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Garvey KA, Edwards MA, Blacker LS, Hecht CE, Parks JL, Patel AI. A Comprehensive Examination of the Contaminants in Drinking Water in Public Schools in California, 2017-2022. Public Health Rep 2024; 139:369-378. [PMID: 37667618 PMCID: PMC11037221 DOI: 10.1177/00333549231192471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Reports of unsafe school drinking water in the United States highlight the importance of ensuring school water is safe for consumption. Our objectives were to describe (1) results from our recent school drinking water sampling of 5 common contaminants, (2) school-level factors associated with exceedances of various water quality standards, and (3) recommendations. METHODS We collected and analyzed drinking water samples from at least 3 sources in 83 schools from a representative sample of California public schools from 2017 through 2022. We used multivariate logistic regression to examine school-level factors associated with lead in drinking water exceedances at the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommendation level (1 part per billion [ppb]) and state action-level exceedances of other contaminants (lead, copper, arsenic, nitrate, and hexavalent chromium). RESULTS No schools had state action-level violations for arsenic or nitrate; however, 4% had ≥1 tap that exceeded either the proposed 10 ppb action level for hexavalent chromium or the 1300 ppb action level for copper. Of first-draw lead samples, 4% of schools had ≥1 tap that exceeded the California action level of 15 ppb, 18% exceeded the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) bottled water standard of 5 ppb, and 75% exceeded the AAP 1 ppb recommendation. After turning on the tap and flushing water for 45 seconds, 2%, 10%, and 33% of schools exceeded the same standards, respectively. We found no significant differences in demographic characteristics between schools with and without FDA or AAP exceedances. CONCLUSIONS Enforcing stricter lead action levels (<5 ppb) will markedly increase remediation costs. Continued sampling, testing, and remediation efforts are necessary to ensure drinking water meets safety standards in US schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A. Garvey
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Marc A. Edwards
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | - Christina E. Hecht
- Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Nutrition Policy Institute, University of California, Oakland, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Parks
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Anisha I. Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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Cradock A, Barrett J, Nink E, Wilking C. An economic evaluation of strategies to ensure safer drinking water in the homes of families with young children in select United States locations. Prev Med Rep 2024; 38:102588. [PMID: 38283965 PMCID: PMC10818245 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2024.102588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction In the United States, safe, accessible drinking water is not equitable due to source water contamination, unreliable water treatment, or hazardous plumbing infrastructure. Drinking water free of lead, nitrates, and arsenic is vital for infant and young children's health. Methods Researchers conducted a study combining single-case study review methods and economic evaluation for 6 US policies or programs. Researchers used case-study findings, activity-based costing, publicly available US population data, and existing literature to create 5-year cost projections (2020-2024) for strategies to address lead, nitrates, or arsenic in drinking water from private wells or community water systems for families with low incomes and young children aged 0-5y. Researchers estimated the number of households reached and the costs by activity and payer of implementing each policy or program using case-specific geographic location and eligibility criteria. Results The total number of households reached varied from 295 to 135,000 depending on water source, population of focus, and geographic location. Focused strategies reached higher proportions of families with low incomes and young children. Community water system and state-wide strategies had the broadest reach. The total annual program cost per household that received information about their water quality ranged from $75 to $2,780. Of this cost, the portion paid by the household varied from $0.12 to $1,590, not including mitigation. Conclusions These findings can inform local decisions about policies and programs in communities seeking to increase awareness and access to safer drinking water, particularly in homes of families with low incomes and young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.L. Cradock
- Prevention Research Center on Nutrition and Physical Activity, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, 7th Floor, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - J.L. Barrett
- Prevention Research Center on Nutrition and Physical Activity, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, 7th Floor, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - E. Nink
- ICF International, 1902 Reston Metro Plaza, Reston, VA 20190, United States
| | - C. Wilking
- Independent Legal Consultant, PO BOX 503, Cummaquid, MA 02637, United States
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Jegen D, Maxson J, Fischer K, Bernard M, Foss R, Hidaka B, Passmore R, Sosso J, Stacey SK, Thacher TD. Arsenic Exposure in Well Water From the Perspective of Patients and Providers. J Prim Care Community Health 2024; 15:21501319241247984. [PMID: 38682480 PMCID: PMC11060032 DOI: 10.1177/21501319241247984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arsenic is a well-known toxin which may contaminate household water. It is harmful when ingested over prolonged periods of time. As a result, public health experts recommend that water should be screened and treated to prevent arsenic ingestion. In the United States, the responsibility of testing and treatment of private wells falls on homeowners. Despite recommendations for routine screening, this is rarely done. OBJECTIVES To assess the prevalence of well water use in a Midwestern patient population, how patients and clinicians perceive the risks of arsenic in well