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Weidner AE, Roy A, Vann K, Walczyk AC, Astapova O. Paxillin regulates androgen receptor expression associated with granulosa cell focal adhesions. Mol Hum Reprod 2024; 30:gaae018. [PMID: 38718206 PMCID: PMC11136451 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaae018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Paxillin is a ubiquitously expressed adaptor protein integral to focal adhesions, cell motility, and apoptosis. Paxillin has also recently been implicated as a mediator of nongenomic androgen receptor (AR) signaling in prostate cancer and other cells. We sought to investigate the relationship between paxillin and AR in granulosa cells (GCs), where androgen actions, apoptosis, and focal adhesions are of known importance, but where the role of paxillin is understudied. We recently showed that paxillin knockout in mouse GCs increases fertility in older mice. Here, we demonstrate that paxillin knockdown in human granulosa-derived KGN cells, as well as knockout in mouse primary GCs, results in reduced AR protein but not reduced mRNA expression. Further, we find that both AR protein and mRNA half-lives are reduced by approximately one-third in the absence of paxillin, but that cells adapt to chronic loss of paxillin by upregulating AR gene expression. Using co-immunofluorescence and proximity ligation assays, we show that paxillin and AR co-localize at the plasma membrane in GCs in a focal adhesion kinase-dependent way, and that disruption of focal adhesions leads to reduced AR protein level. Our findings suggest that paxillin recruits AR to the GC membrane, where it may be sequestered from proteasomal degradation and poised for nongenomic signaling, as reported in other tissues. To investigate the physiological significance of this in disorders of androgen excess, we tested the effect of GC-specific paxillin knockout in a mouse model of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) induced by chronic postnatal dihydrotestosterone (DHT) exposure. While none of the control mice had estrous cycles, 33% of paxillin knockout mice were cycling, indicating that paxillin deletion may offer partial protection from the negative effects of androgen excess by reducing AR expression. Paxillin-knockout GCs from mice with DHT-induced PCOS also produced more estradiol than GCs from littermate controls. Thus, paxillin may be a novel target in the management of androgen-related disorders in women, such as PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide E Weidner
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Anna Roy
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Kenji Vann
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ariana C Walczyk
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Olga Astapova
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Wang H, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Liu J, Hong L. β-Sitosterol as a Promising Anticancer Agent for Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy: Mechanisms of Action and Future Prospects. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:1085-1110. [PMID: 37247842 PMCID: PMC10509430 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the primary causes of death worldwide, and its incidence continues to increase yearly. Despite significant advances in research, the search for effective and nontoxic preventive and therapeutic agents remains greatly important. Cancer is a multimodal disease, where various mechanisms play significant roles in its occurrence and progression. This highlights the need for multitargeted approaches that are not only safe and inexpensive but also provide effective alternatives for current therapeutic regimens. β-Sitosterol (SIT), the most abundant phytosterol found in various plant foods, represents such an option. Preclinical evidence over the past few decades has overwhelmingly shown that SIT exhibits multiple anticancer activities against varied cancers, such as liver, cervical, colon, stomach, breast, lung, pancreatic, and prostate cancers, in addition to leukemia, multiple myeloma, melanoma, and fibrosarcoma. In this article, we present the latest advances and perspectives on SIT-systematically summarizing its antitumor mechanisms of action into 7 main sections and combining current challenges and prospects-for its use as a promising agent for cancer prevention and treatment. In particular, SIT plays a role in cancer prevention and treatment mainly by enhancing apoptosis, inducing cell cycle arrest, bidirectionally regulating oxidative stress, improving metabolic reprogramming, inhibiting invasion and metastasis, modulating immunity and inflammation, and combating drug resistance. Although SIT holds such great promise, the poor aqueous solubility and bioavailability coupled with low targeting efficacy limit its therapeutic efficacy and clinical application. Further research on novel drug delivery systems may improve these deficiencies. Overall, through complex and pleiotropic mechanisms, SIT has good potential for tumor chemoprevention and chemotherapy. However, no clinical trials have yet proven this potential. This review provides theoretical basis and rationality for the further design and conduct of clinical trials to confirm the anticancer activity of SIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zihui Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingchun Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Chen Y, Zhou Q, Zhang H, Xu L, Lu L, Shu B, Zhou L, Yuan F. Qingdai Decoction suppresses prostate cancer growth in lethal-stage prostate cancer models. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 308:116333. [PMID: 36863640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Contemporary therapy for advanced castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) employs reagents such as enzalutamide and abiraterone acetate targeting the androgen receptor (AR) transcription axis only provide a temporary response and rapidly develop resistance. Additionally, neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is an AR pathway-independent and lethal-stage prostate cancer with no standard therapy. Qingdai Decoction (QDT), a traditional Chinese medicine formula, has various pharmacological activities and was widely used for the treatment of different diseases including prostatitis which may contribute to prostate cancer development. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aims to explore the anti-tumor role and potential mechanism of QDT on prostate cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS CRPC prostate cancer cell models and xenograft mice models were established for research. The effect of TCMs on cancer growth and metastasis were determined by CCK-8, wound-healing assays and the PC3-xenografted mice model. The toxicity of QDT in the major organs was investigated by H&E staining. The compound-target network was analyzed with network pharmacology. The correlation of QDT targets with prostate cancer patient's prognosis was analyzed with multiple prostate cancer patient cohorts. The expression of related proteins and mRNA were detected by western blot and real-time PCR. The gene knockdown was achieved with CRISPR-Cas13 technology. RESULTS By integrating functional screening, network pharmacology analysis, CRISPR-Cas13 directed RNA targeting, and molecular biology validation in different prostate cancer models and clinical prostate cancer cohorts, we found that Qingdai Decoction (QDT), a Traditional Chinese Medicine, can repress cancer growth in advanced prostate cancer models in vitro and in vivo in an AR independent manner by targeting NOS3, TGFB1, and NCOA2. CONCLUSION This study not only identified QDT as a novel drug for lethal-stage prostate cancer treatment but also provided an extensive Integrative research paradigm for investigating the roles and mechanisms of TCMs for the treatment of other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Chen
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qianqian Zhou
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 Wan-Ping South Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Linfan Xu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lianheng Lu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Bing Shu
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 Wan-Ping South Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Lihong Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China.
| | - Fuwen Yuan
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Ávila-Avilés RD, Hernández-Hernández JM. Ligand- and structure-based identification of GPER-binding small molecules. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2023.2171074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Daniel Ávila-Avilés
- Laboratory of Epigenetics of Skeletal Muscle Regeneration, Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centre for Research and Advanced Studies of IPN (CINVESTAV), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J. Manuel Hernández-Hernández
- Laboratory of Epigenetics of Skeletal Muscle Regeneration, Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centre for Research and Advanced Studies of IPN (CINVESTAV), Mexico City, Mexico
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Modulation of innate immune response to viruses including SARS-CoV-2 by progesterone. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:137. [PMID: 35468896 PMCID: PMC9035769 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00981-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether and how innate antiviral response is regulated by humoral metabolism remains enigmatic. We show that viral infection induces progesterone via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in mice. Progesterone induces downstream antiviral genes and promotes innate antiviral response in cells and mice, whereas knockout of the progesterone receptor PGR has opposite effects. Mechanistically, stimulation of PGR by progesterone activates the tyrosine kinase SRC, which phosphorylates the transcriptional factor IRF3 at Y107, leading to its activation and induction of antiviral genes. SARS-CoV-2-infected patients have increased progesterone levels, and which are co-related with decreased severity of COVID-19. Our findings reveal how progesterone modulates host innate antiviral response, and point to progesterone as a potential immunomodulatory reagent for infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Malekinejad F, Kheradmand F, Khadem-Ansari MH, Malekinejad H. Lupeol synergizes with doxorubicin to induce anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects on breast cancer cells. Daru 2022; 30:103-115. [PMID: 35113358 PMCID: PMC9114251 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-022-00436-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Anti-cancer and anti-migration effects of lupeol as a biological pentacyclic triterpenoid were investigated individually and in combination with Doxorubicin (DOX) on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and human foreskin fibroblasts. METHODS To uncover the anticancer effect of lupeol and the impact of its combination with DOX, cell viability and scratch assays and dual acridine-orange apoptotic staining were performed. Moreover, the expression of proapoptotic caspase-3 and metastasis-related MMP-9 at the mRNA and protein levels was analyzed using qPCR and western blot techniques. RESULTS Lupeol synergistically increased the anti-proliferative effect of DOX with IC50 values of 42.55, 62.24 and 65.9 μM on MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and HFF cells, respectively. Lupeol reduced the cell migration and lowered the DOX-induced cell migration, significantly (p < 0.05). The number of apoptotic cells elevated significantly (p < 0.05) when cancer cells were treated with the combination of lupeol and DOX. Lupeol individually and in combination with DOX up-regulated the expression of caspase-3. The proposed combination therapy synergized (3-4 fold) the down-regulation of MMP-9 expression in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that lupeol could be considered as an anticancer agent and anticancer adjuvant in breast cancer-therapy. The anticancer properties of lupeol attribute to its antiproliferative, antimigrative and apoptotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Malekinejad
- grid.412763.50000 0004 0442 8645Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Kheradmand
- grid.412763.50000 0004 0442 8645Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Khadem-Ansari
- grid.412763.50000 0004 0442 8645Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hassan Malekinejad
- grid.412763.50000 0004 0442 8645Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran ,grid.412763.50000 0004 0442 8645Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Adlanmerini M, Fontaine C, Gourdy P, Arnal JF, Lenfant F. Segregation of nuclear and membrane-initiated actions of estrogen receptor using genetically modified animals and pharmacological tools. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 539:111467. [PMID: 34626731 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, playing widespread functions in reproductive and non-reproductive tissues. Beside the canonical function of ERs as nuclear receptors, in this review, we summarize our current understanding of extra-nuclear, membrane-initiated functions of ERs with a specific focus on ERα. Over the last decade, in vivo evidence has accumulated to demonstrate the physiological relevance of this ERα membrane-initiated-signaling from mouse models to selective pharmacological tools. Finally, we discuss the perspectives and future challenges opened by the integration of extra-nuclear ERα signaling in physiology and pathology of estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Adlanmerini
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1297, Université de Toulouse 3 and CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Coralie Fontaine
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1297, Université de Toulouse 3 and CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Gourdy
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1297, Université de Toulouse 3 and CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-François Arnal
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1297, Université de Toulouse 3 and CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Françoise Lenfant
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1297, Université de Toulouse 3 and CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
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Jahan N, Jones C, Rahman RL. Androgen receptor expression in breast cancer: Implications on prognosis and treatment, a brief review. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 531:111324. [PMID: 34000352 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 70%-85% of breast cancers express androgen receptors (ARs). The role of AR in breast cancer pathogenesis is currently in exploration. Both androgens and anti-androgens have demonstrated variable inhibitory and stimulatory effects in AR-positive breast cancer depending on estrogen receptor and HER2 co-expression. Androgen signaling pathways interact with other critical cellular pathways, such as the PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Ras/Raf/MAPK/ERK, Wnt/β-catenin, and estrogen signaling pathways. Therapeutic exploitation of AR has been the crux of management of prostate cancer for decades. In recent years there has been increasing interest in AR as a novel therapeutic target in breast cancer. There have been many early phase clinical trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of various AR-targeted agents in breast cancer. Some of these studies have shown promising clinical benefits. Studies of biomarkers to identify the patients likely to benefit from AR-targeted therapies are currently in progress. Besides, AR expression may be an important prognostic and predictive marker for breast cancer, which needs to be defined better in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Jahan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4(th) St, Lubbock, Tx, 79430, USA.
