Q, Lee J, Yao L, Lee EJ, Fan J, Pratelli M, Wang EH, Snyder CN, Wang XY, Shin S, Gittis AH, Sung TC, Spitzer NC, Lim BK. Viral vector-mediated transgene delivery with novel recombinase systems for targeting neuronal populations defined by multiple features. Neuron 2024; 112:56-72.e4. [PMID: 37909037 PMCID: PMC10916502 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of neuronal diversity and connectivity is essential for understanding the anatomical and cellular mechanisms that underlie functional contributions. With the advent of single-cell analysis, growing information regarding molecular profiles leads to the identification of more heterogeneous cell types. Therefore, the need for additional orthogonal recombinase systems is increasingly apparent, as heterogeneous tissues can be further partitioned into increasing numbers of specific cell types defined by multiple features. Critically, new recombinase systems should work together with pre-existing systems without cross-reactivity in vivo. Here, we introduce novel site-specific recombinase systems based on ΦC31 bacteriophage recombinase for labeling multiple cell types simultaneously and a novel viral strategy for versatile and robust intersectional expression of any transgene. Together, our system will help researchers specifically target different cell types with multiple features in the same animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minju Jeong
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jun-Hyeok Choi
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hyeonseok Jang
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dong Hyun Sohn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Qingdi Wang
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joann Lee
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Li Yao
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eun Ji Lee
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jiachen Fan
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Marta Pratelli
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eric H Wang
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christen N Snyder
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Xiao-Yun Wang
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sora Shin
- Center for Neurobiology Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA; Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Aryn H Gittis
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Tsung-Chang Sung
- Transgenic Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas C Spitzer
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Byung Kook Lim
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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4
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Wong W, Estep JA, Treptow AM, Rajabli N, Jahncke JN, Ubina T, Wright KM, Riccomagno MM. An adhesion signaling axis involving Dystroglycan, β1-Integrin, and Cas adaptor proteins regulates the establishment of the cortical glial scaffold. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002212. [PMID: 37540708 PMCID: PMC10431685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mature mammalian cortex is composed of 6 architecturally and functionally distinct layers. Two key steps in the assembly of this layered structure are the initial establishment of the glial scaffold and the subsequent migration of postmitotic neurons to their final position. These processes involve the precise and timely regulation of adhesion and detachment of neural cells from their substrates. Although much is known about the roles of adhesive substrates during neuronal migration and the formation of the glial scaffold, less is understood about how these signals are interpreted and integrated within these neural cells. Here, we provide in vivo evidence that Cas proteins, a family of cytoplasmic adaptors, serve a functional and redundant role during cortical lamination. Cas triple conditional knock-out (Cas TcKO) mice display severe cortical phenotypes that feature cobblestone malformations. Molecular epistasis and genetic experiments suggest that Cas proteins act downstream of transmembrane Dystroglycan and β1-Integrin in a radial glial cell-autonomous manner. Overall, these data establish a new and essential role for Cas adaptor proteins during the formation of cortical circuits and reveal a signaling axis controlling cortical scaffold formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenny Wong
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Jason A. Estep
- Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Alyssa M. Treptow
- Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Niloofar Rajabli
- Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer N. Jahncke
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Teresa Ubina
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin M. Wright
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Martin M. Riccomagno
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
- Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
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5
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Guo L, Xie X, Wang J, Xiao H, Li S, Xu M, Quainoo E, Koppaka R, Zhuo J, Smith SB, Gan L. Inducible Rbpms-CreER T2 Mouse Line for Studying Gene Function in Retinal Ganglion Cell Physiology and Disease. Cells 2023; 12:1951. [PMID: 37566030 PMCID: PMC10416940 DOI: 10.3390/cells12151951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the sole output neurons conveying visual stimuli from the retina to the brain, and dysfunction or loss of RGCs is the primary determinant of visual loss in traumatic and degenerative ocular conditions. Currently, there is a lack of RGC-specific Cre mouse lines that serve as invaluable tools for manipulating genes in RGCs and studying the genetic basis of RGC diseases. The RNA-binding protein with multiple splicing (RBPMS) is identified as the specific marker of all RGCs. Here, we report the generation and characterization of a knock-in mouse line in which a P2A-CreERT2 coding sequence is fused in-frame to the C-terminus of endogenous RBPMS, allowing for the co-expression of RBPMS and CreERT2. The inducible Rbpms-CreERT2 mice exhibited a high recombination efficiency in activating the expression of the tdTomato reporter gene in nearly all adult RGCs as well as in differentiated RGCs starting at E13.5. Additionally, both heterozygous and homozygous Rbpms-CreERT2 knock-in mice showed no detectable defect in the retinal structure, visual function, and transcriptome. Together, these results demonstrated that the Rbpms-CreERT2 knock-in mouse can serve as a powerful and highly desired genetic tool for lineage tracing, genetic manipulation, retinal physiology study, and ocular disease modeling in RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luming Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Xiaoling Xie
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Haiyan Xiao
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Shuchun Li
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Mei Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Ebenezer Quainoo
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Rithwik Koppaka
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Jiaping Zhuo
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Sylvia B. Smith
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Lin Gan
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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6
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Keshavarzi S, Velez-Fort M, Margrie TW. Cortical Integration of Vestibular and Visual Cues for Navigation, Visual Processing, and Perception. Annu Rev Neurosci 2023; 46:301-320. [PMID: 37428601 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-120722-100503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite increasing evidence of its involvement in several key functions of the cerebral cortex, the vestibular sense rarely enters our consciousness. Indeed, the extent to which these internal signals are incorporated within cortical sensory representation and how they might be relied upon for sensory-driven decision-making, during, for example, spatial navigation, is yet to be understood. Recent novel experimental approaches in rodents have probed both the physiological and behavioral significance of vestibular signals and indicate that their widespread integration with vision improves both the cortical representation and perceptual accuracy of self-motion and orientation. Here, we summarize these recent findings with a focus on cortical circuits involved in visual perception and spatial navigation and highlight the major remaining knowledge gaps. We suggest that vestibulo-visual integration reflects a process of constant updating regarding the status of self-motion, and access to such information by the cortex is used for sensory perception and predictions that may be implemented for rapid, navigation-related decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepiedeh Keshavarzi
- The Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University College London, London, United Kingdom;
| | - Mateo Velez-Fort
- The Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University College London, London, United Kingdom;
| | - Troy W Margrie
- The Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University College London, London, United Kingdom;
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7
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Bermudez-Contreras E, Schjetnan AGP, Luczak A, Mohajerani MH. Sensory experience selectively reorganizes the late component of evoked responses. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:2626-2640. [PMID: 35704850 PMCID: PMC10016043 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to sensory stimulation, the cortex exhibits an early transient response followed by late and slower activation. Recent studies suggest that the early component represents features of the stimulus while the late component is associated with stimulus perception. Although very informative, these studies only focus on the amplitude of the evoked responses to study its relationship with sensory perception. In this work, we expand upon the study of how patterns of evoked and spontaneous activity are modified by experience at the mesoscale level using voltage and extracellular glutamate transient recordings over widespread regions of mouse dorsal neocortex. We find that repeated tactile or auditory stimulation selectively modifies the spatiotemporal patterns of cortical activity, mainly of the late evoked response in anesthetized mice injected with amphetamine and also in awake mice. This modification lasted up to 60 min and results in an increase in the amplitude of the late response after repeated stimulation and in an increase in the similarity between the spatiotemporal patterns of the late early evoked response. This similarity increase occurs only for the evoked responses of the sensory modality that received the repeated stimulation. Thus, this selective long-lasting spatiotemporal modification of the cortical activity patterns might provide evidence that evoked responses are a cortex-wide phenomenon. This work opens new questions about how perception-related cortical activity changes with sensory experience across the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Bermudez-Contreras
- Canadian Centre for Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | | | - Artur Luczak
- Canadian Centre for Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Majid H Mohajerani
- Corresponding author: Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada.