water, and whether additional resources on well water testing are desired. These findings will be used to influence tools for clinicians regarding symptom and examination findings of chronic arsenic exposure and potentiate the distribution of informational resources on well water testing. METHODS Surveys were sent via email to all actively practicing primary care clinicians at the Mayo Clinic in the United States Midwest, and all active adult patients at the Mayo Clinic in the same region. Our team analyzed survey data to determine whether both patients and clinicians are aware of the health effects of chronic arsenic toxicity from well water, the need for routine well water testing and whether each group wants more information on the associated risks. RESULTS Both patients and primary care clinicians worry about arsenic exposure. Patients with well water are concerned about their water safety yet feel uninformed about testing options. Clinicians do not know how prevalent well water use is among their patients, feel uninformed about the chronic risks of arsenic exposure and the physical examination associated with it. Both groups unanimously want more information on testing options. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show a significant reliance on well water use in the American Midwest, and unanimous support for the need for further well water testing information and resources for patients and their clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Randy Foss
- Mayo Clinic Health System, Lake City, MN, USA
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Slotnick MJ, Wolfson JA, Leung CW. Tap water perceptions and water filter use vary with socio-demographic characteristics and are associated with water and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in university students. Public Health Nutr 2023; 26:2288-2293. [PMID: 37581226 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980023001659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study is to evaluate university students' perceptions of tap water safety and water filter use and determine how these perceptions and behaviours affect water and sugar-sweetened beverage intake. DESIGN Cross-sectional; online survey conducted in Fall 2021. SETTING A large, public Midwestern university in the USA. PARTICIPANTS Seven-hundred ninety-three university students. RESULTS Students who experienced food insecurity, were on a Pell grant, were first-generation college students or were racial/ethnic minorities were less likely to trust tap water safety. Tap water filtration behaviour also varied by age and race/ethnicity. Students who did not agree with the statement 'my local tap water is safe to drink' had lower odds of consuming ≥ 3 cups of total water per day (OR = 0·45, 95 % CI: 0·32, 0·62), lower odds of consuming tap water ≥ 3 times/d (OR = 0·46, 95 % CI: 0·34, 0·64), higher odds of drinking bottled water ≥ 1 time per day (OR = 1·80, 95 % CI: 1·22, 2·66) and higher odds of drinking SSB ≥ 1 time per day (OR = 1·47, 95 % CI: 1·01, 2·14) than those who agreed. Students who always or sometimes filtered their tap water had lower odds of consuming ≥ 3 cups of total water per day (OR = 0·59, 95 % CI: 0·39, 0·90) than students who never filtered their tap water. CONCLUSIONS Tap water perceptions and behaviours affect tap and bottled water and SSB intake among university students. Tap water perceptions and behaviours in this demographic provide important context for university programming promoting healthy beverage initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Slotnick
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI48109, USA
| | - Julia A Wolfson
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cindy W Leung
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Firoozi R, Weeks HM, Ludwig-Borcyz E, Clayson M, Zawistowski M, Needham B, Bauer KW. Federal Food Program Participation and Beverage Intake Among Families With Low Household Income. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2023; 55:469-479. [PMID: 37422323 PMCID: PMC10754373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Examine beverage intake among families with low income by household participation in federal food assistance programs. DESIGN Cross-sectional study conducted in fall/winter 2020 via an online survey. PARTICIPANTS Mothers of young children insured by Medicaid at the time of the child's birth (N = 493). VARIABLES MEASURED Mothers reported household federal food assistance program participation, later categorized as Supplementation Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) only, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program-Education (SNAP) only, both WIC and SNAP, and neither. Mothers reported beverage intake for themselves and their children aged 1-4 years. ANALYSIS Negative binomial and ordinal logistic regression. RESULTS After accounting for sociodemographic differences between groups, mothers from households participating in WIC and SNAP consumed sugar-sweetened beverages (incidence rate ratio, 1.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14-2.30; P = 0.007) and bottled water (odds ratio, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.05-2.96; P = 0.03) more frequently than mothers from households in neither program. Children from households participating in WIC and SNAP also consumed soda (incidence rate ratio, 6.07; 95% CI, 1.80-20.45; P = 0.004) more frequently than children in either program. Few differences in intake were observed for mothers or children participating in only WIC or SNAP vs both programs or neither program. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Households participating in both WIC and SNAP may benefit from additional policy and programmatic interventions to limit sugar-sweetened beverage intake and reduce spending on bottled water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Firoozi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Heidi M Weeks
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Elizabeth Ludwig-Borcyz
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Michelle Clayson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Matt Zawistowski
- Department of Biostatistics University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Belinda Needham
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Katherine W Bauer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI.