| | - Catherine Jones
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4(th) St, Lubbock, Tx, 79430, USA
| | - Rakhshanda Layeequr Rahman
- Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4(th)St, Lubbock, Tx, 79430, USA
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Liu L, Liu S, Luo H, Chen C, Zhang X, He L, Tu G. GPR30-mediated HMGB1 upregulation in CAFs induces autophagy and tamoxifen resistance in ERα-positive breast cancer cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:16178-16197. [PMID: 34182538 PMCID: PMC8266353 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Tamoxifen (TAM) resistance constitutes a challenge in managing estrogen receptor (ER)α+ breast cancer patients. G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPR30/GPER), which reportedly initiates TAM resistance in ERα+/ GPR30+ breast cancers, is detected in the breast cancer microenvironment, especially cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Herein, considering that GPR30 mediates transcriptional regulation in different cell backgrounds, a microarray strategy was applied in immortalized CAFs derived from primary breast cancer samples, resulting in the identification of 165 GPR30 target genes, among which HMGB1 was confirmed to be upregulated by 17-β estradiol(E2)- and TAM-triggered GPR30 activation in CAFs. Activated GPR30 increased extracellular HMGB1 secretion by CAFs, which was reduced by blocking PI3K/AKT signaling using G15 or LY294002. GPR30-induced HMGB1 upregulation triggered MEK/ERK signaling, leading to increased autophagic behavior to protect cancer cells from TAM-induced apoptosis, mimicking the recombinant HMGB1-mediated increase in cancer cell resistance potential to TAM. MEK/ERK signaling blockage by U0126 decreased the autophagic behavior and resistance ability of cancer cells to TAM. CAF-expressed GPR30 induced TAM resistance via HMGB1 in vivo. Overall, TAM upregulated HMGB1 expression and secretion in CAFs via GPR30/PI3K/AKT signaling, and the secreted HMGB1 induced autophagy to enhance TAM resistance in MCF-7 cells in an ERK-dependent manner. Thus, targeting GPR30 and downstream cascades may be an effective strategy to attenuate the resistance of ERα-positive breast tumors to endocrine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yu-Zhong 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengchun Liu
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yu-Zhong 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Haojun Luo
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Chenxi Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yu-Zhong 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Maternal and Child Care Center Service of Kaizhou, Chongqing 405400, China
| | - Lin He
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yu-Zhong 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Tu
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yu-Zhong 400016, Chongqing, China
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Pal U, Ghosh S, Limaye AM. DNA methylation in the upstream CpG island of the GPER locus and its relationship with GPER expression in colon cancer cell lines. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:7547-7555. [PMID: 32936384 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05817-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The G-protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), a proposed tumor suppressor, relays short-term non-genomic responses in target cells and tissues. It frequently undergoes down-modulation in primary tumors of the breast, ovary, and endometrium. Liu and co-workers recently reported loss of GPER expression in colorectal cancer and attributed it to DNA methylation-dependent silencing. We hypothesized that GPER expression is inversely correlated with methylation in the upstream CpG island (upCpGi) in the GPER locus. Methylation in the upCpGi was analysed by bisulfite sequencing and correlated with GPER expression in a panel of colon cancer cell lines. Eight downstream CpGs of the upCpGi was differentially methylated across the cell lines. Methylation in this differentially methylated region (DMR) correlated inversely with GPER expression. Two cell lines, namely SW620 and COLO-320DM, were compared in terms of their viability in response to varying concentrations of G1, a GPER specific agonist. SW-620 cells, which had the least methylated DMR and the highest level of GPER expression, showed significant loss of viability with 1 µM G1. COLO-320DM, which had the most methylated DMR and the lowest level of GPER expression, did not show a significant response to 1 µM G1. At 5 µM G1, SW620 cells showed a greater reduction in viability than COLO-320DM cells. DNA methylation in the DMR is inversely correlated with GPER expression. DNA methylation-dependent silencing of GPER may be, at least in part, the underlying reason behind the loss of estrogen's oncoprotective effect via GPER in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttariya Pal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Sujasha Ghosh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Anil Mukund Limaye
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.
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Xu M, Yuan Y, Yan P, Jiang J, Ma P, Niu X, Ma S, Cai H, Yang K. Prognostic Significance of Androgen Receptor Expression in Triple Negative Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Breast Cancer 2020; 20:e385-e396. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Wei J, Yin Y, Deng Q, Zhou J, Wang Y, Yin G, Yang J, Tang Y. Integrative Analysis of MicroRNA and Gene Interactions for Revealing Candidate Signatures in Prostate Cancer. Front Genet 2020; 11:176. [PMID: 32180804 PMCID: PMC7057858 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA)-gene interactions are well-recognized as involved in the progression of almost all cancer types including prostate cancer, which is one of the most common cancers in men. This study explored the significantly dysregulated genes and miRNAs and elucidated the potential miRNA-gene regulatory network in prostate cancer. Integrative analysis of prostate cancer and normal prostate transcriptomic data in The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset was conducted using both differential expression analysis and weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA). Thirteen genes (RRM2, ORC6, CDC45, CDKN2A, E2F2, MYBL2, CCNB2, PLK1, FOXM1, CDC25C, PKMYT1, GTSE1, and CDC20) were potentially correlated with prostate cancer based on functional enrichment analyses. MiRNAs targeting these genes were predicted and eight miRNAs were intersections between those miRNAs and the hub miRNAs obtained from miRNA WGCNA analysis. Three genes (E2F2, RRM2, and PKMYT1) and four miRNAs (hsa-mir-17-5p, hsa-mir-20a-5p, hsa-mir-92a-3p, and hsa-mir-93-5p) were key factors according to the interaction network. RRM2 and PKMYT1 were significantly related to survival. These findings partially elucidated the dysregulation of gene expressions in prostate cancer. Efficient manipulations of the miRNA-gene interactions in prostate cancer may be exploited as promising therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchao Wei
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yinghao Yin
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiancheng Deng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Urology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Guangming Yin
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianfu Yang
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuxin Tang
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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Yin J, Tu G, Peng M, Zeng H, Wan X, Qiao Y, Qin Y, Liu M, Luo H. GPER-regulated lncRNA-Glu promotes glutamate secretion to enhance cellular invasion and metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer. FASEB J 2020; 34:4557-4572. [PMID: 32030797 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901384rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a group of breast cancer with heterogeneity and poor prognosis and effective therapeutic targets are not available currently. TNBC has been recognized as estrogen-independent breast cancer, while the novel estrogen receptor, namely G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), was claimed to mediate estrogenic actions in TNBC tissues and cell lines. Through mRNA microarrays, lncRNA microarrays, and bioinformatics analysis, we found that GPER is activated by 17β-estradiol (E2) and GPER-specific agonist G1, which downregulates a novel lncRNA (termed as lncRNA-Glu). LncRNA-Glu can inhibit glutamate transport activity and transcriptional activity of its target gene VGLUT2 via specific binding. GPER-mediated reduction of lncRNA-Glu promotes glutamate transport activity and transcriptional activity of VGLUT2. Furthermore, GPER-mediated activation of cAMP-PKA signaling contributes to glutamate secretion. LncRNA-Glu-VGLUT2 signaling synergizes with cAMP-PKA signaling to increase autologous glutamate secretion in TNBC cells, which activates glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and its downstream CaMK and MEK-MAPK pathways, thus enhancing cellular invasion and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Our data provide new insights into GPER-mediated glutamate secretion and its downstream signaling NMDAR-CaMK/MEK-MAPK during TNBC invasion. The mechanisms we discovered may provide new targets for clinical therapy of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Yin
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics designated by Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Tu
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Meixi Peng
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics designated by Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics designated by Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xueying Wan
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics designated by Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yina Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics designated by Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yilu Qin
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics designated by Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Manran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics designated by Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haojun Luo
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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González SL, Coronel MF, Raggio MC, Labombarda F. Progesterone receptor-mediated actions and the treatment of central nervous system disorders: An up-date of the known and the challenge of the unknown. Steroids 2020; 153:108525. [PMID: 31634489 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone has been shown to exert a wide range of remarkable protective actions in experimental models of central nervous system injury or disease. However, the intimate mechanisms involved in each of these beneficial effects are not fully depicted. In this review, we intend to give the readers a thorough revision on what is known about the participation of diverse receptors and signaling pathways in progesterone-mediated neuroprotective, pro-myelinating and anti-inflammatory outcomes, as well as point out to novel regulatory mechanisms that could open new perspectives in steroid-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana L González
- Laboratorio de Nocicepción y Dolor Neuropático, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - María F Coronel
- Laboratorio de Nocicepción y Dolor Neuropático, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Presidente Perón 1500, B1629AHJ Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María C Raggio
- Laboratorio de Nocicepción y Dolor Neuropático, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Labombarda
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Neuroendócrina, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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Wu J, Miao C, Lv X, Zhang Y, Li Y, Wang D. Estrogen regulates forkhead transcription factor 2 to promote apoptosis of human ovarian granulosa-like tumor cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 194:105418. [PMID: 31376461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Granulosa cell tumors of the ovary (GCTs) are the predominant form of ovarian stromal tumors and can lead to abnormally secreted estrogen hormones. Studies have reported that forkhead transcription factor 2 (FOXL2) inhibits estrogen synthesis and its gene mutation can lead to GCTs. We unexpected found that estrogen also regulates the expression level of FOXL2. High-dose estrogen increased the expression of FOXL2 in ovarian-like granulosa (KGN) cells at both the mRNA and protein levels. However, no research has reported on the molecular regulatory mechanism and function between estrogen and FOXL2 in the development of GCTs. In this research, FOXL2 was highly expressed in KGN cells and ovarian stromal tumor tissues. Deletion of FOXL2 increased the estrogen secretion in KGN cells. In turn, high-dose estrogen increased the FOXL2 expression levels. FOXL2 was phosphorylated by GPR30 (G protein coupled receptor)-Protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathway upon estrogen stimulation. Estrogen inhibited cell migration and proliferation, while promoting cell apoptosis. Deletion of FOXL2 inhibited the influence of estrogen on cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. Results suggest that estrogen via regulating FOXL2 suppresses cell proliferation and induces cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Plastic Surgery Institute, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, PR China
