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Purpura M, Jäger R, Godavarthi A, Bhaskarachar D, Tinsley GM. Liposomal delivery enhances absorption of vitamin C into plasma and leukocytes: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Eur J Nutr 2024:10.1007/s00394-024-03487-8. [PMID: 39237620 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-024-03487-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE L-Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is an essential water-soluble vitamin that plays an important role in various physiological functions, including immune health. The stability of vitamin C in the gastrointestinal tract its bioavailability is limited. This study aimed to investigate if a liposomal form of vitamin C can increase absorption compared to standard vitamin C. METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover fashion, 19 males and 8 females (n = 27; 36.0 ± 5.1 years, 165.0 ± 6.9 cm, 70.6 ± 7.1 kg) ingested a single-dose of placebo (PLA), 500 mg vitamin C (VIT C), and 500 mg liposomal vitamin C (LV-VIT C, LipoVantage®, Specnova, LLC, Tyson Corner, VA, USA). Venous blood samples were collected 0, 0.5-, 1-, 1.5-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 6-, 8-, 12-, and 24-hours after ingestion and were analyzed for plasma and leukocyte vitamin C concentration. RESULTS VIT C and LV-VIT C demonstrated significantly greater Cmax and AUC0 - 24 in plasma and in leukocytes compared to placebo (p < 0.001). Additionally, LV-VIT C had significantly higher Cmax (plasma + 27%, leukocytes + 20%, p < 0.001) and AUC0 - 24 (plasma + 21%, leukocytes + 8%, p < 0.001) values as compared to VIT C. CONCLUSION Liposomal formulation of vitamin C increases absorption into plasma and leukocytes. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trials Registry - India (CTRI/2023/04/051789).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Purpura
- Increnovo LLC, 730 E Carlisle Ave, Whitefish Bay, WI, 53217, USA.
| | - Ralf Jäger
- Increnovo LLC, 730 E Carlisle Ave, Whitefish Bay, WI, 53217, USA
| | | | - Dhananjaya Bhaskarachar
- Department of Medicine, Shetty's Hospital, 2nd F Main Rd, Kaveri Nagar, Bommanahalli, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 068, India
| | - Grant M Tinsley
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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2
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Młynarska E, Biskup L, Możdżan M, Grygorcewicz O, Możdżan Z, Semeradt J, Uramowski M, Rysz J, Franczyk B. The Role of Oxidative Stress in Hypertension: The Insight into Antihypertensive Properties of Vitamins A, C and E. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:848. [PMID: 39061916 PMCID: PMC11273425 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13070848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertension stands as a pervasive global health challenge, contributing significantly to mortality rates worldwide. Various factors, including lifestyle choices and dietary habits, contribute to the development of hypertension. In recent years, oxidative stress has garnered significant attention as a factor influencing hypertension risk, prompting a shift in research focus towards exploring it as a potential target for prevention and treatment. Antioxidants found in our diet, such as vitamins C, E and carotenoids exhibit the ability to neutralize reactive oxygen species, thereby mitigating oxidative stress. In addition, Vitamin A has an antioxidant effect despite not being an antioxidant itself. Consequently, supplementation or increased intake of these antioxidants has been hypothesized to potentially lower blood pressure levels and aid in the management of hypertension, thereby potentially prolonging life expectancy. Research findings regarding this effect have been diverse. This paper examines the existing literature demonstrating favorable outcomes associated with antioxidant supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Młynarska
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Laura Biskup
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Maria Możdżan
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Olivia Grygorcewicz
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Zofia Możdżan
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jan Semeradt
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Michał Uramowski
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jacek Rysz
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Beata Franczyk
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
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3
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Linowiecka K, Guz J, Dziaman T, Urbanowska-Domańska O, Zarakowska E, Szpila A, Szpotan J, Skalska-Bugała A, Mijewski P, Siomek-Górecka A, Różalski R, Gackowski D, Oliński R, Foksiński M. The level of active DNA demethylation compounds in leukocytes and urine samples as potential epigenetic biomarkers in breast cancer patients. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6481. [PMID: 38499584 PMCID: PMC10948817 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56326-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The active DNA demethylation process, which involves TET proteins, can affect DNA methylation pattern. TET dependent demethylation results in DNA hypomethylation by oxidation 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) and its derivatives. Moreover, TETs' activity may be upregulated by ascorbate. Given that aberrant DNA methylation of genes implicated in breast carcinogenesis may be involved in tumor progression, we wanted to determine whether breast cancer patients exert changes in the active DNA demethylation process. The study included blood samples from breast cancer patients (n = 74) and healthy subjects (n = 71). We analyzed the expression of genes involved in the active demethylation process (qRT-PCR), and 5-mC and its derivatives level (2D-UPLC MS/MS). The ascorbate level was determined using UPLC-MS. Breast cancer patients had significantly higher TET3 expression level, lower 5-mC and 5-hmC DNA levels. TET3 was significantly increased in luminal B breast cancer patients with expression of hormone receptors. Moreover, the ascorbate level in the plasma of breast cancer patients was decreased with the accompanying increase of sodium-dependent vitamin C transporters (SLC23A1 and SLC23A2). The presented study indicates the role of TET3 in DNA demethylation in breast carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Linowiecka
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karlowicza 24, 85‑092, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
- Department of Human Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Guz
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karlowicza 24, 85‑092, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Dziaman
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karlowicza 24, 85‑092, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Olga Urbanowska-Domańska
- Department of Oncology, Professor Franciszek Lukaszczyk Oncology Centre, Romanowskiej 2, 85-796, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Zarakowska
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karlowicza 24, 85‑092, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Anna Szpila
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karlowicza 24, 85‑092, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Justyna Szpotan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karlowicza 24, 85‑092, Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Department of Human Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Skalska-Bugała
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karlowicza 24, 85‑092, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Paweł Mijewski
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karlowicza 24, 85‑092, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Siomek-Górecka
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karlowicza 24, 85‑092, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Rafał Różalski
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karlowicza 24, 85‑092, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Daniel Gackowski
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karlowicza 24, 85‑092, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Ryszard Oliński
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karlowicza 24, 85‑092, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marek Foksiński
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karlowicza 24, 85‑092, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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Portugal CC. Ascorbate and its transporter SVCT2: The dynamic duo's integrated roles in CNS neurobiology and pathophysiology. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 212:448-462. [PMID: 38182073 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Ascorbate is a small antioxidant molecule essential for the proper development and function of the brain. Ascorbate is transported into the brain and between brain cells via the Sodium vitamin C co-transporter 2 (SVCT2). This review provides an in-depth analysis of ascorbate's physiology, including how ascorbate is absorbed from food into the CNS, emphasizing cellular mechanisms of ascorbate recycling and release in different CNS compartments. Additionally, the review delves into the various functions of ascorbate in the CNS, including its impact on epigenetic modulation, synaptic plasticity, and neurotransmission. It also emphasizes ascorbate's role on neuromodulation and its involvement in neurodevelopmental processes and disorders. Furthermore, it analyzes the relationship between the duo ascorbate/SVCT2 in neuroinflammation, particularly its effects on microglial activation, cytokine release, and oxidative stress responses, highlighting its association with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Overall, this review emphasizes the crucial role of the dynamic duo ascorbate/SVCT2 in CNS physiology and pathology and the need for further research to fully comprehend its significance in a neurobiological context and its potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila C Portugal
- I3s - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto and IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
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5
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Asayama N, Oka S, Nagata S, Matsuo T, Aoyama T, Kawamura T, Kuroda T, Hiraga Y, Nakadoi K, Kunihiro M, Ohnishi M, Tanaka S. Adherence and Effectiveness of MoviPrep Ⓡ in Bowel Preparation for Colonoscopy: A Multicenter Study from the Hiroshima GI Endoscopy Research Group. J Anus Rectum Colon 2024; 8:9-17. [PMID: 38313749 PMCID: PMC10831980 DOI: 10.23922/jarc.2023-030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Bowel preparation is burdensome because of long cleansing times and large dose volumes of conventional polyethylene glycol (PEG) lavage solution NiflecⓇ (Nif). MoviPrep (Mov)Ⓡ is a hyperosmolar preparation of PEG, electrolytes, and ascorbic acid; despite the smaller dose volume of 2 L, it can be challenging for many patients. We examined a more effective and acceptable bowel preparation method without compromising cleanliness and effectiveness, combining low-residue diet and laxative (Modified Brown Method) in Mov administered 1 day pre-colonoscopy. Methods This multicenter, randomized, open-label, parallel-group comparative study, conducted at Hiroshima University Hospital and 7 affiliated hospitals in May 2015-March 2016, evaluated adherence to and effectiveness of Mov in bowel preparation. Participants (n=380) were allocated to receive 1 of 3 pre-colonoscopy regimens: Nif+Modified Brown Method (Group A), Mov+Modified Brown Method (Group B), or Mov+Laxative (Group C). Results Total intake volume showed no significant difference among the groups. Bowel preparation time was significantly shorter in Group B (112.4±44.8 min, n=118) than in Groups A (131.3±59 min, n=105) and C (122.6±48.1 min, n=115). Sleep disturbance (37%) was significantly higher in Group B than Group A; distension (11%) was significantly lower in Group C than in Groups A and B (p<0.05, respectively). No severe adverse events occurred in any group. Conclusions Mov+Modified Brown method provided significantly shorter bowel preparation time, with no significant difference in total intake volume among the regimens. Mov+Laxative yielded significantly less distension than the other groups, with bowel preparation equivalent to that of the Nif+Modified Brown method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Asayama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hiroshima City North Medical Center Asa Citizens Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shiro Oka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shinji Nagata
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hiroshima City North Medical Center Asa Citizens Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Taiji Matsuo
- Department of Endoscopy, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Taiki Aoyama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hiroshima City North Medical Center Asa Citizens Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Tsuyoshi Kuroda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mazda Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuko Hiraga
- Department of Endoscopy, Hiroshima Prefectural Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakadoi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Onomichi General Hospital, Onomichi, Japan
| | - Masaki Kunihiro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mayu Ohnishi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Miyoshi Medical Association Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shinji Tanaka
- Department of Endoscopy, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
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Patel A, Vagha JD, Meshram RJ, Khandelwal R. A Rare Case of a Subgaleal Hematoma With Global Developmental Delay, Scurvy, and Congenital Toxoplasmosis, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes Simplex, and HIV (TORCH) Infection. Cureus 2024; 16:e52211. [PMID: 38348003 PMCID: PMC10859727 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.52211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
This case report details the complex presentation of a six-year-old female child with global developmental delay (GDD), scurvy, congenital toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, and HIV (TORCH) infection and a subgaleal hematoma. The patient's medical history included delayed developmental milestones, bilateral congenital cataract, and a previous generalized tonic-clonic seizure. Thorough investigations revealed cerebral atrophy, bilateral ventricular dilatation, and periosteal thinning consistent with scurvy. The interdisciplinary approach involving neurology, ophthalmology, and orthopedics resolved the subgaleal hematoma. This case underscores the intricate interplay of neurological, nutritional, and infectious factors in pediatric conditions and highlights the importance of a collaborative, multidisciplinary approach for accurate diagnosis and effective management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Patel
- Pediatrics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, IND
| | - Jayant D Vagha
- Pediatrics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, IND
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7