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Newman CM, Zoellner J, Schwartz MB, Peña J, Wiseman KD, Skelton JA, Shin TM, Lewis KH. Knowing Is Not Doing: A Qualitative Study of Parental Views on Family Beverage Choice. Nutrients 2023; 15:2665. [PMID: 37375569 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sugary drink consumption is associated with adverse health outcomes in children, highlighting the need for scalable family interventions that address barriers to water consumption. To inform development of a scalable, health-care-system-based intervention targeting family beverage choice, a formative qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured interviews with parents whose children were identified as over-consuming sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and/or fruit juice (FJ). The first goal of these interviews was to understand, in a diverse real-world patient population, what parents viewed as the primary drivers of their family's beverage choices, and explore how these drivers might need to be addressed in order to make changes to beverage consumption. A second goal was to explore parental preferences for planned intervention components. An exploratory goal of the interviews was to examine whether knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs around family beverage choice differed across racial and ethnic groups in this sample. DESIGN Semi-structured phone interviews were conducted and interviews audio-recorded and transcribed. PARTICIPANTS 39 parents/caregivers of children ages 1-8 who over-consumed sugary drinks as determined by screenings at pediatric visits. PHENOMENON OF INTEREST Parents were interviewed about family beverage choices and preferences to inform development of a multi-component intervention. ANALYSIS Thematic analysis was performed, including comparison of themes across racial/ethnic groups. RESULTS Parents expressed that sugary drinks were unhealthy and water was a better alternative. Most were familiar with the health consequences of excess sugar consumption. They identified many reasons why sugary drinks are chosen over water despite this knowledge. One common reason was concern about tap water safety. Few differences were noted across racial and ethnic groups in our sample. Parents were enthusiastic about a technology-based intervention to be delivered through their child's doctor's office. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Knowledge is not enough to change behavior. Beverage interventions need to be easy to access, make water more appealing, and elevate beverage choice above the "white noise" of everyday life. Delivering an intervention in a clinical setting could provide an extra level of care, while technology would reduce the amount of live contact and decrease the burden for clinicians and parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea M Newman
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Jamie Zoellner
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Marlene B Schwartz
- Rudd Center for Food Policy & Health, and Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT 06103, USA
| | - Joseph Peña
- Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Kimberly D Wiseman
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Joseph A Skelton
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Tiffany M Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Kristina H Lewis
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston Salem, NC 27101, USA
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Schillinger D, Bullock A, Powell C, Fukagawa NK, Greenlee MC, Towne J, Gonzalvo JD, Lopata AM, Cook JW, Herman WH. The National Clinical Care Commission Report to Congress: Leveraging Federal Policies and Programs for Population-Level Diabetes Prevention and Control: Recommendations From the National Clinical Care Commission. Diabetes Care 2023; 46:e24-e38. [PMID: 36701595 PMCID: PMC9887620 DOI: 10.2337/dc22-0619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of type 2 diabetes is rooted in a myriad of factors and exposures at individual, community, and societal levels, many of which also affect the control of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Not only do such factors impact risk and treatment at the time of diagnosis but they also can accumulate biologically from preconception, in utero, and across the life course. These factors include inadequate nutritional quality, poor access to physical activity resources, chronic stress (e.g., adverse childhood experiences, racism, and poverty), and exposures to environmental toxins. The National Clinical Care Commission (NCCC) concluded that the diabetes epidemic cannot be treated solely as a biomedical problem but must also be treated as a societal problem that requires an all-of-government approach. The NCCC determined that it is critical to design, leverage, and coordinate federal policies and programs to foster social and environmental conditions that facilitate the prevention and treatment of diabetes. This article reviews the rationale, scientific evidence base, and content of the NCCC's population-wide recommendations that address food systems; consumption of water over sugar-sweetened beverages; food and beverage labeling; marketing and advertising; workplace, ambient, and built environments; and research. Recommendations relate to specific federal policies, programs, agencies, and departments, including the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Food and Drug Administration, the Federal Trade Commission, the Department of Housing and Urban Development, the Environmental Protection Agency, and others. These population-level recommendations are transformative. By recommending health-in-all-policies and an equity-based approach to governance, the NCCC Report to Congress has the potential to contribute to meaningful change across the diabetes continuum and beyond. Adopting these recommendations could significantly reduce diabetes incidence, complications, costs, and inequities. Substantial political resolve will be needed to translate recommendations into policy. Engagement by diverse members of the diabetes stakeholder community will be critical to such efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Schillinger
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Center for Vulnerable Populations, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ann Bullock
- Division of Diabetes Treatment and Prevention, Indian Health Service, Rockville, MD
| | - Clydette Powell
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Naomi K. Fukagawa
- Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD
| | | | - Jana Towne
- Division of Diabetes Treatment and Prevention, Indian Health Service, Rockville, MD
| | - Jasmine D. Gonzalvo
- Center for Health Equity and Innovation, Purdue University/Eskenazi Health, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Aaron M. Lopata
- Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Health Resources and Services Administration, Rockville, MD
| | | | - William H. Herman
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Departments of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Ezennia J, Schmidt LA, Ritchie LD, Blacker L, McCulloch CE, Patel AI. Water Security Experiences and Water Intake Among Elementary Students at Low-Income Schools: A Cross-Sectional Study. Acad Pediatr 2023; 23:68-75. [PMID: 35537674 PMCID: PMC9676021 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine students' experiences of water security at school and how experiences relate to intake of water from different sources of water at school. DESIGN/METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 651 students in grades 3 to 5 in 12 low-income public elementary schools in the San Francisco area completed surveys about their daily intake of water from different sources of water at school, experiences of water security including safety, cleanliness, and taste of water at school, and their demographics. Multivariable linear regressions examined associations between students' water security experiences at school and reported intake from different sources of water at school. RESULTS Approximately half of students were Latino (56.1%) and had overweight/obesity (50.4%). Most (74.5%) had some negative water security experience at school. Students drank from the school fountain or water bottle filling station a mean of 1.2 times/day (standard deviation [SD] = 1.4), sinks 0.2 times/day (SD = 0.7), tap water dispensers 0.2 times/day (SD = 0.6), and bottled water 0.5 times/day (SD = 1.0). In multivariable linear regression, students with more negative experiences of school water security drank less frequently from fountains (-0.5 times/day, P value < .001), but more frequently from tap water dispensers (0.1 times/day, P value = .040) and sinks (0.1 times/day, P value = .043), compared to students with no negative perceptions. CONCLUSIONS On average, students had negative school water security experiences, which decreased their consumption of water from tap water sources. However, relationships between negative water security experiences and reported water intake appeared to be mitigated by water source. Schools should consider installing more appealing water sources to promote water intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery Ezennia
- School of Medicine, University of California Riverside (J Ezennia); Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine (J Ezennia, L Blacker, and AI Patel), Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Laura A Schmidt
- Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California San Francisco (LA Schmidt and AI Patel); Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of California San Francisco (LA Schmidt)
| | - Lorrene D Ritchie
- Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Nutrition Policy Institute, University of California (L Ritchie), Oakland, Calif
| | - Lauren Blacker
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine (J Ezennia, L Blacker, and AI Patel), Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Charles E McCulloch
- Division of Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco (CE McCulloch)
| | - Anisha I Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine (J Ezennia, L Blacker, and AI Patel), Palo Alto, Calif; Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California San Francisco (LA Schmidt and AI Patel).