| | - Chunlei Miao
- Plastic Surgery Institute, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Lv
- Plastic Surgery Institute, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, PR China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Plastic Surgery Institute, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, PR China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Plastic Surgery Institute, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, PR China
| | - Di Wang
- Plastic Surgery Institute, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, PR China.
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Venema CM, Bense RD, Steenbruggen TG, Nienhuis HH, Qiu SQ, van Kruchten M, Brown M, Tamimi RM, Hospers GAP, Schröder CP, Fehrmann RSN, de Vries EGE. Consideration of breast cancer subtype in targeting the androgen receptor. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 200:135-147. [PMID: 31077689 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a drug target in breast cancer, and AR-targeted therapies have induced tumor responses in breast cancer patients. In this review, we summarized the role of AR in breast cancer based on preclinical and clinical data. Response to AR-targeted therapies in unselected breast cancer populations is relatively low. Preclinical and clinical data show that AR antagonists might have a role in estrogen receptor (ER)-negative/AR-positive tumors. The prognostic value of AR for patients remains uncertain due to the use of various antibodies and cut-off values for immunohistochemical assessment. To get more insight into the role of AR in breast cancer, we additionally performed a retrospective pooled analysis to determine the prognostic value of the AR using mRNA profiles of 7270 primary breast tumors. Our analysis shows that a higher AR mRNA level is associated with improved disease outcome in patients with ER-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative tumors, but with worse disease outcome in HER2-positive subgroups. In conclusion, next to AR expression, incorporation of additional tumor characteristics will potentially make AR targeting a more valuable therapeutic strategy in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clasina M Venema
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rico D Bense
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa G Steenbruggen
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde H Nienhuis
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Si-Qi Qiu
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Michel van Kruchten
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Myles Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Rulla M Tamimi
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Geke A P Hospers
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carolina P Schröder
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rudolf S N Fehrmann
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth G E de Vries
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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17
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van Rooijen JM, Qiu SQ, Timmer-Bosscha H, van der Vegt B, Boers JE, Schröder CP, de Vries EGE. Androgen receptor expression inversely correlates with immune cell infiltration in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 2018; 103:52-60. [PMID: 30208359 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is a meaningful treatment in HER2-positive breast cancer, ultimately resistance develops. Androgen receptor (AR) expression and immune cell infiltration are thought to be involved in trastuzumab response and may, therefore, be of interest as additional targets for therapy in HER2-positive breast cancer. AIM To improve insights into the presence among AR expression, immune cell infiltration and HER2, we analysed HER2-positive breast tumours. METHODS Primary tumours of 221 patients treated with trastuzumab for metastatic disease were selected. HER2 status was centrally confirmed. AR, T-cells (CD3 and CD8), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and PD-1 ligand 1 immunohistochemical staining and M2 tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs; CD68 and CD163) immunofluorescence were performed. Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes were evaluated by haematoxylin and eosin staining. RESULTS Sufficient tumour material was available for 150 patients. Oestrogen receptor was expressed in 51.3% of the tumours and AR in 81.3% of the tumours. AR expression was inversely correlated with M2 TAM (Pearson's r = -0.361, P < 0.001), CD3+ (r = -0.199, P < 0.030) and CD8+ (r = -0.212, P < 0.021) T-cell infiltration. Clustering analysis showed high immune cell infiltration in AR low-expressing tumours, and low immune cell infiltration in AR-high expressing tumours. CONCLUSION AR expression inversely correlates with immune cell infiltration in HER2-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan M van Rooijen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Martini Hospital Groningen, Van Swietenplein 1, 9728NT, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Si-Qi Qiu
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands; The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Guangdong, China
| | - Hetty Timmer-Bosscha
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bert van der Vegt
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - James E Boers
- Department of Pathology, Isala Clinics, Dokter van Heesweg 2 8025 AB, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Carolien P Schröder
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth G E de Vries
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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18
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Cottu PH, Bonneterre J, Varga A, Campone M, Leary A, Floquet A, Berton-Rigaud D, Sablin MP, Lesoin A, Rezai K, Lokiec FM, Lhomme C, Bosq J, Bexon AS, Gilles EM, Proniuk S, Dieras V, Jackson DM, Zukiwski A, Italiano A. Phase I study of onapristone, a type I antiprogestin, in female patients with previously treated recurrent or metastatic progesterone receptor-expressing cancers. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204973. [PMID: 30304013 PMCID: PMC6179222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Onapristone is a type I progesterone receptor (PR) antagonist, which prevents PR- mediated DNA transcription. Onapristone is active in multiple preclinical models and two prior studies demonstrated promising activity in patients with breast cancer. We conducted a study of extended release (ER) Onapristone to determine a recommended dose and explore the role of transcriptionally-activated PR (APR), detected as an aggregated subnuclear distribution pattern, as a predictive biomarker. METHODS An open-label, multicenter, randomized, parallel-group, phase 1 study (target n = 60; NCT02052128) included female patients ≥18 years with PRpos tumors. APR analysis was performed on archival tumor tissue. Patients were randomized to five cohorts of extended release (ER) onapristone tablets 10, 20, 30, 40 or 50 mg BID, or immediate release 100 mg QD until progressive disease or intolerability. Primary endpoint was to identify the recommended phase 2 dose. Secondary endpoints included safety, clinical benefit and pharmacokinetics. RESULTS The phase 1 dose escalation component of the study is complete (n = 52). Tumor diagnosis included: endometrial carcinoma 12; breast cancer 20; ovarian cancer 13; other 7. Median age was 64 (36-84). No dose limiting toxicity was observed with reported liver function test elevation related only to liver metastases. The RP2D was 50 mg ER BID. Median therapy duration was 8 weeks (range 2-44), and 9 patients had clinical benefit ≥24 weeks, including 2 patients with APRpos endometrial carcinoma. CONCLUSION Clinical benefit with excellent tolerance was seen in heavily pretreated patients with endometrial, ovarian and breast cancer. The data support the development of Onapristone in endometrial endometrioid cancer. Onapristone should also be evaluated in ovarian and breast cancers along with APR immunohistochemistry validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H. Cottu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | | | - Andrea Varga
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Mario Campone
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest—René Gauducheau, Nantes, France
| | - Alexandra Leary
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Anne Floquet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
| | - Dominique Berton-Rigaud
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest—René Gauducheau, Nantes, France
| | | | - Anne Lesoin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, France
| | - Keyvan Rezai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Rene Huguenin-Institut Curie, St Cloud, France
| | - François M. Lokiec
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Rene Huguenin-Institut Curie, St Cloud, France
| | - Catherine Lhomme
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Jacques Bosq
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Alice S. Bexon
- Bexon Clinical Consulting, Upper Montclair, NJ, United States of America
| | - Erard M. Gilles
- Invivis Pharmaceuticals, Bridgewater, NJ, United States of America
| | - Stefan Proniuk
- Arno Therapeutics, Flemington, NJ, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Antoine Italiano
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
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19
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Pozios I, Knösel T, Zhao Y, Assmann G, Pozios I, Müller MH, Bruns CJ, Kreis ME, Seeliger H. Expression of phosphorylated estrogen receptor beta is an independent negative prognostic factor for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 144:1887-1897. [PMID: 30046904 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2717-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The role of estrogen receptor beta (ER-β) expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is largely unknown. Ligand-independent phosphorylation and activation of ER-β may play a relevant role in the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway and, as a result, in tumor progression. Here, we examined the effect of ER-β, phosphorylated ER-β (pER-β), STAT3, phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3) and IL-6 expression on the overall and recurrence-free survival in a cohort of patients with resected PDAC. METHODS We identified 175 patients who underwent pancreatic resection for PDAC. Tissue microarrays were constructed from the archival tumor specimens. These were stained with specific antibodies for the above molecules. The expression of the markers was then correlated with clinicopathological parameters and survival analysis was performed. RESULTS High nuclear expression of ER-β was found in 61.7% and pER-β in 80.6% of the tumors. STAT3 was expressed in 54.3% of the tumor samples, pSTAT3 in 68% and IL-6 in 76.6%. The median overall survival for patients with low pER-β expression was 29 months, whereas for patients with high pER-β expression was 15.1 months (p = 0.016). Multivariate analysis revealed that pER-β expression was an independent factor correlating with shorter overall survival (hazard ratio 1.9; p = 0.013) and disease-free survival (hazard ratio 1.9; p = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS Expression of pER-β constitutes an independent prognostic marker for PDAC and is correlated with poor prognosis. These data may help in identifying novel drug targets in PDAC and patients who could benefit from additional therapeutic regimens, including selective estrogen receptor modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Pozios
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Knösel
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gerald Assmann
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Iraklis Pozios
- Johns Hopkins Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center of Excellence, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mario H Müller
- Department of Surgery, Vivantes Neukölln Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christiane J Bruns
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin E Kreis
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik Seeliger
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany.
