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Ruschig M, Nerlich J, Becker M, Meier D, Polten S, Cervantes-Luevano K, Kuhn P, Licea-Navarro AF, Hallermann S, Dübel S, Schubert M, Brown J, Hust M. Human antibodies neutralizing the alpha-latrotoxin of the European black widow. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1407398. [PMID: 38933276 PMCID: PMC11199383 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1407398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Poisoning by widow-spider (genus Latrodectus) bites occurs worldwide. The illness, termed latrodectism, can cause severe and persistent pain and can lead to muscle rigidity, respiratory complications, and cardiac problems. It is a global health challenge especially in developing countries. Equine serum-derived polyclonal anti-sera are commercially available as a medication for patients with latrodectism, but the use of sera imposes potential inherent risks related to its animal origin. The treatment may cause allergic reactions in humans (serum sickness), including anaphylactic shock. Furthermore, equine-derived antivenom is observed to have batch-to-batch variability and poor specificity, as it is always an undefined mix of antibodies. Because latrodectism can be extremely painful but is rarely fatal, the use of antivenom is controversial and only a small fraction of patients is treated. In this work, recombinant human antibodies were selected against alpha-latrotoxin of the European black widow (Latrodectus tredecimguttatus) by phage display from a naïve antibody gene library. Alpha-Latrotoxin (α-LTX) binding scFv were recloned and produced as fully human IgG. A novel alamarBlue assay for venom neutralization was developed and used to select neutralizing IgGs. The human antibodies showed in vitro neutralization efficacy both as single antibodies and antibody combinations. This was also confirmed by electrophysiological measurements of neuronal activity in cell culture. The best neutralizing antibodies showed nanomolar affinities. Antibody MRU44-4-A1 showed outstanding neutralization efficacy and affinity to L. tredecimguttatus α-LTX. Interestingly, only two of the neutralizing antibodies showed cross-neutralization of the venom of the Southern black widow (Latrodectus mactans). This was unexpected, because in the current literature the alpha-latrotoxins are described as highly conserved. The here-engineered antibodies are candidates for future development as potential therapeutics and diagnostic tools, as they for the first time would provide unlimited supply of a chemically completely defined drug of constant quality and efficacy, which is also made without the use of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Ruschig
- Departments of Biotechnology and Medical Biotechnology, Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jana Nerlich
- Faculty of Medicine, Carl-Ludwig-Institute of Physiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marlies Becker
- Departments of Biotechnology and Medical Biotechnology, Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Doris Meier
- Departments of Biotechnology and Medical Biotechnology, Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Saskia Polten
- Departments of Biotechnology and Medical Biotechnology, Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Karla Cervantes-Luevano
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Mexico
| | | | - Alexei Fedorovish Licea-Navarro
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Mexico
| | - Stefan Hallermann
- Faculty of Medicine, Carl-Ludwig-Institute of Physiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Dübel
- Departments of Biotechnology and Medical Biotechnology, Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maren Schubert
- Departments of Biotechnology and Medical Biotechnology, Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jeffrey Brown
- PETA Science Consortium International e.V., Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Hust
- Departments of Biotechnology and Medical Biotechnology, Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Xu L, Zheng S, Chen L, Yang L, Zhang S, Liu B, Shen K, Feng Q, Zhou Q, Yao M. N4-acetylcytidine acetylation of neurexin 2 in the spinal dorsal horn regulates hypersensitivity in a rat model of cancer-induced bone pain. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024; 35:102200. [PMID: 38831898 PMCID: PMC11145350 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP) significantly impacts the quality of life and survival of patients with advanced cancer. Despite the established role of neurexins in synaptic structure and function, their involvement in sensory processing during injury has not been extensively studied. In this study using a rat model of CIBP, we observed increased neurexin 2 expression in spinal cord neurons. Knockdown of neurexin 2 in the spinal cord reversed CIBP-related behaviors, sensitization of spinal c-Fos neurons, and pain-related negative emotional behaviors. Additionally, increased acetylation of neurexin 2 mRNA was identified in the spinal dorsal horn of CIBP rats. Decreasing the expression of N-acetyltransferase 10 (NAT10) reduced neurexin 2 mRNA acetylation and neurexin 2 expression. In PC12 cells, we confirmed that neurexin 2 mRNA acetylation enhanced its stability, and neurexin 2 expression was regulated by NAT10. Finally, we discovered that the NAT10/ac4C-neurexin 2 axis modulated neuronal synaptogenesis. This study demonstrated that the NAT10/ac4C-mediated posttranscriptional modulation of neurexin 2 expression led to the remodeling of spinal synapses and the development of conscious hypersensitivity in CIBP rats. Therefore, targeting the epigenetic modification of neurexin 2 mRNA ac4C may offer a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of nociceptive hypersensitivity in CIBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longsheng Xu
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Shang Zheng
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Shuyao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Kangli Shen
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Qinli Feng
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Qinghe Zhou
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Ming Yao
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, China
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Rohou A, Morris EP, Makarova J, Tonevitsky AG, Ushkaryov YA. α-Latrotoxin Tetramers Spontaneously Form Two-Dimensional Crystals in Solution and Coordinated Multi-Pore Assemblies in Biological Membranes. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:248. [PMID: 38922143 PMCID: PMC11209280 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
α-Latrotoxin (α-LTX) was found to form two-dimensional (2D) monolayer arrays in solution at relatively low concentrations (0.1 mg/mL), with the toxin tetramer constituting a unit cell. The crystals were imaged using cryogenic electron microscopy (cryoEM), and image analysis yielded a ~12 Å projection map. At this resolution, no major conformational changes between the crystalline and solution states of α-LTX tetramers were observed. Electrophysiological studies showed that, under the conditions of crystallization, α-LTX simultaneously formed multiple channels in biological membranes that displayed coordinated gating. Two types of channels with conductance levels of 120 and 208 pS were identified. Furthermore, we observed two distinct tetramer conformations of tetramers both when observed as monodisperse single particles and within the 2D crystals, with pore diameters of 11 and 13.5 Å, suggestive of a flickering pore in the middle of the tetramer, which may correspond to the two states of toxin channels with different conductance levels. We discuss the structural changes that occur in α-LTX tetramers in solution and propose a mechanism of α-LTX insertion into the membrane. The propensity of α-LTX tetramers to form 2D crystals may explain many features of α-LTX toxicology and suggest that other pore-forming toxins may also form arrays of channels to exert maximal toxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Rohou
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK;
| | - Edward P. Morris
- Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London SW7 3RP, UK;
| | - Julia Makarova
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, HSE University, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | | | - Yuri A. Ushkaryov
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK;
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham ME4 4TB, UK
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4
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Liang H, Tang LY, Ge HY, Chen MM, Lu SY, Zhang HX, Shen CL, Shen Y, Fei J, Wang ZG. Neuronal survival factor TAFA2 suppresses apoptosis through binding to ADGRL1 and activating cAMP/PKA/CREB/BCL2 signaling pathway. Life Sci 2023; 334:122241. [PMID: 37944639 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS TAFA2, a cytokine specifically expressed in the central nervous system, plays a vital role in neuronal cell survival. TAFA2 deficiency has been correlated to various neurological disorders in mice and humans. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive, especially its membrane-binding receptor through which TAFA2 functions. This study aimed to identify the specific binding receptor responsible for the anti-apoptotic effects of TAFA2. MAIN METHOD Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis were employed to identify potential TAFA2 binding proteins in V5 knockin mouse brain lysates. Subsequent validation involved in vitro and in vivo Co-IP and pull-down using specific antibodies. The functional analysis included evaluating the effects of ADGRL1 knockout, overexpression, and Lectin-like domain (Lec) deletion mutant on TAFA2's anti-apoptotic activity and analyzing the intracellular signaling pathways mediated by TAFA2 through ADGRL1. KEY FINDINGS Our study identified ADGRL1 as a potential receptor for TAFA2, which directly binds to TAFA2 through its lectin-like domain. Overexpression ADGRL1, but not ADGRL1ΔLec, induced apoptosis, which could be effectively suppressed by recombinant TAFA2 (rTAFA2). In ADGRL1-/- cells or re-introducing with ADGRL1ΔLec, responses to rTAFA2 in suppressing cell apoptosis were compromised. Increased cAMP, p-PKA, p-CREB, and BCL2 levels were also observed in response to rTAFA2 treatment, with these responses attenuated in ADGRL1-/- or ADGRL1ΔLec-expressing cells. SIGNIFICANCE Our results demonstrated that TAFA2 directly binds to the lectin-like domain of ADGRL1, activating cAMP/PKA/CREB/BCL2 signaling pathway, which is crucial in preventing cell death. These results implicate TAFA2 and its receptor ADGRL1 as potential therapeutic targets for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ling Yun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hao Yang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ming Mei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shun Yuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hong Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Chun Ling Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jian Fei
- Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhu Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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Tsetlin V, Shelukhina I, Kozlov S, Kasheverov I. Fifty Years of Animal Toxin Research at the Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13884. [PMID: 37762187 PMCID: PMC10530976 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review covers briefly the work carried out at our institute (IBCh), in many cases in collaboration with other Russian and foreign laboratories, for the last 50 years. It discusses the discoveries and studies of various animal toxins, including protein and peptide neurotoxins acting on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and on other ion channels. Among the achievements are the determination of the primary structures of the α-bungarotoxin-like three-finger toxins (TFTs), covalently bound dimeric TFTs, glycosylated cytotoxin, inhibitory cystine knot toxins (ICK), modular ICKs, and such giant molecules as latrotoxins and peptide neurotoxins from the snake, as well as from other animal venoms. For a number of toxins, spatial structures were determined, mostly by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Using this method in combination with molecular modeling, the molecular mechanisms of the interactions of several toxins with lipid membranes were established. In more detail are presented the results of recent years, among which are the discovery of α-bungarotoxin analogs distinguishing the two binding sites in the muscle-type nAChR, long-chain α-neurotoxins interacting with α9α10 nAChRs and with GABA-A receptors, and the strong antiviral effects of dimeric phospholipases A2. A summary of the toxins obtained from arthropod venoms includes only highly cited works describing the molecules' success story, which is associated with IBCh. In marine animals, versatile toxins in terms of structure and molecular targets were discovered, and careful work on α-conotoxins differing in specificity for individual nAChR subtypes gave information about their binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Tsetlin
- Department of Molecular Neuroimmune Signaling, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklay Str., 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.S.); (I.K.)