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8
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Gao C, Gohel CA, Leng Y, Ma J, Goldman D, Levine AJ, Penzo MA. Molecular and spatial profiling of the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus. eLife 2023; 12:81818. [PMID: 36867023 PMCID: PMC10014079 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) is known to regulate various cognitive and behavioral processes. However, while functional diversity among PVT circuits has often been linked to cellular differences, the molecular identity and spatial distribution of PVT cell types remain unclear. To address this gap, here we used single nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) and identified five molecularly distinct PVT neuronal subtypes in the mouse brain. Additionally, multiplex fluorescent in situ hybridization of top marker genes revealed that PVT subtypes are organized by a combination of previously unidentified molecular gradients. Lastly, comparing our dataset with a recently published single-cell sequencing atlas of the thalamus yielded novel insight into the PVT's connectivity with the cortex, including unexpected innervation of auditory and visual areas. This comparison also revealed that our data contains a largely non-overlapping transcriptomic map of multiple midline thalamic nuclei. Collectively, our findings uncover previously unknown features of the molecular diversity and anatomical organization of the PVT and provide a valuable resource for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Gao
- National Institute of Mental HealthBethesdaUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
| | - Chiraag A Gohel
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and AlcoholismRockvilleUnited States
| | - Yan Leng
- National Institute of Mental HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Jun Ma
- National Institute of Mental HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - David Goldman
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and AlcoholismRockvilleUnited States
| | - Ariel J Levine
- National Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentBethesdaUnited States
| | - Mario A Penzo
- National Institute of Mental HealthBethesdaUnited States
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9
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Wang X, Ge S, Zhang C. Bed nuclei of the stria terminalis: A key hub in the modulation of anxiety. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 57:900-917. [PMID: 36725691 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (BST) is recognised as a pivotal integrative centre for monitoring emotional valence. It is implicated in the regulation of diverse affective states and motivated behaviours, and decades of research have firmly established its critical role in anxiety-related behavioural processes. Researchers have recently intricately dissected the BST's dynamic activities, its connection patterns and its functions with respect to specific cell types using multiple techniques such as optogenetics, in vivo calcium imaging and transgenic tools to unmask the complex circuitry mechanisms that underlie anxiety. In this review, we principally focus on studies of anxiety-involved neuromodulators within the BST and provide a comprehensive architecture of the anxiety network-highlighting the BST as a key hub in orchestrating anxiety-like behaviour. We posit that these promising efforts will contribute to the identification of an accurate roadmap for future treatment of anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shenglin Ge
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chengxin Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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10
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Arias A, Manubens-Gil L, Dierssen M. Fluorescent transgenic mouse models for whole-brain imaging in health and disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:958222. [PMID: 36211979 PMCID: PMC9538927 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.958222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A paradigm shift is occurring in neuroscience and in general in life sciences converting biomedical research from a descriptive discipline into a quantitative, predictive, actionable science. Living systems are becoming amenable to quantitative description, with profound consequences for our ability to predict biological phenomena. New experimental tools such as tissue clearing, whole-brain imaging, and genetic engineering technologies have opened the opportunity to embrace this new paradigm, allowing to extract anatomical features such as cell number, their full morphology, and even their structural connectivity. These tools will also allow the exploration of new features such as their geometrical arrangement, within and across brain regions. This would be especially important to better characterize brain function and pathological alterations in neurological, neurodevelopmental, and neurodegenerative disorders. New animal models for mapping fluorescent protein-expressing neurons and axon pathways in adult mice are key to this aim. As a result of both developments, relevant cell populations with endogenous fluorescence signals can be comprehensively and quantitatively mapped to whole-brain images acquired at submicron resolution. However, they present intrinsic limitations: weak fluorescent signals, unequal signal strength across the same cell type, lack of specificity of fluorescent labels, overlapping signals in cell types with dense labeling, or undetectable signal at distal parts of the neurons, among others. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in the development of fluorescent transgenic mouse models that overcome to some extent the technical and conceptual limitations and tradeoffs between different strategies. We also discuss the potential use of these strains for understanding disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Arias
- Department of System Biology, Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Linus Manubens-Gil
- Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mara Dierssen
- Department of System Biology, Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Mara Dierssen,
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11
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Chen HS, Zhang XL, Yang RR, Wang GL, Zhu XY, Xu YF, Wang DY, Zhang N, Qiu S, Zhan LJ, Shen ZM, Xu XH, Long G, Xu C. An intein-split transactivator for intersectional neural imaging and optogenetic manipulation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3605. [PMID: 35739125 PMCID: PMC9226064 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31255-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell-type-specific recording and manipulation is instrumental to disentangle causal neural mechanisms in physiology and behavior and increasingly requires intersectional control; however, current approaches are largely limited by the number of intersectional features, incompatibility of common effectors and insufficient gene expression. Here, we utilized the protein-splicing technique mediated by intervening sequences (intein) and devised an intein-based intersectional synthesis of transactivator (IBIST) to selectively control gene expression of common effectors in multiple-feature defined cell types in mice. We validated the specificity and sufficiency of IBIST to control fluorophores, optogenetic opsins and Ca2+ indicators in various intersectional conditions. The IBIST-based Ca2+ imaging showed that the IBIST can intersect five features and that hippocampal neurons tune differently to distinct emotional stimuli depending on the pattern of projection targets. Collectively, the IBIST multiplexes the capability to intersect cell-type features and controls common effectors to effectively regulate gene expression, monitor and manipulate neural activities. Cell-type-specific recording and manipulation is important for understanding neural circuits. Here the authors describe molecular tools to access cell types based on genetics and connectivity in the brain, and demonstrated the utility of these tools in neural recording and manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Shan Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Long Zhang
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Rong-Rong Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Guang-Ling Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xin-Yue Zhu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yuan-Fang Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Dan-Yang Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Shou Qiu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li-Jie Zhan
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Shen
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Gang Long
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Chun Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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12
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Genetic mosaicism in the human brain: from lineage tracing to neuropsychiatric disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci 2022; 23:275-286. [PMID: 35322263 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-022-00572-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Genetic mosaicism is the result of the accumulation of somatic mutations in the human genome starting from the first postzygotic cell generation and continuing throughout the whole life of an individual. The rapid development of next-generation and single-cell sequencing technologies is now allowing the study of genetic mosaicism in normal tissues, revealing unprecedented insights into their clonal architecture and physiology. The somatic variant repertoire of an adult human neuron is the result of somatic mutations that accumulate in the brain by different mechanisms and at different rates during development and ageing. Non-pathogenic developmental mutations function as natural barcodes that once identified in deep bulk or single-cell sequencing can be used to retrospectively reconstruct human lineages. This approach has revealed novel insights into the clonal structure of the human brain, which is a mosaic of clones traceable to the early embryo that contribute differentially to the brain and distinct areas of the cortex. Some of the mutations happening during development, however, have a pathogenic effect and can contribute to some epileptic malformations of cortical development and autism spectrum disorder. In this Review, we discuss recent findings in the context of genetic mosaicism and their implications for brain development and disease.
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13
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Mukai H, Ogawa K, Kato N, Kawakami S. Recent advances in lipid nanoparticles for delivery of nucleic acid, mRNA, and gene editing-based therapeutics. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2022; 44:100450. [PMID: 35381574 PMCID: PMC9363157 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2022.100450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are becoming popular as a means of delivering therapeutics, including those based on nucleic acids and mRNA. The mRNA-based coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines are perfect examples to highlight the role played by drug delivery systems in advancing human health. The fundamentals of LNPs for the delivery of nucleic acid- and mRNA-based therapeutics, are well established. Thus, future research on LNPs will focus on addressing the following: expanding the scope of drug delivery to different constituents of the human body, expanding the number of diseases that can be targeted, and studying the change in the pharmacokinetics of LNPs under physiological and pathological conditions. This review article provides an overview of recent advances aimed at expanding the application of LNPs, focusing on the pharmacokinetics and advantages of LNPs. In addition, analytical techniques, library construction and screening, rational design, active targeting, and applicability to gene editing therapy have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Mukai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Informatics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan; Laboratory for Molecular Delivery and Imaging Technology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Koki Ogawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Informatics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Naoya Kato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Informatics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kawakami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Informatics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan.
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14
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Ohta Y, Murakami TE, Kawahara M, Haruta M, Takehara H, Tashiro H, Sasagawa K, Ohta J, Akay M, Akay YM. Investigating the Influence of GABA Neurons on Dopamine Neurons in the Ventral Tegmental Area Using Optogenetic Techniques. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031114. [PMID: 35163036 PMCID: PMC8834722 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is the key regulator of reward behavior. The DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and their projection areas, which include the prefrontal cortex (PFC), nucleus accumbens (NAc), and amygdala, play a primary role in the process of reward-driven behavior induced by the drugs of addiction, including nicotine and alcohol. In our previous study, we developed a novel platform consisting of micro-LED array devices to stimulate a large area of the brain of rats and monkeys with photo-stimulation and a microdialysis probe to estimate the DA release in the PFC. Our results suggested that the platform was able to detect the increased level of dopamine in the PFC in response to the photo-stimulation of both the PFC and VTA. In this study, we used this platform to photo-stimulate the VTA neurons in both ChrimsonR-expressing (non-specific) wild and dopamine transporter (DAT)-Cre (dopamine specific) mice, and measured the dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens shell (NAcShell). We measured the DA release in the NAcShell in response to optogenetic stimulation of the VTA neurons and investigated the effect of GABAergic neurons on dopaminergic neurons by histochemical studies. Comparing the photo-stimulation frequency of 2 Hz with that of 20 Hz, the change in DA concentration at the NAcShell was greater at 20 Hz in both cases. When ChrimsonR was expressed specifically for DA, the release of DA at the NAcShell increased in response to photo-stimulation of the VTA. In contrast, when ChrimsonR was expressed non-specifically, the amount of DA released was almost unchanged upon photo-stimulation. However, for nonspecifically expressed ChrimsonR, intraperitoneal injection of bicuculline, a competitive antagonist at the GABA-binding site of the GABAA receptor, also significantly increased the release of DA at the NAcShell in response to photo-stimulation of the VTA. The results of immunochemical staining confirm that GABAergic neurons in the VTA suppress DA activation, and also indicate that alterations in GABAergic neurons may have serious downstream effects on DA activity, NAcShell release, and neural adaptation of the VTA. This study also confirms that optogenetics technology is crucial to study the relationship between the mesolimbic dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons in a neural-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumi Ohta
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Ikoma 630-0101, Japan; (Y.O.); (T.E.M.); (M.K.); (M.H.); (H.T.); (H.T.); (K.S.); (J.O.)