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20
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Gourdy P, Guillaume M, Fontaine C, Adlanmerini M, Montagner A, Laurell H, Lenfant F, Arnal JF. Estrogen receptor subcellular localization and cardiometabolism. Mol Metab 2018; 15:56-69. [PMID: 29807870 PMCID: PMC6066739 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to their crucial role in reproduction, estrogens are key regulators of energy and glucose homeostasis and they also exert several cardiovascular protective effects. These beneficial actions are mainly mediated by estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), which is widely expressed in metabolic and vascular tissues. As a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, ERα was primarily considered as a transcription factor that controls gene expression through the activation of its two activation functions (ERαAF-1 and ERαAF-2). However, besides these nuclear actions, a pool of ERα is localized in the vicinity of the plasma membrane, where it mediates rapid signaling effects called membrane-initiated steroid signals (MISS) that have been well described in vitro, especially in endothelial cells. SCOPE OF THE REVIEW This review aims to summarize our current knowledge of the mechanisms of nuclear vs membrane ERα activation that contribute to the cardiometabolic protection conferred by estrogens. Indeed, new transgenic mouse models (affecting either DNA binding, activation functions or membrane localization), together with the use of novel pharmacological tools that electively activate membrane ERα effects recently allowed to begin to unravel the different modes of ERα signaling in vivo. CONCLUSION Altogether, available data demonstrate the prominent role of ERα nuclear effects, and, more specifically, of ERαAF-2, in the preventive effects of estrogens against obesity, diabetes, and atheroma. However, membrane ERα signaling selectively mediates some of the estrogen endothelial/vascular effects (NO release, reendothelialization) and could also contribute to the regulation of energy balance, insulin sensitivity, and glucose metabolism. Such a dissection of ERα biological functions related to its subcellular localization will help to understand the mechanism of action of "old" ER modulators and to design new ones with an optimized benefit/risk profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Gourdy
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, UMR 1048/I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Service de Diabétologie, Maladies Métaboliques et Nutrition, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
| | - Maeva Guillaume
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, UMR 1048/I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Service d'Hépatologie et Gastro-Entérologie, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Coralie Fontaine
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, UMR 1048/I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marine Adlanmerini
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, UMR 1048/I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Alexandra Montagner
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, UMR 1048/I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Henrik Laurell
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, UMR 1048/I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Françoise Lenfant
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, UMR 1048/I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-François Arnal
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, UMR 1048/I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Hilton HN, Clarke CL, Graham JD. Estrogen and progesterone signalling in the normal breast and its implications for cancer development. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 466:2-14. [PMID: 28851667 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ovarian hormones estrogen and progesterone are master regulators of the development and function of a broad spectrum of human tissues, including the breast, reproductive and cardiovascular systems, brain and bone. Acting through the nuclear estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR), both play complex and essential coordinated roles in the extensive development of the lobular alveolar epithelial structures of the normal breast during puberty, the normal menstrual cycle and pregnancy. The past decade has seen major advances in understanding the mechanisms of action of estrogen and progesterone in the normal breast and in the delineation of the complex hierarchy of cell types regulated by ovarian hormones in this tissue. There is evidence for a role for both ER and PR in driving breast cancer, and both are favourable prognostic markers with respect to outcome. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the mechanisms of action of ER and PR in the normal breast, and implications for the development and management of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi N Hilton
- Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney Medical School - Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Christine L Clarke
- Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney Medical School - Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - J Dinny Graham
- Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney Medical School - Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
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Papadopoulos D, Shihan M, Scheiner-Bobis G. Physiological implications of DHEAS-induced non-classical steroid hormone signaling. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 179:73-78. [PMID: 29017935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In the spermatogenic cell line GC-2, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), activates the Src/Ras/c-Raf/Erk1/2/CREB(ATF-1) signaling cascade. Since DHEAS is present in the gonads, and since spermatogenesis and maturation of spermatogonia to haploid spermatozoa requires activation of Erk1/2, the triggering of these signaling events by DHEAS might have physiological relevance. In the Sertoli cell line TM4, DHEAS-induces activation of Erk1/2, CREB, and ATF-1, stimulates expression of claudin-3 and claudin-5 and augments transepithelial resistance, indicating the formation of tight junctions between adjacent Sertoli cells. Thus, by influencing the formation and dynamics of tight junctions at the blood-testis barrier, which protects germ cells from cells of the immune system, DHEAS might play a crucial role in the regulation and maintenance of male fertility. In bEnd.3 brain-derived endothelial cells, DHEAS stimulates the expression of zonula occludens-1 and claudin-3 and promotes tight junction formation between neighboring cells, which at the blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful factors and cells. If DHEAS supports the integrity of the blood-brain barrier also in vivo, the current findings might lead to new strategies for the prevention or treatment of neurological disorders associated with barrier defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Papadopoulos
- Institut für Veterinär-Physiologie und -Biochemie, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Germany
| | - Mazen Shihan
- Institut für Veterinär-Physiologie und -Biochemie, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Germany
| | - Georgios Scheiner-Bobis
- Institut für Veterinär-Physiologie und -Biochemie, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Germany.