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Sugandhi VV, Pangeni R, Vora LK, Poudel S, Nangare S, Jagwani S, Gadhave D, Qin C, Pandya A, Shah P, Jadhav K, Mahajan HS, Patravale V. Pharmacokinetics of vitamin dosage forms: A complete overview. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:48-83. [PMID: 38268871 PMCID: PMC10804103 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitamins are crucial for sustaining life because they play an essential role in numerous physiological processes. Vitamin deficiencies can lead to a wide range of severe health issues. In this context, there is a need to administer vitamin supplements through appropriate routes, such as the oral route, to ensure effective treatment. Therefore, understanding the pharmacokinetics of vitamins provides critical insights into absorption, distribution, and metabolism, all of which are essential for achieving the desired pharmacological response. In this review paper, we present information on vitamin deficiencies and emphasize the significance of understanding vitamin pharmacokinetics for improved clinical research. The pharmacokinetics of several vitamins face various challenges, and thus, this work briefly outlines the current issues and their potential solutions. We also discuss the feasibility of enhanced nanocarrier-based pharmaceutical formulations for delivering vitamins. Recent studies have shown a preference for nanoformulations, which can address major limitations such as stability, solubility, absorption, and toxicity. Ultimately, the pharmacokinetics of pharmaceutical dosage forms containing vitamins can impede the treatment of diseases and disorders related to vitamin deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rudra Pangeni
- Department of PharmaceuticsVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | | | - Sagun Poudel
- Department of PharmaceuticsVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Sopan Nangare
- Department of PharmaceuticsH. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and ResearchShirpurMaharashtraIndia
| | - Satveer Jagwani
- KLE College of PharmacyKLE Academy of Higher Education and ResearchBelagaviKarnatakaIndia
| | - Dnyandev Gadhave
- Department of PharmaceuticsSinhgad Technical Education SocietySinhgad Institute of PharmacyPuneMaharashtraIndia
| | - Chaolong Qin
- Department of PharmaceuticsVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Anjali Pandya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and TechnologyInstitute of Chemical TechnologyMumbaiIndia
| | - Purav Shah
- Thoroughbred Remedies ManufacturingTRM Industrial EstateNewbridgeIreland
| | - Kiran Jadhav
- KLE College of PharmacyKLE Academy of Higher Education and ResearchBelagaviKarnatakaIndia
| | - Hitendra S. Mahajan
- Department of PharmaceuticsR. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and ResearchShirpurMaharashtraIndia
| | - Vandana Patravale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and TechnologyInstitute of Chemical TechnologyMumbaiIndia
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8
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Lykkesfeldt J, Carr AC. Vitamin C - a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023. Food Nutr Res 2023; 67:10300. [PMID: 38187788 PMCID: PMC10770653 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v67.10300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C has multiple metabolic functions in the body, but the available information on the exact relationship between these functions and the intake necessary to maintain them is very limited. However, most attempts to objectively measure adequacy of vitamin C status, including, for example, replacement of metabolic turnover, chronic disease prevention, urinary excretion, and saturation of immune cells and body compartment, currently point toward 50 µmol/L as a reasonable target plasma concentration. As a strong correlation between body weight and vitamin C status exists, recommended intakes (RIs) for other age groups may be extrapolated from the adult RI based on weight. However, as body weights above 70 kg are becoming increasingly common - also in the Nordic region - an RI of 140 mg/day for individuals weighing 100 kg or more should be considered to compensate for the larger volume of distribution. Finally, smoking continues to be a common contributor to poor vitamin C status; therefore, it is proposed that people who smoke increase their daily vitamin C intake by 40 mg/day to compensate for the increased metabolic turnover induced by smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anitra C. Carr
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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9
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Sandeep, Subba R, Mondal AC. Does COVID-19 Trigger the Risk for the Development of Parkinson's Disease? Therapeutic Potential of Vitamin C. Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s12035-023-03756-3. [PMID: 37957424 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03756-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which was proclaimed a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. There is mounting evidence that older patients with multimorbidity are more susceptible to COVID-19 complications than are younger, healthy people. Having neuroinvasive potential, SARS-CoV-2 infection may increase susceptibility toward the development of Parkinson's disease (PD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with extensive motor deficits. PD is characterized by the aggregation of α-synuclein in the form of Lewy bodies and the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the dorsal striatum and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of the nigrostriatal pathway in the brain. Increasing reports suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection is linked with the worsening of motor and non-motor symptoms with high rates of hospitalization and mortality in PD patients. Common pathological changes in both diseases involve oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. COVID-19 exacerbates the damage ensuing from the dysregulation of those processes, furthering neurological complications, and increasing the severity of PD symptomatology. Phytochemicals have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. Vitamin C supplementation is found to ameliorate the common pathological changes in both diseases to some extent. This review aims to present the available evidence on the association between COVID-19 and PD, and discusses the therapeutic potential of vitamin C for its better management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep
- Laboratory of Cellular & Molecular Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rhea Subba
- Laboratory of Cellular & Molecular Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Amal Chandra Mondal
- Laboratory of Cellular & Molecular Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Bhoot HR, Zamwar UM, Chakole S, Anjankar A. Dietary Sources, Bioavailability, and Functions of Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) and Its Role in the Common Cold, Tissue Healing, and Iron Metabolism. Cureus 2023; 15:e49308. [PMID: 38146585 PMCID: PMC10749424 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascorbic acid is also popularly known as vitamin C or ascorbate. It is a water-soluble vitamin. Ascorbic acid is necessary for bone formation, wound healing, connective tissue growth, and the maintenance of healthy gum tissue. Antioxidants like ascorbic acid shield the body from free radical damage. In many illnesses and conditions, vitamin C is employed as a medicinal agent. It improves the immunity of the body, reduces the severity of allergies, and aids in the management of infectious disorders. Additionally, ascorbic acid has health benefits for conditions including atherosclerosis, cancer, the common cold, iron deficiency anemia, etc. Therefore, continuous efforts may open new avenues to understand the importance of vitamin C in managing various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshit R Bhoot
- Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Udit M Zamwar
- Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Swarupa Chakole
- Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Ashish Anjankar
- Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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11
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Liu W, Wang B, Zhou M, Liu D, Chen F, Zhao X, Lu Y. Redox Dysregulation in the Tumor Microenvironment Contributes to Cancer Metastasis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 39:472-490. [PMID: 37002890 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2023.0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Redox dysregulation under pathological conditions results in excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, leading to oxidative stress and cellular oxidative damage. ROS function as a double-edged sword to modulate various types of cancer development and survival. Recent Advances: Emerging evidence has underlined that ROS impact the behavior of both cancer cells and tumor-associated stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), and these cells have developed complex systems to adapt to high ROS environments during cancer progression. Critical Issues: In this review, we integrated current progress regarding the impact of ROS on cancer cells and tumor-associated stromal cells in the TME and summarized how ROS production influences cancer cell behaviors. Then, we summarized the distinct effects of ROS during different stages of tumor metastasis. Finally, we discussed potential therapeutic strategies for modulating ROS for the treatment of cancer metastasis. Future Directions: Targeting the ROS regulation during cancer metastasis will provide important insights into the design of effective single or combinatorial cancer therapeutic strategies. Well-designed preclinical studies and clinical trials are urgently needed to understand the complex regulatory systems of ROS in the TME. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 39, 472-490.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanning Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Boda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mingzhen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fulin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaodi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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12
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Mehta N, Pokharna P, Shetty SR. Unwinding the potentials of vitamin C in COVID-19 and other diseases: An updated review. Nutr Health 2023; 29:415-433. [PMID: 36445072 PMCID: PMC9713540 DOI: 10.1177/02601060221139628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Background: The discovery of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is related to the ancient history of persistent research on the origins of the haemorrhagic disease scurvy. Vitamin C is an important nutrient that aids in a variety of biological and physiological processes. Scientists have been researching the function of vitamin C in the prevention and ailment of sepsis and pneumonia for decades. This has created a potential platform for applying these results to individuals suffering from severe coronavirus infection (COVID-19). Vitamin C's ability to activate and enhance the immune system makes it a promising treatment in the present COVID-19 pandemic. Vitamin C also aids in the activation of vitamin B, the production of certain neurotransmitters, and the transformation of cholesterol into bile acids. Hence, vitamin C is used for the treatment of many diseases. Aim: This review highlights the Vitamin C investigations that are performed by various researchers on patients with COVID 19 infection, the clinical studies and their observations. The authors have additionally updated information on the significance of vitamin C insufficiency, as well as its relevance and involvement in diseases such as cancer, wound healing, iron deficiency anaemia, atherosclerosis and neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we discuss them with the references. Methods: The method used in order to perform literature search was done using SciFinder, PubMed and ScienceDirect. Results: There is a potential role of vitamin C in various diseases including neurodegenerative disorders, COVID-19 and other diseases and the results are highlighted in the review with the help of clinical and preclinical data. Conclusion: More research on vitamin C and the undergoing clinical trials might prove a potential role of vitamin C in protecting the population from current COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS. Mumbai, India
| | - Purvi Pokharna
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS. Mumbai, India
| | - Saritha R Shetty
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS. Mumbai, India
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13
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Panova IG, Tatikolov AS. Endogenous and Exogenous Antioxidants as Agents Preventing the Negative Effects of Contrast Media (Contrast-Induced Nephropathy). Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1077. [PMID: 37630992 PMCID: PMC10458090 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of conventional contrast media for diagnostic purposes (in particular, Gd-containing and iodinated agents) causes a large number of complications, the most common of which is contrast-induced nephropathy. It has been shown that after exposure to contrast agents, oxidative stress often occurs in patients, especially in people suffering from various diseases. Antioxidants in the human body can diminish the pathological consequences of the use of contrast media by suppressing oxidative stress. This review considers the research studies on the role of antioxidants in preventing the negative consequences of the use of contrast agents in diagnostics (mainly contrast-induced nephropathy) and the clinical trials of different antioxidant drugs against contrast-induced nephropathy. Composite antioxidant/contrast systems as theranostic agents are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina G. Panova
- International Scientific and Practical Center of Tissue Proliferation, 29/14 Prechistenka Str., 119034 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander S. Tatikolov
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin Str., 119334 Moscow, Russia
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14
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Fan D, Liu X, Shen Z, Wu P, Zhong L, Lin F. Cell signaling pathways based on vitamin C and their application in cancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114695. [PMID: 37058822 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C, a small organic molecule, is widely found in fruits and vegetables and is an essential nutrient in the human body. Vitamin C is closely associated with some human diseases such as cancer. Many studies have shown that high doses of vitamin C have anti-tumor ability and can target tumor cells in multiple targets. This review will describe vitamin C absorption and its function in cancer treatment. We will review the cellular signaling pathways associated with vitamin C against tumors depending on the different anti-cancer mechanisms. Based on this, we will further describe some applications of the use of vitamin C for cancer treatment in preclinical and clinical trials and the possible adverse events that can occur. Finally, this review also assesses the prospective advantages of vitamin C in oncology treatment and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianfa Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Xiyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Zhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Pan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Liping Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.
