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Shahpasand S, Khatami SH, Ehtiati S, Alehossein P, Salmani F, Toutounchi AH, Zarei T, Shahmohammadi MR, Khodarahmi R, Aghamollaii V, Tafakhori A, Karima S. Therapeutic potential of the ketogenic diet: A metabolic switch with implications for neurological disorders, the gut-brain axis, and cardiovascular diseases. J Nutr Biochem 2024; 132:109693. [PMID: 38880191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2024.109693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The Ketogenic Diet (KD) is a dietary regimen that is low in carbohydrates, high in fats, and contains adequate protein. It is designed to mimic the metabolic state of fasting. This diet triggers the production of ketone bodies through a process known as ketosis. The primary objective of KD is to induce and sustain ketosis, which has been associated with numerous health benefits. Recent research has uncovered promising therapeutic potential for KD in the treatment of various diseases. This includes evidence of its effectiveness as a dietary strategy for managing intractable epilepsy, a form of epilepsy that is resistant to medication. We are currently assessing the efficacy and safety of KD through laboratory and clinical studies. This review focuses on the anti-inflammatory properties of the KD and its potential benefits for neurological disorders and the gut-brain axis. We also explore the existing literature on the potential effects of KD on cardiac health. Our aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge in these areas. Given the encouraging preliminary evidence of its therapeutic effects and the growing understanding of its mechanisms of action, randomized controlled trials are warranted to further explore the rationale behind the clinical use of KD. These trials will ultimately enhance our understanding of how KD functions and its potential benefits for various health conditions. We hope that our research will contribute to the body of knowledge in this field and provide valuable insights for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheyda Shahpasand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Hossein Khatami
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Ehtiati
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parsa Alehossein
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Salmani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBMU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Haghbin Toutounchi
- Department of general surgery,Imam Hosein medical and educational center, Shahid Beheshti University of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayebe Zarei
- Clinical Trial Department, Behbalin Co., Ltd., Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Shahmohammadi
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Khodarahmi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Research Institute for Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Vajiheh Aghamollaii
- Neurology Department, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Tafakhori
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Karima
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBMU), Tehran, Iran.
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Kim SQ, Spann RA, Khan MSH, Berthoud HR, Münzberg H, Albaugh VL, He Y, McDougal DH, Soto P, Yu S, Morrison CD. FGF21 as a mediator of adaptive changes in food intake and macronutrient preference in response to protein restriction. Neuropharmacology 2024; 255:110010. [PMID: 38797244 PMCID: PMC11156534 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Free-feeding animals navigate complex nutritional landscapes in which food availability, cost, and nutritional value can vary markedly. Animals have thus developed neural mechanisms that enable the detection of nutrient restriction, and these mechanisms engage adaptive physiological and behavioral responses that limit or reverse this nutrient restriction. This review focuses specifically on dietary protein as an essential and independently defended nutrient. Adequate protein intake is required for life, and ample evidence exists to support an active defense of protein that involves behavioral changes in food intake, food preference, and food motivation, likely mediated by neural changes that increase the reward value of protein foods. Available evidence also suggests that the circulating hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) acts in the brain to coordinate these adaptive changes in food intake, making it a unique endocrine signal that drives changes in macronutrient preference in the context of protein restriction. This article is part of the Special Issue on "Food intake and feeding states".
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Affiliation(s)
- Sora Q Kim
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Redin A Spann
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | | | | | - Heike Münzberg
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Vance L Albaugh
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA; Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Yanlin He
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - David H McDougal
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Paul Soto
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70810, USA
| | - Sangho Yu
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
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Fotouhi Ardakani A, Anjom-Shoae J, Sadeghi O, Marathe CS, Feinle-Bisset C, Horowitz M. Association between total, animal, and plant protein intake and type 2 diabetes risk in adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Clin Nutr 2024; 43:1941-1955. [PMID: 39032197 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS While clinical studies indicate that dietary protein may benefit glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetes (T2D), the impact of dietary protein, including whether the protein is of animal or plant origin, on the risk of T2D is uncertain. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the associations of total, animal, and plant protein intakes with the risk of T2D. METHODS A systematic search was performed using multiple data sources, including PubMed/Medline, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, with the data cut-off in May 2023. Our selection criteria focused on prospective cohort studies that reported risk estimates for the association between protein intake and T2D risk. For data synthesis, we calculated summary relative risks and 95% confidence intervals for the highest versus lowest categories of protein intake using random-effects models. Furthermore, we conducted both linear and non-linear dose-response analyses to assess the dose-response associations between protein intake and T2D risk. RESULTS Sixteen prospective cohort studies, involving 615,125 participants and 52,342 T2D cases, were identified, of which eleven studies reported data on intake of both animal and plant protein. Intakes of total (pooled effect size: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.04-1.24) and animal (pooled effect size: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.09-1.27) protein were associated with an increased risk of T2D. These effects were dose-related - each 20-g increase in total or animal protein intake increased the risk of T2D by ∼3% and ∼7%, respectively. In contrast, there was no association between intake of plant protein and T2D risk (pooled effect size: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.89-1.08), while replacing animal with plant protein intake (per each 20 g) was associated with a reduced risk of T2D (pooled effect size: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.76-0.84). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that long-term consumption of animal, but not plant, protein is associated with a significant and dose-dependent increase in the risk of T2D, with the implication that replacement of animal with plant protein intake may lower the risk of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirmahdi Fotouhi Ardakani
- Student Research Committee, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Student Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Javad Anjom-Shoae
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Sciences to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Omid Sadeghi
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Centre and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Chinmay S Marathe
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Sciences to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Sciences to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Sciences to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
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Qin J, Huang X, Gou S, Zhang S, Gou Y, Zhang Q, Chen H, Sun L, Chen M, Liu D, Han C, Tang M, Feng Z, Niu S, Zhao L, Tu Y, Liu Z, Xuan W, Dai L, Jia D, Xue Y. Ketogenic diet reshapes cancer metabolism through lysine β-hydroxybutyrylation. Nat Metab 2024; 6:1505-1528. [PMID: 39134903 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-01093-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Lysine β-hydroxybutyrylation (Kbhb) is a post-translational modification induced by the ketogenic diet (KD), a diet showing therapeutic effects on multiple human diseases. Little is known how cellular processes are regulated by Kbhb. Here we show that protein Kbhb is strongly affected by the KD through a multi-omics analysis of mouse livers. Using a small training dataset with known functions, we developed a bioinformatics method for the prediction of functionally important lysine modification sites (pFunK), which revealed functionally relevant Kbhb sites on various proteins, including aldolase B (ALDOB) Lys108. KD consumption or β-hydroxybutyrate supplementation in hepatocellular carcinoma cells increases ALDOB Lys108bhb and inhibits the enzymatic activity of ALDOB. A Kbhb-mimicking mutation (p.Lys108Gln) attenuates ALDOB activity and its binding to substrate fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, inhibits mammalian target of rapamycin signalling and glycolysis, and markedly suppresses cancer cell proliferation. Our study reveals a critical role of Kbhb in regulating cancer cell metabolism and provides a generally applicable algorithm for predicting functionally important lysine modification sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinhe Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Center for Artificial Intelligence Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengsong Gou
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sitao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujie Gou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Center for Artificial Intelligence Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Miaomiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Center for Artificial Intelligence Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Center for Artificial Intelligence Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Han
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Center for Artificial Intelligence Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Tang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zihao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Center for Artificial Intelligence Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shenghui Niu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingfeng Tu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zexian Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weimin Xuan
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lunzhi Dai
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Department of General Practice, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Da Jia
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yu Xue
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Center for Artificial Intelligence Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Nanjing University Institute of Artificial Intelligence Biomedicine, Nanjing, China.
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Anjom-Shoae J, Feinle-Bisset C, Horowitz M. Impacts of dietary animal and plant protein on weight and glycemic control in health, obesity and type 2 diabetes: friend or foe? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1412182. [PMID: 39145315 PMCID: PMC11321983 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1412182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
It is well established that high-protein diets (i.e. ~25-30% of energy intake from protein) provide benefits for achieving weight loss, and subsequent weight maintenance, in individuals with obesity, and improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes (T2D). These effects may be attributable to the superior satiating property of protein, at least in part, through stimulation of both gastrointestinal (GI) mechanisms by protein, involving GI hormone release and slowing of gastric emptying, as well as post-absorptive mechanisms facilitated by circulating amino acids. In contrast, there is evidence that the beneficial effects of greater protein intake on body weight and glycemia may only be sustained for 6-12 months. While both suboptimal dietary compliance and metabolic adaptation, as well as substantial limitations in the design of longer-term studies are all likely to contribute to this contradiction, the source of dietary protein (i.e. animal vs. plant) has received inappropriately little attention. This issue has been highlighted by outcomes of recent epidemiological studies indicating that long-term consumption of animal-based protein may have adverse effects in relation to the development of obesity and T2D, while plant-based protein showed either protective or neutral effects. This review examines information relating to the effects of dietary protein on appetite, energy intake and postprandial glycemia, and the relevant GI functions, as reported in acute, intermediate- and long-term studies in humans. We also evaluate knowledge relating to the relevance of the dietary protein source, specifically animal or plant, to the prevention, and management, of obesity and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Anjom-Shoae
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Alves MA, Lotufo PA, Benseñor I, Marchioni DML. Dietary patterns and adiposity over time - analysis of the ELSA-Brasil. Eur J Nutr 2024; 63:1203-1211. [PMID: 38366269 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-024-03350-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Combining different statistical methods to identify dietary patterns (DP) may provide new insights on how diet is associated with adiposity. This study investigated the association of DP derived from three data-driven methods and adiposity indicators over time. METHODS This study used data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). DP were identified at baseline applying three statistical methods: Factor Analysis (FA), Treelet Transform (TT), and Reduced Rank Regression (RRR). The association between DP and adiposity indicators (weight, body mass index, waist circumference, body fat percentage and fat mass index) over the period of 8.2 years of follow-up was assessed by linear mixed-models. RESULTS Convenience DP, marked by unhealthy food groups, was associated with higher adiposity over the follow-up period, regardless of the method applied. The DP identified by TT and marked by high consumption of rice and beans was associated with lower adiposity, whereas the similar DP identified by FA, but additionally characterised by consumption of poultry and red meat was associated with higher adiposity. Prudent DP, marked by plant-based food groups and fish, identified by FA was associated with lower adiposity across the median follow-up time. CONCLUSION Applying different methods to identify DP showed that a convenience DP was associated with higher adiposity independent of the method applied. We also identified the nuances within adherence to a Brazilian traditional dietary pattern characterised by the consumption of rice and beans, that only when combined with reduced consumption of animal protein and unhealthy foods was associated with lower adiposity over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane A Alves
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Lotufo
- Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabela Benseñor
- Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dirce Maria L Marchioni
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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De Leon A, Roemmich JN, Casperson SL. Daily Dietary Protein Distribution Does Not Influence Changes in Body Composition During Weight Loss in Women of Reproductive Years with Overweight or Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr 2024; 154:1347-1355. [PMID: 38365118 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preservation of fat-free mass (FFM) during intentional weight loss is challenging yet important to maintain a resting metabolic rate. A balanced protein distribution of 25-30 g per meal improves 24-h muscle protein synthesis, which may promote FFM maintenance and greater reductions in fat mass (FM) during weight loss in women. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine whether the daily dietary protein distribution pattern during energy restriction influences changes in body composition in women of reproductive age. We hypothesized that evenly distributing protein across meals compared with the usual intake pattern of consuming most of the protein at the dinner meal would be superior in preserving FFM while reducing FM during weight loss. METHODS Healthy women (n = 43) aged 20-44 y with a BMI of 28-45 kg/m2 completed a randomized parallel feeding study testing 2 patterns of daily protein intake (even distribution across all meals compared with a skewed distribution with most protein consumed at the evening meal). Participants completed an 8-wk controlled 20% energy restriction (all foods provided), followed by an 8-wk self-choice phase in which participants were asked to maintain a similar diet and dietary pattern when purchasing and consuming their own foods. Body composition was measured at baseline, week 8, and week 16. Data were analyzed using mixed models. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Data are presented as differences in least squares means ± SE. RESULTS No significant main effects of group or group-by-time interactions were observed. All measures exhibited the main effect of time (P < 0.001). Overall, body weight, FFM, FM, and body fat percentage decreased 5.6 ± 0.4, 1.0 ± 0.2, 4.6 ± 0.4 kg, and 2.3 ± 0.2%, respectively, during this 16-wk study. CONCLUSION Daily dietary protein distribution at a fixed protein level does not appear to influence changes in body composition during weight loss in women of reproductive age. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER AND WEBSITE WHERE IT WAS OBTAINED NCT03202069 https://classic. CLINICALTRIALS gov/ct2/show/NCT03202069.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela De Leon
- USDA Agricultural Research Services, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - James N Roemmich
- USDA Agricultural Research Services, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Shanon L Casperson
- USDA Agricultural Research Services, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND, United States.