| | - Irina Shelukhina
- Department of Molecular Neuroimmune Signaling, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklay Str., 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.S.); (I.K.)
| | - Sergey Kozlov
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklay Str., 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Igor Kasheverov
- Department of Molecular Neuroimmune Signaling, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklay Str., 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.S.); (I.K.)
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Owen AE, Louis H, Agwamba EC, Udoikono AD, Manicum ALE. Antihypotensive potency of p-synephrine: Spectral analysis, molecular properties and molecular docking investigation. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Lee CH, Lee YY, Chang YC, Pon WL, Lee SP, Wali N, Nakazawa T, Honda Y, Shie JJ, Hsueh YP. A carnivorous mushroom paralyzes and kills nematodes via a volatile ketone. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade4809. [PMID: 36652525 PMCID: PMC9848476 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade4809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The carnivorous mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus uses an unknown toxin to rapidly paralyze and kill nematode prey upon contact. We report that small lollipop-shaped structures (toxocysts) on fungal hyphae are nematicidal and that a volatile ketone, 3-octanone, is detected in these fragile toxocysts. Treatment of Caenorhabditis elegans with 3-octanone recapitulates the rapid paralysis, calcium influx, and neuronal cell death arising from fungal contact. Moreover, 3-octanone disrupts cell membrane integrity, resulting in extracellular calcium influx into cytosol and mitochondria, propagating cell death throughout the entire organism. Last, we demonstrate that structurally related compounds are also biotoxic to C. elegans, with the length of the ketone carbon chain being crucial. Our work reveals that the oyster mushroom has evolved a specialized structure containing a volatile ketone to disrupt the cell membrane integrity of its prey, leading to rapid cell and organismal death in nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Han Lee
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yun Lee
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Molecular Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chu Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Li Pon
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Sue-Ping Lee
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Niaz Wali
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Takehito Nakazawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoichi Honda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Jiun-Jie Shie
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ping Hsueh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Molecular Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City 60004, Taiwan
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Hogg DW, Casatti CC, Belsham DD, Baršytė-Lovejoy D, Lovejoy DA. Distal extracellular teneurin region (teneurin C-terminal associated peptide; TCAP) possesses independent intracellular calcium regulating actions, in vitro: A potential antagonist of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 32:101397. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Liu X, Hua F, Yang D, Lin Y, Zhang L, Ying J, Sheng H, Wang X. Roles of neuroligins in central nervous system development: focus on glial neuroligins and neuron neuroligins. Lab Invest 2022; 20:418. [PMID: 36088343 PMCID: PMC9463862 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03625-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Neuroligins are postsynaptic cell adhesion molecules that are relevant to many neurodevelopmental disorders. They are differentially enriched at the postsynapse and interact with their presynaptic ligands, neurexins, whose differential binding to neuroligins has been shown to regulate synaptogenesis, transmission, and other synaptic properties. The proper functioning of functional networks in the brain depends on the proper connection between neuronal synapses. Impaired synaptogenesis or synaptic transmission results in synaptic dysfunction, and these synaptic pathologies are the basis for many neurodevelopmental disorders. Deletions or mutations in the neuroligins genes have been found in patients with both autism and schizophrenia. It is because of the important role of neuroligins in synaptic connectivity and synaptic dysfunction that studies on neuroligins in the past have mainly focused on their expression in neurons. As studies on the expression of genes specific to various cells of the central nervous system deepened, neuroligins were found to be expressed in non-neuronal cells as well. In the central nervous system, glial cells are the most representative non-neuronal cells, which can also express neuroligins in large amounts, especially astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, and they are involved in the regulation of synaptic function, as are neuronal neuroligins. This review examines the mechanisms of neuron neuroligins and non-neuronal neuroligins in the central nervous system and also discusses the important role of neuroligins in the development of the central nervous system and neurodevelopmental disorders from the perspective of neuronal neuroligins and glial neuroligins.
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Queffelec J, Postma A, Allison JD, Slippers B. Remnants of horizontal transfers of Wolbachia genes in a Wolbachia-free woodwasp. BMC Ecol Evol 2022; 22:36. [PMID: 35346038 PMCID: PMC8962096 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-022-01995-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wolbachia is a bacterial endosymbiont of many arthropod and nematode species. Due to its capacity to alter host biology, Wolbachia plays an important role in arthropod and nematode ecology and evolution. Sirex noctilio is a woodwasp causing economic loss in pine plantations of the Southern Hemisphere. An investigation into the genome of this wasp revealed the presence of Wolbachia sequences. Due to the potential impact of Wolbachia on the populations of this wasp, as well as its potential use as a biological control agent against invasive insects, this discovery warranted investigation.
Results In this study we first investigated the presence of Wolbachia in S. noctilio and demonstrated that South African populations of the wasp are unlikely to be infected. We then screened the full genome of S. noctilio and found 12 Wolbachia pseudogenes. Most of these genes constitute building blocks of various transposable elements originating from the Wolbachia genome. Finally, we demonstrate that these genes are distributed in all South African populations of the wasp.
Conclusions Our results provide evidence that S. noctilio might be compatible with a Wolbachia infection and that the bacteria could potentially be used in the future to regulate invasive populations of the wasp. Understanding the mechanisms that led to a loss of Wolbachia infection in S. noctilio could indicate which host species or host population should be sampled to find a Wolbachia strain that could be used as a biological control against S. noctilio. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-022-01995-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joséphine Queffelec
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Lunnon Road, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa. .,Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Alisa Postma
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Lunnon Road, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jeremy D Allison
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Lunnon Road, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa.,Great Lakes Forestry Center, Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Sault St Marie, Canada.,Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Bernard Slippers
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Lunnon Road, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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11
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Vitkauskaite A, Dunbar JP, Lawton C, Dalagiorgos P, Allen MM, Dugon MM. Vertebrate prey capture by Latrodectus mactans (Walckenaer, 1805) and Steatoda triangulosa (Walckenaer, 1802) (Araneae, Theridiidae) provide further insights into the immobilization and hoisting mechanisms of large prey. FOOD WEBS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2021.e00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Chen M, Blum D, Engelhard L, Raunser S, Wagner R, Gatsogiannis C. Molecular architecture of black widow spider neurotoxins. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6956. [PMID: 34845192 PMCID: PMC8630228 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26562-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Latrotoxins (LaTXs) are presynaptic pore-forming neurotoxins found in the venom of Latrodectus spiders. The venom contains a toxic cocktail of seven LaTXs, with one of them targeting vertebrates (α-latrotoxin (α-LTX)), five specialized on insects (α, β, γ, δ, ε- latroinsectotoxins (LITs), and one on crustaceans (α-latrocrustatoxin (α-LCT)). LaTXs bind to specific receptors on the surface of neuronal cells, inducing the release of neurotransmitters either by directly stimulating exocytosis or by forming Ca2+-conductive tetrameric pores in the membrane. Despite extensive studies in the past decades, a high-resolution structure of a LaTX is not yet available and the precise mechanism of LaTX action remains unclear. Here, we report cryoEM structures of the α-LCT monomer and the δ-LIT dimer. The structures reveal that LaTXs are organized in four domains. A C-terminal domain of ankyrin-like repeats shields a central membrane insertion domain of six parallel α-helices. Both domains are flexibly linked via an N-terminal α-helical domain and a small β-sheet domain. A comparison between the structures suggests that oligomerization involves major conformational changes in LaTXs with longer C-terminal domains. Based on our data we propose a cyclic mechanism of oligomerization, taking place prior membrane insertion. Both recombinant α-LCT and δ-LIT form channels in artificial membrane bilayers, that are stabilized by Ca2+ ions and allow calcium flux at negative membrane potentials. Our comparative analysis between α-LCT and δ-LIT provides first crucial insights towards understanding the molecular mechanism of the LaTX family. The venom of Latrodectus spiders contains seven Latrotoxins (LaTXs), among them α-latrocrustatoxin (LCT) and δ- latroinsectotoxins δ-LIT. LaTXs bind to specific receptors on the surface of neuronal cells and target the molecular exocytosis machinery. Here, the authors present the cryo-EM structure of the α-LCT monomer and the δ-LIT dimer, which reveal that LaTXs are organized in four domains and they discuss the potential oligomerisation mechanism that takes place before LaTXs membrane insertion. Both recombinant α-LCT and δ-LIT form channels in artificial membrane bilayers, that are stabilized by Ca2+ ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Chen
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Daniel Blum
- MOLIFE Research Center, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759, Bremen, Germany
| | - Lena Engelhard
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefan Raunser
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Richard Wagner
- MOLIFE Research Center, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759, Bremen, Germany
| | - Christos Gatsogiannis
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany. .,Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
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13
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Camillo C, Facchinello N, Villari G, Mana G, Gioelli N, Sandri C, Astone M, Tortarolo D, Clapero F, Gays D, Oberkersch RE, Arese M, Tamagnone L, Valdembri D, Santoro MM, Serini G. LPHN2 inhibits vascular permeability by differential control of endothelial cell adhesion. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212665. [PMID: 34581723 PMCID: PMC8480966 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202006033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic modulation of endothelial cell-to-cell and cell–to–extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion is essential for blood vessel patterning and functioning. Yet the molecular mechanisms involved in this process have not been completely deciphered. We identify the adhesion G protein–coupled receptor (ADGR) Latrophilin 2 (LPHN2) as a novel determinant of endothelial cell (EC) adhesion and barrier function. In cultured ECs, endogenous LPHN2 localizes at ECM contacts, signals through cAMP/Rap1, and inhibits focal adhesion (FA) formation and nuclear localization of YAP/TAZ transcriptional regulators, while promoting tight junction (TJ) assembly. ECs also express an endogenous LPHN2 ligand, fibronectin leucine-rich transmembrane 2 (FLRT2), that prevents ECM-elicited EC behaviors in an LPHN2-dependent manner. Vascular ECs of lphn2a knock-out zebrafish embryos become abnormally stretched, display a hyperactive YAP/TAZ pathway, and lack proper intercellular TJs. Consistently, blood vessels are hyperpermeable, and intravascularly injected cancer cells extravasate more easily in lphn2a null animals. Thus, LPHN2 ligands, such as FLRT2, may be therapeutically exploited to interfere with cancer metastatic dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Camillo