| | - Takaaki E. Murakami
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Ikoma 630-0101, Japan; (Y.O.); (T.E.M.); (M.K.); (M.H.); (H.T.); (H.T.); (K.S.); (J.O.)
| | - Mamiko Kawahara
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Ikoma 630-0101, Japan; (Y.O.); (T.E.M.); (M.K.); (M.H.); (H.T.); (H.T.); (K.S.); (J.O.)
| | - Makito Haruta
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Ikoma 630-0101, Japan; (Y.O.); (T.E.M.); (M.K.); (M.H.); (H.T.); (H.T.); (K.S.); (J.O.)
| | - Hironari Takehara
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Ikoma 630-0101, Japan; (Y.O.); (T.E.M.); (M.K.); (M.H.); (H.T.); (H.T.); (K.S.); (J.O.)
| | - Hiroyuki Tashiro
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Ikoma 630-0101, Japan; (Y.O.); (T.E.M.); (M.K.); (M.H.); (H.T.); (H.T.); (K.S.); (J.O.)
| | - Kiyotaka Sasagawa
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Ikoma 630-0101, Japan; (Y.O.); (T.E.M.); (M.K.); (M.H.); (H.T.); (H.T.); (K.S.); (J.O.)
| | - Jun Ohta
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Ikoma 630-0101, Japan; (Y.O.); (T.E.M.); (M.K.); (M.H.); (H.T.); (H.T.); (K.S.); (J.O.)
| | - Metin Akay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5060, USA;
| | - Yasemin M. Akay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5060, USA;
- Correspondence:
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15
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Newmaster KT, Kronman FA, Wu YT, Kim Y. Seeing the Forest and Its Trees Together: Implementing 3D Light Microscopy Pipelines for Cell Type Mapping in the Mouse Brain. Front Neuroanat 2022; 15:787601. [PMID: 35095432 PMCID: PMC8794814 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.787601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is composed of diverse neuronal and non-neuronal cell types with complex regional connectivity patterns that create the anatomical infrastructure underlying cognition. Remarkable advances in neuroscience techniques enable labeling and imaging of these individual cell types and their interactions throughout intact mammalian brains at a cellular resolution allowing neuroscientists to examine microscopic details in macroscopic brain circuits. Nevertheless, implementing these tools is fraught with many technical and analytical challenges with a need for high-level data analysis. Here we review key technical considerations for implementing a brain mapping pipeline using the mouse brain as a primary model system. Specifically, we provide practical details for choosing methods including cell type specific labeling, sample preparation (e.g., tissue clearing), microscopy modalities, image processing, and data analysis (e.g., image registration to standard atlases). We also highlight the need to develop better 3D atlases with standardized anatomical labels and nomenclature across species and developmental time points to extend the mapping to other species including humans and to facilitate data sharing, confederation, and integrative analysis. In summary, this review provides key elements and currently available resources to consider while developing and implementing high-resolution mapping methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra T Newmaster
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Fae A Kronman
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Yuan-Ting Wu
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Yongsoo Kim
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
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16
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An S, Li X, Deng L, Zhao P, Ding Z, Han Y, Luo Y, Liu X, Li A, Luo Q, Feng Z, Gong H. A Whole-Brain Connectivity Map of VTA and SNc Glutamatergic and GABAergic Neurons in Mice. Front Neuroanat 2022; 15:818242. [PMID: 35002641 PMCID: PMC8733212 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.818242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) mediated diverse brain functions. However, their whole-brain neural connectivity has not been comprehensively mapped. Here we used the virus tracers to characterize the whole-brain inputs and outputs of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in VTA and SNc. We found that these neurons received similar inputs from upstream brain regions, but some quantitative differences were also observed. Neocortex and dorsal striatum provided a greater share of input to VTA glutamatergic neurons. Periaqueductal gray and lateral hypothalamic area preferentially innervated VTA GABAergic neurons. Specifically, superior colliculus provided the largest input to SNc glutamatergic neurons. Compared to input patterns, the output patterns of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the VTA and SNc showed significant preference to different brain regions. Our results laid the anatomical foundation for understanding the functions of cell-type-specific neurons in VTA and SNc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sile An
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangning Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute (JITRI), Suzhou, China
| | - Lei Deng
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peilin Zhao
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhangheng Ding
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yutong Han
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Luo
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Anan Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute (JITRI), Suzhou, China
| | - Qingming Luo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhao Feng
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute (JITRI), Suzhou, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute (JITRI), Suzhou, China
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17
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Xu Z, Feng Z, Zhao M, Sun Q, Deng L, Jia X, Jiang T, Luo P, Chen W, Tudi A, Yuan J, Li X, Gong H, Luo Q, Li A. Whole-brain connectivity atlas of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the mouse dorsal and median raphe nuclei. eLife 2021; 10:65502. [PMID: 34792021 PMCID: PMC8626088 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) and median raphe nucleus (MR) contain populations of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons that regulate diverse behavioral functions. However, their whole-brain input-output circuits remain incompletely elucidated. We used viral tracing combined with fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography to generate a comprehensive whole-brain atlas of inputs and outputs of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the DR and MR. We found that these neurons received inputs from similar upstream brain regions. The glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the same raphe nucleus had divergent projection patterns with differences in critical brain regions. Specifically, MR glutamatergic neurons projected to the lateral habenula through multiple pathways. Correlation and cluster analysis revealed that glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the same raphe nucleus received heterogeneous inputs and sent different collateral projections. This connectivity atlas further elucidates the anatomical architecture of the raphe nuclei, which could facilitate better understanding of their behavioral functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengchao Xu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhao Feng
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Suzhou, China
| | - Mengting Zhao
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingtao Sun
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Suzhou, China
| | - Lei Deng
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueyan Jia
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Suzhou, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Suzhou, China
| | - Pan Luo
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wu Chen
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ayizuohere Tudi
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiangning Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Suzhou, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Suzhou, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingming Luo
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Suzhou, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Anan Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Suzhou, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
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18
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Shimojo M, Ono M, Takuwa H, Mimura K, Nagai Y, Fujinaga M, Kikuchi T, Okada M, Seki C, Tokunaga M, Maeda J, Takado Y, Takahashi M, Minamihisamatsu T, Zhang M, Tomita Y, Suzuki N, Maximov A, Suhara T, Minamimoto T, Sahara N, Higuchi M. A genetically targeted reporter for PET imaging of deep neuronal circuits in mammalian brains. EMBO J 2021; 40:e107757. [PMID: 34636430 PMCID: PMC8591537 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021107757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) allows biomolecular tracking but PET monitoring of brain networks has been hampered by a lack of suitable reporters. Here, we take advantage of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase, ecDHFR, and its unique antagonist, TMP, to facilitate in vivo imaging in the brain. Peripheral administration of radiofluorinated and fluorescent TMP analogs enabled PET and intravital microscopy, respectively, of neuronal ecDHFR expression in mice. This technique can be used to the visualize neuronal circuit activity elicited by chemogenetic manipulation in the mouse hippocampus. Notably, ecDHFR-PET allows mapping of neuronal projections in non-human primate brains, demonstrating the applicability of ecDHFR-based tracking technologies for network monitoring. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of TMP analogs for PET studies of turnover and self-assembly of proteins tagged with ecDHFR mutants. These results establish opportunities for a broad spectrum of previously unattainable PET analyses of mammalian brain circuits at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Shimojo
- Department of Functional Brain ImagingNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Maiko Ono
- Department of Functional Brain ImagingNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Takuwa
- Department of Functional Brain ImagingNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Koki Mimura
- Department of Functional Brain ImagingNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Yuji Nagai
- Department of Functional Brain ImagingNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Masayuki Fujinaga
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals DevelopmentNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Tatsuya Kikuchi
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals DevelopmentNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Maki Okada
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals DevelopmentNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Chie Seki
- Department of Functional Brain ImagingNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Masaki Tokunaga
- Department of Functional Brain ImagingNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Jun Maeda
- Department of Functional Brain ImagingNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Yuhei Takado
- Department of Functional Brain ImagingNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Manami Takahashi
- Department of Functional Brain ImagingNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Takeharu Minamihisamatsu
- Department of Functional Brain ImagingNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Ming‐Rong Zhang
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals DevelopmentNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Yutaka Tomita
- Department of NeurologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Norihiro Suzuki
- Department of NeurologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Anton Maximov
- Department of NeuroscienceThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Tetsuya Suhara
- Department of Functional Brain ImagingNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Takafumi Minamimoto
- Department of Functional Brain ImagingNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Naruhiko Sahara
- Department of Functional Brain ImagingNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- Department of Functional Brain ImagingNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
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19