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Dabas J, Shunmukha Priya S, Alawani A, Budhrani P. What could be the reasons for not losing weight even after following a weight loss program? JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2024; 43:37. [PMID: 38429842 PMCID: PMC10908186 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-024-00516-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Approximately four million people worldwide die annually because of obesity. Weight loss is commonly recommended as a first-line therapy in overweight and obese patients. Although many individuals attempt to lose weight, not everyone achieves optimal success. Few studies point out that weight loss eventually slows down, stagnates or reverses in 85% of the cases. RESEARCH QUESTION What could be the reasons for not losing weight even after following a weight loss program? METHODS A scoping review of the literature was performed using weight loss-related search terms such as 'Obesity,' 'Overweight,' 'Lifestyle,' 'weight loss,' 'Basal Metabolism,' 'physical activity,' 'adherence,' 'energy balance,' 'Sleep' and 'adaptations. The search involved reference tracking and database and web searches (PUBMED, Science Direct, Elsevier, Web of Science and Google Scholar). Original articles and review papers on weight loss involving human participants and adults aged > 18 years were selected. Approximately 231 articles were reviewed, and 185 were included based on the inclusion criteria. DESIGN Scoping review. RESULTS In this review, the factors associated with not losing weight have broadly been divided into five categories. Studies highlighting each subfactor were critically reviewed and discussed. A wide degree of interindividual variability in weight loss is common in studies even after controlling for variables such as adherence, sex, physical activity and baseline weight. In addition to these variables, variations in factors such as previous weight loss attempts, sleep habits, meal timings and medications can play a crucial role in upregulating or downregulating the association between energy deficit and weight loss results. CONCLUSION This review identifies and clarifies the role of several factors that may hinder weight loss after the exploration of existing evidence. Judging the effectiveness of respective lifestyle interventions by simply observing the 'general behavior of the groups' is not always applicable in clinical practice. Each individual must be monitored and advised as per their requirements and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Dabas
- Institute of Nutrition and Fitness Sciences, Platinum Square, 4th floor, Office, 403, Opp. WNS, Sakore Nagar, Viman Nagar, Pune, Maharashtra, 411014, India
| | - S Shunmukha Priya
- Institute of Nutrition and Fitness Sciences, Platinum Square, 4th floor, Office, 403, Opp. WNS, Sakore Nagar, Viman Nagar, Pune, Maharashtra, 411014, India.
| | - Akshay Alawani
- Institute of Nutrition and Fitness Sciences, Platinum Square, 4th floor, Office, 403, Opp. WNS, Sakore Nagar, Viman Nagar, Pune, Maharashtra, 411014, India
| | - Praveen Budhrani
- Institute of Nutrition and Fitness Sciences, Platinum Square, 4th floor, Office, 403, Opp. WNS, Sakore Nagar, Viman Nagar, Pune, Maharashtra, 411014, India
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Moughan PJ, Fulgoni VL, Wolfe RR. The Importance of Dietary Protein Quality in Mid- to High-Income Countries. J Nutr 2024; 154:804-814. [PMID: 38253225 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In wealthy countries, the protein intake of adults is usually considered to be adequate, and considerations of protein quality are often deemed irrelevant. The objective was to examine dietary protein intakes of adults in developed countries in the context of dietary protein quality. An analysis of NHANES population data on actual protein intakes in the United States (a developed country) demonstrated that for a dietary Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS) of 100%, 11% of the adult (19-50 y) population had habitual protein intakes below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and 22% below the Recommended Dietary Allowance. The percentage of the population with utilizable protein intakes potentially falling below the EAR increased as the assumed DIAAS declined. Analysis of the NHANES data and several other datasets also indicated that total protein intakes can be limiting or close to limiting for the elderly and some vegetarians and vegans. Here, lower dietary protein quality can potentially lead to inadequate utilizable protein intakes. For many people in specific physiological states (e.g., weight loss, endurance sports, resistance exercise) attempting to meet higher dietary protein targets often with accompanying lowered energy intakes, low dietary protein quality can lead to protein calories expressed as a proportion of total calories, falling outside what may be acceptable limits (maximum of 30% protein calories from total calories). In general, individuals within the adult population may be susceptible to macronutrient imbalance (whenever total protein intakes are high, daily energy intakes low) and for diets with lower protein quality (DIAAS <100%). Our analysis shows that dietary protein quality is relevant in mid- to high-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Moughan
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | | | - Robert R Wolfe
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
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Farkas GJ, Berg AS, Sneij A, Dolbow DR, Gorgey AS, Gater DR. The comparison of total energy and protein intake relative to estimated requirements in chronic spinal cord injury. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:489-499. [PMID: 37726106 PMCID: PMC10843126 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523002088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
In chronic spinal cord injury (SCI), individuals experience dietary inadequacies complicated by an understudied research area. Our objectives were to assess (1) the agreement between methods of estimating energy requirement (EER) and estimated energy intake (EEI) and (2) whether dietary protein intake met SCI-specific protein guidelines. Persons with chronic SCI (n = 43) completed 3-day food records to assess EEI and dietary protein intake. EER was determined with the Long and Institute of Medicine (IOM) methods and the SCI-specific Farkas method. Protein requirements were calculated as 0·8-1·0 g/kg of body weight (BW)/d. Reporting accuracy and bias were calculated and correlated to body composition. Compared with IOM and Long methods (P < 0·05), the SCI-specific method did not overestimate the EEI (P = 0·200). Reporting accuracy and bias were best for SCI-specific (98·9 %, -1·12 %) compared with Long (94·8 %, -5·24 %) and IOM (64·1 %, -35·4 %) methods. BW (r = -0·403), BMI (r = -0·323) and total fat mass (r = -0·346) correlated with the IOM reporting bias (all, P < 0·05). BW correlated with the SCI-specific and Long reporting bias (r = -0·313, P = 0·041). Seven (16 %) participants met BW-specific protein guidelines. The regression of dietary protein intake on BW demonstrated no association between the variables (β = 0·067, P = 0·730). In contrast, for every 1 kg increase in BW, the delta between total and required protein intake decreased by 0·833 g (P = 0·0001). The SCI-specific method for EER had the best agreement with the EEI. Protein intake decreased with increasing BW, contrary to protein requirements for chronic SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J. Farkas
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Arthur S. Berg
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Alicia Sneij
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - David R. Dolbow
- Department of Physical Therapy, William Carey University, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, William Carey University, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Ashraf S. Gorgey
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Center, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - David R. Gater
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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11
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Gibson-Moore H, Spiro A, Stanner S. No food for thought-How important is breakfast to the health, educational attainment and wellbeing of school-aged children and young people? NUTR BULL 2023; 48:458-481. [PMID: 37986635 DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
There have been reports from teachers of pupils in the United Kingdom arriving at school hungry. Poor nutritional intake during childhood can increase the risk of developing both short- and long-term health problems. Breakfast consumption has been associated with several outcomes including better diet quality and healthier weight status. Nevertheless, skipping breakfast is a frequent behaviour in young people, particularly adolescents, and those from lower socio-economic groups, who are less likely to meet dietary recommendations and nutritional targets. The aim of this narrative review is to explore the contribution of breakfast consumption at home or at school and the impact of breakfast skipping on nutrient intakes in school-aged children (aged 4-18 years), and their effect on weight and cardiometabolic health. We will also summarise evidence for a link with cognitive function and educational attainment. A broadly positive effect of breakfast intake on diet quality, weight status and school-related outcomes was found in the literature, although inconsistencies in findings and methodological limitations within the evidence base are notable. Further research is warranted to better understand impact of breakfast intake and school breakfast provision on longer-term learning, educational attainment and health outcomes. This also needs to consider the cost benefit, type of breakfast and any unintended consequences such as encouraging multiple breakfasts. Breakfast consumption could improve the nutritional intakes of the most vulnerable young people and may help to address inequalities in educational outcomes at least in the short term.
