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Tavkhelidze A, Buck-Sorlin G, Kurth W. Modeling Xylem Functionality Aspects. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2722:35-49. [PMID: 37897598 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3477-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Depending on the questions to be answered, water flow in the xylem can be modelled following different approaches with varying spatial and temporal resolution. When focussing on the influence of hydraulic architecture upon flow dynamics, distribution of water potentials in a tree crown or questions of vulnerability of the hydraulic system, functional-structural plant models, which link representations of morphological structure with simulated processes and with a virtual environment, can be a promising tool. Such a model will then include a network of idealized xylem segments, each representing the conducting part of a stem or branch segment, and a numerical machinery suitable for solving a system of differential equations on it reflecting the hydrodynamic laws, which are the basis of the broadly accepted cohesion-tension theory of water flow in plants. We will discuss functional-structural plant models, the simplifications that are useful for hydraulic simulations within this framework, the deduction of the used differential equations from basic physical conservation laws, and their numerical solution, as well as additional necessary models of radiation, photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance. In some supplementary notes, we are shortly addressing some related questions, for example, about root systems or about the relation between macro-scale hydraulic parameters and fine-grained (anatomical) xylem structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerhard Buck-Sorlin
- IRHS, INRAE, Institut Agro Rennes-Angers, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
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Šleglová K, Brichta J, Bílek L, Surový P. Measuring the Canopy Architecture of Young Vegetation Using the Fastrak Polhemus 3D Digitizer. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 24:109. [PMID: 38202971 PMCID: PMC10781307 DOI: 10.3390/s24010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
In the context of climate change conditions, addressing the shifting composition of forest stands and changes in traditional forest management practices are necessary. For this purpose, understanding the biomass allocation directly influenced by crown architecture is crucial. In this paper, we want to demonstrate the possibility of 3D mensuration of canopy architecture with the digitizer sensor Fastrak Polhemus and demonstrate its capability for assessing important structural information for forest purposes. Scots pine trees were chosen for this purpose, as it is the most widespread tree species in Europe, which, paradoxically, is very negatively affected by climate change. In our study, we examined young trees since the architecture of young trees influences their growth potential. In order to get the most accurate measurement of tree architecture, we evaluated the use of the Fastrak Polhemus magnetic digitizer to create a 3D model of individual trees and perform a subsequent statistical analysis of the data obtained. It was found that the stand density affects the number of branches in different orders and the heights of the trees in the process of natural regeneration. Regarding the branches, in our case, the highest number of branch orders was found in the clear-cut areas (density = 0.0), whereas the lowest branching was on-site with mature stands (density = 0.8). The results showed that the intensity of branching (assessed as the number of third-order branches) depends on the total number of branches of the tree of different branch orders but also on stand density where the tree is growing. An important finding in this study was the negative correlation between the tree branching and the tree height. The growth in height is lower when the branching expansion is higher. Similar data could be obtained with Lidar sensors. However, the occlusion due to the complexity of the tree crown would impede the information from being complete when using the magnetic digitizer. These results provide vital information for the creation of structural-functional models, which can be used to predict and estimate future tree growth and carbon fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter Surový
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.Š.); (J.B.); (L.B.)
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Zhang X, Li B, Peñuelas J, Sardans J, Cheng D, Yu H, Zhong Q. Resource-acquisitive species have greater plasticity in leaf functional traits than resource-conservative species in response to nitrogen addition in subtropical China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166177. [PMID: 37572896 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
The evergreen broad-leaf forest is subtropical zonal vegetation in China, and its species diversity and stability are crucial for maintaining forest ecosystem functions. The region is generally affected by global changes such as high levels of nitrogen deposition. Therefore, it is critical to determine the adaptation strategies of subtropical dominant species under nitrogen addition. Here, we conducted two-year field experiments with nitrogen addition levels as 0 kg N ha-1 yr-1 (CK), 50 kg N ha-1 yr-1 (LN) and 100 kg N ha-1 yr-1 (HN). We investigated the effects of nitrogen addition on leaf functional traits (including nutrition, structural and physiological characteristics) of five dominant species in subtropical evergreen broad-leaf forest. Results suggested that the effect of nitrogen addition on leaf functional traits was species-specific. Contrary to Rhododendron delavayi and Eurya muricata, Quercus glauca, Schima superba and Castanopsis eyrei all responded more to the HN treatment than LN treatment. Compared to other leaf functional traits, leaf anatomical structure traits had the highest average plasticity (0.246), and the relative effect of leaf photosynthetic property was highest (7.785) under N addition. Among the five species, S. superba was highest in terms of the index of plasticity for leaf functional traits under nitrogen addition, followed by Q. glauca, E. muricata, C. eyrei and R. delavayi. The major leaf functional traits representing the economic spectrum of leaves (LES) showed resource acquisitive strategy (high SLA, LNC, LPC, Pn) and conservative strategy (high LTD, LDMC, C/N) clustering on the opposite ends of the PCA axis. The PCA analysis indicated that species with high leaf plasticity adopt resource acquisitive strategy (S. superba and Q. glauca), whereas species with low leaf plasticity adopt resource conservative strategy (E. muricata, C. eyrei and R. delavayi). In aggregate, resource-acquisitive species benefit from nitrogen addition more than resource-conservative species, suggesting that S. superba and Q. glauca will occupy the dominant position in community succession under persistently elevated nitrogen deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350007, China; College of Geographical Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350007, China
| | - Baoyin Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350007, China; College of Geographical Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350007, China; State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province funded), Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350007, China
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- Global Ecology Unit, CSIC, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; CREAF, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Sardans
- Global Ecology Unit, CSIC, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; CREAF, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Dongliang Cheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350007, China; College of Geographical Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350007, China; State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province funded), Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350007, China
| | - Hua Yu
- Ocean College, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350007, China
| | - Quanlin Zhong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350007, China; College of Geographical Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350007, China; State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province funded), Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350007, China.
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Meristem dormancy in Marchantia polymorpha is regulated by a liverwort-specific miRNA and a clade III SPL gene. Curr Biol 2023; 33:660-674.e4. [PMID: 36696899 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The shape of modular organisms depends on the branching architecture, which in plants is determined by the fates of generative centers called meristems. The branches of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha are derived from two adjacent meristems that develop at thallus apices. These meristems may be active and develop branches or may be dormant and do not form branches. The relative number and position of active and dormant meristems define the overall shape and form of the thallus. We show that the clade III SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) transcription factor MpSPL1 is required for meristem dormancy. The activity of MpSPL1 is regulated by the liverwort-specific Mpo-MR13 miRNA, which, in turn, is regulated by PIF-mediated signaling. An unrelated PIF-regulated miRNA, MIR156, represses a different SPL gene (belonging to clade IV) that inhibits branching during the shade avoidance response in Arabidopsis thaliana. This suggests that a conserved light signaling mechanism modulates branching architecture in liverworts and angiosperms and therefore is likely operated in the last common ancestor. However, PIF-mediated signaling represses the expression of different miRNA genes with different SPL targets during dichotomous, apical branching in liverworts and during lateral, subapical branching in angiosperms. We speculate that the mechanism that acts downstream of light and regulates meristem dormancy evolved independently in liverworts and angiosperms.