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Callaway EM, Dong HW, Ecker JR, Hawrylycz MJ, Huang ZJ, Lein ES, Ngai J, Osten P, Ren B, Tolias AS, White O, Zeng H, Zhuang X, Ascoli GA, Behrens MM, Chun J, Feng G, Gee JC, Ghosh SS, Halchenko YO, Hertzano R, Lim BK, Martone ME, Ng L, Pachter L, Ropelewski AJ, Tickle TL, Yang XW, Zhang K, Bakken TE, Berens P, Daigle TL, Harris JA, Jorstad NL, Kalmbach BE, Kobak D, Li YE, Liu H, Matho KS, Mukamel EA, Naeemi M, Scala F, Tan P, Ting JT, Xie F, Zhang M, Zhang Z, Zhou J, Zingg B, Armand E, Yao Z, Bertagnolli D, Casper T, Crichton K, Dee N, Diep D, Ding SL, Dong W, Dougherty EL, Fong O, Goldman M, Goldy J, Hodge RD, Hu L, Keene CD, Krienen FM, Kroll M, Lake BB, Lathia K, Linnarsson S, Liu CS, Macosko EZ, McCarroll SA, McMillen D, Nadaf NM, Nguyen TN, Palmer CR, Pham T, Plongthongkum N, Reed NM, Regev A, Rimorin C, Romanow WJ, Savoia S, Siletti K, Smith K, Sulc J, Tasic B, Tieu M, Torkelson A, Tung H, van Velthoven CTJ, Vanderburg CR, Yanny AM, Fang R, Hou X, Lucero JD, Osteen JK, Pinto-Duarte A, Poirion O, Preissl S, Wang X, Aldridge AI, Bartlett A, Boggeman L, O’Connor C, Castanon RG, Chen H, Fitzpatrick C, Luo C, Nery JR, Nunn M, Rivkin AC, Tian W, Dominguez B, Ito-Cole T, Jacobs M, Jin X, Lee CT, Lee KF, Miyazaki PA, Pang Y, Rashid M, Smith JB, Vu M, Williams E, Biancalani T, Booeshaghi AS, Crow M, Dudoit S, Fischer S, Gillis J, Hu Q, Kharchenko PV, Niu SY, Ntranos V, Purdom E, Risso D, de Bézieux HR, Somasundaram S, Street K, Svensson V, Vaishnav ED, Van den Berge K, Welch JD, An X, Bateup HS, Bowman I, Chance RK, Foster NN, Galbavy W, Gong H, Gou L, Hatfield JT, Hintiryan H, Hirokawa KE, Kim G, Kramer DJ, Li A, Li X, Luo Q, Muñoz-Castañeda R, Stafford DA, Feng Z, Jia X, Jiang S, Jiang T, Kuang X, Larsen R, Lesnar P, Li Y, Li Y, Liu L, Peng H, Qu L, Ren M, Ruan Z, Shen E, Song Y, Wakeman W, Wang P, Wang Y, Wang Y, Yin L, Yuan J, Zhao S, Zhao X, Narasimhan A, Palaniswamy R, Banerjee S, Ding L, Huilgol D, Huo B, Kuo HC, Laturnus S, Li X, Mitra PP, Mizrachi J, Wang Q, Xie P, Xiong F, Yu Y, Eichhorn SW, Berg J, Bernabucci M, Bernaerts Y, Cadwell CR, Castro JR, Dalley R, Hartmanis L, Horwitz GD, Jiang X, Ko AL, Miranda E, Mulherkar S, Nicovich PR, Owen SF, Sandberg R, Sorensen SA, Tan ZH, Allen S, Hockemeyer D, Lee AY, Veldman MB, Adkins RS, Ament SA, Bravo HC, Carter R, Chatterjee A, Colantuoni C, Crabtree J, Creasy H, Felix V, Giglio M, Herb BR, Kancherla J, Mahurkar A, McCracken C, Nickel L, Olley D, Orvis J, Schor M, Hood G, Dichter B, Grauer M, Helba B, Bandrowski A, Barkas N, Carlin B, D’Orazi FD, Degatano K, Gillespie TH, Khajouei F, Konwar K, Thompson C, Kelly K, Mok S, Sunkin S. A multimodal cell census and atlas of the mammalian primary motor cortex. Nature 2021; 598:86-102. [PMID: 34616075 PMCID: PMC8494634 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03950-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Here we report the generation of a multimodal cell census and atlas of the mammalian primary motor cortex as the initial product of the BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network (BICCN). This was achieved by coordinated large-scale analyses of single-cell transcriptomes, chromatin accessibility, DNA methylomes, spatially resolved single-cell transcriptomes, morphological and electrophysiological properties and cellular resolution input-output mapping, integrated through cross-modal computational analysis. Our results advance the collective knowledge and understanding of brain cell-type organization1-5. First, our study reveals a unified molecular genetic landscape of cortical cell types that integrates their transcriptome, open chromatin and DNA methylation maps. Second, cross-species analysis achieves a consensus taxonomy of transcriptomic types and their hierarchical organization that is conserved from mouse to marmoset and human. Third, in situ single-cell transcriptomics provides a spatially resolved cell-type atlas of the motor cortex. Fourth, cross-modal analysis provides compelling evidence for the transcriptomic, epigenomic and gene regulatory basis of neuronal phenotypes such as their physiological and anatomical properties, demonstrating the biological validity and genomic underpinning of neuron types. We further present an extensive genetic toolset for targeting glutamatergic neuron types towards linking their molecular and developmental identity to their circuit function. Together, our results establish a unifying and mechanistic framework of neuronal cell-type organization that integrates multi-layered molecular genetic and spatial information with multi-faceted phenotypic properties.
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20
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Kramer DJ, Aisenberg EE, Kosillo P, Friedmann D, Stafford DA, Lee AYF, Luo L, Hockemeyer D, Ngai J, Bateup HS. Generation of a DAT-P2A-Flpo mouse line for intersectional genetic targeting of dopamine neuron subpopulations. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109123. [PMID: 33979604 PMCID: PMC8240967 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic projections exert widespread influence over multiple brain regions and modulate various behaviors including movement, reward learning, and motivation. It is increasingly appreciated that dopamine neurons are heterogeneous in their gene expression, circuitry, physiology, and function. Current approaches to target dopamine neurons are largely based on single gene drivers, which either label all dopamine neurons or mark a subset but concurrently label non-dopaminergic neurons. Here, we establish a mouse line with Flpo recombinase expressed from the endogenous Slc6a3 (dopamine active transporter [DAT]) locus. DAT-P2A-Flpo mice can be used together with Cre-expressing mouse lines to efficiently and selectively label dopaminergic subpopulations using Cre/Flp-dependent intersectional strategies. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by generating DAT-P2A-Flpo;NEX-Cre mice that specifically label Neurod6-expressing dopamine neurons, which project to the nucleus accumbens medial shell. DAT-P2A-Flpo mice add to a growing toolbox of genetic resources that will help parse the diverse functions mediated by dopaminergic circuits. Kramer et al. generate a DAT-P2A-Flpo mouse line that enables intersectional genetic targeting of dopamine neuron subpopulations using Flp/Cre-dependent constructs. They show that ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons expressing Neurod6 give rise to the majority of dopaminergic projections to the nucleus accumbens medial shell and olfactory tubercle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Kramer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Erin E Aisenberg
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Polina Kosillo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Drew Friedmann
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David A Stafford
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Angus Yiu-Fai Lee
- Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Liqun Luo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dirk Hockemeyer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - John Ngai
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Helen S Bateup
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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21
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Hunker AC, Soden ME, Krayushkina D, Heymann G, Awatramani R, Zweifel LS. Conditional Single Vector CRISPR/SaCas9 Viruses for Efficient Mutagenesis in the Adult Mouse Nervous System. Cell Rep 2021; 30:4303-4316.e6. [PMID: 32209486 PMCID: PMC7212805 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice engineered for conditional, cell type-specific gene inactivation have dominated the field of mouse genetics because of the high efficiency of Cre-loxP-mediated recombination. Recent advances in CRISPR/Cas9 technologies have provided alternatives for rapid gene mutagenesis for loss-of-function (LOF) analysis. Whether these strategies can be streamlined for rapid genetic analysis with the efficiencies comparable with those of conventional genetic approaches has yet to be established. We show that a single adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector containing a recombinase-dependent Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 (SaCas9) and a single guide RNA (sgRNA) are as efficient as conventional conditional gene knockout and can be adapted for use in either Cre- or Flp-driver mouse lines. The efficacy of this approach is demonstrated for the analysis of GABAergic, glutamatergic, and monoaminergic neurotransmission. Using this strategy, we reveal insight into the role of GABAergic regulation of midbrain GABA-producing neurons in psychomotor activation. Hunker et al. generate single adeno-associated viral vectors for conditional gene mutagenesis in the adult mouse nervous system with efficiencies equivalent to those of conventional gene inactivation strategies. On the basis of this efficacy, they provide a resource of Cre- and Flp-dependent constructs for targeting catecholamine, glutamate, and GABA neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery C Hunker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Marta E Soden
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Dasha Krayushkina
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Gabriel Heymann
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Larry S Zweifel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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22
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Kim SR, Kim SY. Functional Dissection of Glutamatergic and GABAergic Neurons in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis. Mol Cells 2021; 44:63-67. [PMID: 33594012 PMCID: PMC7941005 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2021.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST)-a key part of the extended amygdala-has been implicated in the regulation of diverse behavioral states, ranging from anxiety and reward processing to feeding behavior. Among the host of distinct types of neurons within the BNST, recent investigations employing cell type- and projection-specific circuit dissection techniques (such as optogenetics, chemogenetics, deep-brain calcium imaging, and the genetic and viral methods for targeting specific types of cells) have highlighted the key roles of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons and their axonal projections. As anticipated from their primary roles in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission, these studies established that the glutamatergic and GABAergic subpopulations of the BNST oppositely regulate diverse behavioral states. At the same time, these studies have also revealed unexpected functional specificity and heterogeneity within each subpopulation. In this Minireview, we introduce the body of studies that investigated the function of glutamatergic and GABAergic BNST neurons and their circuits. We also discuss unresolved questions and future directions for a more complete understanding of the cellular diversity and functional heterogeneity within the BNST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Rae Kim
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sung-Yon Kim
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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23
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Akay T, Murray AJ. Relative Contribution of Proprioceptive and Vestibular Sensory Systems to Locomotion: Opportunities for Discovery in the Age of Molecular Science. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1467. [PMID: 33540567 PMCID: PMC7867206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Locomotion is a fundamental animal behavior required for survival and has been the subject of neuroscience research for centuries. In terrestrial mammals, the rhythmic and coordinated leg movements during locomotion are controlled by a combination of interconnected neurons in the spinal cord, referred as to the central pattern generator, and sensory feedback from the segmental somatosensory system and supraspinal centers such as the vestibular system. How segmental somatosensory and the vestibular systems work in parallel to enable terrestrial mammals to locomote in a natural environment is still relatively obscure. In this review, we first briefly describe what is known about how the two sensory systems control locomotion and use this information to formulate a hypothesis that the weight of the role of segmental feedback is less important at slower speeds but increases at higher speeds, whereas the weight of the role of vestibular system has the opposite relation. The new avenues presented by the latest developments in molecular sciences using the mouse as the model system allow the direct testing of the hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turgay Akay
