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Rosay T, Jimenez AG, Sperandio V. Glucuronic acid confers colonization advantage to enteric pathogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2400226121. [PMID: 38502690 PMCID: PMC10990124 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2400226121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucuronidation is a detoxification process to eliminate endo- and xeno-biotics and neurotransmitters from the host circulation. Glucuronosyltransferase binds these compounds to glucuronic acid (GlcA), deactivating them and allowing their elimination through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However, the microbiota produces β-glucuronidases that release GlcA and reactivate these compounds. Enteric pathogens such as enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and Citrobacter rodentium sense and utilize galacturonic acid (GalA), an isomer of GlcA, to outcompete the microbiota promoting gut colonization. However, the role of GlcA in pathogen colonization has not been explored. Here, we show that treatment of mice with a microbial β-glucuronidase inhibitor (GUSi) decreased C. rodentium's colonization of the GI tract, without modulating bacterial virulence or host inflammation. Metagenomic studies indicated that GUSi did not change the composition of the intestinal microbiota in these animals. GlcA confers an advantage for pathogen expansion through its utilization as a carbon source. Congruently mutants unable to catabolize GlcA depict lower GI colonization compared to wild type and are not sensitive to GUSi. Germfree mice colonized with a commensal E. coli deficient for β-glucuronidase production led to a decrease of C. rodentium tissue colonization, compared to animals monocolonized with an E. coli proficient for production of this enzyme. GlcA is not sensed as a signal and doesn't activate virulence expression but is used as a metabolite. Because pathogens can use GlcA to promote their colonization, inhibitors of microbial β-glucuronidases could be a unique therapeutic against enteric infections without disturbing the host or microbiota physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Rosay
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53706
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
| | - Angel G. Jimenez
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
| | - Vanessa Sperandio
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53706
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
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2
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Verdegaal AA, Goodman AL. Integrating the gut microbiome and pharmacology. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadg8357. [PMID: 38295186 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adg8357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The gut microbiome harbors trillions of organisms that contribute to human health and disease. These bacteria can also affect the properties of medical drugs used to treat these diseases, and drugs, in turn, can reshape the microbiome. Research addressing interdependent microbiome-host-drug interactions thus has broad impact. In this Review, we discuss these interactions from the perspective of drug bioavailability, absorption, metabolism, excretion, toxicity, and drug-mediated microbiome modulation. We survey approaches that aim to uncover the mechanisms underlying these effects and opportunities to translate this knowledge into new strategies to improve the development, administration, and monitoring of medical drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Verdegaal
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Andrew L Goodman
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
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3
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Bucurica S, Lupanciuc M, Ionita-Radu F, Stefan I, Munteanu AE, Anghel D, Jinga M, Gaman EL. Estrobolome and Hepatocellular Adenomas-Connecting the Dots of the Gut Microbial β-Glucuronidase Pathway as a Metabolic Link. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16034. [PMID: 38003224 PMCID: PMC10671049 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular adenomas are benign endothelial tumors of the liver, mostly associated with female individual users of estrogen-containing medications. However, the precise factors underlying the selective development of hepatic adenomas in certain females remain elusive. Additionally, the conventional profile of individuals prone to hepatic adenoma is changing. Notably, male patients exhibit a higher risk of malignant progression of hepatocellular adenomas, and there are instances where hepatic adenomas have no identifiable cause. In this paper, we theorize the role of the human gastrointestinal microbiota, specifically, of bacterial species producing β-glucuronidase enzymes, in the development of hepatic adenomas through the estrogen recycling pathway. Furthermore, we aim to address some of the existing gaps in our knowledge of pathophysiological pathways which are not yet subject to research or need to be studied further. As microbial β-glucuronidases proteins recycle estrogen and facilitate the conversion of inactive estrogen into its active form, this process results in elevated levels of unbound plasmatic estrogen, leading to extended exposure to estrogen. We suggest that an imbalance in the estrobolome could contribute to sex hormone disease evolution and, consequently, to the advancement of hepatocellular adenomas, which are estrogen related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandica Bucurica
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Dr. Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010242 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Mihaela Lupanciuc
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Dr. Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010242 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Florentina Ionita-Radu
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Dr. Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010242 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Ion Stefan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, “Dr. Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010242 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Medico-Surgical and Prophylactic Disciplines, Titu Maiorescu University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania; (A.E.M.); (D.A.)
| | - Alice Elena Munteanu
- Department of Medico-Surgical and Prophylactic Disciplines, Titu Maiorescu University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania; (A.E.M.); (D.A.)