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Ji Y, Chen X, Lin S, Traw MB, Tian D, Yang S, Wang L, Huang J. High level of somatic mutations detected in a diploid banana wild relative Musa basjoo. Mol Genet Genomics 2023; 298:67-77. [PMID: 36283995 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-022-01959-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants are thought to lack an early segregating germline and often retain both asexual and sexual reproduction, both of which may allow somatic mutations to enter the gametes or clonal progeny, and thereby impact plant evolution. It is yet unclear how often these somatic mutations occur during plant development and what proportion is transmitted to their sexual or cloned offspring. Asexual "seedless" propagation has contributed greatly to the breeding in many fruit crops, such as citrus, grapes and bananas. Whether plants in these lineages experience substantial somatic mutation accumulation is unknown. To estimate the somatic mutation accumulation and inheritance among a clonal population of plant, here we assess somatic mutation accumulation in Musa basjoo, a diploid banana wild relative, using 30 whole-genome resequenced samples collected from five structures, including leaves, sheaths, panicle, roots and underground rhizome connecting three clonal individuals. We observed 18.5 high proportion de novo somatic mutations on average between each two adjacent clonal suckers, equivalent to ~ 2.48 × 10-8 per site per asexual generation, higher than the per site per sexual generation rates (< 1 × 10-8) reported in Arabidopsis and peach. Interestingly, most of these inter-ramet somatic mutations were shared simultaneously in different tissues of the same individual with a high level of variant allele fractions, suggesting that these somatic mutations arise early in ramet development and that each individual may develop only from a few apical stem cells. These results thus suggest substantial mutation accumulation in a wild relative of banana. Our work reveals the significance of somatic mutation in Musa basjoo genetics variations and contribute to the trait improvement breeding of bananas and other asexual clonal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaonan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengqiu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Milton Brian Traw
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dacheng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sihai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ju Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Bioinformatics Center, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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Arnold PA, Wang S, Catling AA, Kruuk LEB, Nicotra AB. Patterns of phenotypic plasticity along a thermal gradient differ by trait type in an alpine plant. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter A. Arnold
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Shuo Wang
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology Shenyang Agricultural University Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110866 China
| | - Alexandra A. Catling
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Loeske E. B. Kruuk
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3FL UK
| | - Adrienne B. Nicotra
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
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Guédon Y, Caraglio Y, Granier C, Lauri PÉ, Muller B. Identifying Developmental Patterns in Structured Plant Phenotyping Data. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2395:199-225. [PMID: 34822155 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1816-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Technological breakthroughs concerning both sensors and robotized plant phenotyping platforms have totally renewed the plant phenotyping paradigm in the last two decades. This has impacted both the nature and the throughput of data with the availability of data at high-throughput from the tissular to the whole plant scale. Sensor outputs often take the form of 2D or 3D images or time series of such images from which traits are extracted while organ shapes, shoot or root system architectures can be deduced. Despite this change of paradigm, many phenotyping studies often ignore the structure of the plant and therefore loose the information conveyed by the temporal and spatial patterns emerging from this structure. The developmental patterns of plants often take the form of succession of well-differentiated phases, stages or zones depending on the temporal, spatial or topological indexing of data. This entails the use of hierarchical statistical models for their identification.The objective here is to show potential approaches for analyzing structured plant phenotyping data using state-of-the-art methods combining probabilistic modeling, statistical inference and pattern recognition. This approach is illustrated using five different examples at various scales that combine temporal and topological index parameters, and development and growth variables obtained using prospective or retrospective measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Guédon
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Yves Caraglio
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France.
| | - Christine Granier
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre-Éric Lauri
- ABSys, Univ Montpellier, CIHEAM-IAMM, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Bertrand Muller
- LEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
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O’Sullivan H, Raumonen P, Kaitaniemi P, Perttunen J, Sievänen R. Integrating terrestrial laser scanning with functional-structural plant models to investigate ecological and evolutionary processes of forest communities. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 128:663-684. [PMID: 34610091 PMCID: PMC8557364 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Woody plants (trees and shrubs) play an important role in terrestrial ecosystems, but their size and longevity make them difficult subjects for traditional experiments. In the last 20 years functional-structural plant models (FSPMs) have evolved: they consider the interplay between plant modular structure, the immediate environment and internal functioning. However, computational constraints and data deficiency have long been limiting factors in a broader application of FSPMs, particularly at the scale of forest communities. Recently, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), has emerged as an invaluable tool for capturing the 3-D structure of forest communities, thus opening up exciting opportunities to explore and predict forest dynamics with FSPMs. SCOPE The potential synergies between TLS-derived data and FSPMs have yet to be fully explored. Here, we summarize recent developments in FSPM and TLS research, with a specific focus on woody plants. We then evaluate the emerging opportunities for applying FSPMs in an ecological and evolutionary context, in light of TLS-derived data, with particular consideration of the challenges posed by scaling up from individual trees to whole forests. Finally, we propose guidelines for incorporating TLS data into the FSPM workflow to encourage overlap of practice amongst researchers. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that TLS is a feasible tool to help shift FSPMs from an individual-level modelling technique to a community-level one. The ability to scan multiple trees, of multiple species, in a short amount of time, is paramount to gathering the detailed structural information required for parameterizing FSPMs for forest communities. Conventional techniques, such as repeated manual forest surveys, have their limitations in explaining the driving mechanisms behind observed patterns in 3-D forest structure and dynamics. Therefore, other techniques are valuable to explore how forests might respond to environmental change. A robust synthesis between TLS and FSPMs provides the opportunity to virtually explore the spatial and temporal dynamics of forest communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah O’Sullivan
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
| | - Pasi Raumonen
- Mathematics, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 7, FI-33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Pekka Kaitaniemi
- Hyytiälä Forestry Field Station, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Hyytiäläntie 124, FI-35500 Korkeakoski, Finland
| | - Jari Perttunen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanontie 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
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Cazalis R, Cottam R. An approach to the plant body: Assessing concrete and abstract aspects. Biosystems 2021; 207:104461. [PMID: 34166731 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2021.104461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The paper aims at proposing a representation of plants as individuals. The first section selects the population of plants to which this study is addressed. The second section describes the effective architecture of plants as modular systems with fixed and mobile elements, in other words, plants and their extensions. The third section presents how plants integrate the fixed and mobile modules into functional units through three areas of particular relevance to plant growth and development: nutrition, defence and pollination. Based on the tangible elements introduced in the previous sections, the fourth section presents the main issue of the proposal which is not apparent at first glance, namely, the local-global relationship in plants' architecture that determines their individuality as organisms. Finally, in the conclusion, we issue the challenge of developing a collective presentation of plants which satisfies their complementary dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Cazalis
- Dept. of 'Sciences, Philosophies, Societies', ESPHIN, NAXYS, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Ron Cottam
- The Living Systems Project, Department of Electronics and Informatics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.
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Baluška F, Mancuso S. Individuality, self and sociality of vascular plants. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20190760. [PMID: 33550947 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular plants are integrated into coherent bodies via plant-specific synaptic adhesion domains, action potentials (APs) and other means of long-distance signalling running throughout the plant bodies. Plant-specific synapses and APs are proposed to allow plants to generate their self identities having unique ways of sensing and acting as agents with their own goals guiding their future activities. Plants move their organs with a purpose and with obvious awareness of their surroundings and require APs to perform and control these movements. Self-identities allow vascular plants to act as individuals enjoying sociality via their self/non-self-recognition and kin recognition. Flowering plants emerge as cognitive and intelligent organisms when the major strategy is to attract and control their animal pollinators as well as seed dispersers by providing them with food enriched with nutritive and manipulative/addictive compounds. Their goal in interactions with animals is manipulation for reproduction, dispersal and defence. This article is part of the theme issue 'Basal cognition: multicellularity, neurons and the cognitive lens'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Mancuso
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Abstract
Plants and animals are both important for studies in evolutionary developmental biology (EvoDevo). Plant morphology as a valuable discipline of EvoDevo is set for a paradigm shift. Process thinking and the continuum approach in plant morphology allow us to perceive and interpret growing plants as combinations of developmental processes rather than as assemblages of structural units (“organs”) such as roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. These dynamic philosophical perspectives were already favored by botanists and philosophers such as Agnes Arber (1879–1960) and Rolf Sattler (*1936). The acceptance of growing plants as dynamic continua inspires EvoDevo scientists such as developmental geneticists and evolutionary biologists to move towards a more holistic understanding of plants in time and space. This review will appeal to many young scientists in the plant development research fields. It covers a wide range of relevant publications from the past to present.