- Atlantic Mobility Action Project, Brain Repair Centre, Department of Medical Neuroscience, Life Science Research Institute, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Andrew J. Murray
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, London W1T 4JG, UK
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24
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Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) serve as a crucial communication channel from the retina to the brain. In the adult, these cells receive input from defined sets of presynaptic partners and communicate with postsynaptic brain regions to convey features of the visual scene. However, in the developing visual system, RGC interactions extend beyond their synaptic partners such that they guide development before the onset of vision. In this Review, we summarize our current understanding of how interactions between RGCs and their environment influence cellular targeting, migration and circuit maturation during visual system development. We describe the roles of RGC subclasses in shaping unique developmental responses within the retina and at central targets. Finally, we highlight the utility of RNA sequencing and genetic tools in uncovering RGC type-specific roles during the development of the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane D'Souza
- The Visual Systems Group, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Center for Chronobiology, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Richard A Lang
- The Visual Systems Group, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Center for Chronobiology, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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25
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Grange P. Topology of the mesoscale connectome of the mouse brain. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL BIOPHYSICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/cmb-2020-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The wiring diagram of the mouse brain has recently been mapped at a mesoscopic scale in the Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas. Axonal projections from brain regions were traced using green fluoresent proteins. The resulting data were registered to a common three-dimensional reference space. They yielded a matrix of connection strengths between 213 brain regions. Global features such as closed loops formed by connections of similar intensity can be inferred using tools from persistent homology. We map the wiring diagram of the mouse brain to a simplicial complex (filtered by connection strengths). We work out generators of the first homology group. Some regions, including nucleus accumbens, are connected to the entire brain by loops, whereas no region has non-zero connection strength to all brain regions. Thousands of loops go through the isocortex, the striatum and the thalamus. On the other hand, medulla is the only major brain compartment that contains more than 100 loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Grange
- Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University , Department of Physics , Suzhou , China
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26
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Ribeiro D, Nunes AR, Teles M, Anbalagan S, Blechman J, Levkowitz G, Oliveira RF. Genetic variation in the social environment affects behavioral phenotypes of oxytocin receptor mutants in zebrafish. eLife 2020; 9:56973. [PMID: 32902385 PMCID: PMC7481002 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin-like peptides have been implicated in the regulation of a wide range of social behaviors across taxa. On the other hand, the social environment, which is composed of conspecifics that may vary in their genotypes, also influences social behavior, creating the possibility for indirect genetic effects. Here, we used a zebrafish oxytocin receptor knockout line to investigate how the genotypic composition of the social environment (Gs) interacts with the oxytocin genotype of the focal individual (Gi) in the regulation of its social behavior. For this purpose, we have raised wild-type or knock-out zebrafish in either wild-type or knock-out shoals and tested different components of social behavior in adults. GixGs effects were detected in some behaviors, highlighting the need to control for GixGs effects when interpreting results of experiments using genetically modified animals, since the genotypic composition of the social environment can either rescue or promote phenotypes associated with specific genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Magda Teles
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Savani Anbalagan
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,ReMedy-International Research Agenda Unit, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Rui F Oliveira
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.,ISPA - Instituto Universitário, Lisboa, Portugal.,Champalimaud Research, Lisboa, Portugal
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27
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Tian T, Li X. Applications of tissue clearing in the spinal cord. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:4019-4036. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Beihang University Beijing China
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Beihang University Beijing China
- Beijing International Cooperation Bases for Science and Technology on Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering Beihang University Beijing China
- Department of Neurobiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Capital Medical University Beijing China
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28
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Chance FS, Aimone JB, Musuvathy SS, Smith MR, Vineyard CM, Wang F. Crossing the Cleft: Communication Challenges Between Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence. Front Comput Neurosci 2020; 14:39. [PMID: 32477089 PMCID: PMC7232604 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2020.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, neuroscience principles have heavily influenced artificial intelligence (AI), for example the influence of the perceptron model, essentially a simple model of a biological neuron, on artificial neural networks. More recently, notable recent AI advances, for example the growing popularity of reinforcement learning, often appear more aligned with cognitive neuroscience or psychology, focusing on function at a relatively abstract level. At the same time, neuroscience stands poised to enter a new era of large-scale high-resolution data and appears more focused on underlying neural mechanisms or architectures that can, at times, seem rather removed from functional descriptions. While this might seem to foretell a new generation of AI approaches arising from a deeper exploration of neuroscience specifically for AI, the most direct path for achieving this is unclear. Here we discuss cultural differences between the two fields, including divergent priorities that should be considered when leveraging modern-day neuroscience for AI. For example, the two fields feed two very different applications that at times require potentially conflicting perspectives. We highlight small but significant cultural shifts that we feel would greatly facilitate increased synergy between the two fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances S Chance
- Department of Cognitive and Emerging Computing, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - James B Aimone
- Department of Cognitive and Emerging Computing, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Srideep S Musuvathy
- Department of Cognitive and Emerging Computing, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Michael R Smith
- All-Source Analytics Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Craig M Vineyard
- Department of Cognitive and Emerging Computing, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Felix Wang
- Department of Cognitive and Emerging Computing, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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29
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Ueda HR, Dodt HU, Osten P, Economo MN, Chandrashekar J, Keller PJ. Whole-Brain Profiling of Cells and Circuits in Mammals by Tissue Clearing and Light-Sheet Microscopy. Neuron 2020; 106:369-387. [PMID: 32380050 PMCID: PMC7213014 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tissue clearing and light-sheet microscopy have a 100-year-plus history, yet these fields have been combined only recently to facilitate novel experiments and measurements in neuroscience. Since tissue-clearing methods were first combined with modernized light-sheet microscopy a decade ago, the performance of both technologies has rapidly improved, broadening their applications. Here, we review the state of the art of tissue-clearing methods and light-sheet microscopy and discuss applications of these techniques in profiling cells and circuits in mice. We examine outstanding challenges and future opportunities for expanding these techniques to achieve brain-wide profiling of cells and circuits in primates and humans. Such integration will help provide a systems-level understanding of the physiology and pathology of our central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki R Ueda
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN BDR, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Hans-Ulrich Dodt
- Department of Bioelectronics, FKE, Vienna University of Technology-TU Wien, Vienna, Austria; Section of Bioelectronics, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pavel Osten
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Michael N Economo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Philipp J Keller
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
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30
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Luo L, Ambrozkiewicz MC, Benseler F, Chen C, Dumontier E, Falkner S, Furlanis E, Gomez AM, Hoshina N, Huang WH, Hutchison MA, Itoh-Maruoka Y, Lavery LA, Li W, Maruo T, Motohashi J, Pai ELL, Pelkey KA, Pereira A, Philips T, Sinclair JL, Stogsdill JA, Traunmüller L, Wang J, Wortel J, You W, Abumaria N, Beier KT, Brose N, Burgess HA, Cepko CL, Cloutier JF, Eroglu C, Goebbels S, Kaeser PS, Kay JN, Lu W, Luo L, Mandai K, McBain CJ, Nave KA, Prado MA, Prado VF, Rothstein J, Rubenstein JL, Saher G, Sakimura K, Sanes JR, Scheiffele P, Takai Y, Umemori H, Verhage M, Yuzaki M, Zoghbi HY, Kawabe H, Craig AM. Optimizing Nervous System-Specific Gene Targeting with Cre Driver Lines: Prevalence of Germline Recombination and Influencing Factors. Neuron 2020; 106:37-65.e5. [PMID: 32027825 PMCID: PMC7377387 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Cre-loxP system is invaluable for spatial and temporal control of gene knockout, knockin, and reporter expression in the mouse nervous system. However, we report varying probabilities of unexpected germline recombination in distinct Cre driver lines designed for nervous system-specific recombination. Selective maternal or paternal germline recombination is showcased with sample Cre lines. Collated data reveal germline recombination in over half of 64 commonly used Cre driver lines, in most cases with a parental sex bias related to Cre expression in sperm or oocytes. Slight differences among Cre driver lines utilizing common transcriptional control elements affect germline recombination rates. Specific target loci demonstrated differential recombination; thus, reporters are not reliable proxies for another locus of interest. Similar principles apply to other recombinase systems and other genetically targeted organisms. We hereby draw attention to the prevalence of germline recombination and provide guidelines to inform future research for the neuroscience and broader molecular genetics communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Luo
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Mateusz C. Ambrozkiewicz
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Strasse 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany,Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fritz Benseler
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Strasse 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Emilie Dumontier
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Naosuke Hoshina
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wei-Hsiang Huang