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Candiolo, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Nicola Facchinello
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Cancer Metabolism, Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Villari
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Candiolo, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Giulia Mana
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Candiolo, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Noemi Gioelli
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Candiolo, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Chiara Sandri
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Candiolo, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Matteo Astone
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Cancer Metabolism, Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Dora Tortarolo
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Candiolo, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Fabiana Clapero
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Candiolo, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Dafne Gays
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Roxana E Oberkersch
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Cancer Metabolism, Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Arese
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Candiolo, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Luca Tamagnone
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.,"Agostino Gemelli" University Polyclinic Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Valdembri
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Candiolo, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Massimo M Santoro
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Cancer Metabolism, Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Guido Serini
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Candiolo, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo, Italy
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14
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Regan SL, Pitzer EM, Hufgard JR, Sugimoto C, Williams MT, Vorhees CV. A novel role for the ADHD risk gene latrophilin-3 in learning and memory in Lphn3 knockout rats. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 158:105456. [PMID: 34352385 PMCID: PMC8440465 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Latrophilins (LPHNs) are adhesion G protein-coupled receptors with three isoforms but only LPHN3 is brain specific (caudate, prefrontal cortex, dentate, amygdala, and cerebellum). Variants of LPHN3 are associated with ADHD. Null mutations of Lphn3 in rat, mouse, zebrafish, and Drosophila result in hyperactivity, but its role in learning and memory (L&M) is largely unknown. Using our Lphn3 knockout (KO) rats we examined the cognitive abilities, long-term potentiation (LTP) in CA1, NMDA receptor expression, and neurohistology from heterozygous breeding pairs. KO rats were impaired in egocentric L&M in the Cincinnati water maze, spatial L&M and cognitive flexibility in the Morris water maze (MWM), with no effects on conditioned freezing, novel object recognition, or temporal order recognition. KO-associated locomotor hyperactivity had no effect on swim speed. KO rats had reduced early-LTP but not late-LTP and had reduced hippocampal NMDA-NR1 expression. In a second experiment, KO rats responded to a light prepulse prior to an acoustic startle pulse, reflecting visual signal detection. In a third experiment, KO rats given extra MWM pretraining and hidden platform overtraining showed no evidence of reaching WT rats' levels of learning. Nissl histology revealed no structural abnormalities in KO rats. LPHN3 has a selective effect on egocentric and allocentric L&M without effects on conditioned freezing or recognition memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Regan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
| | - Emily M Pitzer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
| | - Jillian R Hufgard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Chiho Sugimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Michael T Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
| | - Charles V Vorhees
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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15
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Silva CA, Yalnizyan-Carson A, Fernández Busch MV, van Zwieten M, Verhage M, Lohmann C. Activity-dependent regulation of mitochondrial motility in developing cortical dendrites. eLife 2021; 10:62091. [PMID: 34491202 PMCID: PMC8423438 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing neurons form synapses at a high rate. Synaptic transmission is very energy-demanding and likely requires ATP production by mitochondria nearby. Mitochondria might be targeted to active synapses in young dendrites, but whether such motility regulation mechanisms exist is unclear. We investigated the relationship between mitochondrial motility and neuronal activity in the primary visual cortex of young mice in vivo and in slice cultures. During the first 2 postnatal weeks, mitochondrial motility decreases while the frequency of neuronal activity increases. Global calcium transients do not affect mitochondrial motility. However, individual synaptic transmission events precede local mitochondrial arrest. Pharmacological stimulation of synaptic vesicle release, but not focal glutamate application alone, stops mitochondria, suggesting that an unidentified factor co-released with glutamate is required for mitochondrial arrest. A computational model of synaptic transmission-mediated mitochondrial arrest shows that the developmental increase in synapse number and transmission frequency can contribute substantially to the age-dependent decrease of mitochondrial motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Ap Silva
- Department of Synapse and Network Development, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - M Victoria Fernández Busch
- Department of Synapse and Network Development, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mike van Zwieten
- Department of Synapse and Network Development, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Verhage
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christian Lohmann
- Department of Synapse and Network Development, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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16
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Orsa AN, Goryashchenko AS, Serova OV, Mozhaev AA, Martynov VI, Pakhomov AA, Svirshchevskaya EV, Petrenko AG, Deyev IE. Generation and Characteristics of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Sensors of Extracellular pH. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162021040178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Zheng H, Zeng B, Shang T, Zhou S. Identification of G protein-coupled receptors required for vitellogenesis and egg development in an insect with panoistic ovary. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:1005-1017. [PMID: 32537938 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), a superfamily of integral transmembrane proteins regulate a variety of physiological processes in insects. Juvenile hormone (JH) is known to stimulate Vitellogenin (Vg) synthesis in the fat body, secretion into the hemolymph and uptake by developing oocytes. However, the role of GPCRs in JH-dependent insect vitellogenesis and oocyte maturation remains elusive. In the present study, we performed transcriptomic analysis and RNA interference (RNAi) screening in vitellogenic females of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria. Of 22 GPCRs identified in ovarian transcriptome, LGR4, OR-A1, OR-A2, Mthl1, Mthl5 and Smo were most abundant in the ovary. By comparison, mAChR-C expressed at higher levels in the fat body, whereas Oct/TyrR, OARβ, AdoR and ADGRA3 were at higher expression levels in the brain. Our RNAi screening demonstrated that knockdown of six GPCRs resulted in defective phenotypes of Vg accumulation in developing oocytes, accompanied by blocked ovarian development and impaired oocyte maturation. While LGR4 and Oct/TyrR appeared to control Vg synthesis in the fat body, OR-A1, OR-A2, mAChR-C and CirlL regulated Vg transportation and uptake. The findings provide fundamental evidence for deciphering the regulatory mechanisms of GPCRs in JH-stimulated insect reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Baojuan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Tiantian Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Shutang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
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18
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Regan SL, Williams MT, Vorhees CV. Latrophilin-3 disruption: Effects on brain and behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:619-629. [PMID: 34022279 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Latrophilin-3 (LPHN3), a G-protein-coupled receptor belonging to the adhesion subfamily, is a regulator of synaptic function and maintenance in brain regions that mediate locomotor activity, attention, and memory for location and path. Variants of LPHN3 are associated with increased risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in some patients. Here we review the role of LPHN3 in the central nervous system (CNS). We describe synaptic localization of LPHN3, its trans-synaptic binding partners, links to neurodevelopmental disorders, animal models of Lphn3 disruption in different species, and evidence that LPHN3 is involved in cognition as well as activity and attention. The evidence shows that LPHN3 plays a more significant role in neuroplasticity than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Regan
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Michael T Williams
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Charles V Vorhees
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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19
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Cell-Based Reporter Release Assay to Determine the Activity of Calcium-Dependent Neurotoxins and Neuroactive Pharmaceuticals. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13040247. [PMID: 33808507 PMCID: PMC8066854 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The suitability of a newly developed cell-based functional assay was tested for the detection of the activity of a range of neurotoxins and neuroactive pharmaceuticals which act by stimulation or inhibition of calcium-dependent neurotransmitter release. In this functional assay, a reporter enzyme is released concomitantly with the neurotransmitter from neurosecretory vesicles. The current study showed that the release of a luciferase from a differentiated human neuroblastoma-based reporter cell line (SIMA-hPOMC1-26-GLuc cells) can be stimulated by a carbachol-mediated activation of the Gq-coupled muscarinic-acetylcholine receptor and by the Ca2+-channel forming spider toxin α-latrotoxin. Carbachol-stimulated luciferase release was completely inhibited by the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist atropine and α-latrotoxin-mediated release by the Ca2+-chelator EGTA, demonstrating the specificity of luciferase-release stimulation. SIMA-hPOMC1-26-GLuc cells express mainly L- and N-type and to a lesser extent T-type VGCC on the mRNA and protein level. In accordance with the expression profile a depolarization-stimulated luciferase release by a high K+-buffer was effectively and dose-dependently inhibited by L-type VGCC inhibitors and to a lesser extent by N-type and T-type inhibitors. P/Q- and R-type inhibitors did not affect the K+-stimulated luciferase release. In summary, the newly established cell-based assay may represent a versatile tool to analyze the biological efficiency of a range of neurotoxins and neuroactive pharmaceuticals which mediate their activity by the modulation of calcium-dependent neurotransmitter release.