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12
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Zhang B, DeAngelis DL. An overview of agent-based models in plant biology and ecology. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:539-557. [PMID: 32173742 PMCID: PMC7489105 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Agent-based modelling (ABM) has become an established methodology in many areas of biology, ranging from the cellular to the ecological population and community levels. In plant science, two different scales have predominated in their use of ABM. One is the scale of populations and communities, through the modelling of collections of agents representing individual plants, interacting with each other and with the environment. The other is the scale of the individual plant, through the modelling, by functional-structural plant models (FSPMs), of agents representing plant building blocks, or metamers, to describe the development of plant architecture and functions within individual plants. The purpose of this review is to show key results and parallels in ABM for growth, mortality, carbon allocation, competition and reproduction across the scales from the plant organ to populations and communities on a range of spatial scales to the whole landscape. Several areas of application of ABMs are reviewed, showing that some issues are addressed by both population-level ABMs and FSPMs. Continued increase in the relevance of ABM to environmental science and management will be helped by greater integration of ABMs across these two scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Donald L DeAngelis
- U. S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Davie, FL, USA
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Louarn G, Song Y. Two decades of functional-structural plant modelling: now addressing fundamental questions in systems biology and predictive ecology. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:501-509. [PMID: 32725187 PMCID: PMC7489058 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional-structural plant models (FSPMs) explore and integrate relationships between a plant's structure and processes that underlie its growth and development. In the last 20 years, scientists interested in functional-structural plant modelling have expanded greatly the range of topics covered and now handle dynamical models of growth and development occurring from the microscopic scale, and involving cell division in plant meristems, to the macroscopic scales of whole plants and plant communities. SCOPE The FSPM approach occupies a central position in plant science; it is at the crossroads of fundamental questions in systems biology and predictive ecology. This special issue of Annals of Botany features selected papers on critical areas covered by FSPMs and examples of comprehensive models that are used to solve theoretical and applied questions, ranging from developmental biology to plant phenotyping and management of plants for agronomic purposes. Altogether, they offer an opportunity to assess the progress, gaps and bottlenecks along the research path originally foreseen for FSPMs two decades ago. This review also allows discussion of current challenges of FSPMs regarding (1) integration of multidisciplinary knowledge, (2) methods for handling complex models, (3) standards to achieve interoperability and greater genericity and (4) understanding of plant functioning across scales. CONCLUSIONS This approach has demonstrated considerable progress, but has yet to reach its full potential in terms of integration and heuristic knowledge production. The research agenda of functional-structural plant modellers in the coming years should place a greater emphasis on explaining robust emergent patterns, and on the causes of possible deviation from it. Modelling such patterns could indeed fuel both generic integration across scales and transdisciplinary transfer. In particular, it could be beneficial to emergent fields of research such as model-assisted phenotyping and predictive ecology in managed ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Youhong Song
- Anhui Agricultural University, School of Agronomy, Hefei, Anhui Province, PR China
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14
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CAMPUS-S – The model of ground layer vegetation populations in forest ecosystems and their contribution to the dynamics of carbon and nitrogen. I. Problem formulation and description of the model. Ecol Modell 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Wang YT, Pallas B, Salazar-Gutierrez MR, Costes E, Hoogenboom G. A Comparative Study on the Branching Pattern of Monocyclic and Bicyclic Shoots of Apple cv. "Fuji". FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:571918. [PMID: 32983221 PMCID: PMC7488870 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.571918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of tree architecture results from shoot growth and branching, but their relationship is still not fully understood. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of parent shoot growth characteristics on branching patterns in terms of polycyclism, growth duration (GD), and growth period (GP), considering apple tree as a case study. Weekly shoot growth records were collected from 227 shoots during their second year of growth and the resulting branching patterns from the following year. The branching patterns were compared between the different shoot categories, using hidden semi-Markov models. Our results showed that the branching pattern was similar in bicyclic and monocyclic shoots with a long GD. The number of floral laterals, and the frequency and length of the floral zones, increased with GD. Moreover, a long GD led to strong acrotony, due to the high occurrence of a vegetative zone with long laterals in the distal position of the shoot. In bicyclic shoots, an early GP of the second GU led to more frequent and longer floral zones than a late GP. Therefore, the GD was the strongest driver of the branching pattern, and GP modulated the flowering capacity. The main similarities among shoot categories resulted from the existence of latent buds and floral zones associated with growth cessation periods. Even though flowering was more abundant during the early GP, the positions of floral zones indicated that induction in axillary meristems can also occur late in the season. This study provides new knowledge regarding the relationships between the dynamics of parent shoot growth and axillary meristem fates, with key consequences on flowering abundance and positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Tsui Wang
- AgWeatherNet Program, Washington State University, Prosser, WA, United States
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Prosser, WA, United States
| | - Benoît Pallas
- UMR AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Evelyne Costes
- UMR AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Gerrit Hoogenboom
- AgWeatherNet Program, Washington State University, Prosser, WA, United States
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Bernard C, Compagnoni A, Salguero‐Gómez R. Testing Finch's hypothesis: The role of organismal modularity on the escape from actuarial senescence. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aldo Compagnoni
- Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Leipzig Germany
| | - Roberto Salguero‐Gómez
- Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science University of Queensland St. Lucia QLD Australia
- Evolutionary Demography laboratory Max Plank Institute for Demographic Research Rostock Germany
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17
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Harder LD, Strelin MM, Clocher IC, Kulbaba MW, Aizen MA. The dynamic mosaic phenotypes of flowering plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:1021-1034. [PMID: 31087328 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ecological interaction and adaptation both depend on phenotypic characteristics. In contrast with the common conception of the 'adult' phenotype, plant bodies develop continuously during their lives. Furthermore, the different units (metamers) that comprise plant bodies are not identical copies, but vary extensively within individuals. These characteristics foster recognition of plant phenotypes as dynamic mosaics. We elaborate this conception based largely on a wide-ranging review of developmental, ecological and evolutionary studies of plant reproduction, and identify its utility in the analysis of plant form, function and diversification. An expanded phenotypic conception is warranted because dynamic mosaic features affect plant performance and evolve. Evidence demonstrates that dynamic mosaic phenotypes enable functional ontogeny, division of labour, resource and mating efficiency. In addition, dynamic mosaic features differ between individuals and experience phenotypic selection. Investigation of the characteristics and roles of dynamic and mosaic features of plant phenotypes benefits from considering within-individual variation as a function-valued trait that can be analysed with functional data methods. Phenotypic dynamics and within-individual variation arise despite an individual's genetic uniformity, and develop largely by heterogeneous gene expression and associated hormonal control. These characteristics can be heritable, so that dynamic mosaic phenotypes can evolve and diversify by natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence D Harder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Marina M Strelin
- Grupo de Ecología de la Polinización, INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, 8400, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ecología, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Ilona C Clocher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Mason W Kulbaba
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Marcelo A Aizen
- Grupo de Ecología de la Polinización, INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, 8400, Argentina
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18
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Seidling W. Forest monitoring: Substantiating cause-effect relationships. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 687:610-617. [PMID: 31220715 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of forest condition and tree performance is a long-term activity to provide data, substantiated cause-effects relationships and conclusions for environmental policies and forest management. Within this context the concept of tree and forest health, selection of response and predictor variables and challenges during statistical analyses are addressed. The terms tree and forest health are often used to characterise the performance of trees or the condition of forest ecosystems, however, the actual meanings may differ considerably. For the sake of a more coherent perception of the term health in scientific contexts and taking into account the meaning of disease(s) a more adjusted use of 'health' is recommended. Apart from the role of a working hypothesis, the selection process of meaningful response and predicting parameters is treated. On the response site the focus is on tree-related parameters like radial stem increment, crown condition, and foliar element concentrations. Each parameter reveals problems with specific implications for statistical model building. As drivers chemical properties of deposition, soil solution and soil solid phase, further foliar element concentrations, meteorological and air quality parameters are adduced. Additionally modelled plot-related values derived from external networks can be considered. Multiple regression as one of the core methods calls for unstructured residuals. To find optimal solutions especially in more intensive monitoring programmes with limited numbers of plots and many parameters is a challenge. Longitudinal and time series analyses may offer alternatives and widen the scope. While classical geostatistics may help to control spatial autocorrelation, possibilities to enlarge ecological and climatic gradients due to the inclusion of plots from similar programmes in suitable regions have to be considered as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Seidling
- Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Alfred-Möller-Str. 1, Haus 42/43, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany.