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12
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Rai C, Priyadarshini P. Whey protein hydrolysates improve high-fat-diet-induced obesity by modulating the brain-peripheral axis of GLP-1 through inhibition of DPP-4 function in mice. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:2489-2507. [PMID: 37154934 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity is a growing global health concern. Recent literature indicates a prominent role of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in glucose metabolism and food intake. The synergistic action of GLP-1 in the gut and brain is responsible for its satiety-inducing effect, suggesting that upregulation of active GLP-1 levels could be an alternative strategy to combat obesity. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is an exopeptidase known to inactivate GLP-1, suggesting that its inhibition could be a crucial strategy for effectively extending the half-life of endogenous GLP-1. Peptides derived from partial hydrolysis of dietary proteins are gaining traction due to their inhibitory activity on DPP-4. METHODS Whey protein hydrolysate from bovine milk (bmWPH) was produced using simulated in situ digestion, purified using RP-HPLC, and characterized for DPP-4 inhibition. The antiadipogenic and antiobesity activity of bmWPH was then studied in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and high-fat diet-induced obesity (HFD) mice model, respectively. RESULTS The dose-dependent inhibitory effect of bmWPH on the catalytic activity of DPP-4 was observed. Additionally, bmWPH suppressed adipogenic transcription factors and DPP-4 protein levels, leading to a negative effect on preadipocyte differentiation. In an HFD mice model, co-administration of WPH for 20 weeks downregulated adipogenic transcription factors, resulting in a concomitant reduction in whole body weight and adipose tissues. Mice fed with bmWPH also showed a marked reduction in DPP-4 levels in WAT, liver, and serum. Furthermore, HFD mice fed with bmWPH exhibited increased serum and brain GLP levels, which led to a significant decrease in food intake. CONCLUSION In conclusion, bmWPH reduces body weight in HFD mice by suppressing appetite through GLP-1, a satiety-inducing hormone, in both the brain and peripheral circulation. This effect is achieved through modulation of both the catalytic and non-catalytic activity of DPP-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitra Rai
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, 570020, Karnataka, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Poornima Priyadarshini
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, 570020, Karnataka, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Kazura W, Michalczyk K, Stygar D. The Relationship between the Source of Dietary Animal Fats and Proteins and the Gut Microbiota Condition and Obesity in Humans. Nutrients 2023; 15:3082. [PMID: 37513500 PMCID: PMC10385089 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between gut microbiota and obesity is well documented in humans and animal models. Dietary factors can change the intestinal microbiota composition and influence obesity development. However, knowledge of how diet, metabolism, and intestinal microbiota interact and modulate energy metabolism and obesity development is still limited. Epidemiological studies show a link between consuming dietary proteins and fats from specific sources and obesity. Animal studies confirm that proteins and fats of different origins differ in their ability to prevent or induce obesity. Protein sources, such as meat, dairy products, vegetables, pulses, and seafood, vary in their amino acid composition. In addition, the type and level of other factors, such as fatty acids or persistent organic pollutants, vary depending on the source of dietary protein. All these factors can modulate the intestinal microbiota composition and, thus, may influence obesity development. This review summarizes selected evidence of how proteins and fats of different origins affect energy efficiency, obesity development, and intestinal microbiota, linking protein and fat-dependent changes in the intestinal microbiota with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Kazura
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana Street 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Michalczyk
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana Street 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Dominika Stygar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana Street 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
- SLU University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Díaz G, Hernández S, Crespo A, Renghea A, Yébenes H, Iglesias-López MT. Macronutrient Intake, Sleep Quality, Anxiety, Adherence to a Mediterranean Diet and Emotional Eating among Female Health Science Undergraduate Students. Nutrients 2023; 15:2882. [PMID: 37447208 DOI: 10.3390/nu15132882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION COVID-19 provoked a myriad of challenges for people's health, poor life satisfaction and an unhealthy diet that could be associated with serious negative health outcomes and behaviours. University is a stressful environment that is associated with unhealthy changes in the eating behaviours of students. The association between diet and mental health is complex and bidirectional, depending on the motivation to eat; emotional eaters regulate their emotions through the increased consumption of comfort foods. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the nutritional habits, alcohol consumption, anxiety and sleep quality of female health science college students. MATERIAL AND METHODS A cross-sectional study of 191 female undergraduate students in Madrid was used. Their body mass index and waist hip ratio were measured. The questionnaires used included the Mediterranean Diet Adherence test, AUDIT, Emotional Eater Questionnaire, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Food Addiction, Perceived Stress Scale and STAI questionnaires. RESULTS We observed a high intake of protein, fat, saturated fatty acids and cholesterol. Overall, 9.5% never had breakfast, and 66.5% consciously reduced their food intake. According to Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, they mainly slept 6-7 h, and 82% presented with a poor sleep quality; 13.5% presented moderate-high food addiction, and 35% had moderate Mediterranean Diet Adherence score. CONCLUSION Female students' macronutrient imbalances were noted, with a high-level protein and fat intake diet and a low proportion of carbohydrates and fibre. A high proportion of them need alcohol education and, depending on the social context, they mainly drank beer and spirits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Díaz
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Carretera Pozuelo-Majadahonda km 1800, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonsoles Hernández
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Carretera Pozuelo-Majadahonda km 1800, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Crespo
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Carretera Pozuelo-Majadahonda km 1800, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alina Renghea
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Carretera Pozuelo-Majadahonda km 1800, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hugo Yébenes
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Carretera Pozuelo-Majadahonda km 1800, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Iglesias-López
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Carretera Pozuelo-Majadahonda km 1800, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
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15
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Miksza U, Adamska-Patruno E, Bauer W, Fiedorczuk J, Czajkowski P, Moroz M, Drygalski K, Ustymowicz A, Tomkiewicz E, Gorska M, Kretowski A. Obesity-related parameters in carriers of some BDNF genetic variants may depend on daily dietary macronutrients intake. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6585. [PMID: 37085692 PMCID: PMC10121660 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33842-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Some common single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene have been associated not only with the neurodegenerative diseases but also with some eating disorders. The aim of this study was to assess the possible differences in the obesity-related and glucose metabolism parameters between some BDNF genotypes', that may depend on the daily energy and macronutrients intake. In 484 adult participants we performed the anthropometric measurements, body composition analysis, and body fat distribution. The daily dietary intake was assessed using the 3-day food intake diaries. Blood glucose and insulin concentrations were measured at fasting and during oral glucose tolerance tests. Moreover, the visceral adipose tissue/subcutaneous adipose tissue (VAT/SAT) ratio and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance were calculated. We noted that participants carrying the GG genotype had lower skeletal muscle mass and fat free mass (FFM) when carbohydrate intake was > 48%, whereas they presented higher fat-free mass (FFM), and surprisingly higher total cholesterol and LDL-C concentrations when daily fiber intake was > 18 g. Moreover, in these subjects we noted higher waist circumference, BMI, and fasting glucose and insulin concentrations, when > 18% of total daily energy intake was delivered from proteins, and higher VAT content and HDL-C concentrations when > 30% of energy intake was derived from dietary fat. Our results suggest that glucose homeostasis and obesity-related parameters in carriers of some common variants of BDNF gene, especially in the GG (rs10835211) genotype carriers, may differ dependently on daily energy, dietary macronutrients and fiber intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Miksza
- Department of Nutriomics, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Marii Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276, Bialystok, Poland.
- Clinical Research Support Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Marii Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Edyta Adamska-Patruno
- Department of Nutriomics, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Marii Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276, Bialystok, Poland.
- Clinical Research Support Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Marii Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Witold Bauer
- Department of Nutriomics, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Marii Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Fiedorczuk
- Department of Nutriomics, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Marii Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Czajkowski
- Department of Nutriomics, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Marii Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Monika Moroz
- Department of Nutriomics, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Marii Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Drygalski
- Department of Nutriomics, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Marii Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Andrzej Ustymowicz
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Marii Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Elwira Tomkiewicz
- Department of Nutriomics, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Marii Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Maria Gorska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Marii Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Kretowski
- Department of Nutriomics, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Marii Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276, Bialystok, Poland
- Clinical Research Support Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Marii Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276, Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Marii Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276, Bialystok, Poland
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16
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Titos I, Juginović A, Vaccaro A, Nambara K, Gorelik P, Mazor O, Rogulja D. A gut-secreted peptide suppresses arousability from sleep. Cell 2023; 186:1382-1397.e21. [PMID: 36958331 PMCID: PMC10216829 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Suppressing sensory arousal is critical for sleep, with deeper sleep requiring stronger sensory suppression. The mechanisms that enable sleeping animals to largely ignore their surroundings are not well understood. We show that the responsiveness of sleeping flies and mice to mechanical vibrations is better suppressed when the diet is protein rich. In flies, we describe a signaling pathway through which information about ingested proteins is conveyed from the gut to the brain to help suppress arousability. Higher protein concentration in the gut leads to increased activity of enteroendocrine cells that release the peptide CCHa1. CCHa1 signals to a small group of dopamine neurons in the brain to modulate their activity; the dopaminergic activity regulates the behavioral responsiveness of animals to vibrations. The CCHa1 pathway and dietary proteins do not influence responsiveness to all sensory inputs, showing that during sleep, different information streams can be gated through independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Titos
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alen Juginović
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexandra Vaccaro
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Keishi Nambara
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pavel Gorelik
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ofer Mazor
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dragana Rogulja
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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17
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Vilela DLS, Silva A, Pinto SL, Bressan J. Animal Protein Intake Is Associated with Obesity Remission After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: an Isocaloric Replacement Analysis. Obes Surg 2023; 33:1382-1389. [PMID: 36977889 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-023-06539-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Some patients do not have the expected weight loss, and the post-surgical diet may partially explain these differences. OBJECTIVES To estimate the impact of macronutrient substitution on obesity remission after RYGB, considering the protein source. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study included 58 patients undergoing RYGB. Data collection was performed preoperatively, 3 and 12 months after surgery. Eight participants dropped out of the study at 3 months, and the others remained for 12 months. The foods consumed were registered using a 24-h, 3-day food recall. For the isocaloric substitution analysis, foods were classified according to the protein source. The groups were compared using hypothesis tests, and Cox proportional hazard ratio regression was used to analyze isocaloric substitution. RESULTS At three months after surgery, every 5% energy from plant protein replaced by animal protein increased by 3.50 [CI 1.204 - 10.205; p = 0.021] the probability of obesity remission. Stratified analysis by protein groups indicated that replacing vegetable protein with white meat was positively associated with remission of obesity. Every 5% vegetable protein replaced with white meat increased by 3.20 [CI 1.026 - 9.981; p = 0.045] the probability of obesity remission. Both results were independent of age, body mass index (BMI), and the presence of comorbidities. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the consumption of animal proteins after RYGB, mainly white meat, favors weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlene L S Vilela
- Laboratory of Energy Metabolism and Body Composition (LAMECC), Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs S/N, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570‑900, Brazil.
| | - Alessandra Silva
- Laboratory of Energy Metabolism and Body Composition (LAMECC), Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs S/N, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570‑900, Brazil
| | - Sônia L Pinto
- Laboratory of Energy Metabolism and Body Composition (LAMECC), Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs S/N, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570‑900, Brazil
- Nutrition Course, Universidade Federal de Tocantins, Palmas, Tocantins, 77001-090, Brazil
| | - Josefina Bressan
- Laboratory of Energy Metabolism and Body Composition (LAMECC), Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs S/N, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570‑900, Brazil
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18
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Effect of Pink Perch Gelatin on Physiochemical, Textural, Sensory, and Storage Characteristics of Ready-to-Cook Low-Fat Chicken Meatballs. Foods 2023; 12:foods12050995. [PMID: 36900512 PMCID: PMC10001017 DOI: 10.3390/foods12050995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years consumer demand for low-fat convenience food is increasing rapidly. This study was designed to develop low-fat ready-to-cook (RTC) chicken meatballs using pink perch gelatin. Meatballs were prepared using different concentrations of fish gelatin (3%, 4%, 5%, and 6%). The effect of fish gelatin content on the physico-chemical, textural, cooking, and sensory properties of meatballs was studied. Further, the shelf-life of meatballs was also studied at 4 °C for 15 days and -18 °C for 60 days. The addition of fish gelatin to meatballs decreased the fat content by 67.2% and 79.7% and increased the protein content by 20.1% and 66.4% in comparison to control and Branded Meatballs, respectively. As compared to the Control Meatballs, the addition of fish gelatin also reduced hardness by 26.4% and increased yield and moisture retention in the RTC meatballs by 15.4% and 20.9%, respectively. Sensory analysis suggested that a 5% fish gelatin addition in meatballs has the best acceptability among all tested treatments. Storage study indicated that the addition of fish gelatin to RTC meatballs delayed lipid oxidation during both refrigerated and frozen storage. The results suggested that pink perch gelatin can be used as a fat replacer in chicken meatballs and can potentially increase their shelf-life.