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Kamran U, Rhee KY, Lee SY, Park SJ. Innovative progress in graphene derivative-based composite hybrid membranes for the removal of contaminants in wastewater: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 306:135590. [PMID: 35803370 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Graphene derivatives (graphene oxide) are proved as an innovative carbon materials that are getting more attraction in membrane separation technology because of its unique properties and capability to attain layer-to-layer stacking, existence of high oxygen-based functional groups, and generation of nanochannels that successively enhance the selective pollutants removal performance. The review focused on the recent innovations in the development of graphene derivative-based composite hybrid membranes (GDHMs) for the removal of multiple contaminants from wastewater treatment. To design GDHMs, it was observed that at first GO layers undergo chemical treatments with either different polymers, plasma, or sulfonyl. After that, the chemically treated GO layers were decorated with various active functional materials (either with nanoparticles, magnetite, or nanorods, etc.). By preparing GDHMs, properties such as permeability, porosity, hydrophilicity, water flux, stability, feasibility, mechanical strength, regeneration ability, and antifouling tendency were excessively improved as compared to pristine GO membranes. Different types of novel GDHMs were able to remove toxic dyes (77-100%), heavy metals/ions (66-100%), phenols (40-100%), and pharmaceuticals (74-100%) from wastewater with high efficiency. Some of GDHMs were capable to show dual contaminant removal efficacy and antibacterial activity. In this study, it was observed that the most involved mechanisms for pollutants removal are size exclusion, transport, electrostatic interactions, adsorption, and donnan exclusion. In addition to this, interaction mechanism during membrane separation technology has also been elaborated by density functional theory. At last, in this review the discussion related to challenges, limitations, and future outlook for the applications of GDHMs has also been provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urooj Kamran
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 100 Inharo, Incheon, 22212, South Korea; Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 445-701, South Korea
| | - Kyong Yop Rhee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 445-701, South Korea.
| | - Seul-Yi Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 100 Inharo, Incheon, 22212, South Korea.
| | - Soo-Jin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 100 Inharo, Incheon, 22212, South Korea.
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Ventre S, Desai G, Roberson R, Kordas K. Toxic metal exposures from infant diets: Risk prevention strategies for caregivers and health care professionals. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2022; 52:101276. [PMID: 36266220 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2022.101276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Concerns are growing regarding the presence of toxic elements such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) in the ingredients and prepared foods for infants and young children. There are few clear, evidence-based, guidelines on the maximum tolerable limits of toxicants in foods and little understanding of toxicant exposure or adverse health effects attributable to dietary exposure. Caregivers are faced with the burden of making decisions about which foods to select, how often to feed them to their children, and what foods to limit. This article reviews the current literature and existing recommendations on dietary exposure to toxic elements in children under 2 years of age, and their health effects in early childhood-focusing on growth, neurodevelopment, and immune function. The article also outlines best practices for healthcare providers to address the concerns of toxic element exposure through the diet in young children. Several foods consistently appear in the literature as potential sources of toxic element exposure. Contaminated drinking and cooking water, including water used to prepare infant formula, could also be a major exposure source. In the absence of stronger evidence on effects of dietary modification, exclusive breastfeeding until six months of age, followed by a diverse diet are some strategies to reduce dietary toxic element exposure while ensuring an adequate and balanced nutrient intake. Healthcare providers can support families by sharing information and encouraging blood Pb testing, the only element for which such testing is currently recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ventre
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, USA; New York State Children's Environmental Health Center, USA.