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20
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Smillie KJ, Cousin MA, Gordon SL. Preface to the Special Issue "Presynaptic Dysfunction and Disease". J Neurochem 2021; 157:102-106. [PMID: 33728654 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synapse is formed between a presynapse (which releases neurotransmitter) and the postsynapse (which transduces this chemical signal). Over the past decade, presynaptic dysfunction has emerged as a key mediator of a series of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. This special issue will highlight some of the important presynaptic molecules and mechanisms that are disrupted in these conditions and reveal potential routes for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Smillie
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.,Muir Maxwell Epilepsy Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Michael A Cousin
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.,Muir Maxwell Epilepsy Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Sarah L Gordon
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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21
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Peregrina C, Del Toro D. FLRTing Neurons in Cortical Migration During Cerebral Cortex Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:578506. [PMID: 33043013 PMCID: PMC7527468 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.578506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
During development, two coordinated events shape the morphology of the mammalian cerebral cortex, leading to the cortex's columnar and layered structure: the proliferation of neuronal progenitors and cortical migration. Pyramidal neurons originating from germinal zones migrate along radial glial fibers to their final position in the cortical plate by both radial migration and tangential dispersion. These processes rely on the delicate balance of intercellular adhesive and repulsive signaling that takes place between neurons interacting with different substrates and guidance cues. Here, we focus on the function of the cell adhesion molecules fibronectin leucine-rich repeat transmembrane proteins (FLRTs) in regulating both the radial migration of neurons, as well as their tangential spread, and the impact these processes have on cortex morphogenesis. In combining structural and functional analysis, recent studies have begun to reveal how FLRT-mediated responses are precisely tuned - from forming different protein complexes to modulate either cell adhesion or repulsion in neurons. These approaches provide a deeper understanding of the context-dependent interactions of FLRTs with multiple receptors involved in axon guidance and synapse formation that contribute to finely regulated neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Peregrina
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Del Toro
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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22
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Janecek J, Kushlaf H. Toxin-Induced Channelopathies, Neuromuscular Junction Disorders, and Myopathy. Neurol Clin 2020; 38:765-780. [PMID: 33040860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Channelopathies, neuromuscular junction disorders, and myopathies represent multiple mechanisms by which toxins can affect the peripheral nervous system. These toxins include ciguatoxin, tetrodotoxin, botulinum toxin, metabolic poisons, venomous snake bites, and several medications. These toxins are important to be aware of because they can lead to serious symptoms, disability, or even death, and many can be treated if recognized ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Janecek
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Hani Kushlaf
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 260 Stetson Street Suite 2300, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 234 Goodman Street, LMB, Suite 110, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA.
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23
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Rigoni M, Negro S. Signals Orchestrating Peripheral Nerve Repair. Cells 2020; 9:E1768. [PMID: 32722089 PMCID: PMC7464993 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system has retained through evolution the capacity to repair and regenerate after assault from a variety of physical, chemical, or biological pathogens. Regeneration relies on the intrinsic abilities of peripheral neurons and on a permissive environment, and it is driven by an intense interplay among neurons, the glia, muscles, the basal lamina, and the immune system. Indeed, extrinsic signals from the milieu of the injury site superimpose on genetic and epigenetic mechanisms to modulate cell intrinsic programs. Here, we will review the main intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms allowing severed peripheral axons to re-grow, and discuss some alarm mediators and pro-regenerative molecules and pathways involved in the process, highlighting the role of Schwann cells as central hubs coordinating multiple signals. A particular focus will be provided on regeneration at the neuromuscular junction, an ideal model system whose manipulation can contribute to the identification of crucial mediators of nerve re-growth. A brief overview on regeneration at sensory terminals is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Rigoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy;
- Myology Center (Cir-Myo), University of Padua, 35129 Padua, Italy
| | - Samuele Negro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy;
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24
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Abstract
Latrodectus geometricus, also known as the brown widow or brown button spider, is an unrenowned relative of the American black widow. While brown widow envenomation is generally thought of as mild, it does have the potential to lead to moderate or severe features similar to black widow bites. We report a case of brown widow envenomation that led to a moderate reaction including rash, local pain, pain radiating proximally in the extremity and nausea. Poison control was consulted for aid in spider identification. The patient was treated for pain control and muscle relaxation and monitored for eight hours. After proper tetanus prophylaxis, the patient was successfully discharged home with well-controlled, but continued mild symptoms. This case highlights a little-known, but clinically relevant species of widow spider with a wide distribution. Expeditious identification and treatment of brown widow bites can increase patient comfort, satisfaction, and discharge rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Earwood
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, USA
| | - Jay Ladde
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Orlando Regional Medical Center, Orlando, USA
| | - Philip A Giordano
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Orlando Regional Medical Center, Orlando, USA
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25
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Venomics Approach Reveals a High Proportion of Lactrodectus-Like Toxins in the Venom of the Noble False Widow Spider Steatoda nobilis. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060402. [PMID: 32570718 PMCID: PMC7354476 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The noble false widow spider Steatoda nobilis originates from the Macaronesian archipelago and has expanded its range globally. Outside of its natural range, it may have a negative impact on native wildlife, and in temperate regions it lives in synanthropic environments where it frequently encounters humans, subsequently leading to envenomations. S. nobilis is the only medically significant spider in Ireland and the UK, and envenomations have resulted in local and systemic neurotoxic symptoms similar to true black widows (genus Latrodectus). S. nobilis is a sister group to Latrodectus which possesses the highly potent neurotoxins called α-latrotoxins that can induce neuromuscular paralysis and is responsible for human fatalities. However, and despite this close relationship, the venom composition of S. nobilis has never been investigated. In this context, a combination of transcriptomic and proteomic cutting-edge approaches has been used to deeply characterise S. nobilis venom. Mining of transcriptome data for the peptides identified by proteomics revealed 240 annotated sequences, of which 118 are related to toxins, 37 as enzymes, 43 as proteins involved in various biological functions, and 42 proteins without any identified function to date. Among the toxins, the most represented in numbers are α-latrotoxins (61), δ-latroinsectotoxins (44) and latrodectins (6), all of which were first characterised from black widow venoms. Transcriptomics alone provided a similar representation to proteomics, thus demonstrating that our approach is highly sensitive and accurate. More precisely, a relative quantification approach revealed that latrodectins are the most concentrated toxin (28%), followed by α-latrotoxins (11%), δ-latroinsectotoxins (11%) and α-latrocrustotoxins (11%). Approximately two-thirds of the venom is composed of Latrodectus-like toxins. Such toxins are highly potent towards the nervous system of vertebrates and likely responsible for the array of symptoms occurring after envenomation by black widows and false widows. Thus, caution should be taken in dismissing S. nobilis as harmless. This work paves the way towards a better understanding of the competitiveness of S. nobilis and its potential medical importance.