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19
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El-Rashidy OF, Nassar MF, Shokair WA, El Gendy YGA. Ketogenic diet for epilepsy control and enhancement in adaptive behavior. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2102. [PMID: 36747012 PMCID: PMC9902473 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27373-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ketogenic Diet (KD) is gaining attention as a management line in childhood drug resistant epilepsy (DRE). The objective of this study was to highlight KD benefits for Ain Shams University (ASU) Children's Hospital patients. This cross-sectional study included all patients at the Ketoclinic of ASU Children's Hospital since it started. Anthropometric measurements and laboratory data were recorded. Chalfont severity score and daily frequency of epileptic attacks were used to evaluate KD efficacy. Vineland test was used to demonstrate the adaptive behavior of a selected group of patients. ASU Children's Hospital Ketoclinic records included 143 patients. During KD therapy, the weight and height/length assessment showed significant increase with significant decrease in the severity of seizures and its frequency. There were no significant changes in the lipid profile of the patients. Vineland test showed significant improvement in the adaptive behavior in 65% of patients. The Ketoclinic data proves that KD is a tolerable, safe, and effective line of therapy for DRE in children without significant negative impact on their anthropometric measurements or lipid profile. Furthermore, the enhancement in adaptive behavior is a promising finding. It is prudent to recommend wider scale studies for longer duration to demonstrate additional cognitive benefits of KD in pediatric age group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - May Fouad Nassar
- Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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20
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Fazzino TL, Courville AB, Guo J, Hall KD. Ad libitum meal energy intake is positively influenced by energy density, eating rate and hyper-palatable food across four dietary patterns. NATURE FOOD 2023; 4:144-147. [PMID: 37117850 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-022-00688-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Diets for the prevention and treatment of obesity are often informed by theories about food characteristics believed to support spontaneous reductions in ad libitum energy intake without inducing hunger. Here we estimated how energy density, hyper-palatability, protein content and eating rate affected ad libitum energy intake of 2,733 meals from four dietary patterns. Energy density, eating rate and hyper-palatable foods were consistently positively related to meal energy intake across all diets. Protein content was positively related to meal energy intake during ultraprocessed and unprocessed diets but was not significantly related to energy intake of minimally processed low-fat or low-carbohydrate meals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tera L Fazzino
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Amber B Courville
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juen Guo
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kevin D Hall
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Nutraceuticals as Supportive Therapeutic Agents in Diabetes and Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Systematic Review. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020158. [PMID: 36829437 PMCID: PMC9953002 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The correlation between pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and diabetes-related mechanisms support the hypothesis that early therapeutic strategies targeting diabetes can contribute to PDAC risk reduction and treatment improvement. A systematic review was conducted, using PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library databases, to evaluate the current evidence from clinical studies qualitatively examining the efficacy of four natural products: Curcumin-Curcuma longa L.; Thymoquinone-Nigella sativa L.; Genistein-Glycine max L.; Ginkgo biloba L.; and a low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and PDAC treatment. A total of 28 clinical studies were included, showing strong evidence of inter-study heterogeneity. Used as a monotherapy or in combination with chemo-radiotherapy, the studied substances did not significantly improve the treatment response of PDAC patients. However, pronounced therapeutic efficacy was confirmed in T2D. The natural products and low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet, combined with the standard drugs, have the potential to improve T2D treatment and thus potentially reduce the risk of cancer development and improve multiple biological parameters in PDAC patients.
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van der Heijden I, Monteyne AJ, Stephens FB, Wall BT. Alternative dietary protein sources to support healthy and active skeletal muscle aging. Nutr Rev 2023; 81:206-230. [PMID: 35960188 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To mitigate the age-related decline in skeletal muscle quantity and quality, and the associated negative health outcomes, it has been proposed that dietary protein recommendations for older adults should be increased alongside an active lifestyle and/or structured exercise training. Concomitantly, there are growing environmental concerns associated with the production of animal-based dietary protein sources. The question therefore arises as to where this dietary protein required for meeting the protein demands of the rapidly aging global population should (or could) be obtained. Various non-animal-derived protein sources possess favorable sustainability credentials, though much less is known (compared with animal-derived proteins) about their ability to influence muscle anabolism. It is also likely that the anabolic potential of various alternative protein sources varies markedly, with the majority of options remaining to be investigated. The purpose of this review was to thoroughly assess the current evidence base for the utility of alternative protein sources (plants, fungi, insects, algae, and lab-grown "meat") to support muscle anabolism in (active) older adults. The solid existing data portfolio requires considerable expansion to encompass the strategic evaluation of the various types of dietary protein sources. Such data will ultimately be necessary to support desirable alterations and refinements in nutritional guidelines to support healthy and active aging, while concomitantly securing a sustainable food future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ino van der Heijden
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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23
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Lin L, Zhang J, He L, Li L, Song Y, Xiao W, Gong Z. L-Theanine Mitigates the Harmful Effects of Excess High-Protein Diet in Rats by Regulating Protein Metabolism. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2200198. [PMID: 36415057 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE l-Theanine (LTA) is a non-protein amino acid that contributes to the flavor of tea and can regulate protein metabolism of healthy organisms. However, it is unknown whether it regulates protein metabolism in individuals on high-protein diets (HPDs). METHODS AND RESULTS Here, Sprague-Dawley rats are fed HPDs with different protein supply ratios and administered a diverse dose of LTA for 40 days. Results show that HPDs with an energy supply ratio from protein >40% impair the liver and kidneys, elevate serum ammonia and urea nitrogen, induce amino acid (AA) catabolism, and promote fatty acid (FA) synthesis via FA-binding protein 5 (Fabp5) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1). LTA intervention alleviates HPD-induced hepatic and renal injury and improves serum biochemical indices. It increases hepatic free AA content and inhibits FA synthesis by downregulating Fabp5 and ACC1. It promotes protein synthesis by acting on the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, thereby alleviating HPD-induced metabolic disorders. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that LTA mitigates kidney and liver damage induced by long-term excess HPDs by regulating protein metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.,Hunan Agricultural University, Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.,Hunan Agricultural University, Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Lin He
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.,Hunan Agricultural University, Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Lanlan Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.,Hunan Agricultural University, Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Yuxin Song
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.,Hunan Agricultural University, Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Wenjun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.,Hunan Agricultural University, Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Zhihua Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.,Hunan Agricultural University, Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
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24
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Chungchunlam SMS, Montoya CA, Stroebinger N, Moughan PJ. Effects of the maize-derived protein zein, and the milk proteins casein, whey, and α-lactalbumin, on subjective measures of satiety and food intake in normal-weight young men. Appetite 2023; 180:106339. [PMID: 36216216 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein is considered to be the most satiating food macronutrient and the satiating effect may be dependent on the source of the protein. The maize-derived protein zein and milk protein casein have been shown previously to lower stomach emptying rate more than dairy whey protein, but the effect of zein on satiety has not been evaluated. The objective was to compare the satiating effects of zein and casein, with whey protein and its protein component α-lactalbumin. The study was a randomised crossover design with thirteen normal-weight men (mean age 27.8 years and mean BMI 24.4 kg/m2) consuming isoenergetic (∼4000 kJ, ∼990 kcal) preload mixed meals enriched with Zein, Casein, whey protein isolate (Whey), α-lactalbumin (ALac), or maltodextrin carbohydrate (Carb). Consumption of an ad libitum standardised test meal of chicken fried rice and water provided 360 min following ingestion of the preload meal was measured, and subjective feelings of appetite (hunger, fullness, desire to eat, and prospective food consumption) were assessed using 100-mm visual analogue scales (VAS). There were no differences among the five preload mixed meals in the amount of chicken fried rice consumed at the ad libitum test meal (mean ± sem: 531.6 ± 35.0 g, p = 0.47) or total (preload + test meal) energy intakes (mean ± sem: 5780.5 ± 146.0 kJ, p = 0.29). The subjective VAS appetite ratings and total area under the curve responses for hunger, fullness, desire to eat, and prospective food consumption, were not different following consumption of all five preload mixed meals (p > 0.05). The findings indicate that the effects of zein and casein on satiety were not different from the satiating effects of whey protein and α-lactalbumin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos A Montoya
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand; Smart Foods & Bioproducts, AgResearch Limited, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai Facility, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand
| | | | - Paul J Moughan
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand
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25
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Associations of age, sex, and socioeconomic status with adherence to guideline recommendations on protein intake and micronutrient supplementation in patients with sleeve gastrectomy or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282683. [PMID: 36867644 PMCID: PMC9983924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with bariatric surgery often show poor long-term compliance to recommendations for prevention of nutrient deficiency but it is unclear which factors contribute. We investigated the associations of age, sex, and socioeconomic status (SES) with adherence to guideline recommendations on protein intake and micronutrient supplementation. METHODS In a monocentric cross-sectional study we prospectively recruited patients with sleeve gastrectomy (SG) or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and a minimum postoperative period of 6 months. Clinical and demographic data were obtained from the patients' medical files and by questionnaire. Patients reported on supplement usage, recorded their dietary intake for seven days and underwent physical examinations including blood testing. RESULTS We included 35 patients (SG: n = 25, RYGB: n = 10) with a mean (+SD) postoperative period of 20.2 (±10.4) months. Distributions of age, sex and SES were comparable between the SG and RYGB groups. Non-adherence to recommended protein intake was associated with age ≥ 50 years (p = 0.041) but not sex or SES. Protein intake inversely correlated with markers of obesity. There were no significant associations of age or sex with micronutrient supplementation. Only for vitamins A (p = 0.049) and B1 (p = 0.047) higher SES was associated with greater compliance. The only manifest deficiency associated with non-adherence to micronutrient supplementation was that for folic acid (p = 0.044). CONCLUSION In patients after bariatric surgery, those of older age and of lower SES might have a greater risk of unfavorable outcome and may require greater attention to micronutrient and protein supplementation.