| | - Gauri Desai
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, USA
| | | | - Katarzyna Kordas
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, USA
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Kalteh S, Hamidi F, Nasab MA, Gharibdoosti NM, Ghalhari MR, Parvizishad M, Mahvi AH. Quantification and health risk assessment of nitrate in southern districts of Tehran, Iran. JOURNAL OF WATER REUSE AND DESALINATION 2022. [DOI: 10.2166/wrd.2022.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Nitrate is a common contaminant of drinking water. Due to its adverse health effects, this study aimed to determine nitrate levels in six southern districts of Tehran. A total of 148 samples were taken from tap waters. In 84.46% (n = 125) of the samples, the nitrate concentration was below national and WHO limits (50 mg/L); however, 15.54% (n = 23) were in violation of the criteria. The total mean concentration of nitrate was 36.15 mg/L (±14.74) ranging from 4.52 to 80.83 mg/L. The overall hazard quotient (HQ) for age groups were ordered as Children (1.71) > Infants (1.24) > Teenagers (1.2) > Adults (0.96). In all districts, the HQ values for infants and children groups were greater than 1, indicating potential adverse health risks. In teenagers age group, only the HQ estimations of districts 10 (HQ = 0.93) and 11 (HQ = 0.74) were lower than 1 and in adults age group, the estimated HQ values for districts were lower than 1 with the exception for district 19 (HQ = 1.19). The sensitivity analysis (SA) showed that nitrate content plays a major role in the value of the assessed risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa Kalteh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshad Hamidi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Ahmadi Nasab
- Student Research Center Committee, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Narges Mohseni Gharibdoosti
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, South Tehran Health Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rezvani Ghalhari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Parvizishad
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, South Tehran Health Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Mahvi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Institute for Environmental Research, Center for Solid Waste Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Bauer KW, Weeks HM, Clayson M, Needham B. Perceptions of tap water associated with low-income Michigan mothers' and young children's beverage intake. Public Health Nutr 2022; 25:1-10. [PMID: 35570674 PMCID: PMC9666652 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980022001136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify perceptions of tap water among low-income mothers with young children residing in Michigan and examine associations between perceptions of tap water, mothers' and young children's beverage intake, and mothers' infant feeding practices. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Online survey. PARTICIPANTS Medicaid-insured individuals who had given birth at a large Midwestern US hospital between fall 2016 and fall 2020 were invited by email to complete a survey in winter 2020 (N 3881); 15·6 % (N 606) completed eligibility screening, 550 (90·8 %) were eligible to participate, and 500 (90·9 %) provided valid survey data regarding perceptions of tap water, self and child beverage intake, and infant feeding practices. RESULTS Two-thirds (66·2 %) of mothers reported that their home tap water was safe to drink without a filter, while 21·6 % were unsure about the safety of their home tap water. Mothers' perceptions of their home tap water were associated with their own tap and bottled water intake and their young children's tap water and bottled water intake. Mothers with more negative perceptions of tap water in general, independent of their perceptions about their home tap water, consumed more bottled water and sugar-sweetened beverages, and their young children drank bottled water and fruit drinks more frequently. Few associations were observed between mothers' perceptions of tap water and infant feeding practices. CONCLUSIONS Uncertainty about tap water safety and negative perceptions of tap water are common among low-income Michigan mothers. These beliefs may contribute to less healthful and more costly beverage intake among mothers and their young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine W Bauer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI48104, USA
| | - Heidi M Weeks
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI48104, USA
| | - Michelle Clayson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI48104, USA
| | - Belinda Needham
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Gutierrez E, Metcalfe JJ, Prescott MP. The Relationship between Fluid Milk, Water, and 100% Juice and Health Outcomes among Children and Adolescents. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091892. [PMID: 35565861 PMCID: PMC9100844 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Beverages can provide improved nutrient intake and hydration, but also pose concerns related to overnutrition or contamination for children and adolescents who are in a time of critical growth. This narrative review aims to understand the impact of milk, 100% juice, and water consumption on health-related outcomes in youth. The literature review conducted used PubMed, Web of Science, and CABI global. Forty-five research articles met the quality criteria and were included. Health organization and governmental resources were also reviewed to identify current intake and consumption recommendations. All beverages in this review were associated with a variety of desirable and undesirable findings that spanned over 40 different health outcomes. Most studies that assessed milk lacked clear distinction between milk type (flavored vs. unflavored) or fat percentage, making it difficult to understand the impact of milk consumption. The relationship between milk intake and anthropometric-related outcomes were mixed within and across studies. Water was consistently associated with better hydration, while 100% juice and flavored milk intake was associated with more desirable dietary patterns or nutrients that children are currently not consuming adequate amounts of. The implications of these findings were discussed in the context of the National School Lunch Program (NSLP), while considering the impact of issues such as contaminated water and lactose intolerance. This review suggests that water may be an optimal default beverage option in the NSLP to promote hydration and accommodate beverage preferences for those with lactose intolerance.