- Department of Cardiology, “Dr. Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010242 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela Anghel
- Department of Medico-Surgical and Prophylactic Disciplines, Titu Maiorescu University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania; (A.E.M.); (D.A.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Dr. Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010242 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mariana Jinga
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Dr. Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010242 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Elena Laura Gaman
- Department of Biochemistry, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
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4
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Gulnaz A, Chang JE, Maeng HJ, Shin KH, Lee KR, Chae YJ. A mechanism-based understanding of altered drug pharmacokinetics by gut microbiota. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-022-00600-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Letertre MPM, Bhatt AP, Harvey M, Nicholson JK, Wilson ID, Redinbo MR, Swann JR. Characterizing the metabolic effects of the selective inhibition of gut microbial β-glucuronidases in mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17435. [PMID: 36261446 PMCID: PMC9581996 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21518-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The hydrolysis of xenobiotic glucuronides by gut bacterial glucuronidases reactivates previously detoxified compounds resulting in severe gut toxicity for the host. Selective bacterial β-glucuronidase inhibitors can mitigate this toxicity but their impact on wider host metabolic processes has not been studied. To investigate this the inhibitor 4-(8-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-[1,2,3]triazino[4',5':4,5]thieno[2,3-c]isoquinolin-5-yl)morpholine (UNC10201652, Inh 9) was administered to mice to selectively inhibit a narrow range of bacterial β-glucuronidases in the gut. The metabolomic profiles of the intestinal contents, biofluids, and several tissues involved in the enterohepatic circulation were measured and compared to control animals. No biochemical perturbations were observed in the plasma, liver or gall bladder. In contrast, the metabolite profiles of urine, colon contents, feces and gut wall were altered compared to the controls. Changes were largely restricted to compounds derived from gut microbial metabolism. This work establishes that inhibitors targeted towards bacterial β-glucuronidases modulate the functionality of the intestinal microbiota without adversely impacting the host metabolic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine P M Letertre
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
- CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, Nantes Université, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Aadra P Bhatt
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Michael Harvey
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jeremy K Nicholson
- The Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- Institute of Global Health Innovation, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ian D Wilson
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew R Redinbo
- Departments of Chemistry, Biocemistry, Microbiology and Genomics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jonathan R Swann
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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6
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Liu H, Zhang B, Li F, Liu L, Li F. Shifts in the intestinal microflora of meat rabbits in response to glucocorticoids. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:5422-5428. [PMID: 35338488 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As major stress hormones, glucocorticoids can directly or indirectly affect the intestinal microflora, although few studies have focused on changes in the composition of the intestinal microflora. In this study, rabbits were randomly divided into two groups: gavage administration with saline, and the same doses of dexamethasone (1 mg kg-1 ). After 7 days, the microbial diversity of the jejunum contents was analysed. RESULTS The gut microflora richness and diversity had no significant difference between the two groups. The proportions of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the most abundant in the jejunum of meat rabbits. Dexamethasone injection led to a change in the structure of the gut microflora composition, and we found that there were six biomarkers with linear discriminant analysis score >4 (Firmicutes, Caproiciproducens, Clostridiales, Clostridia, Psychrobacter, and Psychrobacter faecalis), moreover, the results of this study provide new insight into alleviating the effects of stress on meat rabbits. CONCLUSION It was concluded that glucocorticoids caused changes in the composition of intestinal microflora. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Specialty Animal Germplasm Resources Exploration and Innovation, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Fan Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Fuchang Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
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7
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Walker ME, Simpson JB, Redinbo MR. A structural metagenomics pipeline for examining the gut microbiome. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 75:102416. [PMID: 35841748 PMCID: PMC10039758 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metagenomic sequencing data provide a rich resource from which to expand our understanding of differential protein functions involved in human health. Here, we outline a pipeline that combines microbial whole genome sequencing with protein structure data to yield a structural metagenomics-informed atlas of microbial enzyme families of interest. Visualizing metagenomics data through a structural lens facilitates downstream studies including targeted inhibition and probe-based proteomics to define at the molecular level how different enzyme orthologs impact in vivo function. Application of this pipeline to gut microbial enzymes like glucuronidases, TMA lyases, and bile salt hydrolases is expected to pinpoint their involvement in health and disease and may aid in the development of therapeutics that target specific enzymes within the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E Walker
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joshua B Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Matthew R Redinbo
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Integrated Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, And Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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8
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Next-generation microbial drugs developed from microbiome's natural products. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2021; 108:341-382. [PMID: 34844715 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Scientists working in natural products chemistry have been enticed by the current advancements being made in the discovery of novel "magic bullets" from microbes homed to all conceivable environments. Even though researchers continue to face challenges funneling the novel bioactive compounds in the global therapeutic industries, it seems most likely that the discovery of some "hit molecules" with significant biomedical applications is not that far. We applaud novel natural products for their ability to combat the spread of superbugs and aid in the prevention of currently observed antibiotic resistance. This in-depth investigation covers a wide range of microbiomes with a proclivity for synthesizing novel compounds to combat the spread of superbugs. Furthermore, we use this opportunity to explore various groups of secondary metabolites and their biosynthetic pathways in various microbiota found in mammals, insects, and humans. This systematic study, when taken as a whole, offers detail understanding on the biomedical fate of various groups of compounds originated from diverse microbiomes. For gathering all information that has been uncovered and released so far, we have also presented the huge diversity of microbes that are associated with humans and their metabolic products. To conclude, this concrete review suggests novel ideas that will prove immensely helpful in reducing the danger posed by superbugs while also improving the efficacy of antibiotics.