| | - Faquan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Medicine of Guangxi Department of Education,Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University.
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15
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Al Mahmud A, Shafayet Ahmed Siddiqui, Karim MR, Al-Mamun MR, Akhter S, Sohel M, Hasan M, Bellah SF, Amin MN. Clinically proven natural products, vitamins and mineral in boosting up immunity: A comprehensive review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15292. [PMID: 37089292 PMCID: PMC10079597 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND and Purposes: The terminology "immune boost-up" was the talk of the topic in this Covid-19 pandemic. A significant number of the people took initiative to increase the body's defense capacity through boosting up immunity worldwide. Considering this, the study was designed to explain the natural products, vitamins and mineral that were proved by clinical trail as immunity enhancer. METHODS Information was retrieved from SciVerse Scopus ® (Elsevier Properties S. A, USA), Web of Science® (Thomson Reuters, USA), and PubMed based on immunity, nutrients, natural products in boosting up immunity, minerals and vitamins in boosting up immunity, and immune booster agents. RESULT A well-defined immune cells response provide a-well functioning defense system for the human physiological system. Cells of the immune system must require adequate stimulation so that these cells can prepare themselves competent enough to fight against any unintended onslaught. Several pharmacologically active medicinal plants and plants derived probiotics or micronutrients have played a pivotal role in enhancing the immune boost-up process. Their role has been well established from the previous study. Immune stimulating cells, especially cells of acquired immunity are closely associated with the immune-boosting up process because all the immunological reactions and mechanisms are mediated through these cells. CONCLUSION This article highlighted the mechanism of action of different natural products, vitamins and mineral in boosting up the immunity of the human body and strengthening the body's defense system. Therefore, it is recommended that until the specific immune-boosting drugs are available in pharma markets, anyone can consider the mentioned products as dietary supplements to boost up the immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Mahmud
- Department of Pharmacy, Manarat International University, Ashulia, Dhaka, 1341, Bangladesh
- Pratyasha Health Biomedical Research Center, Dhaka, 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Shafayet Ahmed Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmacy, Manarat International University, Ashulia, Dhaka, 1341, Bangladesh
- Pratyasha Health Biomedical Research Center, Dhaka, 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rezaul Karim
- Department of Pharmacy, Manarat International University, Ashulia, Dhaka, 1341, Bangladesh
| | | | - Shammi Akhter
- Department of Pharmacy, Varendra University, Rajshahi, 6204, Bangladesh
| | - Md Sohel
- Pratyasha Health Biomedical Research Center, Dhaka, 1230, Bangladesh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Primeasia University, Dhaka, 1213, Bangladesh
| | - Mahedi Hasan
- Department of Pharmacy, Manarat International University, Ashulia, Dhaka, 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Sm Faysal Bellah
- Department of Pharmacy, Manarat International University, Ashulia, Dhaka, 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Nurul Amin
- Pratyasha Health Biomedical Research Center, Dhaka, 1230, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology, Dhaka, 1230, Bangladesh
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16
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Wang M, He J, Li S, Cai Q, Zhang K, She J. Structural basis of vitamin C recognition and transport by mammalian SVCT1 transporter. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1361. [PMID: 36914666 PMCID: PMC10011568 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) is an essential nutrient for human health, and its deficiency has long been known to cause scurvy. Sodium-dependent vitamin C transporters (SVCTs) are responsible for vitamin C uptake and tissue distribution in mammals. Here, we present cryogenic electron microscopy structures of mouse SVCT1 in both the apo and substrate-bound states. Mouse SVCT1 forms a homodimer with each protomer containing a core domain and a gate domain. The tightly packed extracellular interfaces between the core domain and gate domain stabilize the protein in an inward-open conformation for both the apo and substrate-bound structures. Vitamin C binds at the core domain of each subunit, and two potential sodium ions are identified near the binding site. The coordination of sodium ions by vitamin C explains their coupling transport. SVCTs probably deliver substrate through an elevator mechanism in combination with local structural arrangements. Altogether, our results reveal the molecular mechanism by which SVCTs recognize vitamin C and lay a foundation for further mechanistic studies on SVCT substrate transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jin He
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Qianwen Cai
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Kaiming Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Ji She
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
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17
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Chen Y, Holland KD, Shertzer HG, Nebert DW, Dalton TP. Fatal Epileptic Seizures in Mice Having Compromised Glutathione and Ascorbic Acid Biosynthesis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020448. [PMID: 36830006 PMCID: PMC9952205 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid (AA) are the two most abundant low-molecular-weight antioxidants in mammalian tissues. GclmKO knockout mice lack the gene encoding the modifier subunit of the rate-limiting enzyme in GSH biosynthesis; GclmKO mice exhibit 10-40% of normal tissue GSH levels and show no overt phenotype. GuloKO knockout mice, lacking a functional Gulo gene encoding L-gulono-γ-lactone oxidase, cannot synthesize AA and depend on dietary ascorbic acid for survival. To elucidate functional crosstalk between GSH and AA in vivo, we generated the GclmKO/GuloKO double-knockout (DKO) mouse. DKO mice exhibited spontaneous epileptic seizures, proceeding to death between postnatal day (PND)14 and PND23. Histologically, DKO mice displayed neuronal loss and glial proliferation in the neocortex and hippocampus. Epileptic seizures and brain pathology in young DKO mice could be prevented with AA supplementation in drinking water (1 g/L). Remarkably, in AA-rescued adult DKO mice, the removal of AA supplementation for 2-3 weeks resulted in similar, but more severe, neocortex and hippocampal pathology and seizures, with death occurring between 12 and 21 days later. These results provide direct evidence for an indispensable, yet underappreciated, role for the interplay between GSH and AA in normal brain function and neuronal health. We speculate that the functional crosstalk between GSH and AA plays an important role in regulating glutamatergic neurotransmission and in protecting against excitotoxicity-induced brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-203-785-4694; Fax: +1-203-724-6023
| | - Katherine D. Holland
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Howard G. Shertzer
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Daniel W. Nebert
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular & Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Timothy P. Dalton
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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18
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Hui S, Lim A, Koh E, Abasszade J, Morgan A, Tan PY, Lemoh C, Robertson M. Prevalence and prognostic significance of vitamin C deficiency in patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a prospective cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2023; 57:313-322. [PMID: 36514851 PMCID: PMC10108177 DOI: 10.1111/apt.17359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin C is an essential dietary nutrient important for collagen synthesis, including within the gastrointestinal tract. AIM We aimed to document the prevalence of Vitamin C deficiency (VCD) in patients who present with upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) and its association with clinical outcomes. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study of patients presenting with UGIB. Fasting Vitamin C levels were collected at admission. Primary outcomes were the prevalence of VCD (Vitamin C level <23 μmol/L, severe VCD < 12 μmol/L) and a composite outcome of adverse events, stratified by VCD status. Secondary outcomes were prolonged hospitalisation and the need for ICU admission. RESULTS A total of 227 patients were included (mean age 64.5 years, males 63.9%). VCD was identified in 74 (32.6%) and severe deficiency in 32 (14.1%) patients. VCD was associated with a higher composite endpoint of AE (45.9% vs 24.8%, p < 0.01), higher in-hospital mortality (9.5% vs 1.3%, p < 0.01), increased prolonged admissions (62.2% versus 47.1%, p = 0.03) and increased rebleeding (17.6% vs 7.8%, p = 0.03), compared with patients with normal Vitamin C levels. Multivariate logistic regression models showed that VCD was independently associated with the composite endpoint of AE. CONCLUSION VCD is highly prevalent in patients with UGIB and associated with poorer outcomes, including higher mortality, rebleeding and length of stay. Interventional studies are required to determine the impact of early Vitamin C supplementation on clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Hui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University School of Clinical Sciences, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andy Lim
- Department of Medicine, Monash University School of Clinical Sciences, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elaine Koh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joshua Abasszade
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aparna Morgan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pei Y Tan
- Department of Medicine, Monash University School of Clinical Sciences, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher Lemoh
- Department of Medicine, Monash University School of Clinical Sciences, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marcus Robertson
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University School of Clinical Sciences, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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19
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High-Dose Intravenous Ascorbate in Sepsis, a Pro-Oxidant Enhanced Microbicidal Activity and the Effect on Neutrophil Functions. Biomedicines 2022; 11:biomedicines11010051. [PMID: 36672559 PMCID: PMC9855518 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid), a water-soluble essential vitamin, is well-known as an antioxidant and an essential substrate for several neutrophil functions. Because of (i) the importance of neutrophils in microbial control and (ii) the relatively low vitamin C level in neutrophils and in plasma during stress, vitamin C has been studied in sepsis (a life-threatening organ dysfunction from severe infection). Surprisingly, the supraphysiologic blood level of vitamin C (higher than 5 mM) after the high-dose intravenous vitamin C (HDIVC) for 4 days possibly induces the pro-oxidant effect in the extracellular space. As such, HDIVC demonstrates beneficial effects in sepsis which might be due to the impacts on an enhanced microbicidal activity through the improved activity indirectly via enhanced neutrophil functions and directly from the extracellular pro-oxidant effect on the organismal membrane. The concentration-related vitamin C properties are also observed in the neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation as ascorbate inhibits NETs at 1 mM (or less) but facilitates NETs at 5 mM (or higher) concentration. The longer duration of HDIVC administration might be harmful in sepsis because NETs and pro-oxidants are partly responsible for sepsis-induced injuries, despite the possible microbicidal benefit. Despite the negative results in several randomized control trials, the short course HDIVC might be interesting to use in some selected groups, such as against anti-biotic resistant organisms. More studies on the proper use of vitamin C, a low-cost and widely available drug, in sepsis are warranted.