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Sengelaub DR, Han Q, Liu NK, Maczuga MA, Szalavari V, Valencia SA, Xu XM. Protective Effects of Estradiol and Dihydrotestosterone following Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:825-841. [PMID: 29132243 PMCID: PMC5863086 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in lesions that destroy tissue and disrupt spinal tracts, producing deficits in locomotor and autonomic function. We previously demonstrated that motoneurons and the muscles they innervate show pronounced atrophy after SCI, and these changes are prevented by treatment with testosterone. Here, we assessed whether the testosterone active metabolites estradiol and dihydrotestosterone have similar protective effects after SCI. Young adult female rats received either sham or T9 spinal cord contusion injuries and were treated with estradiol, dihydrotestosterone, both, or nothing via Silastic capsules. Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan locomotor testing was performed weekly and voiding behavior was assessed at 3 weeks post-injury. Four weeks after SCI, lesion volume and tissue sparing, quadriceps muscle fiber cross-sectional area, and motoneuron dendritic morphology were assessed. Spontaneous locomotor behavior improved after SCI, but hormone treatments had no effect. Voiding behavior was disrupted after SCI, but was significantly improved by treatment with either estradiol or dihydrotestosterone; combined treatment was maximally effective. Treatment with estradiol reduced lesion volume, but dihydrotestosterone alone and estradiol combined with dihydrotestosterone were ineffective. SCI-induced decreases in motoneuron dendritic length were attenuated by all hormone treatments. SCI-induced reductions in muscle fiber cross-sectional areas were prevented by treatment with either dihydrotestosterone or estradiol combined with dihydrotestosterone, but estradiol treatment was ineffective. These findings suggest that deficits in micturition and regressive changes in motoneuron and muscle morphology seen after SCI are ameliorated by treatment with estradiol or dihydrotestosterone, further supporting a role for steroid hormones as neurotherapeutic agents in the injured nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale R. Sengelaub
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Qi Han
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Nai-Kui Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Melissa A. Maczuga
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Violetta Szalavari
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | | | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Zhu X, Fréchou M, Liere P, Zhang S, Pianos A, Fernandez N, Denier C, Mattern C, Schumacher M, Guennoun R. A Role of Endogenous Progesterone in Stroke Cerebroprotection Revealed by the Neural-Specific Deletion of Its Intracellular Receptors. J Neurosci 2017; 37:10998-11020. [PMID: 28986464 PMCID: PMC6596486 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3874-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment with progesterone protects the male and female brain against damage after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). However, in both sexes, the brain contains significant amounts of endogenous progesterone. It is not known whether endogenously produced progesterone enhances the resistance of the brain to ischemic insult. Here, we used steroid profiling by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) for exploring adaptive and sex-specific changes in brain levels of progesterone and its metabolites after MCAO. We show that, in the male mouse brain, progesterone is mainly metabolized via 5α-reduction leading to 5α-dihydroprogesterone (5α-DHP), also a progesterone receptor (PR) agonist ligand in neural cells, then to 3α,5α-tetrahydroprogesterone (3α,5α-THP). In the female mouse brain, levels of 5α-DHP and 3α,5α-THP are lower and levels of 20α-DHP are higher than in males. After MCAO, levels of progesterone and 5α-DHP are upregulated rapidly to pregnancy-like levels in the male but not in the female brain. To assess whether endogenous progesterone and 5α-DHP contribute to the resistance of neural cells to ischemic damage, we inactivated PR selectively in the CNS. Deletion of PR in the brain reduced its resistance to MCAO, resulting in increased infarct volumes and neurological deficits in both sexes. Importantly, endogenous PR ligands continue to protect the brain of aging mice. These results uncover the unexpected importance of endogenous progesterone and its metabolites in cerebroprotection. They also reveal that the female reproductive hormone progesterone is an endogenous cerebroprotective neurosteroid in both sexes.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The brain responds to injury with protective signaling and has a remarkable capacity to protect itself. We show here that, in response to ischemic stroke, levels of progesterone and its neuroactive metabolite 5α-dihydroprogesterone are upregulated rapidly in the male mouse brain but not in the female brain. An important role of endogenous progesterone in cerebroprotection was demonstrated by the conditional inactivation of its receptor in neural cells. These results show the importance of endogenous progesterone, its metabolites, and neural progesterone receptors in acute cerebroprotection after stroke. This new concept could be exploited therapeutically by taking into account the progesterone status of patients and by supplementing and reinforcing endogenous progesterone signaling for attaining its full cerebroprotective potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhu
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Magalie Fréchou
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Philippe Liere
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Shaodong Zhang
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Antoine Pianos
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Neïké Fernandez
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Christian Denier
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bicêtre Hospital, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France, and
| | | | - Michael Schumacher
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France,
| | - Rachida Guennoun
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France,
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Arnal JF, Lenfant F, Metivier R, Flouriot G, Henrion D, Adlanmerini M, Fontaine C, Gourdy P, Chambon P, Katzenellenbogen B, Katzenellenbogen J. Membrane and Nuclear Estrogen Receptor Alpha Actions: From Tissue Specificity to Medical Implications. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1045-1087. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00024.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) has been recognized now for several decades as playing a key role in reproduction and exerting functions in numerous nonreproductive tissues. In this review, we attempt to summarize the in vitro studies that are the basis of our current understanding of the mechanisms of action of ERα as a nuclear receptor and the key roles played by its two activation functions (AFs) in its transcriptional activities. We then depict the consequences of the selective inactivation of these AFs in mouse models, focusing on the prominent roles played by ERα in the reproductive tract and in the vascular system. Evidence has accumulated over the two last decades that ERα is also associated with the plasma membrane and activates non-nuclear signaling from this site. These rapid/nongenomic/membrane-initiated steroid signals (MISS) have been characterized in a variety of cell lines, and in particular in endothelial cells. The development of selective pharmacological tools that specifically activate MISS and the generation of mice expressing an ERα protein impeded for membrane localization have begun to unravel the physiological role of MISS in vivo. Finally, we discuss novel perspectives for the design of tissue-selective ER modulators based on the integration of the physiological and pathophysiological roles of MISS actions of estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Francois Arnal
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 1048, Université de Toulouse 3 and CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Equipe SP@RTE UMR 6290 CNRS, Institut de Genétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (Irest–INSERM UMR 1085), Equipe TREC, Rennes, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 6214, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Angers,
| | - Françoise Lenfant
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 1048, Université de Toulouse 3 and CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Equipe SP@RTE UMR 6290 CNRS, Institut de Genétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (Irest–INSERM UMR 1085), Equipe TREC, Rennes, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 6214, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Angers,
| | - Raphaël Metivier
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 1048, Université de Toulouse 3 and CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Equipe SP@RTE UMR 6290 CNRS, Institut de Genétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (Irest–INSERM UMR 1085), Equipe TREC, Rennes, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 6214, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Angers,
| | - Gilles Flouriot
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 1048, Université de Toulouse 3 and CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Equipe SP@RTE UMR 6290 CNRS, Institut de Genétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (Irest–INSERM UMR 1085), Equipe TREC, Rennes, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 6214, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Angers,
| | - Daniel Henrion
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 1048, Université de Toulouse 3 and CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Equipe SP@RTE UMR 6290 CNRS, Institut de Genétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (Irest–INSERM UMR 1085), Equipe TREC, Rennes, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 6214, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Angers,
| | - Marine Adlanmerini
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 1048, Université de Toulouse 3 and CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Equipe SP@RTE UMR 6290 CNRS, Institut de Genétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (Irest–INSERM UMR 1085), Equipe TREC, Rennes, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 6214, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Angers,
| | - Coralie Fontaine
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 1048, Université de Toulouse 3 and CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Equipe SP@RTE UMR 6290 CNRS, Institut de Genétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (Irest–INSERM UMR 1085), Equipe TREC, Rennes, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 6214, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Angers,
| | - Pierre Gourdy
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 1048, Université de Toulouse 3 and CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Equipe SP@RTE UMR 6290 CNRS, Institut de Genétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (Irest–INSERM UMR 1085), Equipe TREC, Rennes, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 6214, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Angers,
| | - Pierre Chambon
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 1048, Université de Toulouse 3 and CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Equipe SP@RTE UMR 6290 CNRS, Institut de Genétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (Irest–INSERM UMR 1085), Equipe TREC, Rennes, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 6214, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Angers,
| | - Benita Katzenellenbogen
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 1048, Université de Toulouse 3 and CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Equipe SP@RTE UMR 6290 CNRS, Institut de Genétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (Irest–INSERM UMR 1085), Equipe TREC, Rennes, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 6214, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Angers,
| | - John Katzenellenbogen
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 1048, Université de Toulouse 3 and CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Equipe SP@RTE UMR 6290 CNRS, Institut de Genétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (Irest–INSERM UMR 1085), Equipe TREC, Rennes, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 6214, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Angers,
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Nuclear and Membrane Actions of Estrogen Receptor Alpha: Contribution to the Regulation of Energy and Glucose Homeostasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1043:401-426. [PMID: 29224105 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-70178-3_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) has been demonstrated to play a key role in reproduction but also to exert numerous functions in nonreproductive tissues. Accordingly, ERα is now recognized as a key regulator of energy homeostasis and glucose metabolism and mediates the protective effects of estrogens against obesity and type 2 diabetes. This chapter attempts to summarize our current understanding of the mechanisms of ERα activation and their involvement in the modulation of energy balance and glucose metabolism. We first focus on the experimental studies that constitute the basis of the understanding of ERα as a nuclear receptor and more specifically on the key roles played by its two activation functions (AFs). We depict the consequences of the selective inactivation of these AFs in mouse models, which further underline the prominent role of nuclear ERα in the prevention of obesity and diabetes, as on the reproductive tract and the vascular system. Besides these nuclear actions, a fraction of ERα is associated with the plasma membrane and activates nonnuclear signaling from this site. Such rapid effects, called membrane-initiated steroid signals (MISS), have been characterized in a variety of cell lines and in particular in endothelial cells. The development of selective pharmacological tools that specifically activate MISS as well as the generation of mice expressing an ERα protein impeded for membrane localization has just begun to unravel the physiological role of MISS in vivo and their contribution to ERα-mediated metabolic protection. Finally, we discuss novel perspectives for the design of tissue-selective ER modulators.
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Cai Y, Chew C, Muñoz F, Sengelaub DR. Neuroprotective effects of testosterone metabolites and dependency on receptor action on the morphology of somatic motoneurons following the death of neighboring motoneurons. Dev Neurobiol 2016; 77:691-707. [PMID: 27569375 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Partial depletion of spinal motoneuron populations induces dendritic atrophy in neighboring motoneurons, and treatment with testosterone is neuroprotective, attenuating induced dendritic atrophy. In this study we examined whether the protective effects of testosterone could be mediated via its androgenic or estrogenic metabolites. Furthermore, to assess whether these neuroprotective effects were mediated through steroid hormone receptors, we used receptor antagonists to attempt to prevent the neuroprotective effects of hormones after partial motoneuron depletion. Motoneurons innervating the vastus medialis muscles of adult male rats were selectively killed by intramuscular injection of cholera toxin-conjugated saporin. Simultaneously, some saporin-injected rats were treated with either dihydrotestosterone or estradiol, alone or in combination with their respective receptor antagonists, or left untreated. Four weeks later, motoneurons innervating the ipsilateral vastus lateralis muscle were labeled with cholera toxin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase, and dendritic arbors were reconstructed in three dimensions. Compared with intact normal animals, partial motoneuron depletion resulted in decreased dendritic length in remaining quadriceps motoneurons. Dendritic atrophy was attenuated with both dihydrotestosterone and estradiol treatment to a degree similar to that seen with testosterone, and attenuation of atrophy was prevented by receptor blockade. Together, these findings suggest that neuroprotective effects on motoneurons can be mediated by either androgenic or estrogenic hormones and require action via steroid hormone receptors, further supporting a role for hormones as neurotherapeutic agents in the injured nervous system. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 691-707, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cai
- Program in Neuroscience and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405
| | - Cory Chew
- Program in Neuroscience and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405
| | - Fernando Muñoz
- Program in Neuroscience and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405
| | - Dale R Sengelaub
- Program in Neuroscience and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405
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Arbo BD, Benetti F, Ribeiro MF. Astrocytes as a target for neuroprotection: Modulation by progesterone and dehydroepiandrosterone. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 144:27-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Oxidative stress-associated senescence in dermal papilla cells of men with androgenetic alopecia. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1244-1252. [PMID: 25647436 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dermal papilla cells (DPCs) taken from male androgenetic alopecia (AGA) patients undergo premature senescence in vitro in association with the expression of p16(INK4a), suggesting that DPCs from balding scalp are more sensitive to environmental stress than nonbalding cells. As one of the major triggers of senescence in vitro stems from the cell "culture shock" owing to oxidative stress, we have further investigated the effects of oxidative stress on balding and occipital scalp DPCs. Patient-matched DPCs from balding and occipital scalp were cultured at atmospheric (21%) or physiologically normal (2%) O2. At 21% O2, DPCs showed flattened morphology and a significant reduction in mobility, population doubling, increased levels of reactive oxygen species and senescence-associated β-Gal activity, and increased expression of p16(INK4a) and pRB. Balding DPCs secreted higher levels of the negative hair growth regulators transforming growth factor beta 1 and 2 in response to H2O2 but not cell culture-associated oxidative stress. Balding DPCs had higher levels of catalase and total glutathione but appear to be less able to handle oxidative stress compared with occipital DPCs. These in vitro findings suggest that there may be a role for oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of AGA both in relation to cell senescence and migration but also secretion of known hair follicle inhibitory factors.