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26
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Tian Y, Huan Y, Chen L, Peng S, He Z, Wang Q. Effects of protein intake from an energy-restricted diet on the skeletal muscle composition of overweight and obese rats. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20396. [PMID: 36437293 PMCID: PMC9701787 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24961-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess weight and obesity are often associated with ectopic adipose tissue accumulation in skeletal muscles. Intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) impairs muscle quality and reduces insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle glucose uptake. Although energy restriction and high protein intake can decrease IMAT, the effects and mechanisms of protein intake from an energy-restricted diet on protein and fat masses in skeletal muscle have received little attention. After establishing a diet-induced overweight and obese Sprague-Dawley rat model (half male and half female), rats were divided into five groups: normal control (NC; normal weight, general maintenance diet), model control (MC; overweight and obesity, high-fat diet), energy-restricted low protein (LP; overweight and obesity, 60% energy intake of NC, general maintenance diet), energy-restricted normal protein (NP; overweight and obesity, 60% energy intake of NC, high-protein diet 1), and energy-restricted high protein (HP; overweight and obesity, 60% energy intake of NC, high-protein diet 2). After 8 weeks, plasma and skeletal muscle (quadriceps femoris and gastrocnemius) samples were collected. Plasma levels of glucose, triglycerides, and hormones were analyzed, while contents of protein, fat, and factors associated with their synthesis and degradation were evaluated in skeletal muscles. Plasma concentrations of hormones contrasted protein and fat contents in skeletal muscles. Fat weights and contents of quadriceps femoris and gastrocnemius muscles in the NP group were significantly lower compared with LP and HP groups (P < 0.05). Moreover, concentrations of factors associated with the degradation of muscle fat were significantly higher in the NP group compared with LP and HP groups (P < 0.05). During energy restriction, protein intake equal to that of a normal protein diet increased lipolysis of quadriceps femoris and gastrocnemius muscles in rats of both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tian
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Yuping Huan
- Department of Cuisine and Nutrition, School of Tourism and Cuisine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Chen
- Qingdao Eighth People's Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Suwen Peng
- Department of Cuisine and Nutrition, School of Tourism and Cuisine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyan He
- Department of Cuisine and Nutrition, School of Tourism and Cuisine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Cuisine and Nutrition, School of Tourism and Cuisine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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27
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Li J, Gower B, McLain A, Yarar‐Fisher C. Effects of a low-carbohydrate/high-protein diet on metabolic health in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury: An exploratory analysis of results from a randomized controlled trial. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15501. [PMID: 36411989 PMCID: PMC9812250 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We explored the impact of a low-carbohydrate/high-protein diet (LC/HP, ~30% energy from protein, 40% energy from carbohydrate) on indices of metabolic function and body composition in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). Adults with SCI (≥3 years post-injury, C4-L2, AIS A-D) and insulin resistance or pre-diabetes were randomly assigned to an 8-week iso-caloric LC/HP diet group (n = 11) or control group (n = 14). All LC/HP meals were delivered weekly to participants' homes, and participants in the control group consumed their habitual diet. Each participant underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) to assess glucose tolerance, insulin, area under the curve (AUC) for glucose and insulin, Matsuda Index, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), disposition index, and hepatic insulin extraction (HIE). Fasting blood lipid and inflammation were assessed, and body composition was estimated using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. A linear mixed model was used to evaluate the main effect of diet, time, and their interaction. Compared to the control group, participants in the LC/HP group had reduced total body fat mass (LC/HP: -5.9%, Control: 0.7%), visceral fat mass (LC/HP: -16.2%, Control: 5.2%), total- (LC/HP: -20.1, Control: 3.7 mg/dl), and LDL-cholesterol (LC/HP: -13.9, Control: 3.1 mg/dl) (pdiet*time < 0.05 for all). Regardless of group, AUCinsulin and peak insulin during the OGTT decreased, and HIE increased over time (ptime < 0.05). A trend for diet*time interaction was observed for glucoseOGTT120min (LC/HP: -20.7, Control: 3.0 mg/dl, pdiet*time = 0.09) and peak C-peptide (LC/HP: -2.1, Control: 0.0 ng/ml, pdiet*time = 0.07). HDL-cholesterol, lean body mass, Matsuda Index, fasting glucose, insulin, insulinOGTT120min , AUCglucose , pancreatic beta cell function (GSIS, disposition index), and inflammation (C-reactive protein, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α) did not change over time. In conclusion, our results suggest that individuals with SCI and insulin resistance may adopt an LC/HP diet to improve body composition and lipid profiles. Its impact on glucose metabolism and inflammation remains inconclusive and warrants future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Departments of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationThe University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Barbara Gower
- Department of Nutrition SciencesUAB School of Health ProfessionsBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Amie McLain
- Departments of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationThe University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Ceren Yarar‐Fisher
- Departments of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationThe University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
- Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and NeuroscienceThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
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Cecchini AL, Biscetti F, Rando MM, Nardella E, Pecorini G, Eraso LH, Dimuzio PJ, Gasbarrini A, Massetti M, Flex A. Dietary Risk Factors and Eating Behaviors in Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10814. [PMID: 36142725 PMCID: PMC9504787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary risk factors play a fundamental role in the prevention and progression of atherosclerosis and PAD (Peripheral Arterial Disease). The impact of nutrition, however, defined as the process of taking in food and using it for growth, metabolism and repair, remains undefined with regard to PAD. This article describes the interplay between nutrition and the development/progression of PAD. We reviewed 688 articles, including key articles, narrative and systematic reviews, meta-analyses and clinical studies. We analyzed the interaction between nutrition and PAD predictors, and subsequently created four descriptive tables to summarize the relationship between PAD, dietary risk factors and outcomes. We comprehensively reviewed the role of well-studied diets (Mediterranean, vegetarian/vegan, low-carbohydrate ketogenic and intermittent fasting diet) and prevalent eating behaviors (emotional and binge eating, night eating and sleeping disorders, anorexia, bulimia, skipping meals, home cooking and fast/ultra-processed food consumption) on the traditional risk factors of PAD. Moreover, we analyzed the interplay between PAD and nutritional status, nutrients, dietary patterns and eating habits. Dietary patterns and eating disorders affect the development and progression of PAD, as well as its disabling complications including major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and major adverse limb events (MALE). Nutrition and dietary risk factor modification are important targets to reduce the risk of PAD as well as the subsequent development of MACE and MALE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Leonardo Cecchini
- Internal Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Biscetti
- Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Margherita Rando
- Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Nardella
- Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pecorini
- Internal Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Luis H. Eraso
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Paul J. Dimuzio
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Internal Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Massetti
- Internal Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Flex
- Internal Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Huang P, Cao J, Chen J, Luo Y, Gong X, Wu C, Wang Y. Crosstalk between gut microbiota and renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1015825. [PMID: 36132990 PMCID: PMC9483100 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1015825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is the main cause of acute kidney injury and the cause of rapid renal dysfunction and high mortality. In recent years, with the gradual deepening of the understanding of the intestinal flora, exploring renal IRI from the perspective of the intestinal flora has become a research hotspot. It is well known that the intestinal flora plays an important role in maintaining human health, and dysbiosis is the change in the composition and function of the intestinal tract, which in turn causes intestinal barrier dysfunction. Studies have shown that there are significant differences in the composition of intestinal flora before and after renal IRI, and this difference is closely related to the occurrence and development of renal IRI and affects prognosis. In addition, toxins produced by dysregulated gut microbes enter the bloodstream, which in turn exacerbates kidney damage. This article reviews the research progress of intestinal flora and renal IRI, in order to provide new treatment ideas and strategies for renal IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Jianwei Cao
- Department of Microscopic Orthopedics of Hand and Foot, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Jingyi Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- *Correspondence: Jingyi Chen, ; Yu Wang, ; Chengyi Wu,
| | - Yanrong Luo
- Physical examination center, Shiyan Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xiaofang Gong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Chengyi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- *Correspondence: Jingyi Chen, ; Yu Wang, ; Chengyi Wu,
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- *Correspondence: Jingyi Chen, ; Yu Wang, ; Chengyi Wu,
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30
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Lin L, Zhu F, Delp EJ, Eicher-Miller HA. Differences in Dietary Intake Exist among U.S. Adults by Diabetic Status Using NHANES 2009-2016. Nutrients 2022; 14:3284. [PMID: 36014790 PMCID: PMC9415376 DOI: 10.3390/nu14163284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to determine the most frequently consumed food items, food subcategories, and food categories, and those that contributed most to total energy intake for the group of U.S. adults reporting taking insulin, those with type 2 diabetes (T2D) not taking insulin, and those without diabetes. Laboratory tests and questionnaires of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2016 classified 774 participants reporting taking insulin, 2758 participants reporting T2D not taking insulin, and 17,796 participants without diabetes. Raw and weighted frequency and energy contributions of each food item, food subcategory, and food category were calculated and ranked. Comparisons among groups by broad food category used the Rao-Scott modified chi-square test. Soft drinks ranked as the 8th and 6th most consumed food subcategory of participants with T2D not taking insulin and those without diabetes, and contributed 5th and 2nd most to energy, respectively. The group reporting taking insulin is likely to consume more protein foods and less soft drink compared to the other two groups. Lists of the most frequently reported foods and foods contributing most to energy may be helpful for nutrition education, prescribing diets, and digital-based dietary assessment for the group reporting taking insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luotao Lin
- Department of Nutrition Science, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Fengqing Zhu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Edward J. Delp
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Heather A. Eicher-Miller
- Department of Nutrition Science, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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31
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Tahreem A, Rakha A, Rabail R, Nazir A, Socol CT, Maerescu CM, Aadil RM. Fad Diets: Facts and Fiction. Front Nutr 2022; 9:960922. [PMID: 35866077 PMCID: PMC9294402 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.960922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The global prevalence of obesity is alarmingly high and is impacting both developed and underdeveloped countries, beyond the borders of ethnicity, sex, and age. On the other hand, the global interest in dieting has increased, and people are obsessed with certain fad diets, assuming them as a magic bullet for their long-term problems. A fad diet is a popular dietary pattern known to be a quick fix for obesity. These diets are quite appealing due to the proposed claims, but the lack of scientific evidence is a big question mark. Such diets are often marketed with specific claims that defy the basic principles of biochemistry and nutritional adequacy. These diets may have protective effects against obesity and certain chronic diseases like cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and certain cancers. Limited evidence exists to support the proposed claims; rather certain studies suggest the negative health consequences of long-term adherence to such dietary patterns. Many fad diets have emerged in the previous few decades. This review article will explore the current evidence related to the health impacts of some most popular diets: Atkins diet, ketogenic diet, Paleolithic diet, Mediterranean diet, vegetarian diet, intermittent fasting and detox diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaiza Tahreem
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Allah Rakha
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Allah Rakha,
| | - Roshina Rabail
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Aqsa Nazir
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Rana Muhammad Aadil
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Rana Muhammad Aadil,
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Abstract
Obesity remains a serious relevant public health concern throughout the world despite related countermeasures being well understood (i.e. mainly physical activity and an adjusted diet). Among different nutritional approaches, there is a growing interest in ketogenic diets (KD) to manipulate body mass (BM) and to enhance fat mass loss. KD reduce the daily amount of carbohydrate intake drastically. This results in increased fatty acid utilisation, leading to an increase in blood ketone bodies (acetoacetate, 3-β-hydroxybutyrate and acetone) and therefore metabolic ketosis. For many years, nutritional intervention studies have focused on reducing dietary fat with little or conflicting positive results over the long term. Moreover, current nutritional guidelines for athletes propose carbohydrate-based diets to augment muscular adaptations. This review discusses the physiological basis of KD and their effects on BM reduction and body composition improvements in sedentary individuals combined with different types of exercise (resistance training or endurance training) in individuals with obesity and athletes. Ultimately, we discuss the strengths and the weaknesses of these nutritional interventions together with precautionary measures that should be observed in both individuals with obesity and athletic populations. A literature search from 1921 to April 2021 using Medline, Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Sportdiscus Databases was used to identify relevant studies. In summary, based on the current evidence, KD are an efficient method to reduce BM and body fat in both individuals with obesity and athletes. However, these positive impacts are mainly because of the appetite suppressive effects of KD, which can decrease daily energy intake. Therefore, KD do not have any superior benefits to non-KD in BM and body fat loss in individuals with obesity and athletic populations in an isoenergetic situation. In sedentary individuals with obesity, it seems that fat-free mass (FFM) changes appear to be as great, if not greater, than decreases following a low-fat diet. In terms of lean mass, it seems that following a KD can cause FFM loss in resistance-trained individuals. In contrast, the FFM-preserving effects of KD are more efficient in endurance-trained compared with resistance-trained individuals.