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19
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Hamman EA. Spatial distribution of damage affects the healing, growth, and morphology of coral. Oecologia 2019; 191:621-632. [PMID: 31571039 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04509-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Many predators and herbivores do not kill their prey, but rather remove or damage tissue. Prey are often able to heal or regenerate this lost tissue. If the prey are modular organisms (e.g., some plants and cnidarians), regeneration is frequently influenced by other modules interconnected to damaged ones. For example, many coral predators remove tissue from colonies consisting of many polyps, and these polyps often share resources with their neighbors. Thus, the distribution of tissue loss on a coral colony could affect the coral's response. I hypothesized that spatially aggregated damage might be slow to heal due to competing demands on nearby polyps. To explore the spatial patterns of corallivory and their implications, I conducted: (1) field surveys documenting the spatial distribution of lesions on corals; (2) field experiments testing the effect of the distance between lesions on coral tissue healing, skeletal growth, and morphology; and (3) field surveys relating corallivore presence to coral growth and morphology. In the field surveys, lesions were aggregated at multiple spatial scales, and most lesions had other lesions within 2 cm. When lesions were near one another, coral tissue regeneration was depressed, although there was no effect on whole colony growth. After a year, however, linear extension was lower in the neighborhood of the lesions. Additionally, gastropod corallivores (Coralliophila violacea) with low movement decreased coral growth and increased coral topographical complexity. These results suggest that corallivores that create clusters of coral damage have a greater effect on coral growth and recovery from damage than corallivores that spread damage throughout the colony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Hamman
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, USA.
- Department of Biology, Radford University, Radford, USA.
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20
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Prats-Llinàs MT, López G, Fyhrie K, Pallas B, Guédon Y, Costes E, DeJong TM. Long proleptic and sylleptic shoots in peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) trees have similar, predetermined, maximum numbers of nodes and bud fate patterns. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:993-1004. [PMID: 30605513 PMCID: PMC6589516 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In peach (Prunus persica) trees, three types of shoots can be distinguished depending on the time of their appearance: sylleptic, proleptic and epicormic. On proleptic shoots, an average of ten phytomers are preformed in dormant buds prior to shoot growth after bud-break, whereas all phytomers are considered neoformed in sylleptic and epicormic shoots. However, casual observations indicated that proleptic and sylleptic shoots appear quite similar in number of phytomers and structure in spite of their different origins. The goal of this research was to test the hypothesis that both proleptic and sylleptic shoots exhibit similar growth characteristics by analysing their node numbers and bud fate patterns. If their growth characteristics are similar, it would indicate that the structure of both types of shoots is primarily under genetic rather than environmental control. METHODS The number of phytomers and bud fate patterns of proleptic and sylleptic shoots of four peach cultivars grown in the same location (Winters, California) were analysed and characterized using hidden semi-Markov models. Field data were collected during winter 2016, just prior to floral bud-break. KEY RESULTS Sylleptic shoots tended to have slightly fewer phytomers than proleptic shoots of the same cultivars. The bud fate patterns along proleptic and sylleptic shoots were remarkably similar for all the cultivars, although proleptic shoots started growing earlier (at least 1 month) in the spring than sylleptic shoots. CONCLUSIONS This study provides strong evidence for the semi-deterministic nature of both proleptic and sylleptic shoots across four peach cultivars in terms of number of phytomers and bud fate patterns along shoots. It is apparent that the overall structure of shoots with similar numbers of phytomers was under similar genetic control for the two shoot types. Understanding shoot structural characteristics can aid in phenotypic characterization of vegetative growth of trees and in providing a foundation for vegetative management of fruit trees in horticultural settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Prats-Llinàs
- Efficient Use of Water in Agriculture Program, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Fruitcentre, Parc Cientific i Tecnològic Agroalimentari (PCiTAL), Lleida, Spain
| | - Gerardo López
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Katherine Fyhrie
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Benoît Pallas
- UMR AGAP, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, SupAgro, Equipe Architecture et Fonctionnement des Espèces Fruitières, Montpellier, France
| | - Yann Guédon
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Evelyne Costes
- UMR AGAP, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, SupAgro, Equipe Architecture et Fonctionnement des Espèces Fruitières, Montpellier, France
| | - Theodore M DeJong
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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21
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Oborny B. The plant body as a network of semi-autonomous agents: a review. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180371. [PMID: 31006361 PMCID: PMC6553591 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants can solve amazingly difficult tasks while adjusting their growth and development to the environment. They can explore and exploit several resources simultaneously, even when the distributions of these vary in space and time. The systematic study of plant behaviour goes back to Darwin's book The power of movement in plants. Current research has highlighted that modularity is a key to understanding plant behaviour, as the production, functional specialization and death of modules enable the plant to adjust its movement to the environment. The adjustment is assisted by a flow of information and resources among the modules. Experiments have yielded many results about these processes in various plant species. Theoretical research, however, has lagged behind the empirical studies, possibly owing to the lack of a proper modelling framework that could encompass the high number of components and interactions. In this paper, I propose such a framework on the basis of network theory, viewing the plant as a group of connected, semi-autonomous agents. I review some characteristic plant responses to the environment through changing the states of agents and/or links. I also point out some unexplored areas, in which a dialogue between plant science and network theory could be mutually inspiring. This article is part of the theme issue 'Liquid brains, solid brains: How distributed cognitive architectures process information'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Oborny
- Institute of Biology, Loránd Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary
- GINOP Sustainable Ecosystems Group, Centre for Ecological Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tihany, Hungary
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22
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Chen D, Pallas B, Martinez S, Wang Y, Costes E. Neoformation and summer arrest are common sources of tree plasticity in response to water stress of apple cultivars. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:877-890. [PMID: 30596816 PMCID: PMC6526318 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Depending on the species, water stress affects different growth and developmental processes, mainly due to changes in hydraulic properties and hormonal signalling. This study compared the impact of water stress on tree development and organ growth in three apple cultivars. METHODS Trees were differentially irrigated to induce water stress or to provide well-watered conditions in their second and third years of growth. Effects of water stress were evaluated at tree scale by shoot number and proportions of the different types of shoots, and at shoot scale by metamer appearance rate, growth duration and arrest time, as well as organ size. KEY RESULTS Water stress promoted early growth cessation, prolonged summer arrests and decreased growth resumptions, thus modifying within-tree shoot demography in favour of short shoots. Growth cessations occurred in mild water stress conditions before any difference in stem water potential appeared. No major impact was observed on organ size. Consistently with tree ontogeny, the number of shoots that resumed growth after summer arrest decreased with years, but more in water-stressed than well-watered conditions. CONCLUSIONS Even though the impact of water stress differed slightly among cultivars, the reduction in neoformation and increase in summer arrest played a common role in apple tree morphological responses and led to stress avoidance by early reduction of tree leaf area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianyu Chen
- AGAP, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Equipe Architecture et Fonctionnement des Espèces Fruitières, Montpellier, France
- College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Benoît Pallas
- AGAP, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Equipe Architecture et Fonctionnement des Espèces Fruitières, Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Martinez
- AGAP, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Equipe Architecture et Fonctionnement des Espèces Fruitières, Montpellier, France
| | - Youke Wang
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Evelyne Costes
- AGAP, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Equipe Architecture et Fonctionnement des Espèces Fruitières, Montpellier, France
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Wang L, Ji Y, Hu Y, Hu H, Jia X, Jiang M, Zhang X, Zhao L, Zhang Y, Jia Y, Qin C, Yu L, Huang J, Yang S, Hurst LD, Tian D. The architecture of intra-organism mutation rate variation in plants. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000191. [PMID: 30964866 PMCID: PMC6456163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the disposability of somatic tissue, selection can favor a higher mutation rate in the early segregating soma than in germline, as seen in some animals. Although in plants intra-organismic mutation rate heterogeneity is poorly resolved, the same selectionist logic can predict a lower rate in shoot than in root and in longer-lived terminal tissues (e.g., leaves) than in ontogenetically similar short-lived ones (e.g., petals), and that mutation rate heterogeneity should be deterministic with no significant differences between biological replicates. To address these expectations, we sequenced 754 genomes from various tissues of eight plant species. Consistent with a selectionist model, the rate of mutation accumulation per unit time in shoot apical meristem is lower than that in root apical tissues in perennials, in which a high proportion of mutations in shoots are themselves transmissible, but not in annuals, in which somatic mutations tend not to be transmissible. Similarly, the number of mutations accumulated in leaves is commonly lower than that within a petal of the same plant, and there is no more heterogeneity in accumulation rates between replicate branches than expected by chance. High mutation accumulation in runners of strawberry is, we argue, the exception that proves the rule, as mutation transmission patterns indicate that runner has a restricted germline. However, we also find that in vitro callus tissue has a higher mutation rate (per unit time) than the wild-grown comparator, suggesting nonadaptive mutational "fragility". As mutational fragility does not obviously explain why the shoot-root difference varies with plant longevity, we conclude that some mutation rate variation between tissues is consistent with selectionist theory but that a mechanistic null of mutational fragility should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yilun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingwen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huaying Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianqin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengmeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lina Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanchun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanxiao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Luyao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ju Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sihai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Laurence D. Hurst
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Dacheng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Bai SN. Plant Morphogenesis 123: a renaissance in modern botany? SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2019; 62:453-466. [PMID: 30810962 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9457-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Nong Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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The effect of ramet mortality on clonal plant growth. Theory Biosci 2019; 138:215-221. [PMID: 30734908 PMCID: PMC6800848 DOI: 10.1007/s12064-019-00274-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Clonal plants grow horizontally by producing multiple physiological individuals (ramets). We studied clonal growth in a homogeneous environment using a dynamic spatial model based on a stochastic cellular automaton. We investigated different growth forms from the aspect of ramet mortality. Non-steady-state and quasi-steady-state cases were defined, and we determined the number of steps suitable for making a reliable difference between these two types of cases. This given number of steps was used when testing for the proportion of quasi-steady-state cases in 1000 repetitions. We also tested the efficiency of occupation in these cases. Our expectation was that higher occupation would be associated with lower ramet mortality. The results only partially verified this hypothesis. Though with increasing ramet mortality, the average number of ramets tended to decrease, it was not the lowest ramet mortality that resulted in the highest occupation. Our results showed that very low ramet mortality was unfavourable for the plant, as the spreading front and the area behind this front were so packed that the plant was not able to return and recolonize the vacated sites in the central area. This resulted in a lower proportion of quasi-steady-state cases and lower occupation in these cases. Our results may contribute to a deeper understanding of clonal plant growth and its limiting factors.