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Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: nuclear hormone receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:1652-75. [PMID: 24528240 PMCID: PMC3892290 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. Nuclear hormone receptors are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, transporters and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P H Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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Bertin J, Dury AY, Ouellet J, Pelletier G, Labrie F. Localization of the Androgen‐Synthesizing Enzymes, Androgen Receptor, and Sex Steroids in the Vagina: Possible Implications for the Treatment of Postmenopausal Sexual Dysfunction. J Sex Med 2014; 11:1949-61. [DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Mutation of the palmitoylation site of estrogen receptor α in vivo reveals tissue-specific roles for membrane versus nuclear actions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 111:E283-90. [PMID: 24371309 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1322057111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) activation functions AF-1 and AF-2 classically mediate gene transcription in response to estradiol (E2). A fraction of ERα is targeted to plasma membrane and elicits membrane-initiated steroid signaling (MISS), but the physiological roles of MISS in vivo are poorly understood. We therefore generated a mouse with a point mutation of the palmitoylation site of ERα (C451A-ERα) to obtain membrane-specific loss of function of ERα. The abrogation of membrane localization of ERα in vivo was confirmed in primary hepatocytes, and it resulted in female infertility with abnormal ovaries lacking corpora lutea and increase in luteinizing hormone levels. In contrast, E2 action in the uterus was preserved in C451A-ERα mice and endometrial epithelial proliferation was similar to wild type. However, E2 vascular actions such as rapid dilatation, acceleration of endothelial repair, and endothelial NO synthase phosphorylation were abrogated in C451A-ERα mice. A complementary mutant mouse lacking the transactivation function AF-2 of ERα (ERα-AF2(0)) provided selective loss of function of nuclear ERα actions. In ERα-AF2(0), the acceleration of endothelial repair in response to estrogen-dendrimer conjugate, which is a membrane-selective ER ligand, was unaltered, demonstrating integrity of MISS actions. In genome-wide analysis of uterine gene expression, the vast majority of E2-dependent gene regulation was abrogated in ERα-AF2(0), whereas in C451A-ERα it was nearly fully preserved, indicating that membrane-to-nuclear receptor cross-talk in vivo is modest in the uterus. Thus, this work genetically segregated membrane versus nuclear actions of a steroid hormone receptor and demonstrated their in vivo tissue-specific roles.
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Schumacher M, Mattern C, Ghoumari A, Oudinet JP, Liere P, Labombarda F, Sitruk-Ware R, De Nicola AF, Guennoun R. Revisiting the roles of progesterone and allopregnanolone in the nervous system: resurgence of the progesterone receptors. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 113:6-39. [PMID: 24172649 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone is commonly considered as a female reproductive hormone and is well-known for its role in pregnancy. It is less well appreciated that progesterone and its metabolite allopregnanolone are also male hormones, as they are produced in both sexes by the adrenal glands. In addition, they are synthesized within the nervous system. Progesterone and allopregnanolone are associated with adaptation to stress, and increased production of progesterone within the brain may be part of the response of neural cells to injury. Progesterone receptors (PR) are widely distributed throughout the brain, but their study has been mainly limited to the hypothalamus and reproductive functions, and the extra-hypothalamic receptors have been neglected. This lack of information about brain functions of PR is unexpected, as the protective and trophic effects of progesterone are much investigated, and as the therapeutic potential of progesterone as a neuroprotective and promyelinating agent is currently being assessed in clinical trials. The little attention devoted to the brain functions of PR may relate to the widely accepted assumption that non-reproductive actions of progesterone may be mainly mediated by allopregnanolone, which does not bind to PR, but acts as a potent positive modulator of γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A) receptors. The aim of this review is to critically discuss effects of progesterone on the nervous system via PR, and of allopregnanolone via its modulation of GABA(A) receptors, with main focus on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schumacher
- UMR 788 Inserm and University Paris-Sud, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | - C Mattern
- M et P Pharma AG, Emmetten, Switzerland
| | - A Ghoumari
- UMR 788 Inserm and University Paris-Sud, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - J P Oudinet
- UMR 788 Inserm and University Paris-Sud, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - P Liere
- UMR 788 Inserm and University Paris-Sud, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - F Labombarda
- Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental and University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R Sitruk-Ware
- Population Council and Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - A F De Nicola
- Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental and University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R Guennoun
- UMR 788 Inserm and University Paris-Sud, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Lang F, Alevizopoulos K, Stournaras C. Targeting membrane androgen receptors in tumors. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:951-63. [PMID: 23746222 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.806491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the last decade androgen actions that are originated from non-genomic, rapid signaling have been described in a large number of cell models and tissues. These effects are initiated through the stimulation of membrane androgen-binding sites or receptors (mAR). Although the molecular identity of mARs remains elusive, their activation is known to trigger multiple non-genomic signaling cascades and to regulate numerous cell responses. In recent years specific interest is being paid to the role of mARs in tumors. Specifically, it was demonstrated that mAR activation by non-permeable testosterone conjugates induced potent anti-tumorigenic responses in prostate, breast, colon and glial tumors. In addition, in vivo animal studies further emphasized the potential clinical importance of these receptors. AREAS COVERED This review will summarize the current knowledge on the mAR-induced non-genomic, rapid androgen actions. It will focus on the molecular signaling pathways governed by mAR activation, discuss latest attempts to elucidate the molecular identity of mAR, address the plethora of cell responses initiated by mAR and evaluate the potential role of mAR and mAR-specific signaling as possible therapeutic targets in tumors. EXPERT OPINION mAR and mAR-induced specific signaling may represent novel therapeutic targets in tumors through the development of specific testosterone analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lang
- University of Tübingen, Department of Physiology, Gmelin Str. 5, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
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Burai R, Ramesh C, Nayak TK, Dennis MK, Bryant BK, Prossnitz ER, Arterburn JB. Synthesis and characterization of tricarbonyl-Re/Tc(I) chelate probes targeting the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor GPER/GPR30. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46861. [PMID: 23077529 PMCID: PMC3471960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor GPER (also GPR30) and the resulting development of selective chemical probes have revealed new aspects of estrogen receptor biology. The potential clinical relevance of this receptor has been suggested from numerous studies that have identified GPER expression in breast, endometrial, ovarian and other cancers. Thus GPER can be considered a candidate biomarker and target for non-invasive imaging and therapy. We have designed and synthesized a series of organometallic tricarbonyl-rhenium complexes conjugated to a GPER-selective small molecule derived from tetrahydro-3H-cyclopenta[c]quinoline. The activity and selectivity of these chelates in GPER-mediated signaling pathways were evaluated. These results demonstrate that GPER targeting characteristics depend strongly on the structure of the chelate and linkage. Ethanone conjugates functioned as agonists, a 1,2,3-triazole spacer yielded an antagonist, and derivatives with increased steric volume exhibited decreased activities. Promising GPER selectivity was observed, as none of the complexes interacted with the nuclear estrogen receptors. Radiolabeling with technetium-99m in aqueous media was efficient and gave radioligands with high radiochemical yields and purity. These chelates have favorable physicochemical properties, show excellent stability in biologically relevant media, exhibit receptor specificity and are promising candidates for continuing development as diagnostic imaging agents targeting GPER expression in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritwik Burai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Chinnasamy Ramesh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Tapan K. Nayak
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Megan K. Dennis
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Bj K. Bryant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Eric R. Prossnitz
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey B. Arterburn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
- University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhu H, Yang Z, Lin JG, Luo SN, Shen YM. Synthesis and evaluation of fluoroethyl cyclofenil analogs: Models for potential estrogen receptor imaging agent. J Fluor Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Progestins activate 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) in breast cancer cells. Biochem J 2012; 442:345-56. [PMID: 22115192 DOI: 10.1042/bj20111418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PFKFB (6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase) catalyses the synthesis and degradation of Fru-2,6-P2 (fructose-2,6-bisphosphate), a key modulator of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. The PFKFB3 gene is extensively involved in cell proliferation owing to its key role in carbohydrate metabolism. In the present study we analyse its mechanism of regulation by progestins in breast cancer cells. We report that exposure of T47D cells to synthetic progestins (ORG2058 or norgestrel) leads to a rapid increase in Fru-2,6-P2 concentration. Our Western blot results are compatible with a short-term activation due to PFKFB3 isoenzyme phosphorylation and a long-term sustained action due to increased PFKFB3 protein levels. Transient transfection of T47D cells with deleted gene promoter constructs allowed us to identify a PRE (progesterone-response element) to which PR (progesterone receptor) binds and thus transactivates PFKFB3 gene transcription. PR expression in the PR-negative cell line MDA-MB-231 induces endogenous PFKFB3 expression in response to norgestrel. Direct binding of PR to the PRE box (-3490 nt) was confirmed by ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipiation) experiments. A dual mechanism affecting PFKFB3 protein and gene regulation operates in order to assure glycolysis in breast cancer cells. An immediate early response through the ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase)/RSK (ribosomal S6 kinase) pathway leading to phosphorylation of PFKFB3 on Ser461 is followed by activation of mRNA transcription via cis-acting sequences on the PFKFB3 promoter.