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Li J, Xie Y, Cornelius S, Jiang X, Sando R, Kordon SP, Pan M, Leon K, Südhof TC, Zhao M, Araç D. Alternative splicing controls teneurin-latrophilin interaction and synapse specificity by a shape-shifting mechanism. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2140. [PMID: 32358586 PMCID: PMC7195488 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The trans-synaptic interaction of the cell-adhesion molecules teneurins (TENs) with latrophilins (LPHNs/ADGRLs) promotes excitatory synapse formation when LPHNs simultaneously interact with FLRTs. Insertion of a short alternatively-spliced region within TENs abolishes the TEN-LPHN interaction and switches TEN function to specify inhibitory synapses. How alternative-splicing regulates TEN-LPHN interaction remains unclear. Here, we report the 2.9 Å resolution cryo-EM structure of the TEN2-LPHN3 complex, and describe the trimeric TEN2-LPHN3-FLRT3 complex. The structure reveals that the N-terminal lectin domain of LPHN3 binds to the TEN2 barrel at a site far away from the alternatively spliced region. Alternative-splicing regulates the TEN2-LPHN3 interaction by hindering access to the LPHN-binding surface rather than altering it. Strikingly, mutagenesis of the LPHN-binding surface of TEN2 abolishes the LPHN3 interaction and impairs excitatory but not inhibitory synapse formation. These results suggest that a multi-level coincident binding mechanism mediated by a cryptic adhesion complex between TENs and LPHNs regulates synapse specificity. The trans-synaptic interaction of the cell-adhesion molecules teneurins (TENs) with latrophilins (LPHNs) promotes excitatory synapse formation. Here authors report the high resolution cryo-EM structure of the TEN2-LPHN3 complex, describe the trimeric TEN2-LPHN3-FLRT3 complex and show how alternative-splicing regulates the TEN2-LPHN3 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxian Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Yuan Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Shaleeka Cornelius
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Xian Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Richard Sando
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Szymon P Kordon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Man Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Katherine Leon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Minglei Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Demet Araç
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA. .,Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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27
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Fry CH, McCloskey KD. Spontaneous Activity and the Urinary Bladder. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1124:121-147. [PMID: 31183825 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-5895-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The urinary bladder has two functions: to store urine, when it is relaxed and highly compliant; and void its contents, when intravesical pressure rises due to co-ordinated contraction of detrusor smooth muscle in the bladder wall. Superimposed on this description are two observations: (1) the normal, relaxed bladder develops small transient increases of intravesical pressure, mirrored by local bladder wall movements; (2) pathological, larger pressure variations (detrusor overactivity) can occur that may cause involuntary urine loss and/or detrusor overactivity. Characterisation of these spontaneous contractions is important to understand: how normal bladder compliance is maintained during filling; and the pathophysiology of detrusor overactivity. Consideration of how spontaneous contractions originate should include the structural complexity of the bladder wall. Detrusor smooth muscle layer is overlain by a mucosa, itself a complex structure of urothelium and a lamina propria containing sensory nerves, micro-vasculature, interstitial cells and diffuse muscular elements.Several theories, not mutually exclusive, have been advanced for the origin of spontaneous contractions. These include intrinsic rhythmicity of detrusor muscle; modulation by non-muscular pacemaking cells in the bladder wall; motor input to detrusor by autonomic nerves; regulation of detrusor muscle excitability and contractility by the adjacent mucosa and spontaneous contraction of elements of the lamina propria. This chapter will consider evidence for each theory in both normal and overactive bladder and how their significance may vary during ageing and development. Further understanding of these mechanisms may also identify novel drug targets to ameliorate the clinical consequences of large contractions associated with detrusor overactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Fry
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Karen D McCloskey
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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28
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Genetic risk factors and gene–environment interactions in adult and childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatr Genet 2019; 29:63-78. [DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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29
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Haney RA, Matte T, Forsyth FS, Garb JE. Alternative Transcription at Venom Genes and Its Role as a Complementary Mechanism for the Generation of Venom Complexity in the Common House Spider. Front Ecol Evol 2019; 7. [PMID: 31431897 PMCID: PMC6700725 DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex composition of venom, a proteinaceous secretion used by
diverse animal groups for predation or defense, is typically viewed as being
driven by gene duplication in conjunction with positive selection, leading to
large families of diversified toxins with selective venom gland expression. Yet,
the production of alternative transcripts at venom genes is often overlooked as
another potentially important process that could contribute proteins to venom,
and requires comprehensive datasets integrating genome and transcriptome
sequences together with proteomic characterization of venom to be fully
documented. In the common house spider, Parasteatoda
tepidariorum, we used RNA sequencing of four tissue types in
conjunction with the sequenced genome to provide a comprehensive transcriptome
annotation. We also used mass spectrometry to identify a minimum of 99 distinct
proteins in P tepidariorum venom, including at least 33
latrotoxins, pore-forming neurotoxins shared with the confamilial black widow.
We found that venom proteins are much more likely to come from multiple
transcript genes, whose transcripts produced distinct protein sequences. The
presence of multiple distinct proteins in venom from transcripts at individual
genes was confirmed for eight loci by mass spectrometry, and is possible at 21
others. Alternative transcripts from the same gene, whether encoding or not
encoding a protein found in venom, showed a range of expression patterns, but
were not necessarily restricted to the venom gland. However, approximately half
of venom protein encoding transcripts were found among the 1,318 transcripts
with strongly venom gland biased expression. Our findings revealed an important
role for alternative transcription in generating venom protein complexity and
expanded the traditional model of venom evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Haney
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States
| | - Taylor Matte
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University, Medical, Boston, MA, United States
| | - FitzAnthony S Forsyth
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States
| | - Jessica E Garb
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States
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Araç D, Li J. Teneurins and latrophilins: two giants meet at the synapse. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 54:141-151. [PMID: 30952063 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Teneurins and latrophilins are both conserved families of cell adhesion proteins that mediate cellular communication and play critical roles in embryonic and neural development. However, their mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. In the past several years, three-dimensional structures of teneurins and latrophilins have been reported at atomic resolutions and revealed distinct protein folds and unique structural features. In this review, we discuss these structures which, together with structure-guided biochemical and functional analyses, provide hints for the mechanisms of trans-cellular communication at the synapse and other cell-cell contact sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demet Araç
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, The University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Jingxian Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, The University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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31
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Neurobiology and therapeutic applications of neurotoxins targeting transmitter release. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 193:135-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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32
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Südhof TC. Towards an Understanding of Synapse Formation. Neuron 2018; 100:276-293. [PMID: 30359597 PMCID: PMC6226307 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Synapses are intercellular junctions specialized for fast, point-to-point information transfer from a presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic cell. At a synapse, a presynaptic terminal secretes neurotransmitters via a canonical release machinery, while a postsynaptic specialization senses neurotransmitters via diverse receptors. Synaptic junctions are likely organized by trans-synaptic cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs) that bidirectionally orchestrate synapse formation, restructuring, and elimination. Many candidate synaptic CAMs were described, but which CAMs are central actors and which are bystanders remains unclear. Moreover, multiple genes encoding synaptic CAMs were linked to neuropsychiatric disorders, but the mechanisms involved are unresolved. Here, I propose that engagement of multifarious synaptic CAMs produces parallel trans-synaptic signals that mediate the establishment, organization, and plasticity of synapses, thereby controlling information processing by neural circuits. Among others, this hypothesis implies that synapse formation can be understood in terms of inter- and intracellular signaling, and that neuropsychiatric disorders involve an impairment in such signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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33
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The remembrance of the things past: Conserved signalling pathways link protozoa to mammalian nervous system. Cell Calcium 2018; 73:25-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Nazarko O, Kibrom A, Winkler J, Leon K, Stoveken H, Salzman G, Merdas K, Lu Y, Narkhede P, Tall G, Prömel S, Araç D. A Comprehensive Mutagenesis Screen of the Adhesion GPCR Latrophilin-1/ADGRL1. iScience 2018; 3:264-278. [PMID: 30428326 PMCID: PMC6137404 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion G-protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) play critical roles in diverse cellular processes in neurobiology, development, immunity, and numerous diseases. The lack of molecular understanding of their activation mechanisms, especially with regard to the transmembrane domains, hampers further studies to facilitate aGPCR-targeted drug development. Latrophilin-1/ADGRL1 is a model aGPCR that regulates synapse formation and embryogenesis, and its mutations are associated with cancer and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Here, we established functional assays to monitor latrophilin-1 function and showed the activation of latrophilin-1 by its endogenous agonist peptide. Via a comprehensive mutagenesis screen, we identified transmembrane domain residues essential for latrophilin-1 basal activity and for agonist peptide response. Strikingly, a cancer-associated mutation exhibited increased basal activity and failed to rescue the embryonic developmental phenotype in transgenic worms. These results provide a mechanistic foundation for future aGPCR-targeted drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olha Nazarko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Amanuel Kibrom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jana Winkler
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katherine Leon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hannah Stoveken
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gabriel Salzman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Katarzyna Merdas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Pradnya Narkhede
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Gregory Tall
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Simone Prömel
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Demet Araç
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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35