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Hao Y, Li X, Zhu Z, Cao ZB. Pre-sleep Protein Supplementation Affects Energy Metabolism and Appetite in Sedentary Healthy Adults. Front Nutr 2022; 9:873236. [PMID: 35571934 PMCID: PMC9105224 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.873236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess the acute effect of pre-sleep protein supplementation combined with resistance exercise on energy metabolism (including 24-h total energy expenditure (TEE), sleep energy expenditure (SEE), basal energy expenditure (BEE), glycolipid oxidation, and appetite of sedentary adults. Methods A total of thirty-one sedentary participants completed this randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Participants completed the following 24-h experimental conditions in random order in the Human Calorimeter chamber: (1) 40-g protein supplementation with dinner before a nighttime resistance exercise, and followed by pre-sleep placebo intake (PRO-PLA); (2) placebo intake with dinner before a nighttime resistance exercise, and followed by pre-sleep 40-g protein supplementation (PLA-PRO); and (3) placebo supplementation both with dinner and pre-sleep combined with a nighttime resistance exercise (PLA). Subjective appetite score before breakfast the next day was evaluated using the visual analog scale. Results The SEE values were significantly higher by a mean of 21.7 kcal and 33.3 kcal in PRO-PLA (318.3 ± 44.3 kcal) and PLA-PRO (329.9 ± 45.2 kcal), respectively, than in PLA (296.6 ± 46.6 kcal). In addition, the SEE values for PLA-PRO was also significantly higher by 11.6 kcal than that for PRO-PLA. Further, the fullness the next morning was significantly higher by 30.8% in PLA-PRO (43.9 ± 23.5 mm) than in PLA (33.5 ± 26.6 mm). These effects remained after adjustment for 24-h energy intake. Conclusion Pre-sleep protein supplementation combined with resistance exercise can significantly increase the SEE and fullness in the next morning, indicating a possible strategy to improve sleep energy metabolism in the sedentary population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Hao
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingchen Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Zhu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Bo Cao
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhen-Bo Cao,
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34
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Bishop CA, Machate T, Henning T, Henkel J, Püschel G, Weber D, Grune T, Klaus S, Weitkunat K. Detrimental effects of branched-chain amino acids in glucose tolerance can be attributed to valine induced glucotoxicity in skeletal muscle. Nutr Diabetes 2022; 12:20. [PMID: 35418570 PMCID: PMC9008040 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-022-00200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Current data regarding the roles of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) in metabolic health are rather conflicting, as positive and negative effects have been attributed to their intake. Methods To address this, individual effects of leucine and valine were elucidated in vivo (C57BL/6JRj mice) with a detailed phenotyping of these supplementations in high-fat (HF) diets and further characterization with in vitro approaches (C2C12 myocytes). Results Here, we demonstrate that under HF conditions, leucine mediates beneficial effects on adiposity and insulin sensitivity, in part due to increasing energy expenditure—likely contributing partially to the beneficial effects of a higher milk protein intake. On the other hand, valine feeding leads to a worsening of HF-induced health impairments, specifically reducing glucose tolerance/insulin sensitivity. These negative effects are driven by an accumulation of the valine-derived metabolite 3-hydroxyisobutyrate (3-HIB). Higher plasma 3-HIB levels increase basal skeletal muscle glucose uptake which drives glucotoxicity and impairs myocyte insulin signaling. Conclusion These data demonstrate the detrimental role of valine in an HF context and elucidate additional targetable pathways in the etiology of BCAA-induced obesity and insulin resistance. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Bishop
- Department of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany. .,University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutrition Science, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany.
| | - Tina Machate
- Department of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany.,University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutrition Science, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany
| | - Thorsten Henning
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutrition Science, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany.,Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany
| | - Janin Henkel
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutrition Science, Nutritional Biochemistry Dept, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany.,University of Bayreuth, Faculty of Life Science, Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Kulmbach, 95326, Germany
| | - Gerhard Püschel
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutrition Science, Nutritional Biochemistry Dept, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany
| | - Daniela Weber
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany
| | - Tilman Grune
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutrition Science, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany.,Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany
| | - Susanne Klaus
- Department of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany.,University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutrition Science, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany
| | - Karolin Weitkunat
- Department of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany
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IGFs in Dentin Formation and Regeneration: Progress and Remaining Challenges. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:3737346. [PMID: 35432548 PMCID: PMC9007658 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3737346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tertiary dentin results from the interplay between the host defense and dental injury or infection. Modern endodontics aiming vital pulp treatment take the tertiary dentin formation as the interim step, with the final goal of a physiological pulp-dentin like tissue regeneration. Dental pulp stem cells have been nominated for contributing to differentiating into odontoblast-like cells who are responsible for reparative dentin formation. Understanding the original dentin formation mechanism provides us a blueprint while exploring the reparative dentin formation mechanism builds bridge to bonafide pulp-dentin tissue regeneration. Among all the regulators, growth factors have long been revealed under the spotlight. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) family has been implicated in critical events of inducing dentin formation, which is essential for pulp treatment. The expression of IGF family members including IGF1, IGF1R, IGF2, and IGF2R has been well characterized in dental papilla cells, dental pulp stem cells, and periodontal ligament cells. Recent studies indicated IGF binding to the receptors activated pathways, including MAPK pathway, and AKT pathway, orchestrated proliferation, and differentiation, and finally, contributed to dentin formation. This review summarizes the role of IGF family in dentin formation during tooth development and tertiary dentin formation during dentin-pulp repair and sheds light on key parts of research for future treatment improvements.
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36
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Luong TV, Abild CB, Bangshaab M, Gormsen LC, Søndergaard E. Ketogenic Diet and Cardiac Substrate Metabolism. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071322. [PMID: 35405935 PMCID: PMC9003554 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ketogenic diet (KD) entails a high intake of fat, moderate intake of protein, and a very limited intake of carbohydrates. Ketogenic dieting has been proposed as an effective intervention for type 2 diabetes and obesity since glycemic control is improved and sustained weight loss can be achieved. Interestingly, hyperketonemia is also associated with beneficial cardiovascular effects, possibly caused by improved cardiac energetics and reduced oxygen use. Therefore, the KD has the potential to both treat and prevent cardiovascular disease. However, the KD has some adverse effects that could counteract the beneficial cardiovascular properties. Of these, hyperlipidemia with elevation of triglycerides and LDL cholesterol levels are the most important. In addition, poor diet adherence and lack of knowledge regarding long-term effects may also reduce the broader applicability of the KD. The objective of this narrative review is to provide insights into the KD and its effects on myocardial ketone body utilization and, consequently, cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thien Vinh Luong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET-Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Blvd. 165, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (T.V.L.); (L.C.G.)
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Hedeager 3, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (C.B.A.); (M.B.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Blvd. 82, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Caroline Bruun Abild
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Hedeager 3, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (C.B.A.); (M.B.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Blvd. 82, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maj Bangshaab
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Hedeager 3, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (C.B.A.); (M.B.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Blvd. 82, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Christian Gormsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET-Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Blvd. 165, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (T.V.L.); (L.C.G.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Blvd. 82, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Esben Søndergaard
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Hedeager 3, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (C.B.A.); (M.B.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Blvd. 82, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-28730943
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37
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity develops due to an imbalance in energy homeostasis, wherein energy intake exceeds energy expenditure. Accumulating evidence shows that manipulations of dietary protein and their component amino acids affect the energy balance, resulting in changes in fat mass and body weight. Amino acids are not only the building blocks of proteins but also serve as signals regulating multiple biological pathways. SCOPE OF REVIEW We present the currently available evidence regarding the effects of dietary alterations of a single essential amino acid (EAA) on energy balance and relevant signaling mechanisms at both central and peripheral levels. We summarize the association between EAAs and obesity in humans and the clinical use of modifying the dietary EAA composition for therapeutic intervention in obesity. Finally, similar mechanisms underlying diets varying in protein levels and diets altered of a single EAA are described. The current review would expand our understanding of the contribution of protein and amino acids to energy balance control, thus helping discover novel therapeutic approaches for obesity and related diseases. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Changes in circulating EAA levels, particularly increased branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), have been reported in obese human and animal models. Alterations in dietary EAA intake result in improvements in fat and weight loss in rodents, and each has its distinct mechanism. For example, leucine deprivation increases energy expenditure, reduces food intake and fat mass, primarily through regulation of the general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Methionine restriction by 80% decreases fat mass and body weight while developing hyperphagia, primarily through fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) signaling. Some effects of diets with different protein levels on energy homeostasis are mediated by similar mechanisms. However, reports on the effects and underlying mechanisms of dietary EAA imbalances on human body weight are few, and more investigations are needed in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Innovation Center for Intervention of Chronic Disease and Promotion of Health, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Feifan Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Innovation Center for Intervention of Chronic Disease and Promotion of Health, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, China.