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Abstract
Ascorbic acid, as one of the basic exogenous vitamins, is known for its tremendous antioxidant properties. This review has been prepared to show not only the importance of ascorbic acid as a free radical scavenger, but also to summarize its antioxidant action based on other mechanisms, including activation of intracellular antioxidant systems. Ascorbic acid interacts with small molecule antioxidants, including tocopherol, glutathione and thioredoxin, but also can stimulate the biosynthesis and activation of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase or glutathione peroxidase. Moreover, ascorbic acid promotes the activity of several transcription factors (Nrf2, Ref-1, AP-1), which enables the expression of genes encoding antioxidant proteins. Additionally, it supports the action of other exogenous antioxidants, mainly polyphenols. In this connection, both DNA, protein and lipids are protected against oxidation. Although ascorbic acid has strong antioxidant properties, it can also have pro-oxidant effects in the presence of free transition metals. However, its role in prevention of DNA mutation and cellular apoptosis, especially in relation to cancer cells is controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Gęgotek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
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21
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Gęgotek A, Skrzydlewska E. Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ascorbic Acid. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1993. [PMID: 36290716 PMCID: PMC9598715 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascorbic acid, as a one of the basic exogenous vitamins, occurs in the body in the form of ascorbate, known for its strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The presented review shows not only the importance of ascorbate as a free radical scavenger but also summarizes its antioxidant action based on other mechanisms, including the activation of intracellular antioxidant systems and its effect on the NFκB/TNFα pathway and apoptosis. Ascorbate interacts with small-molecule antioxidants, including tocopherol, glutathione, and thioredoxin; it can also stimulate biosynthesis and the activation of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, or glutathione peroxidase. Moreover, ascorbate promotes the activity of transcription factors (Nrf2, Ref-1, AP-1), which enables the expression of genes encoding antioxidant proteins. Additionally, it supports the action of other exogenous antioxidants, mainly polyphenols. In this regard, both DNA, proteins, and lipids are protected against oxidation, leading to an inflammatory reaction and even cell death. Although ascorbate has strong antioxidant properties, it can also have pro-oxidant effects in the presence of free transition metals. However, its role in the prevention of DNA mutation, inflammation, and cell apoptosis, especially in relation to cancer cells, is controversial.
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22
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Fujii J, Osaki T, Bo T. Ascorbate Is a Primary Antioxidant in Mammals. Molecules 2022; 27:6187. [PMID: 36234722 PMCID: PMC9572970 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascorbate (vitamin C in primates) functions as a cofactor for a number of enzymatic reactions represented by prolyl hydroxylases and as an antioxidant due to its ability to donate electrons, which is mostly accomplished through non-enzymatic reaction in mammals. Ascorbate directly reacts with radical species and is converted to ascorbyl radical followed by dehydroascorbate. Ambiguities in physiological relevance of ascorbate observed during in vivo situations could be attributed in part to presence of other redox systems and the pro-oxidant properties of ascorbate. Most mammals are able to synthesize ascorbate from glucose, which is also considered to be an obstacle to verify its action. In addition to animals with natural deficiency in the ascorbate synthesis, such as guinea pigs and ODS rats, three strains of mice with genetic removal of the responsive genes (GULO, RGN, or AKR1A) for the ascorbate synthesis have been established and are being used to investigate the physiological roles of ascorbate. Studies using these mice, along with ascorbate transporter (SVCT)-deficient mice, largely support its ability in protection against oxidative insults. While combined actions of ascorbate in regulating epigenetics and antioxidation appear to effectively prevent cancer development, pharmacological doses of ascorbate and dehydroascorbate may exert tumoricidal activity through redox-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Osaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Tomoki Bo
- Laboratory Animal Center, Institute for Promotion of Medical Science Research, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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23
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Miazek K, Beton K, Śliwińska A, Brożek-Płuska B. The Effect of β-Carotene, Tocopherols and Ascorbic Acid as Anti-Oxidant Molecules on Human and Animal In Vitro/In Vivo Studies: A Review of Research Design and Analytical Techniques Used. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081087. [PMID: 36008981 PMCID: PMC9406122 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged elevated oxidative stress (OS) possesses negative effect on cell structure and functioning, and is associated with the development of numerous disorders. Naturally occurred anti-oxidant compounds reduce the oxidative stress in living organisms. In this review, antioxidant properties of β-carotene, tocopherols and ascorbic acid are presented based on in vitro, in vivo and populational studies. Firstly, environmental factors contributing to the OS occurrence and intracellular sources of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation, as well as ROS-mediated cellular structure degradation, are introduced. Secondly, enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanism of anti-oxidant defence against OS development, is presented. Furthermore, ROS-preventing mechanisms and effectiveness of β-carotene, tocopherols and ascorbic acid as anti-oxidants are summarized, based on studies where different ROS-generating (oxidizing) agents are used. Oxidative stress biomarkers, as indicators on OS level and prevention by anti-oxidant supplementation, are presented with a focus on the methods (spectrophotometric, fluorometric, chromatographic, immuno-enzymatic) of their detection. Finally, the application of Raman spectroscopy and imaging as a tool for monitoring the effect of anti-oxidant (β-carotene, ascorbic acid) on cell structure and metabolism, is proposed. Literature data gathered suggest that β-carotene, tocopherols and ascorbic acid possess potential to mitigate oxidative stress in various biological systems. Moreover, Raman spectroscopy and imaging can be a valuable technique to study the effect of oxidative stress and anti-oxidant molecules in cell studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystian Miazek
- Laboratory of Laser Molecular Spectroscopy, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Karolina Beton
- Laboratory of Laser Molecular Spectroscopy, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Śliwińska
- Department of Nucleic Acid Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska Str., 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Beata Brożek-Płuska
- Laboratory of Laser Molecular Spectroscopy, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
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24
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Ren J, Liang J, Wang J, Yin B, Zhang F, Li X, Zhu S, Tian H, Cui Q, Song J, Liu G, Ling W, Ma Y. Vascular benefits of vitamin C supplementation against fine particulate air pollution in healthy adults: A double-blind randomised crossover trial. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113735. [PMID: 35689890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Evidence on the health benefits of vitamin C supplementation in highly polluted areas has not been evaluated. We aimed to evaluate whether dietary vitamin C supplementation can improve vascular health linked to particulate matter (PM) exposure. A randomised double-blind crossover trial involving 58 health young adults was performed in Shijiazhuang, China in 2018. All subjects were randomly assigned to the vitamin C supplementation group (2000 mg/d) or placebo group for a week alternating with a 2 week washout period. Fifteen circulating biomarkers were measured. Linear mixed-effect model was applied to evaluate the effect of vitamin C supplementation on health outcomes. The average concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were 164.91 and 327.05 μg/m3, respectively. Vitamin C supplementation was significantly associated with a 19.47% decrease in interleukin-6 (IL-6), 17.30% decrease in tumour necrosis factor-a (TNF-α), 34.01% decrease in C-reactive protein (CRP), 3.37% decrease in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and 6.03% decrease in pulse pressure (PP). Furthermore, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) was significantly increased by 7.15%. Sex-subgroup analysis showed that vitamin C significantly reduced TNF-α by 27.85% in male participants and significantly increased APOB by 6.28% and GSH-Px by 14.47% only in female participants. This study indicated that vitamin C supplementation may protect vascular vessels against PM exposure among healthy young adults in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Ren
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Jufeng Liang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Bowen Yin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Undergraduate of College of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Siqi Zhu
- Undergraduate of College of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Hao Tian
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Qiqi Cui
- Undergraduate of College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Jianshi Song
- Undergraduate of College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Heart Center, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050031, China
| | - Wenhua Ling
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yuxia Ma
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang 050017, China.