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9
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Kayama H, Okumura R, Takeda K. Interaction Between the Microbiota, Epithelia, and Immune Cells in the Intestine. Annu Rev Immunol 2021; 38:23-48. [PMID: 32340570 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-070119-115104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract harbors numerous commensal bacteria, referred to as the microbiota, that benefit host health by digesting dietary components and eliminating pathogens. The intestinal microbiota maintains epithelial barrier integrity and shapes the mucosal immune system, balancing host defense and oral tolerance with microbial metabolites, components, and attachment to host cells. To avoid aberrant immune responses, epithelial cells segregate the intestinal microbiota from immune cells by constructing chemical and physical barriers, leading to the establishment of host-commensal mutualism. Furthermore, intestinal immune cells participate in the maintenance of a healthy microbiota community and reinforce epithelial barrier functions. Perturbations of the microbiota composition are commonly observed in patients with autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammatory disorders. An understanding of the intimate interactions between the intestinal microbiota, epithelial cells, and immune cells that are crucial for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis might promote advances in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisako Kayama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; , , .,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryu Okumura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; , , .,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takeda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; , , .,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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10
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Gorbovskaya I, Kanji S, Liu JCW, MacKenzie NE, Agarwal SM, Marshe VS, Sriretnakumar V, Verdu EF, Bercik P, De Palma G, Hahn MK, Müller DJ. Investigation of the Gut Microbiome in Patients with Schizophrenia and Clozapine-Induced Weight Gain: Protocol and Clinical Characteristics of First Patient Cohorts. Neuropsychobiology 2020; 79:5-12. [PMID: 30928978 DOI: 10.1159/000494696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests an important role of the human gut microbiome in psychiatry and neurodevelopmental disorders. An increasing body of literature based on animal studies has reported that the gut microbiome influences brain development and behavior by interacting with the gut-brain axis. Furthermore, as the gut microbiome has an important role in metabolism and is known to interact with pharmaceuticals, recent evidence suggests a role for the microbiome in antipsychotic-induced metabolic side effects in animals and humans. PURPOSE Here we present the protocol for a two-phase study investigating the gut microbiome in healthy controls and in patients with schizophrenia treated with antipsychotics. METHODS Phase I of our study involves humans exclusively. We recruit 25 patients who are chronically treated with clozapine and compare them with 25 healthy controls matched for age, sex, BMI, and smoking status. A second cohort consists of 25 patients newly starting on clozapine, and a third cohort includes 25 antipsychotic-naive patients. The patients in the second cohort and third cohort are prospectively assessed for up to 6 and 12 weeks, respectively. Phase II of this study will incorporate microbiota humanized mouse models to examine the influence of human fecal transplant on metabolic parameters and the gut-brain axis. Progress and Future Directions: We are underway with the first participants enrolled in all phase I treatment cohorts. This study will contribute to elucidating the role of the gut microbiome in schizophrenia and metabolic side effects. In addition, its results may help to explore potential therapeutic targets for antipsychotic-induced metabolic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Gorbovskaya
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Kanji
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan C W Liu
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Sri Mahavir Agarwal
- Complex Mental Illness Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victoria S Marshe
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Venuja Sriretnakumar
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elena F Verdu
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Premysl Bercik
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giada De Palma
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margaret K Hahn
- Complex Mental Illness Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel J Müller
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, .,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,
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11
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Ervin SM, Simpson JB, Gibbs ME, Creekmore BC, Lim L, Walton WG, Gharaibeh RZ, Redinbo MR. Structural Insights into Endobiotic Reactivation by Human Gut Microbiome-Encoded Sulfatases. Biochemistry 2020; 59:3939-3950. [PMID: 32993284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Phase II drug metabolism inactivates xenobiotics and endobiotics through the addition of either a glucuronic acid or sulfate moiety prior to excretion, often via the gastrointestinal tract. While the human gut microbial β-glucuronidase enzymes that reactivate glucuronide conjugates in the intestines are becoming well characterized and even controlled by targeted inhibitors, the sulfatases encoded by the human gut microbiome have not been comprehensively examined. Gut microbial sulfatases are poised to reactivate xenobiotics and endobiotics, which are then capable of undergoing enterohepatic recirculation or exerting local effects on the gut epithelium. Here, using protein structure-guided methods, we identify 728 distinct microbiome-encoded sulfatase proteins from the 4.8 million unique proteins present in the Human Microbiome Project Stool Sample database and 1766 gut microbial sulfatases from the 9.9 million sequences in the Integrated Gene Catalogue. We purify a representative set of these sulfatases, elucidate crystal structures, and pinpoint unique structural motifs essential to endobiotic sulfate processing. Gut microbial sulfatases differentially process sulfated forms of the neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine, and the hormones melatonin, estrone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and thyroxine in a manner dependent both on variabilities in active site architecture and on markedly distinct oligomeric states. Taken together, these data provide initial insights into the structural and functional diversity of gut microbial sulfatases, providing a path toward defining the roles these enzymes play in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Ervin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Joshua B Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Morgan E Gibbs
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Benjamin C Creekmore
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Lauren Lim
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - William G Walton
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Raad Z Gharaibeh
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32603, United States
| | - Matthew R Redinbo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Integrated Program for Biological and Genome Sciences and Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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12
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Maseda D, Ricciotti E. NSAID-Gut Microbiota Interactions. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1153. [PMID: 32848762 PMCID: PMC7426480 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID)s relieve pain, inflammation, and fever by inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase isozymes (COX-1 and COX-2). Despite their clinical efficacy, NSAIDs can cause gastrointestinal (GI) and cardiovascular (CV) complications. Moreover, NSAID use is characterized by a remarkable individual variability in the extent of COX isozyme inhibition, therapeutic efficacy, and incidence of adverse effects. The interaction between the gut microbiota and host has emerged as a key player in modulating host physiology, gut microbiota-related disorders, and metabolism of xenobiotics. Indeed, host-gut microbiota dynamic interactions influence NSAID disposition, therapeutic efficacy, and toxicity. The gut microbiota can directly cause chemical modifications of the NSAID or can indirectly influence its absorption or metabolism by regulating host metabolic enzymes or processes, which may have consequences for drug pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. NSAID itself can directly impact the composition and function of the gut microbiota or indirectly alter the physiological properties or functions of the host which may, in turn, precipitate in dysbiosis. Thus, the complex interconnectedness between host-gut microbiota and drug may contribute to the variability in NSAID response and ultimately influence the outcome of NSAID therapy. Herein, we review the interplay between host-gut microbiota and NSAID and its consequences for both drug efficacy and toxicity, mainly in the GI tract. In addition, we highlight progress towards microbiota-based intervention to reduce NSAID-induced enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Maseda
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Emanuela Ricciotti
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Emanuela Ricciotti,
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13
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Sun C, Chen L, Shen Z. Mechanisms of gastrointestinal microflora on drug metabolism in clinical practice. Saudi Pharm J 2019; 27:1146-1156. [PMID: 31885474 PMCID: PMC6921184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Considered as an essential “metabolic organ”, intestinal microbiota plays a key role in human health and the predisposition to diseases. It is an aggregate genome of trillions of microorganisms residing in the human gastrointestinal tract. Since the 20th century, researches have showed that intestinal microbiome possesses a variety of metabolic activities that are able to modulate the fate of more than 30 approved drugs and immune checkpoint inhibitors. These drugs are transformed to bioactive, inactive, or toxic metabolites by microbial direct action or host-microbial co-metabolism. These metabolites are responsible for therapeutic effects exerted by these drugs or side effects induced by these drugs, even for death. In view of the significant effect on the drugs metabolism by the gut microbiota, it is pivotal for personalized medicine to explore additional drugs affected by gut microbiota and their involved strains for further making mechanism clear through suitable animal models. This review mainly focus on specific mechanisms involved, with reference to the current literature about drugs metabolism by related bacteria or its enzymes available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaonan Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 410042, China
| | - Zhu Shen
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
- Corresponding author at: No.32, Western 2nd Section, 1st Ring Rd, Qingyang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China.