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26
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Satake A, Kawatsu K, Chiba Y, Kitamura K, Han Q. Synchronized expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T
between branches underlies mass flowering in Fagus crenata. POPUL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/1438-390x.1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Satake
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Science, Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Kazutaka Kawatsu
- Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Yukako Chiba
- Graduate School of Life Science; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
| | - Keiko Kitamura
- Hokkaido Research Center; Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute; Sapporo Japan
| | - Qingmin Han
- Department of Plant Ecology; Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute; Tsukuba Japan
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27
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Rakocevic M, Matsunaga FT. Variations in leaf growth parameters within the tree structure of adult Coffea arabica in relation to seasonal growth, water availability and air carbon dioxide concentration. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:117-131. [PMID: 29659697 PMCID: PMC6025198 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dynamics in branch and leaf growth parameters, such as the phyllochron, duration of leaf expansion, leaf life span and bud mortality, determine tree architecture and canopy foliage distribution. We aimed to estimate leaf growth parameters in adult Arabica coffee plants based on leaf supporter axis order and position along the vertical profile, considering their modifications related to seasonal growth, air [CO2] and water availability. METHODS Growth and mortality of leaves and terminal buds of adult Arabica coffee trees were followed in two independent field experiments in two sub-tropical climate regions of Brazil, Londrina-PR (Cfa) and Jaguariúna-SP (Cwa). In the Cwa climate, coffee trees were grown under a FACE (free air CO2 enrichment) facility, where half of those had been irrigated. Plants were observed at a 15-30 d frequency for 1 year. Leaf growth parameters were estimated on five axes orders and expressed as functions of accumulated thermal time (°Cd per leaf). KEY RESULTS The phyllochron and duration of leaf expansion increased with axis order, from the seond to the fourth. The phyllochron and life span during the reduced vegetative seasonal growth were greater than during active growth. It took more thermal time for leaves from the first- to fourth-order axes to expand their blades under irrigation compared with rainfed conditions. The compensation effects of high [CO2] for low water availability were observed on leaf retention on the second and third axes orders, and duration of leaf expansion on the first- and fourth-order axes. The second-degree polynomials modelled leaf growth parameter distribution in the vertical tree profile, and linear regressions modelled the proportion of terminal bud mortality. CONCLUSIONS Leaf growth parameters in coffee plants were determined by axis order. The duration of leaf expansion contributed to phyllochron determination. Leaf growth parameters varied according the position of the axis supporter along the vertical profile, suggesting an effect of axes age and micro-environmental light modulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Rakocevic
- Embrapa Informática Agropecuária, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Embrapa Environment, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- UNICAMP, Institute of Biology, Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Seleznyova AN, Hanan J. Mechanistic modelling of coupled phloem/xylem transport for L-systems: combining analytical and computational methods. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:991-1003. [PMID: 29415123 PMCID: PMC5906936 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Transport of carbohydrates and water are essential aspects of plant function. The aim of this study was to develop and test the methods for mechanistic modelling of quasi-stationary coupled phloem/xylem transport in the context of functional-structural plant modelling. Methods The novelty of this approach is in combining analytical and computational methods. The plant structure is modelled at a metamer level with the internodes represented by conduit elements and the lateral organs represented by sources and sinks. Transport equations are solved analytically for each internode and then the solutions are adjusted and 'sewn' together using an iterative computational procedure taking into account concentration-dependent sinks and sources. The model is implemented in L-studio and uses the aspect-oriented modelling approach for phloem/xylem coupling. Key Results To our knowledge, this is the first transport model that provides continuous distributions of the system variables in a complex developing structure. The model takes into account non-linear dependence of phloem resistance and osmotic potential on the local carbohydrate concentration. The model solutions show excellent agreement with the existing results of other analytical and numerical models. These comparisons confirm the validity of the approximations made in the model. Combining analytical and computational methods made it possible to take into account continuous sink/source distribution within internodes without much increase in the complexity of the computational procedure, because the necessary changes in the model were mostly in the analytical part. The results emphasize sensitivity of phloem flux and lateral xylem flux to the presence of distributed sinks and sources along the transport system. Conclusions The presented approach provides a new insight into mechanistic modelling of phloem/xylem transport in growing plants. It will be useful for both fine-scale modelling of carbohydrate dynamics and for creating simpler models at a growth unit level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla N Seleznyova
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jim Hanan
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Centre for Horticultural Science, Brisbane, Australia
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Tree Death Not Resulting in Gap Creation: An Investigation of Canopy Dynamics of Northern Temperate Deciduous Forests. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hodgson JG, Santini BA, Montserrat Marti G, Royo Pla F, Jones G, Bogaard A, Charles M, Font X, Ater M, Taleb A, Poschlod P, Hmimsa Y, Palmer C, Wilson PJ, Band SR, Styring A, Diffey C, Green L, Nitsch E, Stroud E, Romo-Díez A, de Torres Espuny L, Warham G. Trade-offs between seed and leaf size (seed-phytomer-leaf theory): functional glue linking regenerative with life history strategies … and taxonomy with ecology? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:633-652. [PMID: 28961937 PMCID: PMC5714152 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims While the 'worldwide leaf economics spectrum' (Wright IJ, Reich PB, Westoby M, et al. 2004. The worldwide leaf economics spectrum. Nature : 821-827) defines mineral nutrient relationships in plants, no unifying functional consensus links size attributes. Here, the focus is upon leaf size, a much-studied plant trait that scales positively with habitat quality and components of plant size. The objective is to show that this wide range of relationships is explicable in terms of a seed-phytomer-leaf (SPL) theoretical model defining leaf size in terms of trade-offs involving the size, growth rate and number of the building blocks (phytomers) of which the young shoot is constructed. Methods Functional data for 2400+ species and English and Spanish vegetation surveys were used to explore interrelationships between leaf area, leaf width, canopy height, seed mass and leaf dry matter content (LDMC). Key Results Leaf area was a consistent function of canopy height, LDMC and seed mass. Additionally, size traits are partially uncoupled. First, broad laminas help confer competitive exclusion while morphologically large leaves can, through dissection, be functionally small. Secondly, leaf size scales positively with plant size but many of the largest-leaved species are of medium height with basally supported leaves. Thirdly, photosynthetic stems may represent a functionally viable alternative to 'small seeds + large leaves' in disturbed, fertile habitats and 'large seeds + small leaves' in infertile ones. Conclusions Although key elements defining the juvenile growth phase remain unmeasured, our results broadly support SPL theory in that phytometer and leaf size are a product of the size of the initial shoot meristem (≅ seed mass) and the duration and quality of juvenile growth. These allometrically constrained traits combine to confer ecological specialization on individual species. Equally, they appear conservatively expressed within major taxa. Thus, 'evolutionary canalization' sensu Stebbins (Stebbins GL. 1974. Flowering plants: evolution above the species level . Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press) is perhaps associated with both seed and leaf development, and major taxa appear routinely specialized with respect to ecologically important size-related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Hodgson
- Unit of Comparative Plant Ecology, The University, Sheffield S1 4ET, UK
- Department of Archaeology, The University, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Bianca A Santini
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04500, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Montserrat Marti
- Dept. Ecología Funcional y Biodiversidad, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (CSIC) Aptdo. 202, 30080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ferran Royo Pla
- Grup de Recerca Científica ‘Terres de l’Ebre’, C/ Rosa Maria Molas, 25 A, 2n B, 43500 Tortosa, Spain
| | - Glynis Jones
- Department of Archaeology, The University, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Amy Bogaard
- School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, 36 Beaumont Street, Oxford OX1 2PG, UK