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25
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Tang X, Liu H, Xiao Y, Wu L, Shu P. Vitamin C Intake and Ischemic Stroke. Front Nutr 2022; 9:935991. [PMID: 35911106 PMCID: PMC9330473 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.935991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C is an essential micronutrient with important antioxidant properties. Ischemic stroke is a major public health problem worldwide. Extensive evidence demonstrates that vitamin C has protective effects against cardiovascular disease, and there is a close relationship between vitamin C intake and ischemic stroke risk. Based on the evidence, we conducted this umbrella review to clarify the relationship between vitamin C intake and ischemic stroke risk from four perspectives: cellular mechanisms, animal experiments, clinical trials, and cohort studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Tang
- Department of Internal Neurology, Beilun District People's Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Hanguang Liu
- Department of Internal Neurology, Beilun District People's Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Yuan Xiao
- Department of Internal Neurology, Beilun District People's Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Painology, The No. 1 People's Hospital of Ningbo, Ningbo, China
- Lei Wu
| | - Peng Shu
- Department of Molecular Laboratory, Beilun District People's Hospital, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Peng Shu
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26
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Majdan M, Bobrowska-Korczak B. Active Compounds in Fruits and Inflammation in the Body. Nutrients 2022; 14:2496. [PMID: 35745226 PMCID: PMC9229651 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, diabetes, asthma, and cancer. An appropriate diet and the active compounds contained in it can affect various stages of the inflammatory process and significantly affect the course of inflammatory diseases. Recent reports indicate that polyphenolic acids, vitamins, minerals, and other components of fruits may exhibit activity stimulating an anti-inflammatory response, which may be of importance in maintaining health and reducing the risk of disease. The article presents the latest data on the chemical composition of fruits and the health benefits arising from their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The chemical composition of fruits determines their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, but the mechanisms of action are not fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Bobrowska-Korczak
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
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27
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Tragni V, Primiano G, Tummolo A, Cafferati Beltrame L, La Piana G, Sgobba MN, Cavalluzzi MM, Paterno G, Gorgoglione R, Volpicella M, Guerra L, Marzulli D, Servidei S, De Grassi A, Petrosillo G, Lentini G, Pierri CL. Personalized Medicine in Mitochondrial Health and Disease: Molecular Basis of Therapeutic Approaches Based on Nutritional Supplements and Their Analogs. Molecules 2022; 27:3494. [PMID: 35684429 PMCID: PMC9182050 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases (MDs) may result from mutations affecting nuclear or mitochondrial genes, encoding mitochondrial proteins, or non-protein-coding mitochondrial RNA. Despite the great variability of affected genes, in the most severe cases, a neuromuscular and neurodegenerative phenotype is observed, and no specific therapy exists for a complete recovery from the disease. The most used treatments are symptomatic and based on the administration of antioxidant cocktails combined with antiepileptic/antipsychotic drugs and supportive therapy for multiorgan involvement. Nevertheless, the real utility of antioxidant cocktail treatments for patients affected by MDs still needs to be scientifically demonstrated. Unfortunately, clinical trials for antioxidant therapies using α-tocopherol, ascorbate, glutathione, riboflavin, niacin, acetyl-carnitine and coenzyme Q have met a limited success. Indeed, it would be expected that the employed antioxidants can only be effective if they are able to target the specific mechanism, i.e., involving the central and peripheral nervous system, responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease. Noteworthily, very often the phenotypes characterizing MD patients are associated with mutations in proteins whose function does not depend on specific cofactors. Conversely, the administration of the antioxidant cocktails might determine the suppression of endogenous oxidants resulting in deleterious effects on cell viability and/or toxicity for patients. In order to avoid toxicity effects and before administering the antioxidant therapy, it might be useful to ascertain the blood serum levels of antioxidants and cofactors to be administered in MD patients. It would be also worthwhile to check the localization of mutations affecting proteins whose function should depend (less or more directly) on the cofactors to be administered, for estimating the real need and predicting the success of the proposed cofactor/antioxidant-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Tragni
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (V.T.); (L.C.B.); (G.L.P.); (M.N.S.); (R.G.); (M.V.); (L.G.); (A.D.G.)
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Guido Primiano
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (G.P.); (S.S.)
- Dipartimento Universitario di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Albina Tummolo
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Genetics and Diabetology, Giovanni XXIII Children Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Consorziale, Via Amendola 207, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.T.); (G.P.)
| | - Lucas Cafferati Beltrame
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (V.T.); (L.C.B.); (G.L.P.); (M.N.S.); (R.G.); (M.V.); (L.G.); (A.D.G.)
| | - Gianluigi La Piana
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (V.T.); (L.C.B.); (G.L.P.); (M.N.S.); (R.G.); (M.V.); (L.G.); (A.D.G.)
| | - Maria Noemi Sgobba
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (V.T.); (L.C.B.); (G.L.P.); (M.N.S.); (R.G.); (M.V.); (L.G.); (A.D.G.)
| | - Maria Maddalena Cavalluzzi
- Department of Pharmacy—Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Giulia Paterno
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Genetics and Diabetology, Giovanni XXIII Children Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Consorziale, Via Amendola 207, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.T.); (G.P.)
| | - Ruggiero Gorgoglione
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (V.T.); (L.C.B.); (G.L.P.); (M.N.S.); (R.G.); (M.V.); (L.G.); (A.D.G.)
| | - Mariateresa Volpicella
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (V.T.); (L.C.B.); (G.L.P.); (M.N.S.); (R.G.); (M.V.); (L.G.); (A.D.G.)
| | - Lorenzo Guerra
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (V.T.); (L.C.B.); (G.L.P.); (M.N.S.); (R.G.); (M.V.); (L.G.); (A.D.G.)
| | - Domenico Marzulli
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Serenella Servidei
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (G.P.); (S.S.)
- Dipartimento Universitario di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna De Grassi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (V.T.); (L.C.B.); (G.L.P.); (M.N.S.); (R.G.); (M.V.); (L.G.); (A.D.G.)
| | - Giuseppe Petrosillo
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Lentini
- Department of Pharmacy—Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Ciro Leonardo Pierri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (V.T.); (L.C.B.); (G.L.P.); (M.N.S.); (R.G.); (M.V.); (L.G.); (A.D.G.)
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28
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Ali IA, Roton D, Madhoun M. Oral sulfate solution versus low-volume polyethylene glycol for bowel preparation: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Dig Endosc 2022; 34:721-728. [PMID: 34784082 DOI: 10.1111/den.14194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Oral sodium sulfate (OSS) solution and low-volume polyethylene glycol-based solutions are two of the more common low-volume purgatives used as colonoscopy preparations. Data on how these different low-volume solutions compare are mixed. Our aim was to conduct a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to compare OSS with low-volume polyethylene glycol solutions (PEG) plus ascorbic acid (PEG + Asc) solution with respect to (i) satisfactory bowel preparation, (ii) excellent bowel preparation, and (iii) tolerability. METHODS Studies were identified by searching 10 medical databases for reports published from 1974 until 2019. Only fully published RCTs comparing OSS and low-volume PEG-based products with regard to overall satisfactory bowel preparation were included. Pooling was conducted by both fixed-effects and random effects models; results are presented from the random effects model when heterogeneity was significant. RESULTS Seven studies (involving 2049 subjects) met the inclusion criteria. There was no difference between OSS and PEG + Asc with respect to adequate bowel preparation (risk ratio [RR] 1.02 [0.99-1.06]; P = 0.16). OSS did result in a higher chance of excellent bowel preparation (RR 1.18 [1.06-1.31]; P = 0.03). OSS was associated with a 30% increased risk of nausea (RR 1.35 [1.03-1.77]; P = 0.03) and more than double the risk of vomiting (RR 2.30 [1.63-2.23]; P < 0.05) compared with PEG + Asc. Begg's funnel plot indicated low probability of publication bias. CONCLUSIONS Individuals at low risk of inadequate bowel preparation who use OSS for bowel preparation are more likely to achieve excellent bowel preparation, but are more likely to experience nausea and vomiting than are individuals using low-volume PEG-based solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ijlal Akbar Ali
- Digestive Diseases and Nutrition Division, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Daniel Roton
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Mohammed Madhoun
- Digestive Diseases and Nutrition Division, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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29
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Chaturvedi S, Khan S, Bhunia RK, Kaur K, Tiwari S. Metabolic engineering in food crops to enhance ascorbic acid production: crop biofortification perspectives for human health. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 28:871-884. [PMID: 35464783 PMCID: PMC9016690 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01172-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AsA) also known as vitamin C is considered as an essential micronutrient in the diet of humans. The human body is unable to synthesize AsA, thus solely dependent on exogenous sources to accomplish the nutritional requirement. AsA plays a crucial role in different physiological aspects of human health like bone formation, iron absorption, maintenance and development of connective tissues, conversion of cholesterol to bile acid and production of serotonin. It carries antioxidant properties and is involved in curing various clinical disorders such as scurvy, viral infection, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, anemia, and diabetes. It also plays a significant role in COVID-19 prevention and recovery by improving the oxygen index and enhancing the production of natural killer cells and T-lymphocytes. In plants, AsA plays important role in floral induction, seed germination, senescence, ROS regulation and photosynthesis. AsA is an essential counterpart of the antioxidant system and helps to defend the plants against abiotic and biotic stresses. Surprisingly, the deficiencies of AsA are spreading in both developed and developing countries. The amount of AsA in the major food crops such as wheat, rice, maize, and other raw natural plant foods is inadequate to fulfill its dietary requirements. Hence, the biofortification of AsA in staple crops would be feasible and cost-effective means of delivering AsA to populations that may have limited access to diverse diets and other interventions. In this review, we endeavor to provide information on the role of AsA in plants and human health, and also perused various biotechnological and agronomical approaches for elevating AsA content in food crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhant Chaturvedi
- Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering Lab, National Agri-
Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India), Sector-81, Knowledge City, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 140306 India
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014 India
| | - Shahirina Khan
- Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering Lab, National Agri-
Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India), Sector-81, Knowledge City, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 140306 India
- Department of Botany, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001 India
| | - Rupam Kumar Bhunia
- Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering Lab, National Agri-
Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India), Sector-81, Knowledge City, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 140306 India
| | - Karambir Kaur
- Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering Lab, National Agri-
Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India), Sector-81, Knowledge City, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 140306 India
| | - Siddharth Tiwari
- Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering Lab, National Agri-
Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India), Sector-81, Knowledge City, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 140306 India
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30
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Selyutina OY, Kononova PA, Koshman VE, Fedenok LG, Polyakov NE. The Interplay of Ascorbic Acid with Quinones-Chelators—Influence on Lipid Peroxidation: Insight into Anticancer Activity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020376. [PMID: 35204258 PMCID: PMC8869476 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascorbic acid is a multifaceted compound that can perform both antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities in the redox reactions induced by transition metal ions, so its role in nature and especially in the human body is still the subject of debate. In the present study, we have examined the influence of ascorbic acid on lipid peroxidation in a model system that mimics the cell membrane, namely micelles of linoleic acid (LA), induced by chelate complexes of iron and copper ions with quinone-chelator 2-phenyl-4-(butylamino)-naphtholquinoline-7,12-dione (Q1). This quinone effectively generates reactive oxygen species and semiquinone radicals inside cancer cells via a cycling redox reaction. Here it was demonstrated that in the absence of quinone-chelator ascorbic acid significantly accelerates the lipid peroxidation induced by both Fe(II) and Cu(II) ions. It has been shown also that Q1 chelate complexes with Fe(II) and Cu(II) ions are redox active in the LA micelles oxidation. No effect of ascorbate was detected on the reactivity of chelate complex with Fe(II) ions. On the other hand, ascorbate performs pro-oxidant activity in Q1-Cu(II) complex induced reaction. We can conclude that ascorbate-driven redox cycling of Q1 may promote its anti-tumor activity.