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Matsumura T, Mashiko R, Sato T, Itokawa K, Maekawa Y, Ogawa K, Isawa H, Yamamoto A, Mori S, Horita A, Ginnaga A, Miyatsu Y, Takahashi M, Taki H, Hifumi T, Sawabe K, Ato M. Venom and Antivenom of the Redback Spider (Latrodectus hasseltii) in Japan. Part I. Venom Extraction, Preparation, and Laboratory Testing. Jpn J Infect Dis 2018; 71:116-121. [PMID: 29491237 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2017.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The redback spider (Latrodectus hasseltii Thorell) reportedly invaded Japan in September 1995. To date, 84 redback spider bite cases have been reported; 7 of these cases employed the antivenom. Antivenom has been imported from Australia in the past, but because of restrictions on exportation it was evident that nearly all of the antivenom present in Japan would expire during 2014. In 2014, a plan was proposed to experimentally manufacture and stockpile a horse antiserum for ourselves, using redback spiders indigenous to Japan. A total of 11,403 female spiders were captured alive: 1,217 from the vicinity of Nishinomiya City, Hyogo prefecture, and 10,186 from Osaka prefecture. Of these, 10,007 females were dissected, and the venom was extracted from the venom glands of individuals and subjected to crude purification to yield 4 lots, of which the majority was α-latrotoxin. Among them, a large amount of single lots with an estimated protein content of 236 mg is subsequently scheduled to be used for immunizing horses. We also determined lethal toxicity of the venom (LD50: 9.17 μg per mouse), and established the assay for the determination of an anti-lethal titer of antivenom in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reona Mashiko
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Tomomi Sato
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Kentaro Itokawa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Yoshihide Maekawa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Kohei Ogawa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Haruhiko Isawa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Akihiko Yamamoto
- Division of Biosafety Control and Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Shigemi Mori
- The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute (Kaketsuken)
| | - Akira Horita
- The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute (Kaketsuken)
| | | | | | | | | | - Toru Hifumi
- Kagawa University Hospital Emergency Medical Center
| | - Kyoko Sawabe
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Manabu Ato
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
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36
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Extracellular α-synuclein levels are regulated by neuronal activity. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:9. [PMID: 29467003 PMCID: PMC5822605 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0241-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background α-Synuclein is a presynaptic protein abundant in the cytoplasmic compartment of neurons, whereas its presence in the extracellular space has also been observed under physiological conditions. Extracellular α-synuclein has pathological significance, exhibiting cellular toxicity and impairment of synaptic transmission. Notably, misfolded α-synuclein drives the cell-to-cell propagation of pathology via the extracellular space. However, the primary mechanism that regulates the extracellular levels of α-synuclein remains to be determined. Methods Using several mechanistically distinct methods to modulate neuronal/synaptic activities in primary neuronal culture and in vivo microdialysis, we examined the involvement of neuronal/synaptic activities on α-synuclein release. Results We demonstrate here that physiological release of endogenous α-synuclein highly depends on intrinsic neuronal activities. Elevating neuronal activity rapidly increased, while blocking activity decreased, α-synuclein release. In vivo microdialysis experiments in freely moving mice revealed that ~ 70% of extracellular α-synuclein arises from neuronal activity-dependent pathway. Selective modulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission altered extracellular α-synuclein levels, implicating this specific neuronal network in the mechanism of activity-dependent release of α-synuclein. While neuronal activity tightly regulated α-synuclein release, elevated synaptic vesicle exocytosis per se was capable to elicit α-synuclein release. We also found that extracellular α-synuclein exists as high molecular weight species. Conclusions The present study uncovers a novel regulatory pathway associated with α-synuclein release, whose dysregulation might affect various pathological actions of extracellular α-synuclein including its trans-synaptic propagation.
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37
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Anderson GR, Maxeiner S, Sando R, Tsetsenis T, Malenka RC, Südhof TC. Postsynaptic adhesion GPCR latrophilin-2 mediates target recognition in entorhinal-hippocampal synapse assembly. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:3831-3846. [PMID: 28972101 PMCID: PMC5674891 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201703042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapse assembly likely requires postsynaptic target recognition by incoming presynaptic afferents. Using newly generated conditional knock-in and knockout mice, we show in this study that latrophilin-2 (Lphn2), a cell-adhesion G protein-coupled receptor and presumptive α-latrotoxin receptor, controls the numbers of a specific subset of synapses in CA1-region hippocampal neurons, suggesting that Lphn2 acts as a synaptic target-recognition molecule. In cultured hippocampal neurons, Lphn2 maintained synapse numbers via a postsynaptic instead of a presynaptic mechanism, which was surprising given its presumptive role as an α-latrotoxin receptor. In CA1-region neurons in vivo, Lphn2 was specifically targeted to dendritic spines in the stratum lacunosum-moleculare, which form synapses with presynaptic entorhinal cortex afferents. In this study, postsynaptic deletion of Lphn2 selectively decreased spine numbers and impaired synaptic inputs from entorhinal but not Schaffer-collateral afferents. Behaviorally, loss of Lphn2 from the CA1 region increased spatial memory retention but decreased learning of sequential spatial memory tasks. Thus, Lphn2 appears to control synapse numbers in the entorhinal cortex/CA1 region circuit by acting as a domain-specific postsynaptic target-recognition molecule.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/metabolism
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/pathology
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/physiopathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Spines/metabolism
- Dendritic Spines/pathology
- Entorhinal Cortex/metabolism
- Entorhinal Cortex/pathology
- Entorhinal Cortex/physiopathology
- Fear
- Genotype
- Maze Learning
- Memory
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Motor Activity
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- Phenotype
- Presynaptic Terminals/metabolism
- Presynaptic Terminals/pathology
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Peptide/genetics
- Receptors, Peptide/metabolism
- Rotarod Performance Test
- Smell
- Synaptic Membranes/metabolism
- Synaptic Membranes/pathology
- Synaptic Potentials
- Time Factors
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Garret R Anderson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA
| | - Stephan Maxeiner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA
| | - Richard Sando
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA
| | - Theodoros Tsetsenis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA
| | - Robert C Malenka
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA
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38
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Gao S, Liu X, Liu J, Xiong W, Song X, Wu W, Wei L, Li B. Identification and evolution of latrophilin
receptor gene involved in Tribolium castaneum
devolopment and female fecundity. Genesis 2017; 55. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences; Nanjing Normal University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xing Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences; Nanjing Normal University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences; Nanjing Normal University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Wenfeng Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences; Nanjing Normal University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xiaowen Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences; Nanjing Normal University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Wei Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences; Nanjing Normal University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Luting Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences; Nanjing Normal University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Bin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences; Nanjing Normal University; Nanjing 210023 China
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39
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Abstract
AbstractLatrodectism following Black Widow envenomation is rare in Canada. We present the case of a previously healthy 50 year old male who presented with an acute abdomen, hypertension, and urinary retention. After a thorough work up it was determined to be as a result of a Black Widow spider bite. Due to climate change we may see more cases of Latrodectism in the future and it should be considered as a differential diagnosis in anyone presenting with an acute abdomen after an insect bite.
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Ancestral protein resurrection and engineering opportunities of the mamba aminergic toxins. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2701. [PMID: 28578406 PMCID: PMC5457417 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02953-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mamba venoms contain a multiplicity of three-finger fold aminergic toxins known to interact with various α-adrenergic, muscarinic and dopaminergic receptors with different pharmacological profiles. In order to generate novel functions on this structural scaffold and to avoid the daunting task of producing and screening an overwhelming number of variants generated by a classical protein engineering strategy, we accepted the challenge of resurrecting ancestral proteins, likely to have possessed functional properties. This innovative approach that exploits molecular evolution models to efficiently guide protein engineering, has allowed us to generate a small library of six ancestral toxin (AncTx) variants and associate their pharmacological profiles to key functional substitutions. Among these variants, we identified AncTx1 as the most α1A-adrenoceptor selective peptide known to date and AncTx5 as the most potent inhibitor of the three α2 adrenoceptor subtypes. Three positions in the ρ-Da1a evolutionary pathway, positions 28, 38 and 43 have been identified as key modulators of the affinities for the α1 and α2C adrenoceptor subtypes. Here, we present a first attempt at rational engineering of the aminergic toxins, revealing an epistasis phenomenon.
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Gendreau KL, Haney RA, Schwager EE, Wierschin T, Stanke M, Richards S, Garb JE. House spider genome uncovers evolutionary shifts in the diversity and expression of black widow venom proteins associated with extreme toxicity. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:178. [PMID: 28209133 PMCID: PMC5314461 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3551-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black widow spiders are infamous for their neurotoxic venom, which can cause extreme and long-lasting pain. This unusual venom is dominated by latrotoxins and latrodectins, two protein families virtually unknown outside of the black widow genus Latrodectus, that are difficult to study given the paucity of spider genomes. Using tissue-, sex- and stage-specific expression data, we analyzed the recently sequenced genome of the house spider (Parasteatoda tepidariorum), a close relative of black widows, to investigate latrotoxin and latrodectin diversity, expression and evolution. RESULTS We discovered at least 47 latrotoxin genes in the house spider genome, many of which are tandem-arrayed. Latrotoxins vary extensively in predicted structural domains and expression, implying their significant functional diversification. Phylogenetic analyses show latrotoxins have substantially duplicated after the Latrodectus/Parasteatoda split and that they are also related to proteins found in endosymbiotic bacteria. Latrodectin genes are less numerous than latrotoxins, but analyses show their recruitment for venom function from neuropeptide hormone genes following duplication, inversion and domain truncation. While latrodectins and other peptides are highly expressed in house spider and black widow venom glands, latrotoxins account for a far smaller percentage of house spider venom gland expression. CONCLUSIONS The house spider genome sequence provides novel insights into the evolution of venom toxins once considered unique to black widows. Our results greatly expand the size of the latrotoxin gene family, reinforce its narrow phylogenetic distribution, and provide additional evidence for the lateral transfer of latrotoxins between spiders and bacterial endosymbionts. Moreover, we strengthen the evidence for the evolution of latrodectin venom genes from the ecdysozoan Ion Transport Peptide (ITP)/Crustacean Hyperglycemic Hormone (CHH) neuropeptide superfamily. The lower expression of latrotoxins in house spiders relative to black widows, along with the absence of a vertebrate-targeting α-latrotoxin gene in the house spider genome, may account for the extreme potency of black widow venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry L Gendreau
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Biocomplexity Institute, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Robert A Haney
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Evelyn E Schwager
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Torsten Wierschin
- Institut für Mathematik und Informatik, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Straße 47, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mario Stanke
- Institut für Mathematik und Informatik, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Straße 47, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stephen Richards
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jessica E Garb
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA.