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Mary Anne Hutchison
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yu Itoh-Maruoka
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-5-6 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Laura A. Lavery
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77003, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tomohiko Maruo
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-5-6 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan,Department of Biochemistry, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan,Department of Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan
| | - Junko Motohashi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Emily Ling-Lin Pai
- Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Pelkey
- Section on Cellular and Synaptic Physiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ariane Pereira
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Thomas Philips
- Department of Neurology and Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Sinclair
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeff A. Stogsdill
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Jiexin Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joke Wortel
- Department of Functional Genomics and Department of Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), VU University Amsterdam and University Medical Center Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wenjia You
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Departments of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nashat Abumaria
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China,Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kevin T. Beier
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Nils Brose
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Strasse 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Harold A. Burgess
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Constance L. Cepko
- Departments of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jean-François Cloutier
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Cagla Eroglu
- Department of Cell Biology, Department of Neurobiology, and Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Regeneration Next Initiative, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sandra Goebbels
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Strasse 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Pascal S. Kaeser
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jeremy N. Kay
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Wei Lu
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Liqun Luo
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kenji Mandai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-5-6 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan,Department of Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan
| | - Chris J. McBain
- Section on Cellular and Synaptic Physiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Strasse 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marco A.M. Prado
- Robarts Research Institute, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada,Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Vania F. Prado
- Robarts Research Institute, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada,Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Rothstein
- Department of Neurology and Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - John L.R. Rubenstein
- Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Gesine Saher
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Strasse 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Joshua R. Sanes
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | - Yoshimi Takai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-5-6 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hisashi Umemori
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthijs Verhage
- Department of Functional Genomics and Department of Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), VU University Amsterdam and University Medical Center Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michisuke Yuzaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Huda Yahya Zoghbi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77003, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hiroshi Kawabe
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Strasse 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-5-6 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan; Department of Gerontology, Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, 2-2 Minatojima-minamimachi Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Ann Marie Craig
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada.
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31
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Zha X, Wang L, Jiao ZL, Yang RR, Xu C, Xu XH. VMHvl-Projecting Vglut1+ Neurons in the Posterior Amygdala Gate Territorial Aggression. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107517. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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32
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RecV recombinase system for in vivo targeted optogenomic modifications of single cells or cell populations. Nat Methods 2020; 17:422-429. [PMID: 32203389 PMCID: PMC7135964 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-020-0774-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Brain circuits comprise vast numbers of intricately interconnected neurons with diverse molecular, anatomical and physiological properties. To allow “user-defined” targeting of individual neurons for structural and functional studies, we created light-inducible site-specific DNA recombinases (SSRs) based on Cre, Dre and Flp (RecVs). RecVs can induce genomic modifications by one-photon or two-photon light induction in vivo. They can produce targeted, sparse and strong labeling of individual neurons by modifying multiple loci within mouse and zebrafish genomes. In combination with other genetic strategies, they allow intersectional targeting of different neuronal classes. In the mouse cortex they enable sparse labeling and whole-brain morphological reconstructions of individual neurons. Furthermore, these enzymes allow single-cell two-photon targeted genetic modifications and can be used in combination with functional optical indicators with minimal interference. In summary, RecVs enable spatiotemporally-precise optogenomic modifications that can facilitate detailed single-cell analysis of neural circuits by linking genetic identity, morphology, connectivity and function.
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33
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Karimi Abadchi J, Nazari-Ahangarkolaee M, Gattas S, Bermudez-Contreras E, Luczak A, McNaughton BL, Mohajerani MH. Spatiotemporal patterns of neocortical activity around hippocampal sharp-wave ripples. eLife 2020; 9:51972. [PMID: 32167467 PMCID: PMC7096182 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A prevalent model is that sharp-wave ripples (SWR) arise ‘spontaneously’ in CA3 and propagate recent memory traces outward to the neocortex to facilitate memory consolidation there. Using voltage and extracellular glutamate transient recording over widespread regions of mice dorsal neocortex in relation to CA1 multiunit activity (MUA) and SWR, we find that the largest SWR-related modulation occurs in retrosplenial cortex; however, contrary to the unidirectional hypothesis, neocortical activation exhibited a continuum of activation timings relative to SWRs, varying from leading to lagging. Thus, contrary to the model in which SWRs arise ‘spontaneously’ in the hippocampus, neocortical activation often precedes SWRs and may thus constitute a trigger event in which neocortical information seeds associative reactivation of hippocampal ‘indices’. This timing continuum is consistent with a dynamics in which older, more consolidated memories may in fact initiate the hippocampal-neocortical dialog, whereas reactivation of newer memories may be initiated predominantly in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Karimi Abadchi
- Canadian Centre for Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Canada
| | | | - Sandra Gattas
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | | | - Artur Luczak
- Canadian Centre for Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Bruce L McNaughton
- Canadian Centre for Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Canada.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - Majid H Mohajerani
- Canadian Centre for Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Canada
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34
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Abstract
The contribution of nerves to the pathogenesis of malignancies has emerged as an important component of the tumour microenvironment. Recent studies have shown that peripheral nerves (sympathetic, parasympathetic and sensory) interact with tumour and stromal cells to promote the initiation and progression of a variety of solid and haematological malignancies. Furthermore, new evidence suggests that cancers may reactivate nerve-dependent developmental and regenerative processes to promote their growth and survival. Here we review emerging concepts and discuss the therapeutic implications of manipulating nerves and neural signalling for the prevention and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali H Zahalka
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul S Frenette
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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35
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Cong W, Shi Y, Qi Y, Wu J, Gong L, He M. Viral approaches to study the mammalian brain: Lineage tracing, circuit dissection and therapeutic applications. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 335:108629. [PMID: 32045571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Viral vectors are widely used to study the development, function and pathology of neural circuits in the mammalian brain. Their flexible payloads with customizable choices of tool genes allow versatile applications ranging from lineage tracing, circuit mapping and functional interrogation, to translational and therapeutic applications. Different applications have distinct technological requirements, therefore, often utilize different types of virus. This review introduces the most commonly used viruses for these applications and some recent advances in improving the resolution and throughput of lineage tracing, the efficacy and selectivity of circuit tracing and the specificity of cell type targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cong
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Shi
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqing Qi
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinyun Wu
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Gong
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao He
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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36
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Němec P, Osten P. The evolution of brain structure captured in stereotyped cell count and cell type distributions. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 60:176-183. [PMID: 31945723 PMCID: PMC7191610 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The stereotyped features of brain structure, such as the distribution, morphology and connectivity of neuronal cell types across brain areas, are those most likely to explain the remarkable capacity of the brain to process information and govern behaviors. Recent advances in anatomical methods, including the simple but versatile isotropic fractionator and several whole-brain labeling, clearing and microscopy methods, have opened the door to an exciting new era in comparative brain anatomy, one that has the potential to transform our understanding of the brain structure-function relationship by representing the evolution of brain complexity in quantitative anatomical features shared across species and species-specific or clade-specific. Here we discuss these methods and their application to mapping brain cell count and cell type distributions-two particularly powerful neural correlates of vertebrate cognitive and behavioral capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Němec
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Osten
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11743, USA.