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31
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Trapani S, Rubino C, Indolfi G, Lionetti P. A Narrative Review on Pediatric Scurvy: The Last Twenty Years. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030684. [PMID: 35277043 PMCID: PMC8840722 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Scurvy is a well-known clinical condition caused by vitamin C deficiency. Although considered a rare disease in high-income countries, it has been recently increasingly reported in children, especially in those with abnormal dietary habits, mental or physical disabilities. We performed an extensive review of the literature analyzing studies published in the last 20 years focusing on clinical features, differential diagnosis and diagnostic delay. Fifteen articles were selected, collectively reporting a total of 166 children. Because of the wide clinical spectrum (musculoskeletal complaints and/or mucocutaneous lesions or systemic symptoms), scurvy can mimic several conditions, including autoimmune diseases, infections, and neoplasia. In addition, frequent findings such as normal nutritional status, anemia or elevated inflammatory markers may guide clinicians towards the abovementioned misdiagnoses. Scurvy should be considered in patients presenting with musculoskeletal complaints, not only in those with risk factors but also in healthy children. A focused dietary history and a careful physical examination, assessing other signs of vitamin C deficiency, are mandatory in these patients. When suspected, the dosage of serum vitamin C is the diagnostic gold standard; furthermore, imaging studies, performed by an expert radiologist, can reveal the typical features of scurvy. Only early diagnosis can avoid unnecessary investigations and potentially fatal complications of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Trapani
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Meyer Children’s University Hospital, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50137 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-055-5662480
| | - Chiara Rubino
- Pediatric Unit, Meyer Children’s University Hospital, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50137 Florence, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Indolfi
- Pediatric Unit, Department of NEUROFARBA, Meyer Children’s University Hospital, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50137 Florence, Italy;
| | - Paolo Lionetti
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of NEUROFARBA, Meyer Children’s University Hospital, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50137 Florence, Italy;
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32
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Najeb SM, Jaccob AA, Al-Moziel MSG, Abdulhameed HM. Cardioprotective and antioxidant effects of taxifolin and vitamin C against diazinone-induced myocardial injury in rats. Environ Anal Health Toxicol 2022; 37:e2022002-0. [PMID: 35108778 PMCID: PMC9058105 DOI: 10.5620/eaht.2022002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In Iraq, excessive exposure to insecticides is increasingly becoming uncontrollable, the objective of this work was to assess the possible ameliorative role of taxifolin and vitamin c against diazinon-induced myocardial injury in rats. 36 sprague female rats divided into 6 groups of 6 rats each. Group 1 received diazinone 20 mg/kg gavaged for 30 days. Group 2 received taxifolin (25 mg/kg) and vitamin C (100 mg /kg) co-administered together and gavaged daily for 30 days before oral diazinone (20 mg/kg). Group 3 and group 4 were treated with taxifoline (25 mg/kg) and vitamin C (100 mg /kg) respectively, gavaged separately for 30 days before diazinone (20 mg/kg) administration. group 5 was considered as control 1 received taxifolin (25 mg/kg) and vitamin C (100 mg /kg) co-administered together and gavaged daily for 30 days. The last group, group 6 considered as control 2 which received vehicle of diazinon. Rats' weights, water and food intake were measured and the general vital signs of rats were observed and noted. At the end of study, rats are sacrificed, blood withdrawn for biochemical analysis and heart were excised for glutathione peroxidase and pathological evaluation. Significant increase in body weights in all treated and control groups except group 1. Troponin, LDH, AST and ALT levels were significantly increased in group 1 revealing the existence of ischemia and damage in hearts. Treatment with taxifolin and vitamin C combination reduced their levels significantly to concentrations comparable to that in the control groups. Such finding supported by histopathological observation. Moreover, this study showed that diazinon administration significantly deteriorated lipid profile, co-administration of taxifolin and vitamin C was resulted in a significant improvement in lipid profile associated with increased in glutathione peroxidase values showing significant improvement in antioxidant levels. Sub-acute administration of pharmacological doses of taxifolin and vitamin C exerts cardioprotective effects against diazinon-induced myocardial injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ausama Ayob Jaccob
- Ph.D. in pharmacology and toxicology, Professor in college of pharmacy, Basrah university, Department of pharmacology and toxicology, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Muhsin S G Al-Moziel
- Ph.D. in physiology, Prof. Ass. in college of pharmacy, Basrah university, Department of pharmacology and toxicology, Basrah, Iraq
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Murererehe J, Uwitonze AM, Nikuze P, Patel J, Razzaque MS. Beneficial Effects of Vitamin C in Maintaining Optimal Oral Health. Front Nutr 2022; 8:805809. [PMID: 35083263 PMCID: PMC8784414 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.805809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julienne Murererehe
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Rwanda College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Anne Marie Uwitonze
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Rwanda College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Pacifique Nikuze
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Rwanda College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Jay Patel
- Department of Pathology, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, United States
| | - Mohammed S Razzaque
- Department of Pathology, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, United States
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Collins AE, Saleh TM, Kalisch BE. Naturally Occurring Antioxidant Therapy in Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:213. [PMID: 35204096 PMCID: PMC8868221 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that the prevalence rate of Alzheimer's disease (AD) will double by the year 2040. Although currently available treatments help with symptom management, they do not prevent, delay the progression of, or cure the disease. Interestingly, a shared characteristic of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases and disorders is oxidative stress. Despite profound evidence supporting the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis and progression of AD, none of the currently available treatment options address oxidative stress. Recently, attention has been placed on the use of antioxidants to mitigate the effects of oxidative stress in the central nervous system. In preclinical studies utilizing cellular and animal models, natural antioxidants showed therapeutic promise when administered alone or in combination with other compounds. More recently, the concept of combination antioxidant therapy has been explored as a novel approach to preventing and treating neurodegenerative conditions that present with oxidative stress as a contributing factor. In this review, the relationship between oxidative stress and AD pathology and the neuroprotective role of natural antioxidants from natural sources are discussed. Additionally, the therapeutic potential of natural antioxidants as preventatives and/or treatment for AD is examined, with special attention paid to natural antioxidant combinations and conjugates that are currently being investigated in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bettina E. Kalisch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Collaborative Specialization in Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.E.C.); (T.M.S.)
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Chen HY, Hsu M, Lio CWJ. Micro but mighty-Micronutrients in the epigenetic regulation of adaptive immune responses. Immunol Rev 2022; 305:152-164. [PMID: 34820863 PMCID: PMC8766944 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Micronutrients are essential small molecules required by organisms in minute quantity for survival. For instance, vitamins and minerals, the two major categories of micronutrients, are central for biological processes such as metabolism, cell replication, differentiation, and immune response. Studies estimated that around two billion humans worldwide suffer from micronutrient deficiencies, also known as "hidden hunger," linked to weakened immune responses. While micronutrients affect the immune system at multiple levels, recent studies showed that micronutrients potentially impact the differentiation and function of immune cells as cofactors for epigenetic enzymes, including the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (2OGDD) family involved in histone and DNA demethylation. Here, we will first provide an overview of the role of DNA methylation in T cells and B cells, followed by the micronutrients ascorbate (vitamin C) and iron, two critical cofactors for 2OGDD. We will discuss the emerging evidence of these micronutrients could regulate adaptive immune response by influencing epigenetic remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chan-Wang Jerry Lio
- Corresponding author: Chan-Wang Jerry Lio (), Address: 460 W 12 Ave, Columbus, Ohio, USA 43064, Tel: (614)-247-5337
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Targeting dyslipidemia with antioxidative vitamins C, D, and E; a systematic review of meta-analysis studies: Dyslipidemia and antioxidative vitamins. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2021; 20:2037-2047. [PMID: 34900839 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-021-00919-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background There is controversial evidence for the beneficial effects of antioxidative vitamins (vits) on dyslipidemia. In this regard, we aimed to systematically review all meta-analyses of trials on this topic. Methods We comprehensively searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases until January 2021 to explore the published English meta-analyses of trials conducted to assess the effects of single or combined vits C, D and E consumption on lipid profile. The meta-analyses of observational, in vivo/in vitro, or case-report studies were excluded. Search results were reported based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flowchart. Results Overall, 25 meta-analyses including 32,177 individuals with different underlying disorders met our inclusion criteria. Numerous studies had assessed supplementation with Vit-D or its combination with other agents on lipid profile. Consumption of 400 IU/day (d) to 50,000 IU/week (w) Vit-D for at least eight weeks improved the levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) in type 2 diabetes mellitus or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients. This treatment reduced the levels of TC and TG in patients with chronic kidney disease. A significant increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels was only observed in coronary artery disease patients. Sole intake of 500-2000 mg/d Vit-C for at least 3 weeks improved LDL-C and TG values in hypercholesterolemic patients. Nevertheless, sole intake of Vit-E had controversial effects on lipid profile. The combination of 400-1800 IU/d omega-3 free fatty acid (FFA) and 400 IU/d Vit-E significantly reduced the levels of LDL-C and TG in overweight individuals, without any significant effect on other components. A significant improvement of TG values was observed after consumption of 1000-2000 mg/d omega-3 FFA plus 400 IU/d Vit-E along with 50,000 IU/each 2w Vit-D for at least 6 weeks in diabetic patients. Conclusion The beneficial effects of antioxidative vitamins (C, D, E) or their combination with other agents on lipid profile varied based on their dosage, intake duration, and the health status of the individuals. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-021-00919-8.
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Mitochondrial Management of Reactive Oxygen Species. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111824. [PMID: 34829696 PMCID: PMC8614740 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria in aerobic eukaryotic cells are both the site of energy production and the formation of harmful species, such as radicals and other reactive oxygen species, known as ROS. They contain an efficient antioxidant system, including low-molecular-mass molecules and enzymes that specialize in removing various types of ROS or repairing the oxidative damage of biological molecules. Under normal conditions, ROS production is low, and mitochondria, which are their primary target, are slightly damaged in a similar way to other cellular compartments, since the ROS released by the mitochondria into the cytosol are negligible. As the mitochondrial generation of ROS increases, they can deactivate components of the respiratory chain and enzymes of the Krebs cycle, and mitochondria release a high amount of ROS that damage cellular structures. More recently, the feature of the mitochondrial antioxidant system, which does not specifically deal with intramitochondrial ROS, was discovered. Indeed, the mitochondrial antioxidant system detoxifies exogenous ROS species at the expense of reducing the equivalents generated in mitochondria. Thus, mitochondria are also a sink of ROS. These observations highlight the importance of the mitochondrial antioxidant system, which should be considered in our understanding of ROS-regulated processes. These processes include cell signaling and the progression of metabolic and neurodegenerative disease.