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14
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Little MS, Ervin SM, Walton WG, Tripathy A, Xu Y, Liu J, Redinbo MR. Active site flexibility revealed in crystal structures of Parabacteroides merdae β-glucuronidase from the human gut microbiome. Protein Sci 2018; 27:2010-2022. [PMID: 30230652 PMCID: PMC6237702 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
β-Glucuronidase (GUS) enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract are involved in maintaining mammalian-microbial symbiosis and can play key roles in drug efficacy and toxicity. Parabacteroides merdae GUS was identified as an abundant mini-Loop 2 (mL2) type GUS enzyme in the Human Microbiome Project gut metagenomic database. Here, we report the crystal structure of P. merdae GUS and highlight the differences between this enzyme and extant structures of gut microbial GUS proteins. We find that P. merdae GUS exhibits a distinct tetrameric quaternary structure and that the mL2 motif traces a unique path within the active site, which also includes two arginines distinctive to this GUS. We observe two states of the P. merdae GUS active site; a loop repositions itself by more than 50 Å to place a functionally-relevant residue into the enzyme's catalytic site. Finally, we find that P. merdae GUS is able to bind to homo and heteropolymers of the polysaccharide alginic acid. Together, these data broaden our understanding of the structural and functional diversity in the GUS family of enzymes present in the human gut microbiome and point to specialization as an important feature of microbial GUS orthologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Little
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina27599‐3290
| | - Samantha M. Ervin
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina27599‐3290
| | - William G. Walton
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina27599‐3290
| | - Ashutosh Tripathy
- Department of Biochemistry & BiophysicsUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina27599‐3290
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Medicinal ChemistryUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina27599‐3290
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Medicinal ChemistryUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina27599‐3290
| | - Matthew R. Redinbo
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina27599‐3290
- Department of Biochemistry & BiophysicsUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina27599‐3290
- Department of Microbiology & ImmunologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina27599‐3290
- The Integrated Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina27599‐3290
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15
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Pellock SJ, Walton WG, Biernat KA, Torres-Rivera D, Creekmore BC, Xu Y, Liu J, Tripathy A, Stewart LJ, Redinbo MR. Three structurally and functionally distinct β-glucuronidases from the human gut microbe Bacteroides uniformis. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:18559-18573. [PMID: 30301767 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycoside hydrolases encoded by the human gut microbiome play an integral role in processing a variety of exogenous and endogenous glycoconjugates. Here we present three structurally and functionally distinct β-glucuronidase (GUS) glycoside hydrolases from a single human gut commensal microbe, Bacteroides uniformis We show using nine crystal structures, biochemical, and biophysical data that whereas these three proteins share similar overall folds, they exhibit different structural features that create three structurally and functionally unique enzyme active sites. Notably, quaternary structure plays an important role in creating distinct active site features that are hard to predict via structural modeling methods. The enzymes display differential processing capabilities toward glucuronic acid-containing polysaccharides and SN-38-glucuronide, a metabolite of the cancer drug irinotecan. We also demonstrate that GUS-specific and nonselective inhibitors exhibit varying potencies toward each enzyme. Together, these data highlight the diversity of GUS enzymes within a single Bacteroides gut commensal and advance our understanding of how structural details impact the specific roles microbial enzymes play in processing drug-glucuronide and glycan substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yongmei Xu
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, and
| | - Jian Liu
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, and
| | | | - Lance J Stewart
- the Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Matthew R Redinbo
- From the Departments of Chemistry, .,Biochemistry and Biophysics, and.,the Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 and
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16
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Yauw ST, Arron M, Lomme RM, van den Broek P, Greupink R, Bhatt AP, Redinbo MR, van Goor H. Microbial Glucuronidase Inhibition Reduces Severity of Diclofenac-Induced Anastomotic Leak in Rats. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2018; 19:417-423. [PMID: 29624485 PMCID: PMC5961743 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2017.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac has been associated with intestinal anastomotic leakage, although the underlying pathophysiology is unclear. Previous data suggest that reactivation of biliary diclofenac metabolites by microbial β-glucuronidases in the gut plays a role in harming the intestinal mucosa, and that microbiome-targeted glucuronidase inhibition prevents this damage. Here, the microbial glucuronidase inhibitor Inh1 was examined for its ability to reduce diclofenac-induced anastomotic leakage in rats. METHODS Ninety male Wistar rats were allocated to five groups. In the two diclofenac groups, group DCF received diclofenac (3 mg/kg per day) and group DCF-Inh1 additionally received 800 mcg/kg per day of glucuronidase inhibitor Inh1 solution orally. In non-diclofenac groups, animals received either Inh1 (800 mcg/kg per day; group Inh1) solution, the vehicle (methylcellulose; group Veh), or no solution (group Ctrl). All solutions were provided from the day of surgery until sacrifice on day three. Plasma concentrations of diclofenac were determined. Outcomes were anastomotic leakage, leak severity, and anastomotic strength. RESULTS Anastomotic leak rates were 89% in group DCF and 44% in group DCF-Inh1 (p = 0.006). Leak severity was reduced in group DCFic-Inh1 (p = 0.029). In non-diclofenac cohorts, mostly minor leakage signs were observed in 25% in group Ctrl, 39% in group Inh1 (0.477), and 24% in group Veh (p = 1.000). Bursting pressure and breaking strength were not significantly different. Plasma concentrations of diclofenac were not changed by Inh1. CONCLUSION Microbial glucuronidase inhibitor reduces diclofenac-induced anastomotic leakage severity, which suggests a harmful effect of diclofenac metabolite reactivation in the gut. This finding improves the understanding of the pathogenesis of anastomotic leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon T.K. Yauw
- Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Melissa Arron
- Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roger M.L.M. Lomme
- Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Petra van den Broek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Greupink
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Aadra P. Bhatt
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Matthew R. Redinbo
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Harry van Goor
- Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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17
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Structural basis for the regulation of β-glucuronidase expression by human gut Enterobacteriaceae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 115:E152-E161. [PMID: 29269393 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1716241115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota harbor diverse β-glucuronidase (GUS) enzymes that liberate glucuronic acid (GlcA) sugars from small-molecule conjugates and complex carbohydrates. However, only the Enterobacteriaceae family of human gut-associated Proteobacteria maintain a GUS operon under the transcriptional control of a glucuronide repressor, GusR. Despite its potential importance in Escherichia, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Shigella, and Yersinia opportunistic pathogens, the structure of GusR has not been examined. Here, we explore the molecular basis for GusR-mediated regulation of GUS expression in response to small-molecule glucuronides. Presented are 2.1-Å-resolution crystal structures of GusRs from Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica in complexes with a glucuronide ligand. The GusR-specific DNA operator site in the regulatory region of the E. coli GUS operon is identified, and structure-guided GusR mutants pinpoint the residues essential for DNA binding and glucuronide recognition. Interestingly, the endobiotic estradiol-17-glucuronide and the xenobiotic indomethacin-acyl-glucuronide are found to exhibit markedly differential binding to these GusR orthologs. Using structure-guided mutations, we are able to transfer E. coli GusR's preferential DNA and glucuronide binding affinity to S. enterica GusR. Structures of putative GusR orthologs from GUS-encoding Firmicutes species also reveal functionally unique features of the Enterobacteriaceae GusRs. Finally, dominant-negative GusR variants are validated in cell-based studies. These data provide a molecular framework toward understanding the control of glucuronide utilization by opportunistic pathogens in the human gut.
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18
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Pollet RM, D'Agostino EH, Walton WG, Xu Y, Little MS, Biernat KA, Pellock SJ, Patterson LM, Creekmore BC, Isenberg HN, Bahethi RR, Bhatt AP, Liu J, Gharaibeh RZ, Redinbo MR. An Atlas of β-Glucuronidases in the Human Intestinal Microbiome. Structure 2017; 25:967-977.e5. [PMID: 28578872 PMCID: PMC5533298 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Microbiome-encoded β-glucuronidase (GUS) enzymes play important roles in human health by metabolizing drugs in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The numbers, types, and diversity of these proteins in the human GI microbiome, however, remain undefined. We present an atlas of GUS enzymes comprehensive for the Human Microbiome Project GI database. We identify 3,013 total and 279 unique microbiome-encoded GUS proteins clustered into six unique structural categories. We assign their taxonomy, assess cellular localization, reveal the inter-individual variability within the 139 individuals sampled, and discover 112 novel microbial GUS enzymes. A representative in vitro panel of the most common GUS proteins by read abundances highlights structural and functional variabilities within the family, including their differential processing of smaller glucuronides and larger carbohydrates. These data provide a sequencing-to-molecular roadmap for examining microbiome-encoded enzymes essential to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Pollet
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Emma H D'Agostino
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - William G Walton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michael S Little
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kristen A Biernat
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Samuel J Pellock
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Loraine M Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Benjamin C Creekmore
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hanna N Isenberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rohini R Bahethi
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Aadra P Bhatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Raad Z Gharaibeh
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Matthew R Redinbo
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Departments of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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19
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An in silico pan-genomic probe for the molecular traits behind Lactobacillus ruminis gut autochthony. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175541. [PMID: 28414739 PMCID: PMC5393609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As an ecological niche, the mammalian intestine provides the ideal habitat for a variety of bacterial microorganisms. Purportedly, some commensal genera and species offer a beneficial mix of metabolic, protective, and structural processes that help sustain the natural digestive health of the host. Among these sort of gut inhabitants is the Gram-positive lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus ruminis, a strict anaerobe with both pili and flagella on its cell surface, but also known for being autochthonous (indigenous) to the intestinal environment. Given that the molecular basis of gut autochthony for this species is largely unexplored and unknown, we undertook a study at the genome level to pinpoint some of the adaptive traits behind its colonization behavior. In our pan-genomic probe of L. ruminis, the genomes of nine different strains isolated from human, bovine, porcine, and equine host guts were compiled and compared for in silico analysis. For this, we conducted a geno-phenotypic assessment of protein-coding genes, with an emphasis on those products involved with cell-surface morphology and anaerobic fermentation and respiration. We also categorized and examined the core and accessory genes that define the L. ruminis species and its strains. Here, we made an attempt to identify those genes having ecologically relevant phenotypes that might support or bring about intestinal indigenousness.