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37
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Qiu F, Mao X, Liu P, Wu J, Zhang Y, Sun D, Zhu Y, Gong L, Shao M, Fan K, Chen J, Lu J, Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Curia G, Li A, He M. microRNA Deficiency in VIP+ Interneurons Leads to Cortical Circuit Dysfunction. Cereb Cortex 2019; 30:2229-2249. [PMID: 33676371 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically distinct GABAergic interneuron subtypes play diverse roles in cortical circuits. Previous studies revealed that microRNAs (miRNAs) are differentially expressed in cortical interneuron subtypes, and are essential for the normal migration, maturation, and survival of medial ganglionic eminence-derived interneuron subtypes. How miRNAs function in vasoactive intestinal peptide expressing (VIP+) interneurons derived from the caudal ganglionic eminence remains elusive. Here, we conditionally removed Dicer in postmitotic VIP+ interneurons to block miRNA biogenesis. We found that the intrinsic and synaptic properties of VIP+ interneurons and pyramidal neurons were concordantly affected prior to a progressive loss of VIP+ interneurons. In vivo recording further revealed elevated cortical local field potential power. Mutant mice had a shorter life span but exhibited better spatial working memory and motor coordination. Our results demonstrate that miRNAs are indispensable for the function and survival of VIP+ interneurons, and highlight a key role of VIP+ interneurons in cortical circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Qiu
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xingfeng Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Penglai Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Jinyun Wu
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Daijing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yueyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ling Gong
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mengmeng Shao
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Keyang Fan
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiangteng Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yubin Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Giulia Curia
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41121, Italy.,Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41121, Italy
| | - Anan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Miao He
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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38
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Aizawa H, Zhu M. Toward an understanding of the habenula's various roles in human depression. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 73:607-612. [PMID: 31131942 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The habenula is an evolutionarily conserved structure in the vertebrate brain. Lesion and electrophysiological studies in animals have suggested that it is involved in the regulation of monoaminergic activity through projection to the brain stem nuclei. Since studies in animal models of depression and human functional imaging have indicated that increased activity of the habenula is associated with depressive phenotypes, this structure has attracted a surge of interest in neuroscience research. According to pathway- and cell-type-specific dissection of habenular function in animals, we have begun to understand how the heterogeneity of the habenula accounts for alteration of diverse physiological functions in depression. Indeed, recent studies have revealed that the subnuclei embedded in the habenula show a wide variety of molecular profiles not only in neurons but also in glial cells implementing the multifaceted regulatory mechanism for output from the habenula. In this review, we overview the known facts on mediolateral subdivision in the habenular structure, then discuss heterogeneity of the habenular structure from the anatomical and functional viewpoint to understand its emerging role in diverse neural functions relevant to depressive phenotypes. Despite the prevalent use of antidepressants acting on monoamine metabolisms, ~30% of patients with major depression are reported to be treatment-resistant. Thus, cellular mechanisms deciphering such diversity in depressive symptoms would be a promising candidate for the development of new antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Aizawa
- Department of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Meina Zhu
- Department of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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39
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Keum S, Shin HS. Neural Basis of Observational Fear Learning: A Potential Model of Affective Empathy. Neuron 2019; 104:78-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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40
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Ma Y, Bayguinov PO, Jackson MB. Optical Studies of Action Potential Dynamics with hVOS probes. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2019; 12:51-58. [PMID: 32864524 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The detection of action potentials and the characterization of their waveform represent basic benchmarks for evaluating optical sensors of voltage. The effectiveness of a voltage sensor in reporting action potentials will determine its usefulness in voltage imaging experiments designed for the study of neural circuitry. The hybrid voltage sensor (hVOS) technique is based on a sensing mechanism with a rapid response to voltage changes. hVOS imaging is thus well suited for optical studies of action potentials. This technique detects action potentials in intact brain slices with an excellent signal-to-noise ratio. These optical action potentials recapitulate voltage recordings with high temporal fidelity. In different genetically-defined types of neurons targeted by cre-lox technology, hVOS recordings of action potentials recapitulate the expected differences in duration. Furthermore, by targeting an hVOS probe to axons, imaging experiments can follow action potential propagation and document dynamic changes in waveform resulting from use-dependent plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihe Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin - Madison
| | | | - Meyer B Jackson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin - Madison
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41
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Abstract
When neuroscience’s focus moves from molecular and cellular level to systems level, information technology mixes in and cultivates a new branch neuroinformatics. Especially under the investments of brain initiatives all around the world, brain atlases and connectomics are identified as the substructure to understand the brain. We think it is time to call for a potential interdisciplinary subject, brainsmatics, referring to brain-wide spatial informatics science and emphasizing on precise positioning information affiliated to brain-wide connectome, genome, proteome, transcriptome, metabolome, etc. Brainsmatics methodology includes tracing, surveying, visualizing, and analyzing brain-wide spatial information. Among all imaging techniques, optical imaging is the most appropriate solution to achieve whole-brain connectome in consistent single-neuron resolution. This review aims to introduce contributions of optical imaging to brainsmatics studies, especially the major strategies applied in tracing and surveying processes. After discussions on the state-of-the-art technology, the development objectives of optical imaging in brainsmatics field are suggested. We call for a global contribution to the brainsmatics field from all related communities such as neuroscientists, biologists, engineers, programmers, chemists, mathematicians, physicists, clinicians, pharmacists, etc. As the leading approach, optical imaging will, in turn, benefit from the prosperous development of brainsmatics.
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42
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Marcos E, Londei F, Genovesio A. Hidden Markov Models Predict the Future Choice Better Than a PSTH-Based Method. Neural Comput 2019; 31:1874-1890. [PMID: 31335289 DOI: 10.1162/neco_a_01216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Beyond average firing rate, other measurable signals of neuronal activity are fundamental to an understanding of behavior. Recently, hidden Markov models (HMMs) have been applied to neural recordings and have described how neuronal ensembles process information by going through sequences of different states. Such collective dynamics are impossible to capture by just looking at the average firing rate. To estimate how well HMMs can decode information contained in single trials, we compared HMMs with a recently developed classification method based on the peristimulus time histogram (PSTH). The accuracy of the two methods was tested by using the activity of prefrontal neurons recorded while two monkeys were engaged in a strategy task. In this task, the monkeys had to select one of three spatial targets based on an instruction cue and on their previous choice. We show that by using the single trial's neural activity in a period preceding action execution, both models were able to classify the monkeys' choice with an accuracy higher than by chance. Moreover, the HMM was significantly more accurate than the PSTH-based method, even in cases in which the HMM performance was low, although always above chance. Furthermore, the accuracy of both methods was related to the number of neurons exhibiting spatial selectivity within an experimental session. Overall, our study shows that neural activity is better described when not only the mean activity of individual neurons is considered and that therefore, the study of other signals rather than only the average firing rate is fundamental to an understanding of the dynamics of neuronal ensembles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Encarni Marcos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy, and Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante 03550, Spain
| | - Fabrizio Londei
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Aldo Genovesio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
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Mukamel EA, Ngai J. Perspectives on defining cell types in the brain. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2019; 56:61-68. [PMID: 30530112 PMCID: PMC6551297 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of brain cell types was one of the earliest observations in modern neuroscience and continues to be one of the central concerns of current neuroscience research. Despite impressive recent progress, including single cell transcriptome and epigenome profiling as well as anatomical methods, we still lack a complete census or taxonomy of brain cell types. We argue this is due partly to the conceptual difficulty in defining a cell type. By considering the biological drivers of cell identity, such as networks of genes and gene regulatory elements, we propose a definition of cell type that emphasizes self-stabilizing regulation. We explore the predictions and hypotheses that arise from this definition. Integration of data from multiple modalities, including molecular profiling of genes and gene products, epigenetic landscape, cellular morphology, connectivity, and physiology, will be essential for a meaningful and broadly useful definition of brain cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eran A Mukamel
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, United States.
| | - John Ngai
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, QB3 Functional Genomics Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States.