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Sequeira IR. Higher doses of ascorbic acid may have the potential to promote nutrient delivery via intestinal paracellular absorption. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:6750-6756. [PMID: 34790005 PMCID: PMC8567472 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i40.6750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The significance of plasma ascorbic acid (AA) is underscored by its enzymatic and antioxidant properties as well as involvement in many aspects of health including the synthesis of biomolecules during acute illness, trauma and chronic health conditions. Dietary intake supports maintenance of optimal levels with supplementation at higher doses more likely pursued. Transient increased intestinal paracellular permeability following high dose AA may be utilised to enhance delivery of other micronutrients across the intestinal lumen. The potential mechanism following dietary intake however needs further study but may provide an avenue to increase small intestinal nutrient co transport and absorption, including in acute and chronic illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Roosevelt Sequeira
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1024, New Zealand
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39
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Vitamin C for sepsis intervention: from redox biochemistry to clinical medicine. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:4449-4460. [PMID: 34478032 PMCID: PMC8413356 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04240-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid or ascorbate, is a water-soluble vitamin synthesized in plants as well as in animals except humans and several other animal species. Humans obtain vitamin C from dietary sources and via vitamin supplementation. Vitamin C possesses important biological functions, including serving as a cofactor for many enzymes, acting as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound, and participating in regulating stem cell biology and epigenetics. The multifunctional nature of vitamin C contributes to its essentialness in maintaining and safeguarding physiological homeostasis, especially regulation of immunity and inflammatory responses. In this context, vitamin C has been investigated for its efficacy in treating diverse inflammatory disorders, including sepsis, one of the major causes of death globally and for which currently there is no cure. Accordingly, this Mini-Review surveys recent major research findings on the effectiveness of vitamin C and the underling molecular mechanisms in sepsis intervention in both experimental animal models and randomized controlled trials. To set a stage for discussing the effects and mechanisms of vitamin C in sepsis intervention, this Mini-Review begins with an overview of vitamin C redox biochemistry and its multifunctional properties.
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40
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Hoang MTT, Almeida D, Chay S, Alcon C, Corratge-Faillie C, Curie C, Mari S. AtDTX25, a member of the multidrug and toxic compound extrusion family, is a vacuolar ascorbate transporter that controls intracellular iron cycling in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1956-1967. [PMID: 34080200 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential element, its transport is regulated by the cell redox balance. In seeds, Fe enters the embryo as Fe2+ and is stored in vacuoles as Fe3+ . Through its ferric reduction activity, ascorbate plays a major role in Fe redox state and therefore Fe transport within the seed. We searched for ascorbate membrane transporters responsible for controlling Fe reduction by screening the yeast ferric reductase-deficient fre1 strain and isolated AtDTX25, a member of the Multidrug And Toxic compound Extrusion (MATE) family. AtDTX25 was shown to mediate ascorbate efflux when expressed in yeast and Xenopus oocytes, in a pH-dependent manner. In planta, AtDTX25 is highly expressed during germination and encodes a vacuolar membrane protein. Isolated vacuoles from AtDTX25-1 knockout mutant contained less ascorbate and more Fe than wild-type (WT), and mutant seedlings were highly sensitive to Fe deficiency. Iron imaging further showed that the remobilisation of Fe from vacuoles was highly impaired in mutant seedlings. Taken together, our results established AtDTX25 as a vacuolar ascorbate transporter, required during germination to promote the reduction of the pool of stored Fe3+ and its remobilisation to feed the developing seedling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Thi Thanh Hoang
- BPMP, Université Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, F-34060, France
| | - Diego Almeida
- BPMP, Université Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, F-34060, France
| | - Sandrine Chay
- BPMP, Université Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, F-34060, France
| | - Carine Alcon
- BPMP, Université Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, F-34060, France
| | | | - Catherine Curie
- BPMP, Université Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, F-34060, France
| | - Stephane Mari
- BPMP, Université Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, F-34060, France
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Yu DG, Namgung N, Kim JH, Won SY, Choi WJ, Kil DY. Effects of stocking density and dietary vitamin C on performance, meat quality, intestinal permeability, and stress indicators in broiler chickens. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:815-826. [PMID: 34447958 PMCID: PMC8367407 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to investigate the effects of stocking density (SD) and dietary supplementation of vitamin C on growth performance, meat quality, intestinal permeability, and stress indicators in broiler chickens. The study was conducted using a completely randomized design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement consisting of 2 different SD and 2 supplemental levels of dietary vitamin C. A total of 1,368 Ross 308 broiler chickens of 21 days of age with similar body weights (BW) were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 treatments with 6 replicates each. Different numbers of birds per identical floor pen (2.0 m × 2.4 m) were used to create 2 different SD levels of low SD (9 birds/m2) and high SD (18 birds/m2). The basal diet was formulated with no supplemental vitamin C to meet or exceed nutrient recommendations of the Ross 308 manual. The other diet was prepared by supplementing 200 mg/kg vitamin C in the basal diet. The study lasted for 14 days. At the end of the study, 3 male birds per replicate were selected to analyze meat quality, intestinal permeability, and stress indicators such as blood heterophil:lymphocyte (H:L) and feather corticosterone (CORT) concentrations. Results indicated that there were no interactions between different SD and dietary supplementation of vitamin C for all measurements. For the main effects of SD, birds raised at high SD had less (p < 0.01) BW, BW gain, and feed intake with increasing stress responses including greater blood H:L and feather CORT concentrations (p < 0.01) than those raised at low SD. Transepithelial electrical resistance in the jejunal mucosa was decreased (p < 0.05) at high SD, indicating an increase in intestinal permeability. However, the main effects of dietary supplementation of 200 mg/kg vitamin C were insignificant for all measurements. In conclusion, high SD of broiler chickens impairs growth performance and intestinal barrier function with increasing stress responses. However, dietary supplementation of vitamin C may have little beneficial effects on broiler chickens raised at the high SD condition used in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gwon Yu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Nyun Namgung
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Jong Hyuk Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Seung Yeon Won
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Won Jun Choi
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Dong Yong Kil
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
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Prasad N, Grossestreuer AV, Meyer NJ, Perman SM, Mikkelsen ME, Hollander J, Gaieski DF. The relationship between vitamin C or thiamine levels and outcomes for severe sepsis patients admitted to the ICU. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15114. [PMID: 34302025 PMCID: PMC8302569 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94473-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Preliminary data have produced conflicting results regarding whether initial vitamin C levels in patients with severe sepsis correlate with mortality outcomes. We hypothesized that low plasma ascorbic acid or thiamine levels in severe sepsis patients admitted from the Emergency Department (ED) to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) would be associated with increased mortality and an increased incidence of shock. Retrospective analysis of a prospective database of severe sepsis patients admitted to the ICU at an urban, academic medical center. Ascorbic acid and thiamine levels were analyzed in relation to survivors vs. non-survivors and shock vs. non-shock patients. 235 patients were included; mean age, 59.4 years ± 16.8 years; male, 128 (54.5%); in-hospital mortality, 16.6% (39/235); mean APACHE3 score, 61.8 ± 22.8; mean ascorbic acid level (reference range 0.40–2.10 mg/dL), 0.23 mg/dL (95% CI 0.07–4.02); and the mean thiamine level (reference range 14.6–29.5 nmol/L), 6.0 nmol/L (95% CI 4.0–9.5). When survivors were compared to non-survivors, survivors were more likely to be male (57.7% [113/196] vs. 38.5% [15/39]) and have lower APACHE3 scores (58.2 ± 22.6 vs. 79.9 ± 16.0). For the total cohort of 235 patients, there was no statistically significant relationship between a patient’s initial ascorbic acid or thiamine level and either survival or development of shock. In this analysis of early plasma samples from patients with severe sepsis admitted from the ED to the ICU, we found that mean ascorbic acid and thiamine levels were lower than normal range but that there was no relationship between these levels and outcomes, including 28 day mortality and development of shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandan Prasad
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, 1025 Walnut Street, Suite 300, Philadelphia, PA, 19017, USA
| | - Anne V Grossestreuer
- Center for Resuscitation Science, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nuala J Meyer
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sarah M Perman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mark E Mikkelsen
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Judd Hollander
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, 1025 Walnut Street, Suite 300, Philadelphia, PA, 19017, USA
| | - David F Gaieski
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, 1025 Walnut Street, Suite 300, Philadelphia, PA, 19017, USA.
