1
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Liao S, Chen Y. The Role of Bioactive Small Molecules in COPD Pathogenesis. COPD 2024; 21:2307618. [PMID: 38329475 DOI: 10.1080/15412555.2024.2307618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is recognized as a predominant contributor to mortality worldwide, which causes significant burdens to both society and individuals. Given the limited treatment options for COPD, there lies a critical realization: the imperative for expeditious development of novel therapeutic modalities that can effectively alleviate disease progression and enhance the quality of life experienced by COPD patients. Within the intricate field of COPD pathogenesis, an assortment of biologically active small molecules, encompassing small protein molecules and their derivatives, assumes crucial roles through diverse mechanisms. These mechanisms relate to the regulation of redox balance, the inhibition of the release of inflammatory mediators, and the modulation of cellular functions. Therefore, the present article aims to explore and elucidate the distinct roles played by different categories of biologically active small molecules in contributing to the pathogenesis of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Liao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yahong Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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2
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Lee AS, Kim Y, Hur HJ, Lee SH, Sung MJ. Chrysanthemum coronarium L. Extract Attenuates Homocysteine-Induced Vascular Inflammation in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. J Med Food 2023; 26:869-876. [PMID: 38010869 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2023.k.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia is a main risk factor for phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and atherosclerosis. Phenotypic switching and proliferation of VSMCs are related to the progression of vascular inflammation. Chrysanthemum coronarium L. is a leafy vegetable with various biological functions, such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative effects. In this study, we aimed to identify the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic and preventive effects of C. coronarium L. extract (CC) in regulating homocysteine (Hcy)-induced vascular inflammation in human aortic VSMCs. CC did not exhibit cytotoxicity and inhibited Hcy-stimulated VSMC proliferation and migration. In addition, CC promoted Hcy-induced expression of VSMC contractile phenotype proteins, including alpha-smooth muscle actin, calponin, and smooth muscle 22α. CC also decreased Hcy-induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species and expression of inflammatory markers nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase-4 and soluble epoxide hydrolase. These results showed that CC attenuates Hcy-induced inflammatory responses, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic or preventive target for Hcy-induced vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ae Sin Lee
- Research Group of Natural Materials and Metabolism, Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yiseul Kim
- Research Group of Natural Materials and Metabolism, Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeng Jeon Hur
- Research Group of Natural Materials and Metabolism, Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hee Lee
- Research Group of Natural Materials and Metabolism, Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jeong Sung
- Research Group of Natural Materials and Metabolism, Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
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3
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Hazra R, Roy D. Robustness of heteroaggregates involving hydrophobic cholesterol and its mimetics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:27230-27243. [PMID: 37791397 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02174b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Exploring the self and cross aggregation affinity of cholesterol (CHL) and some of its lookalikes, e.g., cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CHM), campesterol (CAM) and arjunic acid (ARJ), provides crucial understanding towards the influence of weak forces in inducing mixed micellization through heteroaggregation. Strongly hydrophobic CHL, with a benchmark inclination towards aggregation, often forms detrimental plaques in crucial human organs that are fairly difficult to disintegrate. Traditionally known anti-dyslipidemic agents like CAM and ARJ are known to interact strongly with CHL in the gut when ingested. They further form mixed micelles along with the bile components and interfere with the CHL absorption across the epithelial cell layer of the intestine. Some invariant questions like how robust are the heteroaggregates formed between these mimetics and CHL are very important to appreciate the efficacy of such anti-dyslipidemic agents. In this work using molecular dynamics simulations and varied structural analysis, we characterize the heteroaggregates. Simulations indicate that CHL-CHM mixed assemblies are comparatively bigger and significantly stabilized by strong electrostatic and favourable vdW forces. Small and diffused CHL-ARJ aggregates are observed in our simulations with a not so favourable energetics, indicating a possible attenuation pathway of CHL aggregation in the presence of ARJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparna Hazra
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Kapra Mandal, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India.
| | - Durba Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Kapra Mandal, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India.