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38
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Giosuè A, Calabrese I, Vitale M, Riccardi G, Vaccaro O. Consumption of Dairy Foods and Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:831. [PMID: 35215479 PMCID: PMC8875110 DOI: 10.3390/nu14040831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited consumption of dairy foods and use of low-fat products is recommended for cardiovascular (CV) prevention; however, other features besides fat content modulate their metabolic effects. We analyze updated evidence on the relationship of different dairy products (low/full-fat dairy, milk, cheese, yogurt) with CVD by reviewing meta-analyses of cohort studies and individual prospective cohort studies with CV hard endpoints (CVD/CHD incidence/mortality), together with meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials exploring the effect of dairy on major CV risk factors. The analyses provide evidence that moderate dairy consumption (up to 200 g/day, globally) has no detrimental effects on CV health and that their effect depends more on the food type (cheese, yogurt, milk) than on the fat content. These data expand current knowledge and may inform revision of current guidelines for CVD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Giosuè
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, “Federico II” University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.G.); (I.C.); (M.V.); (G.R.)
| | - Ilaria Calabrese
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, “Federico II” University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.G.); (I.C.); (M.V.); (G.R.)
| | - Marilena Vitale
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, “Federico II” University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.G.); (I.C.); (M.V.); (G.R.)
| | - Gabriele Riccardi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, “Federico II” University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.G.); (I.C.); (M.V.); (G.R.)
| | - Olga Vaccaro
- Department of Pharmacy, “Federico II” University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
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39
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Liu CY, Chang TC, Lin SH, Tsao CW. Is a Ketogenic Diet Superior to a High-Fat, High-Cholesterol Diet Regarding Testicular Function and Spermatogenesis? Front Nutr 2022; 9:805794. [PMID: 35223950 PMCID: PMC8866757 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.805794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to determine effects of a ketogenic diet on metabolic dysfunction, testicular antioxidant capacity, apoptosis, inflammation, and spermatogenesis in a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet-induced obese mice model. Forty-two male C57BL/6 mice were fed either a normal diet (NC group) or a high-fat and high-cholesterol (HFC) diet (HFC group) for 16 weeks, and mice from the HFC group were later randomly divided into two groups: the first were maintained on the original HFC diet, and the second were fed a medium-chain triacylglycerol (MCT)-based ketogenic diet for 8 weeks (KD group). A poor semen quality was observed in the HFC group, but this was eliminated by the ketogenic diet. Both the HFC and KD groups exhibited enhanced apoptosis protein expressions in testis tissue, including caspase 3 and cleaved PARP, and higher inflammation protein expressions, including TNF-α and NF-κB. However, the KD group exhibited a statistically-significant reduction in lipid peroxidation and an increased glutathione peroxidase level as compared with the HFC group. The HFC diet induced obesity in mice, which developed body weight gain, abnormal relative organ weights, metabolic dysfunction, and liver injury. Overall, the results showed that a ketogenic diet attenuated oxidative stress and improved the semen quality reduced by the HFC diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Yu Liu
- Department of Nutritional Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Chia Chang
- Department of Nutritional Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Hsiang Lin
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Master Program in Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Tsao
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Experimental Surgery Center, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Chih-Wei Tsao
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40
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Zhu H, Bi D, Zhang Y, Kong C, Du J, Wu X, Wei Q, Qin H. Ketogenic diet for human diseases: the underlying mechanisms and potential for clinical implementations. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:11. [PMID: 35034957 PMCID: PMC8761750 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00831-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ketogenic diet (KD) is a high-fat, adequate-protein, and very-low-carbohydrate diet regimen that mimics the metabolism of the fasting state to induce the production of ketone bodies. The KD has long been established as a remarkably successful dietary approach for the treatment of intractable epilepsy and has increasingly garnered research attention rapidly in the past decade, subject to emerging evidence of the promising therapeutic potential of the KD for various diseases, besides epilepsy, from obesity to malignancies. In this review, we summarize the experimental and/or clinical evidence of the efficacy and safety of the KD in different diseases, and discuss the possible mechanisms of action based on recent advances in understanding the influence of the KD at the cellular and molecular levels. We emphasize that the KD may function through multiple mechanisms, which remain to be further elucidated. The challenges and future directions for the clinical implementation of the KD in the treatment of a spectrum of diseases have been discussed. We suggest that, with encouraging evidence of therapeutic effects and increasing insights into the mechanisms of action, randomized controlled trials should be conducted to elucidate a foundation for the clinical use of the KD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dexi Bi
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Youhua Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Kong
- Research Institute of Intestinal Diseases, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahao Du
- Research Institute of Intestinal Diseases, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiawei Wu
- Research Institute of Intestinal Diseases, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qing Wei
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Huanlong Qin
- Research Institute of Intestinal Diseases, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Attaye I, van Oppenraaij S, Warmbrunn MV, Nieuwdorp M. The Role of the Gut Microbiota on the Beneficial Effects of Ketogenic Diets. Nutrients 2021; 14:191. [PMID: 35011071 PMCID: PMC8747023 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The ketogenic diet is a dietary regime focused on strongly reducing carbohydrate intake and increasing fat intake; leading to a state of ketosis. The ketogenic diet has gained much popularity over the years due to its effects on promoting weight loss, increasing insulin sensitivity and reducing dyslipidaemia. All these factors play a crucial role in the development of cardio-metabolic diseases; one of the greatest health challenges of the time. Moreover, the ketogenic diet has been known to reduce (epileptic) seizure activity. It is still poorly understood how following a ketogenic diet can lead to these beneficial metabolic effects. However, in recent years it has become clear that diet and the gut microbiota interact with one another and thus influence host health. The goal of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the beneficial metabolic effects of the ketogenic diet and the role of gut microbiota in these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Attaye
- Department of Internal Medicine and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location Academic Medical Center, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.v.O.); (M.V.W.)
| | | | | | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Internal Medicine and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location Academic Medical Center, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.v.O.); (M.V.W.)
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Khalili G, Mirzababaei A, Shiraseb F, Mirzaei K. The relationship between modified Nordic diet and resting metabolic rate among overweight and obese women in Tehran, Iran: A cross-sectional study. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14946. [PMID: 34606670 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity as a worldwide phenomenon is a multifactorial condition. Healthy diets have effect on obesity-related factors like resting metabolic rate (RMR). In the present study, we investigate the association between adherence to modified Nordic diet and RMR among overweight and obese participants. METHODS We enrolled 404 overweight and obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 ) women aged 18-48 years in this cross-sectional study. For each participant, anthropometrics measurements, biochemical tests and blood pressure were evaluated. RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry. RMR/kg was also measured. Modified Nordic diet score was measured using a validated 147-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). RESULTS Among all participants, the mean and standard deviation (SD) for age and body mass index (BMI) were 36.67 years (SD = 9.10) and 31.26 kg/m2 (SD = 4.29), respectively. There was a significant association between RMR/kg status and age, body mass index (BMI), RMR (P < .001), respiratory quotient (RQ), fat percentage (P = .01), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (P = .03) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (P = .04), after adjustment for age, BMI, energy intake and physical activity. Participants with the highest adherence to modified Nordic diet had lower odds of hypometabolic status after adjusting for confounders and it was significant (odds ratio (OR) = 3.15, 95% CI = 0.97-10.15, P = .05). CONCLUSIONS The present results indicate that adherence to modified Nordic diet is associated with lower odds of hypometabolic status in overweight and obese women. However, more studies are needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Khalili
- Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Mirzababaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Shiraseb
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Mirzaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
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Khan MS, Spann RA, Münzberg H, Yu S, Albaugh VL, He Y, Berthoud HR, Morrison CD. Protein Appetite at the Interface between Nutrient Sensing and Physiological Homeostasis. Nutrients 2021; 13:4103. [PMID: 34836357 PMCID: PMC8620426 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding behavior is guided by multiple competing physiological needs, as animals must sense their internal nutritional state and then identify and consume foods that meet nutritional needs. Dietary protein intake is necessary to provide essential amino acids and represents a specific, distinct nutritional need. Consistent with this importance, there is a relatively strong body of literature indicating that protein intake is defended, such that animals sense the restriction of protein and adaptively alter feeding behavior to increase protein intake. Here, we argue that this matching of food consumption with physiological need requires at least two concurrent mechanisms: the first being the detection of internal nutritional need (a protein need state) and the second being the discrimination between foods with differing nutritional compositions. In this review, we outline various mechanisms that could mediate the sensing of need state and the discrimination between protein-rich and protein-poor foods. Finally, we briefly describe how the interaction of these mechanisms might allow an animal to self-select between a complex array of foods to meet nutritional needs and adaptively respond to changes in either the external environment or internal physiological state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christopher D. Morrison
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA; (M.S.K.); (R.A.S.); (H.M.); (S.Y.); (V.L.A.); (Y.H.); (H.-R.B.)
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A protein-supplemented very-low-calorie diet does not mitigate reductions in lean mass and resting metabolic rate in subjects with overweight or obesity: A randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:5726-5733. [PMID: 34749132 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The European Food Safety Authority recently recommended an increase in the protein content of total diet replacement (TDR) products from 50 to 75 g/day. The rationale was to minimize reductions in lean mass (LM) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) that occur with weight loss, and thereby facilitate maintenance of lost weight. We sought to directly compare the efficacy of TDR regimens with the new vs the current protein requirement. METHODS We randomized 108 adults with overweight or obesity (body mass index 28-40 kg/m2) to very-low-calorie diets (VLCD) with either 52 or 77 g/day protein for 8 weeks (total energy intake of 600 or 700 kcal/day, respectively). LM was determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and RMR by indirect calorimetry. RESULTS Attrition rate was 22% in both groups. Both VLCDs decreased body weight, fat mass, LM, and RMR (all P < 0.05). Significant time-by-group interactions were detected for weight and fat mass (both P < 0.05), with corresponding reductions being smaller in the higher-protein than the standard-protein VLCD, likely because of the added calories. On the other hand, reductions in LM (6% from baseline) and RMR (9-10% from baseline) did not differ between groups (P = 0.155 and P = 0.389, respectively), and the contribution of LM to total weight loss was identical (27 ± 2% of lost weight, P = 0.973). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the proposed increase in the protein content of TDR products does not attenuate reductions in LM and RMR in individuals with overweight and obesity who are treated with <800 kcal/day VLCDs for 2 months. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY ClinicalTrials.gov # NCT04156165.