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Liu X, Khan A, Li H, Wang S, Chen X, Huang H. Ascorbic acid in epigenetic reprogramming. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 17:13-25. [PMID: 34264189 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x16666210714152730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that ascorbic acid (vitamin C) enhances the reprogramming process by multiple mechanisms. This is primarily due to its cofactor role in Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases, including the DNA demethylases Ten Eleven Translocase (TET) and histone demethylases. Epigenetic variations have been shown to play a critical role in somatic cell reprogramming. DNA methylation and histone methylation are extensively recognized as barriers to somatic cell reprogramming. N6-methyladenosine (m6A), known as RNA methylation, is an epigenetic modification of mRNAs and has also been shown to play a role in regulating cellular reprogramming. Multiple cofactors are reported to promote the activity of demethylases, including vitamin C. This review focuses on examining the evidence and mechanism of vitamin C in DNA and histone demethylation and highlights its potential involvement in regulating m6A demethylation. It also shows the significant contribution of vitamin C in epigenetic regulation and the affiliation of demethylases with vitamin C-facilitated epigenetic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Liu
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Aamir Khan
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Huan Li
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Shensen Wang
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xuechai Chen
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Hua Huang
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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Muñoz-Montesino C, Peña E, Roa FJ, Sotomayor K, Escobar E, Rivas CI. Transport of Vitamin C in Cancer. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:61-74. [PMID: 33607936 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant that has an intricate relationship with cancer and has been studied for more than 60 years. However, the specific mechanisms that allow malignant cells to uptake, metabolize, and compartmentalize vitamin C remain unclear. In normal human cells, two different transporter systems are responsible for its acquisition: glucose transporters (GLUTs) transport the oxidized form of vitamin C (dehydroascorbic acid) and sodium-coupled ascorbic acid transporters (SVCTs) transport the reduced form (ascorbic acid [AA]). In this study, we review the mechanisms described for vitamin C uptake and metabolization in cancer. Recent Advances: Several studies performed recently in vivo and in vitro have provided the scientific community a better understanding of the differential capacities of cancer cells to acquire vitamin C: tumors from different origins do not express SVCTs in the plasma membrane and are only able to acquire vitamin C in its oxidized form. Interestingly, cancer cells differentially express a mitochondrial form of SVCT2. Critical Issues: Why tumors have reduced AA uptake capacity at the plasma membrane, but develop the capacity of AA transport within mitochondria, remains a mystery. However, it shows that understanding vitamin C physiology in tumor survival might be key to decipher the controversies in its relationship with cancer. Future Directions: A comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms by which cancer cells acquire, compartmentalize, and use vitamin C will allow the design of new therapeutic approaches in human cancer. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 61-74.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Muñoz-Montesino
- Departamento de Fisiología and Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Eduardo Peña
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Francisco J Roa
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Kirsty Sotomayor
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Elizabeth Escobar
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Coralia I Rivas
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Fujii J. Ascorbate is a multifunctional micronutrient whose synthesis is lacking in primates. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2021; 69:1-15. [PMID: 34376908 PMCID: PMC8325764 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.20-181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascorbate (vitamin C) is an essential micronutrient in primates, and exhibits multiple physiological functions. In addition to antioxidative action, ascorbate provides reducing power to α-ketoglutarate-dependent non-heme iron dioxygenases, such as prolyl hydroxylases. Demethylation of histones and DNA with the aid of ascorbate results in the reactivation of epigenetically silenced genes. Ascorbate and its oxidized form, dehydroascorbate, have attracted interest in terms of their roles in cancer therapy. The last step in the biosynthesis of ascorbate is catalyzed by l-gulono-γ-lactone oxidase whose gene Gulo is commonly mutated in all animals that do not synthesize ascorbate. One common explanation for this deficiency is based on the increased availability of ascorbate from foods. In fact, pathways for ascorbate synthesis and the detoxification of xenobiotics by glucuronate conjugation share the metabolic processes up to UDP-glucuronate, which prompts another hypothesis, namely, that ascorbate-incompetent animals might have developed stronger detoxification systems in return for their lack of ability to produce ascorbate, which would allow them to cope with their situation. Here, we overview recent advances in ascorbate research and propose that an enhanced glucuronate conjugation reaction may have applied positive selection pressure on ascorbate-incompetent animals, thus allowing them to dominate the animal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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Beton K, Brozek-Pluska B. Vitamin C-Protective Role in Oxidative Stress Conditions Induced in Human Normal Colon Cells by Label-Free Raman Spectroscopy and Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136928. [PMID: 34203225 PMCID: PMC8267733 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide. Conventional diagnostics methods of colorectal cancer can detect it at an advanced stage. Spectroscopic methods, including Raman spectroscopy and imaging, are becoming more and more popular in medical applications, and allow fast, precise, and unambiguous differentiation of healthy and cancerous samples. The most important advantage of Raman spectroscopy is the ability to identify biomarkers that help in the differentiation of healthy and cancerous cells based on biochemistry of sample and spectra typical for lipids, proteins, and DNA. The aim of the study was to evaluate the biochemical and structural features of human colon cell lines based on Raman spectroscopy and imaging: normal cells CCD-18 Co, normal cells CCD-18 Co under oxidative stress conditions, and normal cells CCD-18 Co at first treated by using tert-Butyl hydroperoxide and then supplemented by vitamin C in high concentration to show the protective role of vitamin C in micromolar concentrations against ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species). Raman data obtained for normal cells injured by ROS were compared with spectra typical for cancerous cells. Statistically assisted analysis has shown that normal ROS-injured and cancerous human colon cells can be distinguished based on their unique vibrational properties. The research carried out proves that label-free Raman spectroscopy may play an important role in clinical diagnostics differentiation of normal and cancerous colon cells and may be a source of intraoperative information supporting histopathological analysis.
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Tveden-Nyborg P. Vitamin C Deficiency in the Young Brain-Findings from Experimental Animal Models. Nutrients 2021; 13:1685. [PMID: 34063417 PMCID: PMC8156420 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe and long-term vitamin C deficiency can lead to fatal scurvy, which is fortunately considered rare today. However, a moderate state of vitamin C (vitC) deficiency (hypovitaminosis C)-defined as a plasma concentration below 23 μM-is estimated to affect up to 10% of the population in the Western world, albeit clinical hallmarks in addition to scurvy have not been linked to vitC deficiency. The brain maintains a high vitC content and uniquely high levels during deficiency, supporting vitC's importance in the brain. Actions include both antioxidant and co-factor functions, rendering vitamin C deficiency likely to affect several targets in the brain, and it could be particularly significant during development where a high cellular metabolism and an immature antioxidant system might increase sensitivity. However, investigations of a non-scorbutic state of vitC deficiency and effects on the developing young brain are scarce. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the complex mechanisms that regulate vitC homeostasis in vivo and in the brain in particular. Functions of vitC in the brain and the potential consequences of deficiency during brain development are highlighted, based primarily on findings from experimental animal models. Perspectives for future investigations of vitC are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Tveden-Nyborg
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Treatment with ascorbic acid normalizes the aerobic capacity, antioxidant defence, and cell death pathways in thermally stressed Mytilus galloprovincialis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 255:110611. [PMID: 33965617 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Considering temperature's upcoming increase due to climate change, combined with the fact that Mediterranean mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819) live at their upper limits [critical temperatures (Tc) beyond 25 °C], we cannot be sure of this species' sustainable future in the Mediterranean Sea. Deviation from optimum temperatures leads to cellular damage due to oxidative stress. Although ascorbic acid (AA) is a major scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS), its capacity to minimize oxidative stress effects is scarcely studied in aquatic organisms. Thus, treatment with 5 mM and 10 mM AA of thermally stressed molluscs had been employed in order to examine its antioxidant capacity. While 5 mM had no effect, 10 mM normalized COX1 and ND2 relative mRNA levels, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione reductase (GR) enzymatic activity levels in both examined tissues: posterior adductor muscle (PAM) and mantle. ATP levels, probably providing the adequate energy for antioxidant defence in thermally stressed mussels, is also normalized under 10 mM AA treatment. Moreover, autophagic indicators such as LC3 II/I and SQSTM1/p62 levels are normalized, indicating autophagy amelioration. Apoptosis also seems to be inhibited since both Bax/Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase substrate levels decrease with 10 mM AA treatment. Therefore, treatment of mussels with AA seems to produce threshold effects, although the precise underlying mechanisms must be elucidated in future studies. These findings show that treatment of mussels with effective antioxidants can be useful as a strategic approach for the reduction of the deleterious effects on mussels' summer mortality in aquaculture zones.
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Pozzer D, Invernizzi RW, Blaauw B, Cantoni O, Zito E. Ascorbic Acid Route to the Endoplasmic Reticulum: Function and Role in Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:845-855. [PMID: 31867990 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Humans cannot synthesize ascorbic acid (AscH2) (vitamin C), so deficiencies in dietary AscH2 cause the life-threatening disease of scurvy and many other diseases. After oral ingestion, plasma AscH2 concentrations are strictly controlled by transporters, which are required for entry into the cell and into intracellular organelles. Recent Advances: Besides its general antioxidant function, AscH2 is a cofactor for endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized collagen hydroxylases. Its important role in ER homeostasis is also highlighted by the fact that AscH2 deficiency in auxotrophic species triggers ER stress. Critical Issues: Characterizations of the molecular basis of diseases suggest that intracellular AscH2 deficiency is due not only to limited dietary access but also to its limited intracellular transport and net loss under conditions of intracellular hyperoxidation in the ER. This essay will offer an overview of the different transporters of vitamin C regulating its intracellular concentration, its function inside the ER, and the phenotypes of the diseases that can be triggered by increased depletion of this vitamin in the ER. Future Directions: When considering the benefits of increasing dietary AscH2, it is important to consider pharmacokinetic differences in the bioavailability between orally and intravenously administered AscH2: the latter bypasses intestinal absorption and is, therefore, the only route that can lead to the high plasma concentrations that may provide some health effects, and it is this route that needs to be chosen in clinical trials for those diseases associated with a deficiency of AscH2. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 845-855.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Pozzer
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Bert Blaauw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Orazio Cantoni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Ester Zito
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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High-Dose Vitamin C: Preclinical Evidence for Tailoring Treatment in Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061428. [PMID: 33804775 PMCID: PMC8003833 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Vitamin C is an indispensable micronutrient in the human diet due to the multiple functions it carries out in the body. Reports of clinical studies have indicated that, when administered at high dosage by the intravenous route, vitamin C may exert beneficial antitumor effects in patients with advanced stage cancers, including those refractory to previous treatment with chemotherapy. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the current scientific evidence concerning the different mechanisms of action by which high-dose vitamin C may kill tumor cells. A special focus will be given to those mechanisms that provide the rationale basis for tailoring vitamin C treatment according to specific molecular alterations present in the tumor and for the selection of the most appropriate companion drugs. Abstract High-dose vitamin C has been proposed as a potential therapeutic approach for patients with advanced tumors who failed previous treatment with chemotherapy. Due to vitamin C complex pharmacokinetics, only intravenous administration allows reaching sufficiently high plasma concentrations required for most of the antitumor effects observed in preclinical studies (>0.250 mM). Moreover, vitamin C entry into cells is tightly regulated by SVCT and GLUT transporters, and is cell type-dependent. Importantly, besides its well-recognized pro-oxidant effects, vitamin C modulates TET enzymes promoting DNA demethylation and acts as cofactor of HIF hydroxylases, whose activity is required for HIF-1α proteasomal degradation. Furthermore, at pharmacological concentrations lower than those required for its pro-oxidant activity (<1 mM), vitamin C in specific genetic contexts may alter the DNA damage response by increasing 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels. These more recently described vitamin C mechanisms offer new treatment opportunities for tumors with specific molecular defects (e.g., HIF-1α over-expression or TET2, IDH1/2, and WT1 alterations). Moreover, vitamin C action at DNA levels may provide the rationale basis for combination therapies with PARP inhibitors and hypomethylating agents. This review outlines the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of vitamin C to be taken into account in designing clinical studies that evaluate its potential use as anticancer agent.
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