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Wu H, Yang X, Chen S, Zhang L, Long B, Tan C, Yuan J, Gong H. On-line optical clearing method for whole-brain imaging in mice. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:2612-2622. [PMID: 31149384 PMCID: PMC6524591 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.002612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The combination of optical clearing with light microscopy has a number of applications in the whole-brain imaging of mice. However, the initial processing time of optical clearing is time consuming, and the protocol is complicated. We propose a novel method based on on-line optical clearing. Agarose-embedded mouse brain was immersed in the optical clearing reagent, and clearing of the brain was achieved ~100 μm beneath the sample surface. After imaging, the cleared layer was removed, thereby allowing layer-by-layer clearing and imaging. No pre-immersion was required, and we demonstrated that on-line optical clearing can reduce the whole-brain imaging time by half.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Xiaoquan Yang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Siqi Chen
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Liuyun Zhang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Ben Long
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Chaozhen Tan
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
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45
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Daigle TL, Madisen L, Hage TA, Valley MT, Knoblich U, Larsen RS, Takeno MM, Huang L, Gu H, Larsen R, Mills M, Bosma-Moody A, Siverts LA, Walker M, Graybuck LT, Yao Z, Fong O, Nguyen TN, Garren E, Lenz GH, Chavarha M, Pendergraft J, Harrington J, Hirokawa KE, Harris JA, Nicovich PR, McGraw MJ, Ollerenshaw DR, Smith KA, Baker CA, Ting JT, Sunkin SM, Lecoq J, Lin MZ, Boyden ES, Murphy GJ, da Costa NM, Waters J, Li L, Tasic B, Zeng H. A Suite of Transgenic Driver and Reporter Mouse Lines with Enhanced Brain-Cell-Type Targeting and Functionality. Cell 2019; 174:465-480.e22. [PMID: 30007418 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Modern genetic approaches are powerful in providing access to diverse cell types in the brain and facilitating the study of their function. Here, we report a large set of driver and reporter transgenic mouse lines, including 23 new driver lines targeting a variety of cortical and subcortical cell populations and 26 new reporter lines expressing an array of molecular tools. In particular, we describe the TIGRE2.0 transgenic platform and introduce Cre-dependent reporter lines that enable optical physiology, optogenetics, and sparse labeling of genetically defined cell populations. TIGRE2.0 reporters broke the barrier in transgene expression level of single-copy targeted-insertion transgenesis in a wide range of neuronal types, along with additional advantage of a simplified breeding strategy compared to our first-generation TIGRE lines. These novel transgenic lines greatly expand the repertoire of high-precision genetic tools available to effectively identify, monitor, and manipulate distinct cell types in the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya L Daigle
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Linda Madisen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Travis A Hage
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Ulf Knoblich
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Rylan S Larsen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Marc M Takeno
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lawrence Huang
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hong Gu
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Rachael Larsen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Maya Mills
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | - Miranda Walker
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Zizhen Yao
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Olivia Fong
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Emma Garren
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Garreck H Lenz
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Mariya Chavarha
- Departments of Neurobiology and Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | - Julie A Harris
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Medea J McGraw
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Susan M Sunkin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jérôme Lecoq
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Michael Z Lin
- Departments of Neurobiology and Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Edward S Boyden
- MIT Media Lab and McGovern Institute, Departments of Biological Engineering and Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Gabe J Murphy
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Jack Waters
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lu Li
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Bosiljka Tasic
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Wang X, Tucciarone J, Jiang S, Yin F, Wang BS, Wang D, Jia Y, Jia X, Li Y, Yang T, Xu Z, Akram MA, Wang Y, Zeng S, Ascoli GA, Mitra P, Gong H, Luo Q, Huang ZJ. Genetic Single Neuron Anatomy Reveals Fine Granularity of Cortical Axo-Axonic Cells. Cell Rep 2019; 26:3145-3159.e5. [PMID: 30865900 PMCID: PMC7863572 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Parsing diverse nerve cells into biological types is necessary for understanding neural circuit organization. Morphology is an intuitive criterion for neuronal classification and a proxy of connectivity, but morphological diversity and variability often preclude resolving the granularity of neuron types. Combining genetic labeling with high-resolution, large-volume light microscopy, we established a single neuron anatomy platform that resolves, registers, and quantifies complete neuron morphologies in the mouse brain. We discovered that cortical axo-axonic cells (AACs), a cardinal GABAergic interneuron type that controls pyramidal neuron (PyN) spiking at axon initial segments, consist of multiple subtypes distinguished by highly laminar-specific soma position and dendritic and axonal arborization patterns. Whereas the laminar arrangements of AAC dendrites reflect differential recruitment by input streams, the laminar distribution and local geometry of AAC axons enable differential innervation of PyN ensembles. This platform will facilitate genetically targeted, high-resolution, and scalable single neuron anatomy in the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Wang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Jason Tucciarone
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Program in Neuroscience and Medical Scientist Training Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA
| | - Siqi Jiang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Fangfang Yin
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Bor-Shuen Wang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Dingkang Wang
- Computer Science and Engineering Department, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43221, USA
| | - Yao Jia
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Xueyan Jia
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Yuxin Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Zhengchao Xu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Masood A Akram
- Center for Neural Informatics, Structures, and Plasticity, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Yusu Wang
- Computer Science and Engineering Department, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43221, USA
| | - Shaoqun Zeng
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Giorgio A Ascoli
- Center for Neural Informatics, Structures, and Plasticity, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Partha Mitra
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Hui Gong
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Qingming Luo
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China.
| | - Z Josh Huang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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Hill JL, Jimenez DV, Mai Y, Ren M, Hallock HL, Maynard KR, Chen HY, Hardy NF, Schloesser RJ, Maher BJ, Yang F, Martinowich K. Cortistatin-expressing interneurons require TrkB signaling to suppress neural hyper-excitability. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 224:471-483. [PMID: 30377803 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1783-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Signaling of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) via tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) plays a critical role in the maturation of cortical inhibition and controls expression of inhibitory interneuron markers, including the neuropeptide cortistatin (CST). CST is expressed exclusively in a subset of cortical and hippocampal GABAergic interneurons, where it has anticonvulsant effects and controls sleep slow-wave activity (SWA). We hypothesized that CST-expressing interneurons play a critical role in regulating excitatory/inhibitory balance, and that BDNF, signaling through TrkB receptors on CST-expressing interneurons, is required for this function. Ablation of CST-expressing cells caused generalized seizures and premature death during early postnatal development, demonstrating a critical role for these cells in providing inhibition. Mice in which TrkB was selectively deleted from CST-expressing interneurons were hyperactive, slept less and developed spontaneous seizures. Frequencies of spontaneous excitatory post-synaptic currents (sEPSCs) on CST-expressing interneurons were attenuated in these mice. These data suggest that BDNF, signaling through TrkB receptors on CST-expressing cells, promotes excitatory drive onto these cells. Loss of excitatory drive onto CST-expressing cells that lack TrkB receptors may contribute to observed hyperexcitability and epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia L Hill
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, 855 North Wolfe Street, Suite 300, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Dennisse V Jimenez
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, 855 North Wolfe Street, Suite 300, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yishan Mai
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, 855 North Wolfe Street, Suite 300, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Ming Ren
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, 855 North Wolfe Street, Suite 300, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Henry L Hallock
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, 855 North Wolfe Street, Suite 300, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kristen R Maynard
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, 855 North Wolfe Street, Suite 300, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Huei-Ying Chen
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, 855 North Wolfe Street, Suite 300, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Nicholas F Hardy
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, 855 North Wolfe Street, Suite 300, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | | | - Brady J Maher
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, 855 North Wolfe Street, Suite 300, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Feng Yang
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, 855 North Wolfe Street, Suite 300, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Keri Martinowich
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, 855 North Wolfe Street, Suite 300, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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48
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Abstract
Anticipatory defensive responses to an aversive or harmful event depend on memories linking the event with the predictive environmental cues. Extensive evidence indicates that the central amygdala is essential for the acquisition and recall of such memories. The evidence came initially from studies that relied on traditional lesion and pharmacological techniques, and recently from studies in which new methodologies were used to target, record and manipulate neuronal activities with improved precision and specificity. In this review, I will discuss the current understanding of the roles of central amygdala neurons in the learning and expression of defensive behaviors, with a focus on the major neuronal populations identified on the basis of their genetic markers.
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49
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Deussing JM, Chen A. The Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Family: Physiology of the Stress Response. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:2225-2286. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00042.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological stress response is responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis in the presence of real or perceived challenges. In this function, the brain activates adaptive responses that involve numerous neural circuits and effector molecules to adapt to the current and future demands. A maladaptive stress response has been linked to the etiology of a variety of disorders, such as anxiety and mood disorders, eating disorders, and the metabolic syndrome. The neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and its relatives, the urocortins 1–3, in concert with their receptors (CRFR1, CRFR2), have emerged as central components of the physiological stress response. This central peptidergic system impinges on a broad spectrum of physiological processes that are the basis for successful adaptation and concomitantly integrate autonomic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral stress responses. This review focuses on the physiology of CRF-related peptides and their cognate receptors with the aim of providing a comprehensive up-to-date overview of the field. We describe the major molecular features covering aspects of gene expression and regulation, structural properties, and molecular interactions, as well as mechanisms of signal transduction and their surveillance. In addition, we discuss the large body of published experimental studies focusing on state-of-the-art genetic approaches with high temporal and spatial precision, which collectively aimed to dissect the contribution of CRF-related ligands and receptors to different levels of the stress response. We discuss the controversies in the field and unravel knowledge gaps that might pave the way for future research directions and open up novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M. Deussing
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; and Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alon Chen
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; and Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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50
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Cooke JE, King AJ, Willmore BDB, Schnupp JWH. Contrast gain control in mouse auditory cortex. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:1872-1884. [PMID: 30044164 PMCID: PMC6230796 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00847.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The neocortex is thought to employ a number of canonical computations, but little is known about whether these computations rely on shared mechanisms across different neural populations. In recent years, the mouse has emerged as a powerful model organism for the dissection of the circuits and mechanisms underlying various aspects of neural processing and therefore provides an important avenue for research into putative canonical computations. One such computation is contrast gain control, the systematic adjustment of neural gain in accordance with the contrast of sensory input, which helps to construct neural representations that are robust to the presence of background stimuli. Here, we characterized contrast gain control in the mouse auditory cortex. We performed laminar extracellular recordings in the auditory cortex of the anesthetized mouse while varying the contrast of the sensory input. We observed that an increase in stimulus contrast resulted in a compensatory reduction in the gain of neural responses, leading to representations in the mouse auditory cortex that are largely contrast invariant. Contrast gain control was present in all cortical layers but was found to be strongest in deep layers, indicating that intracortical mechanisms may contribute to these gain changes. These results lay a foundation for investigations into the mechanisms underlying contrast adaptation in the mouse auditory cortex. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We investigated whether contrast gain control, the systematic reduction in neural gain in response to an increase in sensory contrast, exists in the mouse auditory cortex. We performed extracellular recordings in the mouse auditory cortex while presenting sensory stimuli with varying contrasts and found this form of processing was widespread. This finding provides evidence that contrast gain control may represent a canonical cortical computation and lays a foundation for investigations into the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Cooke
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford , Oxford , United Kingdom
- University College London , United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J King
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford , Oxford , United Kingdom
| | - Ben D B Willmore
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford , Oxford , United Kingdom
| | - Jan W H Schnupp
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford , Oxford , United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
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