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14
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Grummon AH, Golden SD. Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Pricing Policies: Simulation of Minimum Price Laws and Taxes in New York City. Am J Prev Med 2022; 62:e159-e168. [PMID: 34782187 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2021.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Minimum price laws, which set a price below which a product cannot be sold, are a promising but understudied strategy for reducing the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. New York City has implemented a minimum price law for tobacco products and could consider this policy for sugar-sweetened beverages. This study projects the impacts of a sugar-sweetened beverage minimum price law among New York City adults, with effects of a sugar-sweetened beverage excise tax examined for comparison. METHODS In 2020-2021, a microsimulation model of dietary behaviors and body weight was developed using population-based survey data, research on responsiveness to and avoidance of price increases, and a validated weight change model. Analyses applied the model to simulate the impacts of implementing a minimum price law (8 or 10 cents/ounce price floors) or an excise tax (1 or 2 cents/ounce tax rates) on diet and body weight among New York City adults for more than 5 years. Sensitivity analyses varied assumptions about price responsiveness, caloric compensation, and avoidance. RESULTS A sugar-sweetened beverage minimum price law with an 8 cents/ounce floor would reduce average sugar-sweetened beverage intake by 16.5 calories/day (95% uncertainty interval= -17.2, -15.8) and obesity prevalence by 0.86 percentage points (95% uncertainty interval= -1.03, -0.69). Benefits were similar for a minimum price law with a 10 cents/ounce floor and for 1 and 2 cents/ounce taxes (range of obesity reductions: -0.84 to -1.24 percentage points). Benefits persisted in sensitivity analyses and were larger for Black and Hispanic than for White and Asian adults and for adults with lower than for those with higher income. CONCLUSIONS Excise taxes and minimum price laws for sugar-sweetened beverages could both reduce New York City adults' sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and obesity prevalence and narrow sociodemographic disparities in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H Grummon
- Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Shelley D Golden
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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15
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Anderson CE, O'Malley K, Martinez CE, Ritchie LD, Whaley SE. Longer Family Participation in WIC is Associated With Lower Childhood Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2022; 54:239-248. [PMID: 35000830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate if children of families with a longer duration of participation in the Special Supplementation Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) consume fewer sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and more water. DESIGN A repeated cross-sectional study. SETTING Conducted among representative samples of WIC-participating families in Los Angeles County, California, in 2014, 2017, and 2020. PARTICIPANTS Children aged 4-59 months participating in WIC. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Daily servings of total SSBs, daily servings of specific types of SSBs, and daily servings of water. ANALYSIS Multivariable count regression models were used to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations of the duration of family WIC participation with daily servings of total SSBs, water, and specific types of SSBs. Zero-inflated negative binomial regression models were used for total SSBs and specific types of SSBs, and Poisson regression was used for water. RESULTS Children of families with 2 years of WIC participation consumed significantly fewer daily servings of total SSBs (IRR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.93-0.98; P = 0.002), fruit-flavored SSBs (IRR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.91-0.99; P = 0.02), soda (IRR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.76-0.98; P = 0.02), and water (IRR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.98 to < 1.00; P = 0.03) than children of families with 1 year of WIC participation. Protective associations for total SSBs, fruit-flavored SSBs, and soda remained statistically significant and increased in magnitude through 10 years of family WIC participation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Duration of WIC participation was associated with decreased SSB intake by young children. Given the role that increasing water intake in lieu of SSBs plays in child obesity, improving the effectiveness of WIC nutrition education on parental perceptions and provision of fruit-flavored SSBs and water to their children merits detailed evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Anderson
- Division of Research and Evaluation, Public Health Foundation Enterprises WIC, Irwindale, CA.
| | - Keelia O'Malley
- Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Catherine E Martinez
- Division of Research and Evaluation, Public Health Foundation Enterprises WIC, Irwindale, CA
| | - Lorrene D Ritchie
- Nutrition Policy Institute, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Oakland, CA
| | - Shannon E Whaley
- Division of Research and Evaluation, Public Health Foundation Enterprises WIC, Irwindale, CA
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16
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Anderson CE, Martinez CE, O’Malley K, Ritchie LD, Whaley SE. Longer Participation in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children Is Not Associated with Reduced Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake among Black Participants. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14051048. [PMID: 35268022 PMCID: PMC8912710 DOI: 10.3390/nu14051048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study assessed relationships of duration of family Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) participation with racial/ethnic disparities in child sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) and water intake. Child beverage intake and family duration on WIC were collected during three cross-sectional surveys of WIC-participating families in Los Angeles County, California (2014, 2017 and 2020; n = 11,482). The associations of family duration of WIC participation, a proxy for the amount of WIC services received, with daily intake of total SSBs, fruit-flavored SSBs and water were assessed in race/ethnicity strata with multivariable negative binomial and Poisson regression models. Among English-speaking Hispanic children, those of families reporting 10 years of WIC participation consumed 33% and 27% fewer servings of total and fruit-flavored SSBs compared to those of families reporting 1 year on WIC. Among Black children, those from families reporting 5 and 10 years of participation in WIC consumed 33% and 45% more daily servings of fruit-flavored SSBs than those from families reporting 1 year on WIC. Disparities in daily total and fruit-flavored SSB intake between Black and White children increased with longer family duration on WIC. Duration of family WIC participation is associated with healthier beverage choices for infants and children, but does not appear to be equally beneficial across racial/ethnic groups in Los Angeles County.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E. Anderson
- Division of Research and Evaluation, Public Health Foundation Enterprises (PHFE) WIC, Irwindale, CA 91706, USA; (C.E.M.); (S.E.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Catherine E. Martinez
- Division of Research and Evaluation, Public Health Foundation Enterprises (PHFE) WIC, Irwindale, CA 91706, USA; (C.E.M.); (S.E.W.)
| | - Keelia O’Malley
- Department of Social, Behavioral and Population Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Lorrene D. Ritchie
- Nutrition Policy Institute, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Oakland, CA 94607, USA;
| | - Shannon E. Whaley
- Division of Research and Evaluation, Public Health Foundation Enterprises (PHFE) WIC, Irwindale, CA 91706, USA; (C.E.M.); (S.E.W.)