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Harkin LF, Lindsay SJ, Xu Y, Alzu'bi A, Ferrara A, Gullon EA, James OG, Clowry GJ. Neurexins 1-3 Each Have a Distinct Pattern of Expression in the Early Developing Human Cerebral Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:216-232. [PMID: 28013231 PMCID: PMC5654756 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurexins (NRXNs) are presynaptic terminal proteins and candidate neurodevelopmental disorder susceptibility genes; mutations presumably upset synaptic stabilization and function. However, analysis of human cortical tissue samples by RNAseq and quantitative real-time PCR at 8-12 postconceptional weeks, prior to extensive synapse formation, showed expression of all three NRXNs as well as several potential binding partners. However, the levels of expression were not identical; NRXN1 increased with age and NRXN2 levels were consistently higher than for NRXN3. Immunohistochemistry for each NRXN also revealed different expression patterns at this stage of development. NRXN1 and NRXN3 immunoreactivity was generally strongest in the cortical plate and increased in the ventricular zone with age, but was weak in the synaptogenic presubplate (pSP) and marginal zone. On the other hand, NRXN2 colocalized with synaptophysin in neurites of the pSP, but especially with GAP43 and CASK in growing axons of the intermediate zone. Alternative splicing modifies the role of NRXNs and we found evidence by RNAseq for exon skipping at splice site 4 and concomitant expression of KHDBRS proteins which control this splicing. NRXN2 may play a part in early cortical synaptogenesis, but NRXNs could have diverse roles in development including axon guidance, and intercellular communication between proliferating cells and/or migrating neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren F Harkin
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Parkway Drive, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
- Present address: School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Susan J Lindsay
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Parkway Drive, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Yaobo Xu
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Parkway Drive, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
- Present address: Wellcome Trust, Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ayman Alzu'bi
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Parkway Drive, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Alexandra Ferrara
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Parkway Drive, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Emily A Gullon
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Parkway Drive, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Owen G James
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Parkway Drive, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
- Present address: MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Gavin J Clowry
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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Negro S, Bergamin E, Rodella U, Duregotti E, Scorzeto M, Jalink K, Montecucco C, Rigoni M. ATP Released by Injured Neurons Activates Schwann Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:134. [PMID: 27242443 PMCID: PMC4876115 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Injured nerve terminals of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) can regenerate. This remarkable and complex response is governed by molecular signals that are exchanged among the cellular components of this synapse: motor axon nerve terminal (MAT), perisynaptic Schwann cells (PSCs), and muscle fiber. The nature of signals that govern MAT regeneration is ill-known. In the present study the spider toxin α-latrotoxin has been used as tool to investigate the mechanisms underlying peripheral neuroregeneration. Indeed this neurotoxin induces an acute, specific, localized and fully reversible damage of the presynaptic nerve terminal, and its action mimics the cascade of events that leads to nerve terminal degeneration in injured patients and in many neurodegenerative conditions. Here we provide evidence of an early release by degenerating neurons of adenosine triphosphate as alarm messenger, that contributes to the activation of a series of intracellular pathways within Schwann cells that are crucial for nerve regeneration: Ca(2+), cAMP, ERK1/2, and CREB. These results contribute to define the cross-talk taking place among degenerating nerve terminals and PSCs, involved in the functional recovery of the NMJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Negro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of PadovaPadua, Italy
| | | | - Umberto Rodella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of PadovaPadua, Italy
| | - Elisa Duregotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of PadovaPadua, Italy
| | - Michele Scorzeto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of PadovaPadua, Italy
| | - Kees Jalink
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cesare Montecucco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of PadovaPadua, Italy
- National Research Council, Institute of NeurosciencePadua, Italy
| | - Michela Rigoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of PadovaPadua, Italy
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Orsini CA, Setlow B, DeJesus M, Galaviz S, Loesch K, Ioerger T, Wallis D. Behavioral and transcriptomic profiling of mice null for Lphn3, a gene implicated in ADHD and addiction. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2016; 4:322-43. [PMID: 27247960 PMCID: PMC4867566 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Latrophilin 3 (LPHN3) gene (recently renamed Adhesion G protein‐coupled receptor L3 (ADGRL3)) has been linked to susceptibility to attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and vulnerability to addiction. However, its role and function are not well understood as there are no known functional variants. Methods To characterize the function of this little known gene, we phenotyped Lphn3 null mice. We assessed motivation for food reward and working memory via instrumental responding tasks, motor coordination via rotarod, and depressive‐like behavior via forced swim. We also measured neurite outgrowth of primary hippocampal and cortical neuron cultures. Standard blood chemistries and blood counts were performed. Finally, we also evaluated the transcriptome in several brain regions. Results Behaviorally, loss of Lphn3 increases both reward motivation and activity levels. Lphn3 null mice display significantly greater instrumental responding for food than wild‐type mice, particularly under high response ratios, and swim incessantly during a forced swim assay. However, loss of Lphn3 does not interfere with working memory or motor coordination. Primary hippocampal and cortical neuron cultures demonstrate that null neurons display comparatively enhanced neurite outgrowth after 2 and 3 days in vitro. Standard blood chemistry panels reveal that nulls have low serum calcium levels. Finally, analysis of the transcriptome from prefrontal cortical, striatal, and hippocampal tissue at different developmental time points shows that loss of Lphn3 results in genotype‐dependent differential gene expression (DGE), particularly for cell adhesion molecules and calcium signaling proteins. Much of the DGE is attenuated with age, and is consistent with the idea that ADHD is associated with delayed cortical maturation. Conclusions Transcriptome changes likely affect neuron structure and function, leading to behavioral anomalies consistent with both ADHD and addiction phenotypes. The data should further motivate analyses of Lphn3 function in the developmental timing of altered gene expression and calcium signaling, and their effects on neuronal structure/function during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin A Orsini
- Department of Psychiatry McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida College of Medicine Gainesville Florida 32610
| | - Barry Setlow
- Department of Psychiatry McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida College of Medicine Gainesville Florida 32610
| | - Michael DeJesus
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843
| | - Stacy Galaviz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843
| | - Kimberly Loesch
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843
| | - Thomas Ioerger
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843
| | - Deeann Wallis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843
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Li M, Corbelli A, Watanabe S, Armelloni S, Ikehata M, Parazzi V, Pignatari C, Giardino L, Mattinzoli D, Lazzari L, Puliti A, Cellesi F, Zennaro C, Messa P, Rastaldi MP. Three-dimensional podocyte-endothelial cell co-cultures: Assembly, validation, and application to drug testing and intercellular signaling studies. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 86:1-12. [PMID: 26924225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteinuria is a common symptom of glomerular diseases and is due to leakage of proteins from the glomerular filtration barrier, a three-layer structure composed by two post-mitotic highly specialized and interdependent cell populations, i.e. glomerular endothelial cells and podocytes, and the basement membrane in between. Despite enormous progresses made in the last years, pathogenesis of proteinuria remains to be completely uncovered. Studies in the field could largely benefit from an in vitro model of the glomerular filter, but such a system has proved difficult to realize. Here we describe a method to obtain and utilize a three-dimensional podocyte-endothelial co-culture which can be largely adopted by the scientific community because it does not rely on special instruments nor on the synthesis of devoted biomaterials. The device is composed by a porous membrane coated on both sides with type IV collagen. Adhesion of podocytes on the upper side of the membrane has to be preceded by VEGF-induced maturation of endothelial cells on the lower side. The co-culture can be assembled with podocyte cell lines as well as with primary podocytes, extending the use to cells derived from transgenic mice. An albumin permeability assay has been extensively validated and applied as functional readout, enabling rapid drug testing. Additionally, the bottom of the well can be populated with a third cell type, which multiplies the possibilities of analyzing more complex glomerular intercellular signaling events. In conclusion, the ease of assembly and versatility of use are the major advantages of this three-dimensional model of the glomerular filtration barrier over existing methods. The possibility to run a functional test that reliably measures albumin permeability makes the device a valid companion in several research applications ranging from drug screening to intercellular signaling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy; Fondazione D'Amico per la Ricerca sulle Malattie Renali, via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Corbelli
- Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy; Bio-imaging Unit, Department of Cardiovascular Research, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy; Fondazione D'Amico per la Ricerca sulle Malattie Renali, via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Shojiro Watanabe
- Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy; Fondazione D'Amico per la Ricerca sulle Malattie Renali, via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Silvia Armelloni
- Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy; Fondazione D'Amico per la Ricerca sulle Malattie Renali, via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Masami Ikehata
- Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy; Fondazione D'Amico per la Ricerca sulle Malattie Renali, via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Valentina Parazzi
- Cell Factory, Unit of Cell Therapy and Cryobiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Chiara Pignatari
- Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy; Fondazione D'Amico per la Ricerca sulle Malattie Renali, via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Laura Giardino
- Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy; Fondazione D'Amico per la Ricerca sulle Malattie Renali, via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Deborah Mattinzoli
- Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy; Fondazione D'Amico per la Ricerca sulle Malattie Renali, via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Lorenza Lazzari
- Cell Factory, Unit of Cell Therapy and Cryobiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Aldamaria Puliti
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, via G. Gaslini 5, 16148 Genoa, Italy; Medical Genetics Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, via G. Gaslini 5, 16148 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Francesco Cellesi
- Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "G.Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy; Fondazione CEN - European Centre for Nanomedicine, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Cristina Zennaro
- Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology, Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, Trieste University, via Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Piergiorgio Messa
- Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy; Fondazione D'Amico per la Ricerca sulle Malattie Renali, via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Maria Pia Rastaldi
- Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy; Fondazione D'Amico per la Ricerca sulle Malattie Renali, via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy.