| | - Mike Charles
- School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, 36 Beaumont Street, Oxford OX1 2PG, UK
| | - Xavier Font
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohammed Ater
- Laboratoire Diversité et Conservation des Systèmes Biologiques (LDICOSYB), Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences de Tétouan, Université Abdelmalek Essaâdi, BP 2062, 93030, Tétouan, Morocco
| | | | - Peter Poschlod
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Younes Hmimsa
- Laboratoire Diversité et Conservation des Systèmes Biologiques (LDICOSYB), Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences de Tétouan, Université Abdelmalek Essaâdi, BP 2062, 93030, Tétouan, Morocco
| | - Carol Palmer
- Department of Archaeology, The University, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Peter J Wilson
- Unit of Comparative Plant Ecology, The University, Sheffield S1 4ET, UK
| | - Stuart R Band
- Unit of Comparative Plant Ecology, The University, Sheffield S1 4ET, UK
| | - Amy Styring
- School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, 36 Beaumont Street, Oxford OX1 2PG, UK
| | - Charlotte Diffey
- School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, 36 Beaumont Street, Oxford OX1 2PG, UK
| | - Laura Green
- School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, 36 Beaumont Street, Oxford OX1 2PG, UK
| | - Erika Nitsch
- School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, 36 Beaumont Street, Oxford OX1 2PG, UK
| | - Elizabeth Stroud
- School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, 36 Beaumont Street, Oxford OX1 2PG, UK
| | - Angel Romo-Díez
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona, Parc Montjuïc, Av. dels Muntanyans s/n, 08038 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluis de Torres Espuny
- Grup de Recerca Científica ‘Terres de l’Ebre’, C/ Rosa Maria Molas, 25 A, 2n B, 43500 Tortosa, Spain
| | - Gemma Warham
- Department of Archaeology, The University, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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Camargo ID, Nattero J, Careaga SA, Núñez-Farfán J. Flower-level developmental plasticity to nutrient availability in Datura stramonium: implications for the mating system. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:603-615. [PMID: 28981570 PMCID: PMC5737225 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Studies of phenotypic plasticity in plants have mainly focused on (1) the effect of environmental variation on whole-plant traits related to the number of modules rather than on (2) the phenotypic consequences of environmental variation in traits of individual modules. Since environmental and developmental factors can produce changes in traits related to the mating system, this study used the second approach to investigate whether within-individual variation in herkogamy-related traits is affected by the environment during plant development in two populations of Datura stramonium , an annual herb with a hypothesized persistent mixed mating system, and to determine which morphological traits may promote self-fertilization. METHODS Full-sib families of two Mexican populations of D. stramonium , with contrasting ecological histories, were grown under low, mid and high nutrient availability to investigate the effects of genetic, environmental and within-plant flower position on flower size, corolla, stamen and pistil lengths, and herkogamy. KEY RESULTS Populations showed differences in familial variation, plasticity and familial differences in plasticity in most floral traits analysed. In one population (Ticumán), the effect of flower position on trait variation varied among families, whereas in the other (Pedregal) the effect of flower position interacted with the nutrient environment. Flower size varied with the position of flowers, but in the opposite direction between populations in low nutrients; a systematic within-plant trend of reduction in flower size, pistil length and herkogamy with flower position increased the probability of self-fertilization in the Pedregal population. CONCLUSIONS Besides genetic variation in floral traits between and within populations, environmental variation affects phenotypic floral trait values at the whole-plant level, as well as among flower positions. The interaction between flower position and nutrient environment can affect the plant's mating system, and this differs between populations. Thus, reductions in herkogamy with flower positions may be expected in environments with either low pollinator abundance or low nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Darío Camargo
- Laboratorio de Genética Ecológica y Evolución, Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510 Distrito Federal, Mexico
- Departamento de Ecología y Territorio, Facultad de Estudios Ambientales y Rurales, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, 110231594, Colombia
| | - Julieta Nattero
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires, CONICET, EGE, FCEyN, UBA, Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Sonia A Careaga
- Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, CONABIO, Mexico City, 14010, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Juan Núñez-Farfán
- Laboratorio de Genética Ecológica y Evolución, Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510 Distrito Federal, Mexico
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Davidson A, Da Silva D, DeJong TM. The phyllochron of well-watered and water deficit mature peach trees varies with shoot type and vigour. AOB PLANTS 2017; 9:plx042. [PMID: 29026512 PMCID: PMC5629450 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plx042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The branch construction of trees is based on phytomers, repetitive subunits defined as node + leaf + axillary meristem + internode. The rate at which phytomers are added to a shoot is termed the phyllochron, which is determined by genetics, endogenous regulation and environmental conditions. The phyllochron is fundamental to understanding the growth of plants. Most phyllochron studies on woody species are of young plants under controlled conditions without consideration for different types of shoots that are present in mature trees. In this 2-year field study, we investigated seasonal patterns of phyllochron development on both proleptic and epicormic shoots of mature peach trees (Prunus persica) exposed to two irrigation treatments. One treatment was not irrigated until significant stress was detected via water potential by pressure bombing. In the second treatment trees were normally irrigated with ~5.84 cm of water each week to match evapotranspirational loss. Midday stem water potential readings were regularly collected to assess the level of water stress experienced by the trees. Measurements of individual leaves and their corresponding internodes were taken along tagged proleptic and epicormic shoots three times per week from the beginning to the end of two growing seasons. Leaf measurements were used to calculate the phyllochron. The phyllochron increased as the season progressed. This increase could not be explained by traditionally accepted effects of temperature or light. The more vigorous epicormic shoots added leaves significantly faster than proleptic shoots on trees in both water deficit and normally irrigated treatments. Additionally, epicormic shoots produced leaves with significantly greater leaf length and leaf area. Midday stem water potentials were more negative in trees in the water deficit treatments only after proleptic shoots stopped growing. The phyllochron did increase while leaf length and leaf area decreased on epicormic shoots of deficit irrigated trees in the 2010 growing season. The phyllochron of both shoot types gradually increased over the season, which was primarily due to an endogenous rank or shoot ageing effect. Differences between shoot types indicate that the phyllochron is variable among shoots on the same tree and is associated with shoot vigour. Water deficit increased the phyllochron and over all shoot growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Davidson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - David Da Silva
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Theodore M DeJong
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Silva LL, Santos RCO, Fernandes MEB. Linking Avicennia germinans
(Acanthaceae) architecture to gall richness and abundance in Brazilian Amazon mangroves. Biotropica 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luzinete L. Silva
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Manguezal (LAMA); Instituto de Estudos Costeiros (IECOS); Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) Campus de Bragança; Alameda Leandro Ribeiro, s/n, Bairro Aldeia Bragança Pará Brazil
| | - Rita C. O. Santos
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Manguezal (LAMA); Instituto de Estudos Costeiros (IECOS); Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) Campus de Bragança; Alameda Leandro Ribeiro, s/n, Bairro Aldeia Bragança Pará Brazil
| | - Marcus E. B. Fernandes
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Manguezal (LAMA); Instituto de Estudos Costeiros (IECOS); Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) Campus de Bragança; Alameda Leandro Ribeiro, s/n, Bairro Aldeia Bragança Pará Brazil
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Conn A, Pedmale UV, Chory J, Stevens CF, Navlakha S. A Statistical Description of Plant Shoot Architecture. Curr Biol 2017; 27:2078-2088.e3. [PMID: 28690115 PMCID: PMC6130893 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Plant architectures can be characterized statistically by their spatial density function, which specifies the probability of finding a branch at each location in the territory occupied by a plant. Using high-precision 3D scanning, we analyzed 557 plant shoot architectures, representing three species, grown across three to five environmental conditions, and through 20-30 developmental time points. We found two elegant properties in the spatial density functions of these architectures: all functions could be nearly modified in one direction without affecting the density in orthogonal directions (called "separability"), and all functions shared the same underlying shape, aside from stretching and compression (called "self-similarity"). Surprisingly, despite their striking visual diversity, we discovered that all architectures could be described as variations on a single underlying function: a Gaussian density function truncated at roughly two SDs. We also observed systematic variation in the spatial density functions across species, growth conditions, and time, which suggests functional specialization despite following the same general design form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Conn