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Cleve A, Fritzemeier KH, Haendler B, Heinrich N, Möller C, Schwede W, Wintermantel T. Pharmacology and clinical use of sex steroid hormone receptor modulators. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2012:543-587. [PMID: 23027466 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-30726-3_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Sex steroid receptors are ligand-triggered transcription factors. Oestrogen, progesterone and androgen receptors form, together with the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors, a subgroup of the superfamily of nuclear receptors. They share a common mode of action, namely translating a hormone-i.e. a small-molecule signal-from outside to changes in gene expression and cell fate, and thereby represent "natural" pharmacological targets.For pharmacological therapy, these receptors have originally been addressed by hormones and synthetic hormone analogues in order to overcome pathologies related to deficiencies in the natural ligands. Another major use for female sex hormone receptor modulators is oral contraception, i.e. birth control.On the other side, blocking the activity of sex steroid receptors has become an established way to treat hormone-dependent malignancies, such as breast and prostate cancer.In this review, we will discuss how the experience gained from the classical pharmacology of these receptors and their molecular similarities led to new options for the treatment of gender-specific diseases and highlight recent progress in medicinal chemistry of sex hormone-modulating drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cleve
- Bayer Pharma AG, Muellerstr. 178, Berlin, Germany
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Mani SK, Blaustein JD. Neural progestin receptors and female sexual behavior. Neuroendocrinology 2012; 96:152-61. [PMID: 22538437 PMCID: PMC3498483 DOI: 10.1159/000338668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The steroid hormone, progesterone (P), modulates neuroendocrine functions in the central nervous system resulting in integration of reproduction and reproductive behaviors in female mammals. Although it is widely recognized that P's effects on female sex behavior are mediated by the classical neural progestin receptors (PRs) functioning as 'ligand-dependent' transcription factors to regulate genes and genomic networks, additional mechanisms of PR activation also contribute to the behavioral response. Cellular and molecular evidence indicates that PRs can be activated in a ligand-independent manner by neurotransmitters, growth factors, cyclic nucleotides, progestin metabolites and mating stimuli. The rapid responses of P may be mediated by a variety of PR types, including membrane-associated PRs or extranuclear PRs. Furthermore, these rapid nonclassical P actions involving cytoplasmic kinase signaling and/or extranuclear PRs also converge with classical PR-mediated transcription-dependent pathways to regulate reproductive behaviors. In this review, we summarize some of the history of the study of the role of PRs in reproductive behaviors and update the status of PR-mediated mechanisms involved in the facilitation of female sex behavior. We present an integrative model of PR activation via crosstalk and convergence of multiple signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaila K Mani
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Center on Addiction, Learning and Memory, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Dennis MK, Field AS, Burai R, Ramesh C, Petrie WK, Bologa CG, Oprea TI, Yamaguchi Y, Hayashi SI, Sklar SLA, Hathaway HJ, Arterburn JB, Prossnitz ER. Identification of a GPER/GPR30 antagonist with improved estrogen receptor counterselectivity. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 127:358-66. [PMID: 21782022 PMCID: PMC3220788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
GPER/GPR30 is a seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled estrogen receptor that regulates many aspects of mammalian biology and physiology. We have previously described both a GPER-selective agonist G-1 and antagonist G15 based on a tetrahydro-3H-cyclopenta[c]quinoline scaffold. The antagonist lacks an ethanone moiety that likely forms important hydrogen bonds involved in receptor activation. Computational docking studies suggested that the lack of the ethanone substituent in G15 could minimize key steric conflicts, present in G-1, that limit binding within the ERα ligand binding pocket. In this report, we identify low-affinity cross-reactivity of the GPER antagonist G15 to the classical estrogen receptor ERα. To generate an antagonist with enhanced selectivity, we therefore synthesized an isosteric G-1 derivative, G36, containing an isopropyl moiety in place of the ethanone moiety. We demonstrate that G36 shows decreased binding and activation of ERα, while maintaining its antagonist profile towards GPER. G36 selectively inhibits estrogen-mediated activation of PI3K by GPER but not ERα. It also inhibits estrogen- and G-1-mediated calcium mobilization as well as ERK1/2 activation, with no effect on EGF-mediated ERK1/2 activation. Similar to G15, G36 inhibits estrogen- and G-1-stimulated proliferation of uterine epithelial cells in vivo. The identification of G36 as a GPER antagonist with improved ER counterselectivity represents a significant step towards the development of new highly selective therapeutics for cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K. Dennis
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Angela S. Field
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Ritwik Burai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003
| | - Chinnasamy Ramesh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003
| | - Whitney K. Petrie
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Cristian G. Bologa
- Division of Biocomputing, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Tudor I. Oprea
- Division of Biocomputing, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131
- UNM Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131
- Corresponding author: Eric R. Prossnitz; Tel: 505-272-5647; Fax: 505-272-1421;
| | - Yuri Yamaguchi
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Hayashi
- Department of Molecular and Functional Dynamics, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - S. Larry A. Sklar
- UNM Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Helen J. Hathaway
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131
- UNM Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Jeffrey B. Arterburn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003
- UNM Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131
- Corresponding author: Eric R. Prossnitz; Tel: 505-272-5647; Fax: 505-272-1421;
| | - Eric R. Prossnitz
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131
- UNM Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131
- Corresponding author: Eric R. Prossnitz; Tel: 505-272-5647; Fax: 505-272-1421;
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Sen A, Prizant H, Hammes SR. Understanding extranuclear (nongenomic) androgen signaling: what a frog oocyte can tell us about human biology. Steroids 2011; 76:822-8. [PMID: 21354434 PMCID: PMC4972037 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Steroids are key factors in a myriad of mammalian biological systems, including the brain, kidney, heart, bones, and gonads. While alternative potential steroid receptors have been described, the majority of biologically relevant steroid responses appear to be mediated by classical steroid receptors that are located in all parts of the cell, from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. Interestingly, these classical steroid receptors modulate different signals depending upon their location. For example, receptors in the plasma membrane interact with membrane signaling molecules, including G proteins and kinases. In contrast, receptors in the nucleus interact with nuclear signaling molecules, including transcriptional co-regulators. These extranuclear and intranuclear signals function together in an integrated fashion to regulate important biological functions. While most studies on extranuclear steroid signaling have focused on estrogens, recent work has demonstrated that nongenomic androgen signaling is equally important and that these two steroids modulate similar signaling pathways. In fact, by taking advantage of a simple model system whereby a physiologically relevant androgen-mediated process is regulated completely independent of transcription (Xenopus laevis oocyte maturation), many novel and conserved concepts in nongenomic steroid signaling have been uncovered and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen R Hammes
- Corresponding author: Stephen R Hammes, M.D., Ph.D., Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave. Rochester, NY 14642. Phone: 585-275-2901; Fax: 585-273-1288;
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Abstract
Testosterone is the most abundant circulating androgen, and can be converted to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a more potent androgen, by the 5α-reductase enzymes in target tissues. Current treatments for prostate cancer consist of reducing androgen levels by chemical or surgical castration or pure antiandrogen therapy that directly targets the androgen receptor (AR). Although these therapies reduce tumor burden and AR activity, the cancer inevitably recurs within 18-30 months. An approach targeting the androgen-AR axis at different levels could, therefore, improve the efficacy of prostate cancer therapy. Inhibition of 5α-reductase is one such approach; however, the two largest trials to investigate the use of the 5α-reductase inhibitors (5ARIs) finasteride and dutasteride in patients with prostate cancer have shown that, although the incidence of cancer was reduced by 5ARI treatment, those cancers that were detected were more aggressive than in patients treated with placebo. Thus, the best practice for using these drugs to prevent and treat prostate cancer remains unclear.