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Prevalence of opportunistic pathogens in a school building plumbing during periods of low water use and a transition to normal use. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2022; 241:113945. [PMID: 35182850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.113945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The spread of opportunistic pathogens via building water supply and plumbing is of public health concern. This study was conducted to better understand microbial water quality changes in a LEED-certified school building during low water use (Summer) and normal water use (Autumn). The copper plumbed building contained water saving devices, a hot water recirculation system, and received chloraminated drinking water from a public water system. Three separate sampling events were conducted during the summer break inside the building and another three sampling events were conducted after the school returned to session. Using quantitative PCR, Legionella spp. were detected in all water samples, followed by Mycobacterium spp. (99%). Mycobacterium avium (75%) and Acanthamoeba spp. (17.5%) throughout the building water system. Legionella pneumophila and Naegleria fowleri were not detected in any of the samples. The mean concentrations of Legionella spp., Mycobacterium spp., Mycobacterium avium, and Acanthamoeba spp. detected in water samples were 3.9, 5.7, 4.7, and 2.8 log10 gene copies per 100 ml, respectively. There was a statistically significantly difference in the mean concentrations of Legionella spp., Mycobacterium spp. and M. avium gene markers in water samples between school breaks and when school was in session. Cultivable Legionella were also detected in water samples collected during periods of low water use. This study highlights the need for routine proactive water quality testing in school buildings to determine the extent of drinking water quality problems associated with plumbing and direct action to remediate microbial colonization.
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18
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Understanding Recent Trends in Global Sustainable Development Goal 6 Research: Scientometric, Text Mining and an Improved Framework for Future Research. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14042208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The fulfilment of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6, concerning water and sanitation, is critical in itself and also conditional for the other 16 SDGs being met. The purpose of this study was to understand the scientific research trajectories, spatiotemporal development, scientific collaboration, ongoing research themes, and gaps related to SDG 6. We propose a coupling of bibliometric and text mining methods in this work, to statistically portray the impact of water research on the accomplishment of SDG 6. Through the Web of Science database, we focused on a single UN SDG goal (i.e., six related publications that were current (2015–2021)). The study was performed on the chosen 289 publications. With the analysis of Keywords Plus, abstracts, titles, as well as author keywords, we looked at the performance of authors, publications, journals, institutions, and nations in terms of publishing. To obtain an insight into the water and sanitation study topic, we used co-citation, co-occurrence, cooperation networks, theme networks and cluster analysis, word dynamics, thematic evolution, and other techniques. We filtered out five distinguishing themes using text mining and showed their temporal trends. The main outcome is that participation, as well as collaboration with countries of the Global South, is still lacking in the SDG 6 research sphere. Therefore, as an insight from this study, we proposed a conceptual framework, the sustainable development of water and sanitation (SDWS) framework, to classify the research domain of water and sanitation regarding its connections to the environment, economy, and society (i.e., sustainable development). The scientometric and text analysis results provide the contemporary state and overview of the water and sanitation research field, whereas the second, conceptual framework section, provides a better understanding of qualitative contents, by revealing the insights gained, as well as the important work to be done in future water and sanitation studies.
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19
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Rosinger AY. Using Water Intake Dietary Recall Data to Provide a Window into US Water Insecurity. J Nutr 2022; 152:1263-1273. [PMID: 35102375 PMCID: PMC9071280 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States, problems with the provision of safe, affordable water have resulted in an increasing number of adults who avoid their tap water, which could indicate underlying water insecurity. Dietary recalls provide critical nutritional surveillance data, yet have been underexplored as a water insecurity monitoring tool. OBJECTIVES This article aims to demonstrate how water intake variables from dietary recall data relate to and predict a key water insecurity proxy, that is, tap water avoidance. METHODS Using 2005-2018 NHANES data from 32,329 adults, I examine distributions and trends of mean intakes of total, plain (sum of tap and bottled water), tap, and bottled water, and percentage consuming no tap and exclusive bottled water. Second, I use multiple linear and logistic regressions to test how tap water avoidance relates to plain water intake and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption. Next, I use receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves to test the predictive accuracy of no plain water, no tap, and exclusive bottled water intake, and varying percentages of plain water consumed from tap water compared with tap water avoidance. RESULTS Trends indicate increasing plain water intake between 2005 and 2018, driven by increasing bottled water intake. In 2017-18, 51.4% of adults did not drink tap water on a given day, whereas 35.8% exclusively consumed bottled water. Adults who avoided their tap water consumed less tap and plain water, and significantly more bottled water and SSBs on a given day. No tap intake and categories of tap water intake produced 77% and 78% areas under the ROC curve in predicting tap water avoidance. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that water intake variables from dietary recalls can be used to accurately predict tap water avoidance and provide a window into water insecurity. Growing reliance on bottled water could indicate increasing concerns about tap water.