- Integrative Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ullas V Pedmale
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Joanne Chory
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Charles F Stevens
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Saket Navlakha
- Integrative Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Niklas KJ. THE ROLE OF PHYLLOTACTIC PATTERN AS A "DEVELOPMENTAL CONSTRAINT" ON THE INTERCEPTION OF LIGHT BY LEAF SURFACES. Evolution 2017; 42:1-16. [PMID: 28563849 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1988.tb04103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/1987] [Accepted: 08/18/1987] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Computer simulations of model plants are used to assess the influence of leaf shape, size, and pattern of arrangement (= phyllotaxy) on the direct solar radiation intercepted by leaf surfaces. Changes in phyllotaxy significantly influence light interception (and, by inference, net assimilation rate) for rosette growth habits. However, changes in leaf shape and orientation and in stem length can compensate for the negative effects of leaf overlap produced by phyllotactic patterns. Phyllotaxy is viewed as a developmental limiting factor in photobiology that may necessitate compensatory changes in other morphological features not directly controlled by patterns of leaf initiation. This distinguishes it from functioning as a "developmental constraint" sensu stricto and may provide a paradigm for other features in plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Niklas
- Section of Plant Biology and Section of Ecology and Systematics, Division of Biological Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853
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Root branching plasticity: collective decision-making results from local and global signalling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 44:51-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Faverjon L, Escobar-Gutiérrez AJ, Litrico I, Louarn G. A Conserved Potential Development Framework Applies to Shoots of Legume Species with Contrasting Morphogenetic Strategies. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:405. [PMID: 28396676 PMCID: PMC5366346 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A great variety of legume species are used for forage production and grown in multi-species grasslands. Despite their close phylogenetic relationship, they display a broad range of morphologies that markedly affect their competitive abilities and persistence in mixtures. Little is yet known about the component traits that control the deployment of plant architecture in most of these species. During the present study, we compared the patterns of shoot organogenesis and shoot organ growth in contrasting forage species belonging to the four morphogenetic groups previously identified in herbaceous legumes (i.e., stolon-formers, rhizome-formers, crown-formers tolerant to defoliation and crown-formers intolerant to defoliation). To achieve this, three greenhouse experiments were carried out using plant species from each group (namely alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, sainfoin, kura clover, red clover, and white clover) which were grown at low density under non-limiting water and soil nutrient availability. The potential morphogenesis of shoots characterized under these conditions showed that all the species shared a number of common morphogenetic features. All complied with a generalized classification of shoot axes into three types (main axis, primary and secondary axes). A common quantitative framework for vegetative growth and development involved: (i) the regular development of all shoot axes in thermal time and a deterministic branching pattern in the absence of stress; (ii) a temporal coordination of organ growth at the phytomer level that was highly conserved irrespective of phytomer position, and (iii) an identical allometry determining the surface area of all the leaves. The species differed in their architecture as a consequence of the values taken by component traits of morphogenesis. Assessing the relationships between the traits studied showed that these species were distinct from each other along two main PCA axes which explained 68% of total variance: the first axis captured a trade-off between maximum leaf size and the ability to produce numerous phytomers, while the second distinguished morphogenetic strategies reliant on either petiole or internode expansion to achieve space colonization. The consequences of this quantitative framework are discussed, along with its possible applications regarding plant phenotyping and modeling.
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Yang W, Pallas B, Durand JB, Martinez S, Han M, Costes E. The impact of long-term water stress on tree architecture and production is related to changes in transitions between vegetative and reproductive growth in the 'Granny Smith' apple cultivar. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:1369-1381. [PMID: 27587485 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Water stress (WS) generates a number of physiological and morphological responses in plants that depend on the intensity and duration of stress as well as the plant species and development stage. In perennial plants, WS may affect plant development through cumulative effects that modify plant functions, architecture and production over time. Plant architecture depends on the fate of the terminal and axillary buds that can give rise, in the particular case of apple, to reproductive or vegetative growth units (GUs) of different lengths. In this study, the impact of long-term WS (7 years) on the fate of terminal and axillary buds was investigated in relation to flowering occurrence and production pattern (biennial vs regular) in the 'Granny Smith' cultivar. It was observed that WS decreased the total number of GUs per branch, regardless of their type. Conversely, WS did not modify the timing of the two successive developmental phases characterized by the production of long and medium GUs and an alternation of floral GUs over time, respectively. The analysis of GU successions over time using a variable-order Markov chain that included both the effects of the predecessor and water treatment revealed that WS reduced the transition towards long and medium GUs and increased the transition toward floral, short and dead GUs. WS also slightly increased the proportion of axillary floral GUs. The higher relative frequency of floral GUs compared with vegetative ones reduced the tendency to biennial bearing under WS. The accelerated ontogenetic trend observed under WS suggests lower vegetative growth that could, in turn, be beneficial to floral induction and fruit set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Yang
- INRA, UMR AGAP, Equipe Architecture et Fonctionnement des Espèces Fruitières, Avenue d'Agropolis - TA-A-108/03, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, No. 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Benoît Pallas
- INRA, UMR AGAP, Equipe Architecture et Fonctionnement des Espèces Fruitières, Avenue d'Agropolis - TA-A-108/03, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Durand
- Grenoble University, Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann, BP53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Inria-CIRAD-INRA, Virtual Plants Team, UMR AGAP, 860 rue de St Priest, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Sébastien Martinez
- INRA, UMR AGAP, Equipe Architecture et Fonctionnement des Espèces Fruitières, Avenue d'Agropolis - TA-A-108/03, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Mingyu Han
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, No. 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Evelyne Costes
- INRA, UMR AGAP, Equipe Architecture et Fonctionnement des Espèces Fruitières, Avenue d'Agropolis - TA-A-108/03, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Patterns of Stem Cell Divisions Contribute to Plant Longevity. Curr Biol 2016; 26:1385-94. [PMID: 27161504 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The lifespan of plants ranges from a few weeks in annuals to thousands of years in trees. It is hard to explain such extreme longevity considering that DNA replication errors inevitably cause mutations. Without purging through meiotic recombination, the accumulation of somatic mutations will eventually result in mutational meltdown, a phenomenon known as Muller's ratchet. Nevertheless, the lifespan of trees is limited more often by incidental disease or structural damage than by genetic aging. The key determinants of tree architecture are the axillary meristems, which form in the axils of leaves and grow out to form branches. The number of branches is low in annual plants, but in perennial plants iterative branching can result in thousands of terminal branches. Here, we use stem cell ablation and quantitative cell-lineage analysis to show that axillary meristems are set aside early, analogous to the metazoan germline. While neighboring cells divide vigorously, axillary meristem precursors maintain a quiescent state, with only 7-9 cell divisions occurring between the apical and axillary meristem. During iterative branching, the number of branches increases exponentially, while the number of cell divisions increases linearly. Moreover, computational modeling shows that stem cell arrangement and positioning of axillary meristems distribute somatic mutations around the main shoot, preventing their fixation and maximizing genetic heterogeneity. These features slow down Muller's ratchet and thereby extend lifespan.