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20
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Remote Sensing between Liver and Intestine: Importance of Microbial Metabolites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 3:101-113. [PMID: 28983453 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-017-0087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent technological advancements including metagenomics sequencing and metabolomics have allowed the discovery of critical functions of gut microbiota in obesity, malnutrition, neurological disorders, asthma, and xenobiotic metabolism. Classification of the human gut microbiome into distinct "enterotypes" has been proposed to serve as a new paradigm for understanding the interplay between microbial variation and human disease phenotypes, as many organs are affected by gut microbiota modifications during the pathogenesis of diseases. Gut microbiota remotely interacts with liver and other metabolic organs of the host through various microbial metabolites that are absorbed into the systemic circulation. PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review summarizes recent literature regarding the importance of gut microbiota in modulating the physiological and pathological responses of various host organs, and describes the functions of the known microbial metabolites that are involved in this remote sensing process, with a primary focus on the gut microbiota-liver axis. RECENT FINDINGS Under physiological conditions, gut microbiota modulates the hepatic transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome, most notably down-regulating cytochrome P450 3a mediated xenobiotic metabolism. Gut microbiome also modulates the rhythmicity in liver gene expression, likely through microbial metabolites, such as butyrate and propionate that serve as epigenetic modifiers. Additionally, the production of host hormones such as primary bile acids and glucagon like peptide 1 is altered by gut microbiota to modify intermediary metabolism of the host. SUMMARY Dysregulation of gut microbiota is implicated in various liver diseases such as alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, liver cirrhosis, cholangitis, and liver cancer. Gut microbiota modifiers such as probiotics and prebiotics are increasingly recognized as novel therapeutic modalities for liver and other types of human diseases.
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21
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Kurashima Y, Kiyono H. Mucosal Ecological Network of Epithelium and Immune Cells for Gut Homeostasis and Tissue Healing. Annu Rev Immunol 2017; 35:119-147. [PMID: 28125357 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial barrier includes columnar epithelial, Paneth, goblet, enteroendocrine, and tuft cells as well as other cell populations, all of which contribute properties essential for gastrointestinal homeostasis. The intestinal mucosa is covered by mucin, which contains antimicrobial peptides and secretory IgA and prevents luminal bacteria, fungi, and viruses from stimulating intestinal immune responses. Conversely, the transport of luminal microorganisms-mediated by M, dendritic, and goblet cells-into intestinal tissues facilitates the harmonization of active and quiescent mucosal immune responses. The bacterial population within gut-associated lymphoid tissues creates the intratissue cohabitations for harmonized mucosal immunity. Intermolecular and intercellular communication among epithelial, immune, and mesenchymal cells creates an environment conducive for epithelial regeneration and mucosal healing. This review summarizes the so-called intestinal mucosal ecological network-the complex but vital molecular and cellular interactions of epithelial mesenchymal cells, immune cells, and commensal microbiota that achieve intestinal homeostasis, regeneration, and healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Kurashima
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; .,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.,Department of Mucosal Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.,Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.,Chiba University-UC San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccine, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; .,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Chiba University-UC San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccine, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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22
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Mani S. Microbiota and Breast Cancer. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 151:217-229. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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23
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Enright EF, Gahan CG, Joyce SA, Griffin BT. The Impact of the Gut Microbiota on Drug Metabolism and Clinical Outcome. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 89:375-382. [PMID: 27698621 PMCID: PMC5045146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The significance of the gut microbiota as a determinant of drug pharmacokinetics and accordingly therapeutic response is of increasing importance with the advent of modern medicines characterised by low solubility and/or permeability, or modified-release. These physicochemical properties and release kinetics prolong drug residence times within the gastrointestinal tract, wherein biotransformation by commensal microbes can occur. As the evidence base in support of this supplementary metabolic "organ" expands, novel opportunities to engineer the microbiota for clinical benefit have emerged. This review provides an overview of microbe-mediated alteration of drug pharmacokinetics, with particular emphasis on studies demonstrating proof of concept in vivo. Additionally, recent advances in modulating the microbiota to improve clinical response to therapeutics are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine F. Enright
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Cormac G.M. Gahan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Cormac G.M. Gahan,
| | - Susan A. Joyce
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,School of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Brendan T. Griffin
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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24
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Irinotecan- and 5-fluorouracil-induced intestinal mucositis: insights into pathogenesis and therapeutic perspectives. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2016; 78:881-893. [PMID: 27590709 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-016-3139-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intestinal mucositis and diarrhea are common manifestations of anticancer regimens that include irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and other cytotoxic drugs. These side effects negatively impact therapeutic outcomes and delay subsequent cycles of chemotherapy, resulting in dose reductions and treatment discontinuation. Here, we aimed to review the experimental evidence regarding possible new targets for the management of irinotecan- and 5-FU-related intestinal mucositis. METHODS A literature search was performed using the PubMed and MEDLINE databases. No publication time limit was set for article inclusion. RESULTS Here, we found that clinical management of intestinal mucositis and diarrhea is somewhat ineffective at reducing symptoms, possibly due to a lack of specific targets for modulation. We observed that IL-1β contributes to the apoptosis of enterocytes in mucositis induced by 5-FU. However, 5-FU-related mucositis is far less thoroughly investigated with regard to specific molecular targets when compared to irinotecan-related disease. Several studies have proposed that a correlation exists between the intestinal microbiota, the enterohepatic recirculation of active metabolites of irinotecan, and the establishment of mucositis. However, as reviewed here, this association seems to be controversial. In addition, the pathogenesis of irinotecan-induced mucositis appears to be orchestrated by interleukin-1/Toll-like receptor family members, leading to epithelial cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-33 and the receptors IL-1R, IL-18R, ST2, and TLR-2 are potential therapeutic targets that can be modulated to minimize anticancer agent-associated toxicity, optimize cancer treatment dosing, and improve clinical outcomes. In this context, the pathogenesis of mucositis caused by other anticancer agents should be further investigated.