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4
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Gao Y, Xun R, Xia J, Xia H, Sun G. Effects of phytosterol supplementation on lipid profiles in patients with hypercholesterolemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Food Funct 2023; 14:2969-2997. [PMID: 36891733 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo03663k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Phytosterols (PSs) have been reported to improve blood lipids in patients with hypercholesterolemia for many years. However, meta-analyses of the effects of phytosterols on lipid profiles are limited and incomplete. A systematic search of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science from inception to March 2022 was conducted according to the 2020 preferred reporting items of the guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement. These included studies of people with hypercholesterolemia, comparing foods or preparations containing PSs with controls. Mean differences with 95% confidence intervals were used to estimate continuous outcomes for individual studies. The results showed that in patients with hypercholesterolemia, taking a diet containing a certain dose of plant sterol significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (TC: Weight Mean Difference (WMD) [95% CI] = -0.37 [-0.41, -0.34], p < 0.001; LDL-C: WMD [95% CI] = -0.34 [-0.37, -0.30], p < 0.001). In contrast, PSs had no effect on high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) or triglycerides (TGs) (HDL-C: WMD [95% CI] = 0.00 [-0.01, 0.02], p = 0.742; TG: WMD [95% CI] = -0.01 [-0.04, 0.01], p = 0.233). Also, a significant effect of supplemental dose on LDL-C levels was observed in a nonlinear dose-response analysis (p-nonlinearity = 0.024). Our findings suggest that dietary phytosterols can help reduce TC and LDL-C concentrations in hypercholesterolemia patients without affecting HDL-C and TG concentrations. And the effect may be affected by the food substrate, dose, esterification, intervention cycle and region. The dose of phytosterol is an important factor affecting the level of LDL-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Ruilong Xun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Jiayue Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Hui Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Guiju Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China. .,China-DRIs Expert Committee on Other Dietary Ingredients, Beijing 100052, China
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5
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Ciccarelli M, Dawson D, Falcao-Pires I, Giacca M, Hamdani N, Heymans S, Hooghiemstra A, Leeuwis A, Hermkens D, Tocchetti CG, van der Velden J, Zacchigna S, Thum T. Reciprocal organ interactions during heart failure: a position paper from the ESC Working Group on Myocardial Function. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:2416-2433. [PMID: 33483724 PMCID: PMC8562335 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure-either with reduced or preserved ejection fraction (HFrEF/HFpEF)-is a clinical syndrome of multifactorial and gender-dependent aetiology, indicating the insufficiency of the heart to pump blood adequately to maintain blood flow to meet the body's needs. Typical symptoms commonly include shortness of breath, excessive fatigue with impaired exercise capacity, and peripheral oedema, thereby alluding to the fact that heart failure is a syndrome that affects multiple organ systems. Patients suffering from progressed heart failure have a very limited life expectancy, lower than that of numerous cancer types. In this position paper, we provide an overview regarding interactions between the heart and other organ systems, the clinical evidence, underlying mechanisms, potential available or yet-to-establish animal models to study such interactions and finally discuss potential new drug interventions to be developed in the future. Our working group suggests that more experimental research is required to understand the individual molecular mechanisms underlying heart failure and reinforces the urgency for tailored therapeutic interventions that target not only the heart but also other related affected organ systems to effectively treat heart failure as a clinical syndrome that affects and involves multiple organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ciccarelli
- University of Salerno, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Via S. Allende 1, 84081, Baronissi(Salerno), Italy
| | - Dana Dawson
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2DZ, UK
| | - Inês Falcao-Pires
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Cardiovascular Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mauro Giacca
- King’s College London, Molecular Medicine Laboratory, 125 Caldharbour Lane, London WC2R2LS, United Kingdom
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano, 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume, 447, 34129 Trieste, Italy
| | - Nazha Hamdani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Stéphane Heymans
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Bus 911, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
- ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Holland Heart House, Moreelsepark 1, 3511 EP Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Astrid Hooghiemstra
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Humanities, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1089a, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annebet Leeuwis
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorien Hermkens
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carlo Gabriele Tocchetti
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Interdepartmental Center of Clinical and Translational Research (CIRCET), Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Jolanda van der Velden
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Serena Zacchigna
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume, 447, 34129 Trieste, Italy
- Cardiovascular Biology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano, 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Thomas Thum
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nicolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
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6