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20
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Wang C, Huertas DS, Rowe JW, Finkelstein R, Carstensen LL, Jackson RB. Rethinking the urban physical environment for century-long lives: from age-friendly to longevity-ready cities. NATURE AGING 2021; 1:1088-1095. [PMID: 35937461 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-021-00140-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In response to increasing life expectancies and urbanization, initiatives for age-friendly cities seek to facilitate active and healthy aging by strengthening supports and services for older people. While laudable, these efforts typically neglect early-life exposures that influence long-term well-being. With a focus on the urban physical environment, we argue that longevity-ready cities can accomplish more than initiatives focused solely on old age. We review features of cities that cumulatively influence healthy aging and longevity, discuss the need for proactive interventions in a changing climate, and highlight inequities in the ambient physical environment, especially those encountered at early ages, that powerfully contribute to disparities in later life stages. Compared with strategies aimed largely at accommodating older populations, longevity-ready cities would aim to reduce the sources of disadvantages across the life course and simultaneously improve the well-being of older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghao Wang
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Stanford Center on Longevity, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Diego Sierra Huertas
- Stanford Center on Longevity, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John W Rowe
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruth Finkelstein
- Brookdale Center for Healthy Aging, Hunter College, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura L Carstensen
- Stanford Center on Longevity, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robert B Jackson
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Woods Institute for the Environment and Precourt Institute for Energy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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21
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Miller JD, Workman CL, Panchang SV, Sneegas G, Adams EA, Young SL, Thompson AL. Water Security and Nutrition: Current Knowledge and Research Opportunities. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:2525-2539. [PMID: 34265039 PMCID: PMC8634318 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Water is an essential nutrient that has primarily been considered in terms of its physiological necessity. But reliable access to water in sufficient quantities and quality is also critical for many nutrition-related behaviors and activities, including growing and cooking diverse foods. Given growing challenges to water availability and safety, including climate change, pollution, and infrastructure degradation, a broader conceptualization of water and its diverse uses is needed to sustainably achieve global nutrition targets. Therefore, we review empirical and qualitative evidence describing the linkages between water security (the reliable availability, accessibility, and quality of water for all household uses) and nutrition. Primary linkages include water security for drinking, food production and preparation, infant and young child feeding, and limiting exposure to pathogens and environmental toxins. We then identify knowledge gaps within each linkage and propose a research agenda for studying water security and nutrition going forward, including the concurrent quantification of both food and water availability, accessibility, use, and stability. By making explicit the connections between water security and nutritional well-being, we aim to promote greater collaboration between the nutrition and water, sanitation, and hygiene sectors. Interdisciplinary policies and programs that holistically address the water-nutrition nexus, versus those that focus on water and nutrition independently, are likely to significantly advance our ability to ensure equitable access to healthy foods and safe water for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Miller
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cassandra L Workman
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Sarita V Panchang
- Social Research and Evaluation Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Gretchen Sneegas
- Department of Geography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ellis A Adams
- Keough School of Global Affairs, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Sera L Young
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Amanda L Thompson
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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22
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Howe CG, Foley HB, Farzan SF, Chavez TA, Johnson M, Meeker JD, Bastain TM, Marsit CJ, Breton CV. Urinary metals and maternal circulating extracellular vesicle microRNA in the MADRES pregnancy cohort. Epigenetics 2021; 17:1128-1142. [PMID: 34696694 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2021.1994189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to metals increases risk for pregnancy complications. Extracellular vesicle (EV) miRNA contribute to maternal-foetal communication and are dysregulated in pregnancy complications. However, metal impacts on maternal circulating EV miRNA during pregnancy are unknown. Our objective was to investigate the impact of multiple metal exposures on EV miRNA in maternal circulation during pregnancy in the MADRES Study. Associations between urinary concentrations of nine metals and 106 EV miRNA in maternal plasma during pregnancy were investigated using robust linear regression (N = 231). Primary analyses focused on metal-miRNA associations in early pregnancy (median: 12.3 weeks gestation). In secondary analyses, we investigated associations with late pregnancy miRNA counts (median: 31.8 weeks gestation) in a subset of participants (N = 184) with paired measures. MiRNA associated with three or more metals (PFDR<0.05) were further investigated using Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR), an environmental mixture method. Thirty-five miRNA were associated (PFDR<0.05) with at least one metal in early pregnancy. One association (an inverse association between cobalt and miR-150-5p) remained statistically significant when evaluating late pregnancy miRNA counts. Eight miRNA (miR-302b-3p, miR-199a-5p, miR-188-5p, miR-138-5p, miR-212-3p, miR-608, miR-1272, miR-19b-3p) were associated with three metals (barium, mercury, and thallium) in early pregnancy, and their predicted target genes were enriched in pathways important for placental development. Results were consistent when using BKMR. Early pregnancy exposure to barium, mercury, and thallium may have short-term impacts on a common set of EV miRNA which target pathways important for placental development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin G Howe
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, 1 Medical Center Dr, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Helen B Foley
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shohreh F Farzan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas A Chavez
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark Johnson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Theresa M Bastain
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carmen J Marsit
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Emory Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Ga, USA
| | - Carrie V Breton
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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23
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Chapman-Novakofski K. School Water Policies. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2021; 53:821. [PMID: 34629161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2021.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
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24
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Drinking-Related Metacognitive Guidance Contributes to Students’ Expression of Healthy Drinking Principles as Part of Biology Teaching. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13041939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Biology education has adopted the goal of educating future generations about sustainable, healthy habits. The current paper focuses on drinking-related nutritional literacy—the characteristic of health education that refers to aspects of healthy drinking: drinking enough water and fewer sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). The study aims to foster school students’ critical thinking about the quality and the quantity of what they drink in everyday life. Facilitating students’ metacognitive awareness was achieved, as they were engaged in a biology learning activity centered on the importance of healthy drinking in everyday life. The study focused on two research questions: 1. What is the contribution of drinking-related metacognitive guidance to the development of metacognitive awareness concerning healthy drinking among students? 2. What is the contribution of drinking-related metacognitive guidance to the way students express the principles and importance of healthy drinking as part of their metacognitive awareness thinking process? The findings indicate a quantitative and qualitative improvement in drinking-related metacognitive awareness among those students who received metacognitive guidance as part of biology teaching. This paper suggests that metacognitive guidance has a significant pedagogical potential to improve sustainable healthy habits among children.
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