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Karlsson PS, Andersson M, Svensson BM. Relationships between fruit production and branching in monocarpic shoot modules ofRhododendron lapponicum. ECOSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.2980/i1195-6860-13-3-396.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Lescourret F, Génard M. A multi-level theory of competition for resources applied to fruit production. ECOSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/11956860.2003.11682782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kukk M, Sõber A. Bud development and shoot morphology in relation to crown location. AOB PLANTS 2015; 7:plv082. [PMID: 26187607 PMCID: PMC4565424 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant architecture is shaped by endogenous growth processes interacting with the local environment. The current study investigated crown development in young black alder trees, assessing the effects of local light conditions and branch height on individual bud mass and contents. In addition, we examined the characteristics of parent shoots [the cross-sectional area (CSA) of stem and total leaf area, shoot length, the number of nodes, the number and total mass of buds per shoot] and leaf-stem as well as bud-stem allometry, as several recent studies link bud development to hydraulic architecture. We sampled shoots from top branches and two lower-crown locations: one subjected to deep shade and the other resembling the upper branches in light availability. Sampling was carried out three times between mid-July and late October, spanning from the early stages of bud growth to dormancy. Individual bud mass and shoot characteristics varied in response to light conditions, whereas leaf-stem allometry depended on branch height, most likely compensating for the increasing length of hydraulic pathways. Despite the differences in individual bud mass, the number of preformed leaves varied little across the crown, indicating that the plasticity in shoot characteristics was mainly achieved by neoformation. The relationship between total bud mass and stem CSA scaled similarly across crown locations. However, scaling slopes gradually decreased throughout the sampling period, driven by bud rather than by stem growth. This suggests that the allometry of total bud mass and CSA of stem is regulated locally, instead of resulting from crown-level processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarja Kukk
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anu Sõber
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
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Li-Marchetti C, Le Bras C, Relion D, Citerne S, Huché-Thélier L, Sakr S, Morel P, Crespel L. Genotypic differences in architectural and physiological responses to water restriction in rose bush. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:355. [PMID: 26074929 PMCID: PMC4443023 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The shape and, therefore, the architecture of the plant are dependent on genetic and environmental factors such as water supply. The architecture determines the visual quality, a key criterion underlying the decision to purchase an ornamental potted plant. The aim of this study was to analyze genotypic responses of eight rose bush cultivars to alternation of water restriction and re-watering periods, with soil water potential of -20 and -10 kPa respectively. Responses were evaluated at the architectural level through 3D digitalization using six architectural variables and at the physiological level by measuring stomatal conductance, water content, hormones [abscisic acid (ABA), auxin, cytokinins, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid (SA)], sugars (sucrose, fructose, and glucose), and proline. Highly significant genotype and watering effects were revealed for all the architectural variables measured, as well as genotype × watering interaction, with three distinct genotypic architectural responses to water restriction - weak, moderate and strong - represented by Hw336, 'Baipome' and 'The Fairy,' respectively. The physiological analysis explained, at least in part, the more moderate architectural response of 'Baipome' compared to 'The Fairy,' but not that of Hw336 which is an interspecific hybrid. Such physiological responses in 'Baipome' could be related to: (i) the maintenance of the stimulation of budbreak and photosynthetic activity during water restriction periods due to a higher concentration in conjugated cytokinins (cCK) and to a lower concentration in SA; (ii) a better resumption of budbreak during the re-watering periods due to a lower concentration in ABA during this period. When associated with the six architectural descriptors, cCK, SA and ABA, which explained the genotypic differences in this study, could be used as selection criteria for breeding programs aimed at improving plant shape and tolerance to water restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Li-Marchetti
- ASTREDHOR – Institut Technique de l’Horticulture, ParisFrance
- Agrocampus Ouest, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (INRA-Agrocampus Ouest-Université d’Angers), AngersFrance
| | - Camille Le Bras
- Agrocampus Ouest, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (INRA-Agrocampus Ouest-Université d’Angers), AngersFrance
| | - Daniel Relion
- Agrocampus Ouest, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (INRA-Agrocampus Ouest-Université d’Angers), AngersFrance
| | - Sylvie Citerne
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 (INRA-Agro-ParisTech-CNRS), VersaillesFrance
| | - Lydie Huché-Thélier
- INRA, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, (INRA-Agrocampus Ouest-Université d’Angers), BeaucouzéFrance
| | - Soulaiman Sakr
- Agrocampus Ouest, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (INRA-Agrocampus Ouest-Université d’Angers), AngersFrance
| | - Philippe Morel
- INRA, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, (INRA-Agrocampus Ouest-Université d’Angers), BeaucouzéFrance
| | - Laurent Crespel
- INRA, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, (INRA-Agrocampus Ouest-Université d’Angers), BeaucouzéFrance
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Affiliation(s)
- J. M. van Groenendael
- Instituut voor Oecologisch Onderzoek, afdeling Duinonderzoek; Weevers' Duin, Duinzoom 20a 3233 EG Oostvoorne
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Formiga AT, Silveira FAO, Fernandes GW, Isaias RMS. Phenotypic plasticity and similarity among gall morphotypes on a superhost, Baccharis reticularia (Asteraceae). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2015; 17:512-21. [PMID: 25124804 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding factors that modulate plant development is still a challenging task in plant biology. Although research has highlighted the role of abiotic and biotic factors in determining final plant structure, we know little of how these factors combine to produce specific developmental patterns. Here, we studied patterns of cell and tissue organisation in galled and non-galled organs of Baccharis reticularia, a Neotropical shrub that hosts over ten species of galling insects. We employed qualitative and quantitative approaches to understand patterns of growth and differentiation in its four most abundant gall morphotypes. We compared two leaf galls induced by sap-sucking Hemiptera and stem galls induced by a Lepidopteran and a Dipteran, Cecidomyiidae. The hypotheses tested were: (i) the more complex the galls, the more distinct they are from their non-galled host; (ii) galls induced on less plastic host organs, e.g. stems, develop under more morphogenetic constraints and, therefore, should be more similar among themselves than galls induced on more plastic organs. We also evaluated the plant sex preference of gall-inducing insects for oviposition. Simple galls were qualitative and quantitatively more similar to non-galled organs than complex galls, thereby supporting the first hypothesis. Unexpectedly, stem galls had more similarities between them than to their host organ, hence only partially supporting the second hypothesis. Similarity among stem galls may be caused by the restrictive pattern of host stems. The opposite trend was observed for host leaves, which generate either similar or distinct gall morphotypes due to their higher phenotypic plasticity. The Relative Distance of Plasticity Index for non-galled stems and stem galls ranged from 0.02 to 0.42. Our results strongly suggest that both tissue plasticity and gall inducer identity interact to determine plant developmental patterns, and therefore, final gall structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Formiga
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Schreiber SJ, Rosenheim JA, Williams NW, Harder LD. Evolutionary and Ecological Consequences of Multiscale Variation in Pollen Receipt for Seed Production. Am Nat 2015; 185:E14-29. [DOI: 10.1086/678982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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50
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Costes E, Crespel L, Denoyes B, Morel P, Demene MN, Lauri PE, Wenden B. Bud structure, position and fate generate various branching patterns along shoots of closely related Rosaceae species: a review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:666. [PMID: 25520729 PMCID: PMC4251308 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Branching in temperate plants is closely linked to bud fates, either floral or vegetative. Here, we review how the fate of meristematic tissues contained in buds and their position along a shoot imprint specific branching patterns which differ among species. Through examples chosen in closely related species in different genera of the Rosaceae family, a panorama of patterns is apparent. Patterns depend on whether vegetative and floral buds are borne individually or together in mixed buds, develop as the shoot grows or after a rest period, and are located in axillary or terminal positions along the parent shoot. The resulting branching patterns are conserved among varieties in a given species but progressively change with the parent shoot length during plant ontogeny. They can also be modulated by agronomic and environmental conditions. The existence of various organizations in the topology and fate of meristematic tissues and their appendages in closely related species questions the between-species conservation of physiological and molecular mechanisms leading to bud outgrowth vs. quiescence and to floral induction vs. vegetative development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Costes
- INRA, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1334, Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes Méditerranéennes et Tropicales Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Architecture et Fonctionnement des Espèces Fruitières TeamMontpellier, France
| | - Laurent Crespel
- Agrocampus Ouest, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences INRA-Agro Campus Ouest-Université d'AngersAngers, France
| | - Béatrice Denoyes
- INRA, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux-INRAVillenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Philippe Morel
- INRA, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, INRA-Agro Campus Ouest-Université d'AngersBeaucouzé, France
| | | | - Pierre-Eric Lauri
- INRA, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1334, Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes Méditerranéennes et Tropicales Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Architecture et Fonctionnement des Espèces Fruitières TeamMontpellier, France
| | - Bénédicte Wenden
- INRA, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux-INRAVillenave d'Ornon, France
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