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Mentese A, Dogramaci S, Demir S, Yaman SO, Ince I, Altay DU, Erdem M, Turan I, Alver A. The effect of homocysteine on the expression of CD36, PPARγ, and C/EBPα in adipose tissue of normal and obese mice. Arch Physiol Biochem 2021; 127:437-444. [PMID: 31373231 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2019.1648517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of homocysteine (Hcy) on CD36, PPARγ, and C/EBPα gene and protein expression in adipose tissue obtained from normal and high-calorie diet obesity models. CD36, PPARγ, and C/EBPα gene expression and protein levels in adipose tissue specimens were determined using the RT-PCR and ELISA methods, respectively. Significantly increased CD36 gene expression was observed in adipose tissue from obese mice, while Hcy significantly reduced CD36 gene expression in adipose tissue from normal and obese mice. PPARγ and C/EBPα gene expression levels decreased significantly in all groups compared to the normal group. In addition, levels of both PPARγ and C/EBPα gene expression were lower with Hcy supplementation compared to their own controls. In conclusion, Hcy's reduction of CD36 gene expression in adipose tissue may be one probable factor in hyperhomocysteinemia representing an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Mentese
- Program of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Vocational School of Health Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Seniz Dogramaci
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Selim Demir
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Serap Ozer Yaman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Imran Ince
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Diler Us Altay
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technology, Ulubey Vocational School, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Erdem
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Turan
- Department of Genetic and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Gumushane University, Gumushane, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Alver
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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7
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Eguez C, Clark MA, O'Connor AT. 15-Deoxy-Δ- 12,14-prostaglandin J2 effects in vascular smooth muscle cells: Implications in vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and contractility. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2021; 156:106583. [PMID: 34332056 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2021.106583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
15-Deoxy-Δ-12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) is an endogenous agonist of the ligand dependent transcriptional factor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor -gamma (PPAR-γ). Although PPAR-γ mediates some actions of 15d-PGJ2, many actions of 15d-PGJ2 are independent of PPAR-γ. The PPAR-γ signaling pathway has beneficial effects on tumor progression, inflammation, oxidative stress, and angiogenesis in numerous studies. In this review, various studies were analyzed to understand the effects of 15d-PGJ2 in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC)s. 15d-PGJ2 inhibits proliferation of VSMCs during vascular remodeling and it alters the expression of contractile proteins and inflammatory components within these cells as well. However, the effects of 15d-PGJ2 as well as its ability to induce PPAR-γ activation remains controversial as contradictory effects of this prostaglandin in VSMCs exist. Understanding the mechanisms by which 15d-PGJ2 elicit beneficial actions whether by PPAR-γ activation or independently, will aid in developing new therapeutic strategies for diseases such as hypertension with an inflammatory component. Although great advances are being made, more research is needed to reach definitive conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Eguez
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.
| | - Michelle A Clark
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA(1).
| | - Ann Tenneil O'Connor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA(1).
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8
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Cheng H, Cheng Q, Bao X, Luo Y, Zhou Y, Li Y, Hua Q, Liu W, Tang S, Feng D, Luo Z. Over-activation of NMDA receptors promotes ABCA1 degradation and foam cell formation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158778. [PMID: 32745694 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) is an essential regulator of intracellular cholesterol efflux. Secreted cholesterol binds to lipid-free apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) in peripheral blood to constitute high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) complexes. ABCA1 protein on the surface of macrophages acts as a crucial controller in preventing cholesterol accumulation. Importantly, ABCA1 is unstable and easily degraded via a series of biochemical activities, including but not limited to calpain-mediated and ubiquitin-proteasome system-mediated processes. How accelerated ABCA1 degradation impacts disordered lipid metabolism in macrophages and foam cell formation is unclear. N-methyl d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are ionotropic glutamate receptors with high calcium permeability. Calcium influx via NMDARs activates downstream signaling pathways. Over-activation of NMDARs stimulated by NMDA contributes to dysfunctional lipid metabolism in macrophages and foam cell formation via promotion of calpain-mediated ABCA1 proteolysis. However, increased NMDAR activity does not affect liver X receptor expression or ABCA1 mRNA levels. Following NMDA receptor silencing or calpain inhibition, NMDA treatment did not reduce ABCA1 protein levels, nor caused lipid accumulation in macrophages. In addition, NMDAR over-activation activates NF-κB signaling to promote IL-1β and IL-6 macrophage marker expression. However, NMDAR silencing and calpain inhibition reduce inflammatory macrophage responses. In summary, our study suggests that NMDAR activation reduces surface ABCA1 protein, promotes lipid accumulation, and induces the production and secretion of many inflammatory mediators in macrophages, possibly through enhanced calpain-mediated ABCA1 protein degradation. Thus, the NMDAR receptor may be a novel pharmacologic target for atherosclerosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qingmei Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xingwen Bao
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yongyu Luo
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanghang Li
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qingzhong Hua
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Siyuan Tang
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dandan Feng
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Ziqiang Luo
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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9