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25
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Gilbert JA, Quinn RA, Debelius J, Xu ZZ, Morton J, Garg N, Jansson JK, Dorrestein PC, Knight R. Microbiome-wide association studies link dynamic microbial consortia to disease. Nature 2016; 535:94-103. [PMID: 27383984 DOI: 10.1038/nature18850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rapid advances in DNA sequencing, metabolomics, proteomics and computational tools are dramatically increasing access to the microbiome and identification of its links with disease. In particular, time-series studies and multiple molecular perspectives are facilitating microbiome-wide association studies, which are analogous to genome-wide association studies. Early findings point to actionable outcomes of microbiome-wide association studies, although their clinical application has yet to be approved. An appreciation of the complexity of interactions among the microbiome and the host's diet, chemistry and health, as well as determining the frequency of observations that are needed to capture and integrate this dynamic interface, is paramount for developing precision diagnostics and therapies that are based on the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A Gilbert
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Robert A Quinn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.,Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.,Center for Microbiome Innovation, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Justine Debelius
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Zhenjiang Z Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - James Morton
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Neha Garg
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.,Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Janet K Jansson
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - Pieter C Dorrestein
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.,Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.,Center for Microbiome Innovation, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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26
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From Hype to Hope: The Gut Microbiota in Enteric Infectious Disease. Cell 2016; 163:1326-32. [PMID: 26638069 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the clearest functions of the gut microbiota in humans is resistance to colonization by enteric bacterial pathogens. Reconstitution of the microbiota offers an exciting therapeutic approach, but great challenges must be overcome.
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27
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Spanogiannopoulos P, Bess EN, Carmody RN, Turnbaugh PJ. The microbial pharmacists within us: a metagenomic view of xenobiotic metabolism. Nat Rev Microbiol 2016; 14:273-87. [PMID: 26972811 PMCID: PMC5243131 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although the importance of human genetic polymorphisms in therapeutic outcomes is well established, the role of our 'second genome' (the microbiome) has been largely overlooked. In this Review, we highlight recent studies that have shed light on the mechanisms that link the human gut microbiome to the efficacy and toxicity of xenobiotics, including drugs, dietary compounds and environmental toxins. Continued progress in this area could enable more precise tools for predicting patient responses and for the development of a new generation of therapeutics based on, or targeted at, the gut microbiome. Indeed, the admirable goal of precision medicine may require us to first understand the microbial pharmacists within.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Spanogiannopoulos
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, G.W. Hooper Foundation, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Elizabeth N. Bess
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, G.W. Hooper Foundation, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Rachel N. Carmody
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, G.W. Hooper Foundation, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Peter J. Turnbaugh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, G.W. Hooper Foundation, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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28
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Wallace BD, Roberts AB, Pollet RM, Ingle JD, Biernat KA, Pellock SJ, Venkatesh MK, Guthrie L, O'Neal SK, Robinson SJ, Dollinger M, Figueroa E, McShane SR, Cohen RD, Jin J, Frye SV, Zamboni WC, Pepe-Ranney C, Mani S, Kelly L, Redinbo MR. Structure and Inhibition of Microbiome β-Glucuronidases Essential to the Alleviation of Cancer Drug Toxicity. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2015; 22:1238-49. [PMID: 26364932 PMCID: PMC4575908 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The selective inhibition of bacterial β-glucuronidases was recently shown to alleviate drug-induced gastrointestinal toxicity in mice, including the damage caused by the widely used anticancer drug irinotecan. Here, we report crystal structures of representative β-glucuronidases from the Firmicutes Streptococcus agalactiae and Clostridium perfringens and the Proteobacterium Escherichia coli, and the characterization of a β-glucuronidase from the Bacteroidetes Bacteroides fragilis. While largely similar in structure, these enzymes exhibit marked differences in catalytic properties and propensities for inhibition, indicating that the microbiome maintains functional diversity in orthologous enzymes. Small changes in the structure of designed inhibitors can induce significant conformational changes in the β-glucuronidase active site. Finally, we establish that β-glucuronidase inhibition does not alter the serum pharmacokinetics of irinotecan or its metabolites in mice. Together, the data presented advance our in vitro and in vivo understanding of the microbial β-glucuronidases, a promising new set of targets for controlling drug-induced gastrointestinal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret D Wallace
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - Adam B Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - Rebecca M Pollet
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - James D Ingle
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - Kristen A Biernat
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - Samuel J Pellock
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | | | - Leah Guthrie
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Sara K O'Neal
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - Sara J Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - Makani Dollinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - Esteban Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - Sarah R McShane
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - Rachel D Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - Jian Jin
- Department of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - Stephen V Frye
- Department of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - William C Zamboni
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - Charles Pepe-Ranney
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Sridhar Mani
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Libusha Kelly
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Matthew R Redinbo
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA.