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Strutt D, Schnabel R, Fiedler F, Prömel S. Adhesion GPCRs Govern Polarity of Epithelia and Cell Migration. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2016; 234:249-274. [PMID: 27832491 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41523-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In multicellular organisms cells spatially arrange in a highly coordinated manner to form tissues and organs, which is essential for the function of an organism. The component cells and resulting structures are often polarised in one or more axes, and how such polarity is established and maintained correctly has been one of the major biological questions for many decades. Research progress has shown that many adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs) are involved in several types of polarity. Members of the two evolutionarily oldest groups, Flamingo/Celsr and Latrophilins, are key molecules in planar cell polarity of epithelia or the propagation of cellular polarity in the early embryo, respectively. Other adhesion GPCRs play essential roles in cell migration, indicating that this receptor class includes essential molecules for the control of various levels of cellular organisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Strutt
- Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Ralf Schnabel
- Institute of Genetics, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Franziska Fiedler
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simone Prömel
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
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Snake and Spider Toxins Induce a Rapid Recovery of Function of Botulinum Neurotoxin Paralysed Neuromuscular Junction. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:5322-36. [PMID: 26670253 PMCID: PMC4690137 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) and some animal neurotoxins (β-Bungarotoxin, β-Btx, from elapid snakes and α-Latrotoxin, α-Ltx, from black widow spiders) are pre-synaptic neurotoxins that paralyse motor axon terminals with similar clinical outcomes in patients. However, their mechanism of action is different, leading to a largely-different duration of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) blockade. BoNTs induce a long-lasting paralysis without nerve terminal degeneration acting via proteolytic cleavage of SNARE proteins, whereas animal neurotoxins cause an acute and complete degeneration of motor axon terminals, followed by a rapid recovery. In this study, the injection of animal neurotoxins in mice muscles previously paralyzed by BoNT/A or /B accelerates the recovery of neurotransmission, as assessed by electrophysiology and morphological analysis. This result provides a proof of principle that, by causing the complete degeneration, reabsorption, and regeneration of a paralysed nerve terminal, one could favour the recovery of function of a biochemically- or genetically-altered motor axon terminal. These observations might be relevant to dying-back neuropathies, where pathological changes first occur at the neuromuscular junction and then progress proximally toward the cell body.
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Krishnan A, Schiöth HB. The role of G protein-coupled receptors in the early evolution of neurotransmission and the nervous system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 218:562-71. [PMID: 25696819 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.110312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The origin and evolution of the nervous system is one of the most intriguing and enigmatic events in biology. The recent sequencing of complete genomes from early metazoan organisms provides a new platform to study the origins of neuronal gene families. This review explores the early metazoan expansion of the largest integral transmembrane protein family, the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which serve as molecular targets for a large subset of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in higher animals. GPCR repertories from four pre-bilaterian metazoan genomes were compared. This includes the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis and the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi, which have primitive nervous systems (nerve nets), the demosponge Amphimedon queenslandica and the placozoan Trichoplax adhaerens, which lack nerve and muscle cells. Comparative genomics demonstrate that the rhodopsin and glutamate receptor families, known to be involved in neurotransmission in higher animals are also widely found in pre-bilaterian metazoans and possess substantial expansions of rhodopsin-family-like GPCRs. Furthermore, the emerging knowledge on the functions of adhesion GPCRs in the vertebrate nervous system provides a platform to examine possible analogous roles of their closest homologues in pre-bilaterians. Intriguingly, the presence of molecular components required for GPCR-mediated neurotransmission in pre-bilaterians reveals that they exist in both primitive nervous systems and nerve-cell-free environments, providing essential comparative models to better understand the origins of the nervous system and neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunkumar Krishnan
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 593,751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 593,751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
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Müller A, Winkler J, Fiedler F, Sastradihardja T, Binder C, Schnabel R, Kungel J, Rothemund S, Hennig C, Schöneberg T, Prömel S. Oriented Cell Division in the C. elegans Embryo Is Coordinated by G-Protein Signaling Dependent on the Adhesion GPCR LAT-1. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005624. [PMID: 26505631 PMCID: PMC4624771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Orientation of spindles and cell division planes during development of many species ensures that correct cell-cell contacts are established, which is vital for proper tissue formation. This is a tightly regulated process involving a complex interplay of various signals. The molecular mechanisms underlying several of these pathways are still incompletely understood. Here, we identify the signaling cascade of the C. elegans latrophilin homolog LAT-1, an essential player in the coordination of anterior-posterior spindle orientation during the fourth round of embryonic cell division. We show that the receptor mediates a G protein-signaling pathway revealing that G-protein signaling in oriented cell division is not solely GPCR-independent. Genetic analyses showed that through the interaction with a Gs protein LAT-1 elevates intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels in the C. elegans embryo. Stimulation of this G-protein cascade in lat-1 null mutant nematodes is sufficient to orient spindles and cell division planes in the embryo in the correct direction. Finally, we demonstrate that LAT-1 is activated by an intramolecular agonist to trigger this cascade. Our data support a model in which a novel, GPCR-dependent G protein-signaling cascade mediated by LAT-1 controls alignment of cell division planes in an anterior-posterior direction via a metabotropic Gs-protein/adenylyl cyclase pathway by regulating intracellular cAMP levels. During embryogenesis an entire organism develops from a single cell. This process is vital for the formation of life, thus cell division occurs with a very distinct orientation and pattern that is tightly controlled by several signaling pathways. The mechanisms underlying these pathways are complex and not yet fully understood. In the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, a common genetic model, the patterns and orientations in which cells divide in the embryo have been well characterized offering an ideal model to study the molecular mechanisms involved. Here, we show that the signal mediated by the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor LAT-1 is based on cAMP. This second messenger is essential for the orientation of distinct cell division planes in the early embryo. Studies based on a lat-1 knockout mutant reveal that LAT-1 signaling affects the levels of the second messenger cAMP in the cells via a specific G protein. Thereby the receptor is activated by an intrinsic sequence. This pathway is the first one clearly shown to involve a G protein-coupled receptor-dependent G-protein signal in orientation of embryonic cell division, offering a novel level of regulation of this process among other described pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Müller
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jana Winkler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Fiedler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Binder
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralf Schnabel
- Institute of Genetics, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jana Kungel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sven Rothemund
- Core Unit Peptide Technologies, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simone Prömel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Ranaivoson FM, Liu Q, Martini F, Bergami F, von Daake S, Li S, Lee D, Demeler B, Hendrickson WA, Comoletti D. Structural and Mechanistic Insights into the Latrophilin3-FLRT3 Complex that Mediates Glutamatergic Synapse Development. Structure 2015; 23:1665-1677. [PMID: 26235031 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Latrophilins (LPHNs) are adhesion-like G-protein-coupled receptors implicated in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Recently, LPHN3 was found to regulate excitatory synapse number through trans interactions with fibronectin leucine-rich repeat transmembrane 3 (FLRT3). By isothermal titration calorimetry, we determined that only the olfactomedin (OLF) domain of LPHN3 is necessary for FLRT3 association. By multi-crystal native single-wavelength anomalous diffraction phasing, we determined the crystal structure of the OLF domain. This structure is a five-bladed β propeller with a Ca(2+) ion bound in the central pore, which is capped by a mobile loop that allows the ion to exchange with the solvent. The crystal structure of the OLF/FLRT3 complex shows that LPHN3-OLF in the closed state binds with high affinity to the concave face of FLRT3-LRR with a combination of hydrophobic and charged residues. Our study provides structural and functional insights into the molecular mechanism underlying the contribution of LPHN3/FLRT3 to the development of glutamatergic synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanomezana M Ranaivoson
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Qun Liu
- New York Structural Biology Center, NSLSII, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Francesca Martini
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Francesco Bergami
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Sventja von Daake
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - David Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Borries Demeler
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Biochemistry, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Wayne A Hendrickson
- New York Structural Biology Center, NSLSII, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Davide Comoletti
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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