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D'Urso O, Drago F. Pharmacological significance of extra-oral taste receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 910:174480. [PMID: 34496302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
It has recently been shown that taste receptors, in addition to being present in the oral cavity, exist in various extra-oral organs and tissues such as the thyroid, lungs, skin, stomach, intestines, and pancreas. Although their physiological function is not yet fully understood, it appears that they can help regulate the body's homeostasis and provide an additional defense function against pathogens. Since the vast majority of drugs are bitter, the greatest pharmacological interest is in the bitter taste receptors. In this review, we describe how bitter taste 2 receptors (TAS2Rs) induce bronchodilation and mucociliary clearance in the airways, muscle relaxation in various tissues, inhibition of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in thyrocytes, and release of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and ghrelin in the digestive system. In fact, substances such as dextromethorphan, chloroquine, methimazole and probably glimepiride, being agonists of TAS2Rs, lead to these effects. TAS2Rs and taste 1 receptors (TAS1R2/3) are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). TAS1R2/3 are responsible for sweet taste perception and may induce GLP-1 release and insulin secretion. Umami taste receptors, belonging to the same superfamily of receptors, perform a similar function with regard to insulin. The sour and salty taste receptors work in a similar way, both being channel receptors sensitive to amiloride. Finally, gene-protein coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) and GPR120 for fatty taste perception are also protein-coupled receptors and may induce GLP-1 secretion and insulin release, similar to those of other receptors belonging to the same superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottavio D'Urso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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46
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A hypocaloric diet rich in high fiber rye foods causes greater reduction in body weight and body fat than a diet rich in refined wheat: A parallel randomized controlled trial in adults with overweight and obesity (the RyeWeight study). Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 45:155-169. [PMID: 34620312 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM A high intake of whole grain foods is inversely associated with body mass index (BMI) and body fat in observational studies, but mixed results have been found in interventional studies. Among whole grains, rye is the richest source of dietary fiber and meals containing high-fiber rye foods have shown increased satiety up to 8 h, compared to meals containing refined wheat products. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of consuming high fiber rye products, compared to refined wheat products, on body weight and body fat loss in the context of an energy restricted diet. METHODS After a 2-week run-in period, 242 males and females with overweight or obesity (BMI 27-35 kg/m2), aged 30-70 years, were randomized (1:1) to consume high fiber rye products or refined wheat products for 12 weeks, while adhering to a hypocaloric diet. At week 0, week 6 and week 12 body weight and body composition (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry) was measured and fasting blood samples were collected. Subjective appetite was evaluated for 14 h at week 0, 6 and 12. RESULTS After 12 weeks the participants in the rye group had lost 1.08 kg body weight and 0.54% body fat more than the wheat group (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.36; 1.80, p < 0.01 and 0.05; 1.03, p = 0.03, respectively). C-reactive protein was 28% lower in the rye vs wheat group after 12 weeks of intervention (CI: 7; 53, p < 0.01). There were no consistent group differences on subjective appetite or on other cardiometabolic risk markers. CONCLUSION Consumption of high fiber rye products as part of a hypocaloric diet for 12 weeks caused a greater weight loss and body fat loss, as well as reduction in C-reactive protein, compared to refined wheat. The difference in weight loss could not be linked to differences in appetite response. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION www.clinicaltrials.gov, Identifier: NCT03097237.
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Wang L, Ding L, Zhu W, Hang S. Soybean protein hydrolysate stimulated cholecystokinin secretion and inhibited feed intake through calcium-sensing receptors and intracellular calcium signalling in pigs. Food Funct 2021; 12:9286-9299. [PMID: 34606544 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01596f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although soybean protein is the major component in livestock feeds, its effect on pigs' appetites is largely unknown. Recently, the importance of gut nutrient-sensing for appetite modulation by regulating anorectic gut hormone release has been recognised. This study investigates the roles of soybean proteins in appetite regulation, anorectic gut hormone secretion, and underlying mechanisms. The duodenal-cannulated piglets were used to evaluate the effects of soybean protein hydrolysate (SPH) on feed intake and anorectic hormone release, including cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide YY (PYY), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) in the hepatic vein by infusing SPH. Identifying which nutrient-sensing receptor in pig duodenum response to SPH stimulation for gut hormone release was conducted. Using its antagonist, the role of the identified receptor in feed intake and anorectic hormone release was also investigated. Combination with an ex vivo perfusion system, the possible mechanism by which SPH exerts the effects in porcine duodenum was further illustrated. Results in vivo showed that intraduodenal infusion of SPH inhibited short-term feed intake in pigs and promoted CCK, PYY, and GIP secretion in the hepatic vein. SPH also increased duodenum calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) expression. Pre-treated with CaSR antagonist NPS 2143, the feed intake of pigs tended to be attenuated by SPH (P = 0.09), and CCK release was also suppressed (P < 0.05), indicating that CaSR was involved in SPH-stimulated CCK release and inhibited feed intake in pigs. The ex vivo perfused duodenum tissues revealed that SPH-triggered CCK secretion was likeliest due to the activation of the intracellular Ca2+/TRPM5 pathway. Overall, this study's result illustrates that the diet soybean protein might decrease appetite in pigs by triggering duodenum CCK secretion by activating CaSR and the intracellular Ca2+/TRPM5 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lvyang Wang
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Liren Ding
- National Experimental Teaching Center for Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Suqin Hang
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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48
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Hajishafiee M, Ullrich SS, Fitzgerald PC, Horowitz M, Lange K, Poppitt SD, Feinle-Bisset C. Suppression of Energy Intake by Intragastric l-Tryptophan in Lean and Obese Men: Relations with Appetite Perceptions and Circulating Cholecystokinin and Tryptophan. J Nutr 2021; 151:2932-2941. [PMID: 34255069 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND l-Tryptophan reduces energy intake in healthy men. The underlying mechanisms, including appetite, plasma cholecystokinin (CCK), tryptophan (Trp), and the ratio of Trp to large neutral amino acids (Trp:LNAAs ratio), and whether responses differ in lean and obese individuals, are uncertain. OBJECTIVES We evaluated the effects of intragastric Trp on energy intake (primary outcome) and their potential mechanisms, pre- and postmeal, in lean men and those with obesity. METHODS Twelve lean men [mean ± SD age: 30 ± 3 y; BMI (in kg/m2): 23 ± 1] and 13 men with obesity (mean ± SD age: 31 ± 3 y; BMI: 33 ± 1) received, on 3 separate occasions, in double-blind, randomized order, 3 g ("Trp-3") or 1.5 g ("Trp-1.5") Trp, or control ("C"), intragastrically, 30 min before a buffet-meal. Energy intake from the buffet-meal, hunger, fullness, and plasma CCK and amino acid concentrations were measured in response to Trp alone and for 2 h postmeal. Data were analyzed using maximum likelihood mixed-effects models, with treatment, group, and treatment-by-group interaction as fixed effects. RESULTS Trp alone increased plasma CCK, Trp, and the Trp:LNAAs ratio (all P < 0.001), with no difference between groups. Trp suppressed energy intake (P < 0.001), with no difference between groups (lean, C: 1085 ± 102 kcal, Trp-1.5: 1009 ± 92 kcal, Trp-3: 868 ± 104 kcal; obese, C: 1249 ± 98 kcal, Trp-1.5: 1217 ± 90 kcal, Trp-3: 1012 ± 100 kcal). Postmeal, fullness was greater after Trp-3 than after C and Trp-1.5 (all P < 0.05), and in men with obesity than in lean men (P < 0.05). Plasma Trp and the Trp:LNAAs ratio were greater after Trp-3 and Trp-1.5 than after C (all P < 0.001), and tended to be less in men with obesity than in the lean (P = 0.07) (Trp:LNAAs ratio: lean, C: 1.5 ± 0.2, Trp-1.5: 6.9 ± 0.7, Trp-3: 10.7 ± 1.4; obese, C: 1.4 ± 0.1, Trp-1.5: 4.6 ± 0.7, Trp-3: 7.8 ± 1.3). There were inverse correlations of energy intake with plasma Trp and the Trp:LNAAs ratio in both groups (lean, both r = -0.50, P < 0.01; obese, both r = -0.40, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Intragastric Trp has potent energy intake-suppressant effects, in both lean men and those with obesity, apparently related to the Trp:LNAAs ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hajishafiee
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Penelope Ce Fitzgerald
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kylie Lange
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sally D Poppitt
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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De Pergola G, Zupo R, Lampignano L, Paradiso S, Murro I, Cecere A, Bartolomeo N, Ciccone MM, Giannelli G, Triggiani V. Effects of a Low Carb Diet and Whey Proteins on Anthropometric, Hematochemical, and Cardiovascular Parameters in Subjects with Obesity. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 20:1719-1725. [PMID: 32520693 PMCID: PMC8226150 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200610143724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The best way to lose body weight, without using drugs and/or suffering hunger and stress, has not yet been defined. The present study tested a low carbohydrate diet, enriched with proteins, in subjects with overweight and obesity. METHODS The study enrolled 22 uncomplicated overweight and obese subjects. Several parameters were examined before and after 6 weeks of a low-carbohydrate diet, enriched with 18 g of whey proteins. Anthropometric (body mass index, waist circumference) variables, fasting hormones (insulin, TSH, FT3, FT4), and metabolic (glucose, prealbumin, and lipid levels) parameters were measured. 25- OH-vitamin D (25 (OH) D), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and osteocalcin, were also quantified. Body composition parameters (fat mass, fat-free mass, body cell mass, total body water) were measured by electrical bioimpedance analysis. As cardiovascular parameters, blood pressure, endothelium flowmediated dilation (FMD), and common carotid artery intima-media thickness were also measured. RESULTS The low-carbohydrate diet integrated with proteins induced a significant decrease in body weight (P < 0.001), waist circumference (P < 0.001), fat mass (P < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.01), triglycerides (P < 0.001), total cholesterol (P < 0.001), pre-albumin (P < 0.001), insulin (P < 0.001), HOMAIR (P < 0.001), FT3 (P < 0.05), and c-IMT (P < 0.001), and a significant increase in FMD (P < 0.001) and 25 (OH) D (P < 0.001) was also observed. CONCLUSION All these results suggest that a short-term non-prescriptive low carbohydrate diet, enriched with whey proteins, may be a good way to start losing fat mass and increase health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni De Pergola
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Medical Oncology, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Roberta Zupo
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Luisa Lampignano
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Silvia Paradiso
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Medical Oncology, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Isanna Murro
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Medical Oncology, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Annagrazia Cecere
- Section of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Bartolomeo
- Medical Statistics, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Marco M Ciccone
- Section of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- Scientific Direction, National Institute of Gastroenterology "Saverio de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Triggiani
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation University of Bari, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
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50
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Holthuijsen DD, Romeijn MM, Kolen AM, Janssen L, Schep G, van Dielen FM, Leclercq WK. Can Routine Clinical Tests for Protein Intake and Physical Function Predict Successful Weight Loss? Bariatr Surg Pract Patient Care 2021. [DOI: 10.1089/bari.2021.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniëlle D.B. Holthuijsen
- Department of Surgery, Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen M. Romeijn
- Department of Surgery, Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Research School NUTRIM, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Aniek M. Kolen
- Department of Surgery, Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Loes Janssen
- Department of Surgery, Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Goof Schep
- Department of Sport Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, The Netherlands
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