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29
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Barton W, Shanahan F, Cotter PD, O'Sullivan O. The metabolic role of the microbiota. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2015; 5:91-93. [PMID: 31040958 PMCID: PMC6490471 DOI: 10.1002/cld.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wiley Barton
- Teagasc Food Research CentreMoorepark, FermoyCorkIreland,Department of MedicineUniversity College CorkIreland
| | - Fergus Shanahan
- Department of MedicineUniversity College CorkIreland,Alimentary Pharmabiotic CentreCorkIreland
| | - Paul D. Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research CentreMoorepark, FermoyCorkIreland,Alimentary Pharmabiotic CentreCorkIreland
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30
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Vasilyeva A, Durmus S, Li L, Wagenaar E, Hu S, Gibson AA, Panetta JC, Mani S, Sparreboom A, Baker SD, Schinkel AH. Hepatocellular Shuttling and Recirculation of Sorafenib-Glucuronide Is Dependent on Abcc2, Abcc3, and Oatp1a/1b. Cancer Res 2015; 75:2729-36. [PMID: 25952649 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently, an efficient liver detoxification process dubbed "hepatocyte hopping" was proposed on the basis of findings with the endogenous compound, bilirubin glucuronide. According to this model, hepatocytic bilirubin glucuronide can follow a liver-to-blood shuttling loop via Abcc3 transporter-mediated efflux and subsequent Oatp1a/1b-mediated liver uptake. We hypothesized that glucuronide conjugates of xenobiotics, such as the anticancer drug sorafenib, can also undergo hepatocyte hopping. Using transporter-deficient mouse models, we show here that sorafenib-glucuronide can be extruded from hepatocytes into the bile by Abcc2 or back into the systemic circulation by Abcc3, and that it can be taken up efficiently again into neighboring hepatocytes by Oatp1a/1b. We further demonstrate that sorafenib-glucuronide excreted into the gut lumen can be cleaved by microbial enzymes to sorafenib, which is then reabsorbed, supporting its persistence in the systemic circulation. Our results suggest broad relevance of a hepatocyte shuttling process known as "hepatocyte hopping"-a novel concept in clinical pharmacology-for detoxification of targeted cancer drugs that undergo hepatic glucuronidation, such as sorafenib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aksana Vasilyeva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Selvi Durmus
- Division of Molecular Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lie Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Els Wagenaar
- Division of Molecular Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Shuiying Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Alice A Gibson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - John C Panetta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Sridhar Mani
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Alex Sparreboom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Sharyn D Baker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
| | - Alfred H Schinkel
- Division of Molecular Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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31
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Redinbo MR. The microbiota, chemical symbiosis, and human disease. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:3877-91. [PMID: 25305474 PMCID: PMC4252811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of mammalian-microbial mutualism has expanded by combing microbial sequencing with evolving molecular and cellular methods, as well as unique model systems. Here, the recent literature linking the microbiota to diseases of three of the key mammalian mucosal epithelial compartments-nasal, lung, and gastrointestinal tract-is reviewed with a focus on new knowledge about the taxa, species, proteins, and chemistry that promote health and impact progression toward disease. The information presented is further organized by specific diseases now associated with the microbiota: Staphylococcus aureus infection and rhinosinusitis in the nasal-sinus mucosa, as well as cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, and asthma in the pulmonary tissues. For the vast and microbially dynamic gastrointestinal compartment, several disorders are considered, including obesity, atherosclerosis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, drug toxicity, and even autism. Our appreciation of the chemical symbiosis ongoing between human systems and the microbiota continues to grow and suggests new opportunities for modulating this symbiosis using designed interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Redinbo
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Arts and Sciences, Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA.
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32
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Dhakal K, Uwimana E, Adamcakova-Dodd A, Thorne PS, Lehmler HJ, Robertson LW. Disposition of phenolic and sulfated metabolites after inhalation exposure to 4-chlorobiphenyl (PCB3) in female rats. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1411-20. [PMID: 24988477 PMCID: PMC4137987 DOI: 10.1021/tx500150h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PCBs, such as PCB3, are air contaminants in buildings and outdoors. Metabolites of PCB3 are potential endocrine disrupting chemicals and genotoxic agents. We studied the disposition of phenolic and sulfated metabolites after acute nose-only inhalation exposure to airborne PCB3 for 2 h in female rats. Inhalation exposure was carried out in three groups. In the first group, rats exposed to an estimated dose of 26 μg/rat were euthanized at 0, 1, 2, and 4 h after exposure. Highest concentrations of phenols and sulfates were observed at 0 h, and the values were 7 ± 1 and 560 ± 60 ng/mL in serum, 213 ± 120 and 842 ± 80 ng/g in liver, 31 ± 27 and 22 ± 7 ng/g in lung, and 27 ± 6 and 3 ± 0 ng/g in brain, respectively. First-order serum clearance half-lives of 0.5 h for phenols and 1 h for sulfates were estimated. In the second group, rats exposed to an estimated dose of 35 μg/rat were transferred to metabolism cages immediately after exposure for the collection of urine and feces over 24 h. Approximately 45 ± 5% of the dose was recovered from urine and consisted mostly of sulfates; the 18 ± 5% of the dose recovered from feces was exclusively phenols. Unchanged PCB3 was detected in both urine and feces but accounted for only 5 ± 3% of the dose. Peak excretion of metabolites in both urine and feces occurred within 18 h postexposure. In the third group, three bile-cannulated rats exposed to an estimated dose of 277 μg/rat were used for bile collection. Bile was collected for 4 h immediately after 2 h exposure. Biliary metabolites consisted mostly of sulfates, some glucuronides, and lower amounts of the free phenols. Control rats in each group were exposed to clean air. Clinical serum chemistry values, serum T4 level, and urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine were similar in treated and control rats. These data show that PCB3 is rapidly metabolized to phenols and conjugated to sulfates after inhalation and that both of these metabolites are distributed to liver, lungs, and brain. The sulfates elaborated into bile are either reabsorbed or hydrolyzed in the intestine and excreted in the feces as phenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Dhakal
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology and ‡Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242-5000, United States
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