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Tan Z, Zhou LJ, Li Y, Cui YH, Xiang QL, Lin GP, Wang TH. E₂-BSA activates caveolin-1 via PI₃K/ERK1/2 and lysosomal degradation pathway and contributes to EPC proliferation. Int J Cardiol 2011; 158:46-53. [PMID: 21255851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.12.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanism that estrogen (E(2)) increases the number of endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) is largely unknown. Here we used E(2)-conjugated bovine serum albumin (E(2)-BSA, membrane impermeable) to investigate whether the membrane estrogen receptor (mER) and its related protein caveolin-1 (CAV-1) are involved in these processes. METHODS AND RESULTS E(2)-BSA promoted [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation of EPC through increasing CAV-1 expression via mER (ERα, but not ERβ or GPR30). Both cholesterol depletion and CAV-1 knockdown with use of CAV-1 siRNA significantly attenuated E(2)-BSA-induced [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation. Western blot showed that E(2)-BSA increased membrane CAV-1 protein expression 12h after treatment, whereas mRNA levels of CAV-1 were augmented until 24h after E(2)-BSA treatment. Furthermore, pre-incubated EPC with ICI 182780 (a specific ER antagonist), LY 294002 (a selective PI(3)K inhibitor) or PD 98059 (a specific ERK1/2 inhibitor) before E(2)-BSA inhibited the late-stage effect of E(2)-BSA (≥24 h) on up-regulation of CAV-1 mRNA and protein expression. Pulse chase results demonstrated that E(2)-BSA inhibited lysosome-mediated degradation of CAV-1 protein at the early stage (≤12 h), and then resulted in the increased CAV-1 protein. CONCLUSION In the present work we demonstrated that E(2)-BSA promotes EPC proliferation through mER (ERα) in CAV-1-dependent manner: prolonging the stability of CAV-1 protein through quick inhibition of the lysosomal degradation pathway at the early stage (≤12 h) and up-regulating CAV-1 at transcription levels through PI(3)K/ERK1/2 signaling pathway at the late stage (≥24 h). These data indicated that a there is a novel mechanism of E(2)-BSA in the regulation of EPC proliferation through CAV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Tan
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Tognoni CM, Chadwick JG, Ackeifi CA, Tetel MJ. Nuclear receptor coactivators are coexpressed with steroid receptors and regulated by estradiol in mouse brain. Neuroendocrinology 2011; 94:49-57. [PMID: 21311177 PMCID: PMC3150972 DOI: 10.1159/000323780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The steroid hormones, including estradiol (E) and progesterone, act in the brain to regulate female reproductive behavior and physiology. These hormones mediate many of their biological effects by binding to their respective intracellular receptors. The receptors for estrogens (ER) and progestins (PR) interact with nuclear receptor coactivators to initiate transcription of steroid-responsive genes. Work from our laboratory and others reveals that nuclear receptor coactivators, including steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) and SRC-2, function in brain to modulate ER-mediated induction of the PR gene and hormone-dependent behaviors. In order for steroid receptors and coactivators to function together, both must be expressed in the same cells. METHODS Triple-label immunofluorescence was used to determine if E-induced PR cells also express SRC-1 or SRC-2 in reproductively relevant brain regions of the female mouse. RESULTS The majority of E-induced PR cells in the medial preoptic area (61%), ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (63%) and arcuate nucleus (76%) coexpressed both SRC-1 and SRC-2. A smaller proportion of PR cells expressed either SRC-1 or SRC-2, while a few PR cells expressed neither coactivator. In addition, compared to control animals, 17β-estradiol benzoate (EB) treatment increased SRC-1 levels in the arcuate nucleus, but not the medial preoptic area or the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. EB did not alter SRC-2 expression in any of the three brain regions analyzed. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the present findings identify a population of cells in which steroid receptors and nuclear receptor coactivators may interact to modulate steroid sensitivity in brain and regulate hormone-dependent behaviors in female mice. Given that cell culture studies reveal that SRC-1 and SRC-2 can mediate distinct steroid-signaling pathways, the present findings suggest that steroids can produce a variety of complex responses in these specialized brain cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marc J. Tetel
- *Marc J. Tetel, Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, 106 Central St., Wellesley, MA 02481 (USA), Tel. +1 781 283 3003, E-Mail
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Sen A, O'Malley K, Wang Z, Raj GV, Defranco DB, Hammes SR. Paxillin regulates androgen- and epidermal growth factor-induced MAPK signaling and cell proliferation in prostate cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:28787-95. [PMID: 20628053 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.134064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although transcriptional effects of androgens have been extensively studied, mechanisms regulating transcription-independent (nongenomic) androgen actions are poorly understood. Previously, we have shown that paxillin, a multidomain adaptor protein, is a critical regulator of testosterone-induced MAPK-signaling during Xenopus oocyte maturation. Here we examine the nongenomic effects of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in prostate cancer cells, focusing on how paxillin mediates Erk signaling and downstream physiologic actions. We show that in LnCAP cells DHT functions as a growth factor that indirectly activates the EGF-receptor (EGFR) via androgen receptor binding and matrix metalloproteinase-mediated release of EGFR ligands. Interestingly, siRNA-mediated knockdown of paxillin expression in androgen-dependent LnCAP cells as well as in androgen-independent PC3 cells abrogates DHT- and/or EGF-induced Erk signaling. Furthermore, EGFR-induced Erk activation requires Src-mediated phosphorylation of paxillin on tyrosines 31/118. In contrast, paxillin is not required for PKC-induced Erk signaling. However, Erk-mediated phosphorylation of paxillin on serines 83/126/130 is still needed for both EGFR and PKC-mediated cellular proliferation. Thus, paxillin serves as a specific upstream regulator of Erk in response to receptor-tyrosine kinase signaling but as a general regulator of downstream Erk actions regardless of agonist. Importantly, Erk-mediated serine phosphorylation of paxillin is also required for DHT-induced prostate-specific antigen mRNA expression in LnCAP cells as well as EGF-induced cyclin D1 mRNA expression in PC3 cells, suggesting that paxillin may regulate prostate cancer proliferation by serving as a liaison between extra-nuclear kinase signaling and intra-nuclear transcriptional signals. Thus, paxillin may prove to be a novel diagnostic or therapeutic target in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritro Sen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Transcriptional regulation by small RNAs at sequences downstream from 3' gene termini. Nat Chem Biol 2010; 6:621-9. [PMID: 20581822 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptome studies reveal many noncoding transcripts overlapping 3' gene termini. The function of these transcripts is unknown. Here we have characterized transcription at the progesterone receptor (PR) locus and identified noncoding transcripts that overlap the 3' end of the gene. Small RNAs complementary to sequences beyond the 3' terminus of PR mRNA modulated expression of PR, recruited argonaute 2 to a 3' noncoding transcript, altered occupancy of RNA polymerase II, induced chromatin changes at the PR promoter and affected responses to physiological stimuli. We found that the promoter and 3' terminal regions of the PR locus are in close proximity, providing a potential mechanism for RNA-mediated control of transcription over long genomic distances. These results extend the potential for small RNAs to regulate transcription to target sequences beyond the 3' termini of mRNA.
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Sen A, Hammes SR. Granulosa cell-specific androgen receptors are critical regulators of ovarian development and function. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 24:1393-403. [PMID: 20501640 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological significance of androgens in female reproduction was unclear until female mice with global knockout of androgen receptor (AR) expression were found to have reduced fertility with abnormal ovarian function. However, because ARs are expressed in a myriad of reproductive tissues, including the hypothalamus, pituitary, and various ovarian cells, the role of tissue-specific ARs in regulating female fertility remained unknown. To examine the importance of ovarian ARs in female reproduction, we generated granulosa cell (GC)- and oocyte-specific AR-knockout (ARKO) mice by crossing AR-flox mice with MisRIIcre (GC-specific) or growth differentiation factor growth differentiation factor-9cre (oocyte-specific) mice. Relative to heterozygous and wild-type mice, GC-specific ARKO mice had premature ovarian failure and were subfertile, with longer estrous cycles and fewer ovulated oocytes. In addition, ovaries from GC-specific knockout mice contained more preantral and atretic follicles, with fewer antral follicles and corpus lutea. Finally, in vitro growth of follicles from GC-specific AR-null mice was slower than follicles from wild-type animals. In contrast to GC-specific AR-null mice, fertility, estrous cycles, and ovarian morphology of oocyte-specific ARKO mice were normal, although androgens no longer promoted oocyte maturation in these animals. Together, our data indicate that nearly all reproductive phenotypes observed in global ARKO mice can be explained by the lack of AR expression in GCs. These GC-specific ARs appear to promote preantral follicle growth and prevent follicular atresia; thus they are essential for normal follicular development and fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritro Sen
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Bronson MW, Hillenmeyer S, Park RW, Brodsky AS. Estrogen coordinates translation and transcription, revealing a role for NRSF in human breast cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 24:1120-35. [PMID: 20392875 DOI: 10.1210/me.2009-0436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttranscriptional regulation may enhance or inhibit estrogen transcriptional control to promote proliferation of breast cancer cells. To understand how transcriptome and translational responses coordinate to drive proliferation, we determined estrogen's global and specific effects on translation regulation by comparing the genome-wide profiles of total mRNA, polysome-associated mRNA, and monosome-associated mRNAs in MCF-7 cells after stimulation by 1 h of 10 nm 17beta-estradiol (E2). We observe three significant, novel findings. 1) E2 regulates several transcripts and pathways at the translation level. 2) We find that polysome analysis has higher sensitivity than total RNA in detecting E2-regulated transcripts as exemplified by observing stronger E2-induced enrichment of E2 expression signatures in polysomes more than in total RNA. This increased sensitivity allowed the identification of the repression of neural restrictive silencing factor targets in polysome-associated RNA but not total RNA. NRSF activity was required for E2 stimulation of the cell cycle. 3) We observe that the initial translation state is already high for E2 up-regulated transcripts before E2 treatment and vice versa for E2 down-regulated transcripts. This suggests that the translation state anticipates potential E2-induced transcriptome levels. Together, these data suggest that E2 stimulates breast cancer cells by regulating translation using multiple mechanisms. In sum, we show that polysome profiling of E2 regulation of breast cancer cells provides novel insights into hormone action and can identify novel factors critical for breast cancer cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Bronson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Box G, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA
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