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Tocchetti CG, Ameri P, de Boer RA, D’Alessandra Y, Russo M, Sorriento D, Ciccarelli M, Kiss B, Bertrand L, Dawson D, Falcao-Pires I, Giacca M, Hamdani N, Linke WA, Mayr M, van der Velden J, Zacchigna S, Ghigo A, Hirsch E, Lyon AR, Görbe A, Ferdinandy P, Madonna R, Heymans S, Thum T. Cardiac dysfunction in cancer patients: beyond direct cardiomyocyte damage of anticancer drugs: novel cardio-oncology insights from the joint 2019 meeting of the ESC Working Groups of Myocardial Function and Cellular Biology of the Heart. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:1820-1834. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In western countries, cardiovascular (CV) disease and cancer are the leading causes of death in the ageing population. Recent epidemiological data suggest that cancer is more frequent in patients with prevalent or incident CV disease, in particular, heart failure (HF). Indeed, there is a tight link in terms of shared risk factors and mechanisms between HF and cancer. HF induced by anticancer therapies has been extensively studied, primarily focusing on the toxic effects that anti-tumour treatments exert on cardiomyocytes. In this Cardio-Oncology update, members of the ESC Working Groups of Myocardial Function and Cellular Biology of the Heart discuss novel evidence interconnecting cardiac dysfunction and cancer via pathways in which cardiomyocytes may be involved but are not central. In particular, the multiple roles of cardiac stromal cells (endothelial cells and fibroblasts) and inflammatory cells are highlighted. Also, the gut microbiota is depicted as a new player at the crossroads between HF and cancer. Finally, the role of non-coding RNAs in Cardio-Oncology is also addressed. All these insights are expected to fuel additional research efforts in the field of Cardio-Oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Gabriele Tocchetti
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center of Clinical and Translational Sciences (CIRCET), Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Ameri
- Cardiovascular Disease Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Rudolf A de Boer
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, AB31, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yuri D’Alessandra
- Immunology and Functional Genomics Unit, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Russo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Daniela Sorriento
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Ciccarelli
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Odontology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Bernadett Kiss
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Cardiometabolic Research Group and MTA-SE System Pharmacology Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Luc Bertrand
- IREC Institute, Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dana Dawson
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Ines Falcao-Pires
- Unidade de Investigação e Desenvolvimento Cardiovascular, Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Mauro Giacca
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences and Cardiovascular Department, Centre for Translational Cardiology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
- King’s British Heart Foundation Centre, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Nazha Hamdani
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, St. Joseph Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Witten, Germany
| | | | - Manuel Mayr
- King’s British Heart Foundation Centre, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jolanda van der Velden
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Serena Zacchigna
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences and Cardiovascular Department, Centre for Translational Cardiology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ghigo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Emilio Hirsch
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alexander R Lyon
- Cardio-Oncology Service, Royal Brompton Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anikó Görbe
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Cardiometabolic Research Group and MTA-SE System Pharmacology Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Cardiometabolic Research Group and MTA-SE System Pharmacology Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Rosalinda Madonna
- Institute of Cardiology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Research, McGovern School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephane Heymans
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Thum
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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10
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Liu J, Hu S, Zhu B, Shao S, Yuan L. Grape seed procyanidin suppresses inflammation in cigarette smoke-exposed pulmonary arterial hypertension rats by the PPAR-γ/COX-2 pathway. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30:347-354. [PMID: 31791634 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling, which is mainly caused by inflammation. Inhibiting inflammation can relieve PAH. Grape seed procyanidin (GSP) possesses remarkable anti-inflammatory property and vascular protective function. In this experiment, we verified the anti-inflammatory property of GSP in cigarette smoke-exposed PAH rats and revealed its molecular mechanism. METHODS AND RESULTS In vivo, 45 Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were divided into 5 groups randomly, treated with normoxia/cigarette smoke (CS)/GSP + CS/CS + solvent/GSP. After GSP + CS administration, a decrease in mPAP, PVR, RVHI, WT%, and WA% was detected in the rats as compared to those treated with CS. In vitro, the proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) caused by cigarette smoke extract (CSE) was effectively attenuated with GSP + CSE administration. Furthermore, GSP significantly increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) together with the lowered expression level of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in PASMCs co-incubated with CSE. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that GSP ameliorates inflammation by the PPAR-γ/COX-2 pathway and finally inhibits the proliferation of PASMCs, which leads to pulmonary vascular remodeling.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cigarette Smoking
- Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Grape Seed Extract/pharmacology
- Inflammation/enzymology
- Inflammation/etiology
- Inflammation/physiopathology
- Inflammation/prevention & control
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- PPAR gamma/metabolism
- Proanthocyanidins/pharmacology
- Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension/drug therapy
- Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension/enzymology
- Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension/etiology
- Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension/physiopathology
- Pulmonary Artery/drug effects
- Pulmonary Artery/enzymology
- Pulmonary Artery/pathology
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction
- Vascular Remodeling/drug effects
- Ventricular Function, Right/drug effects
- Ventricular Remodeling/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantao Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Songli Hu
- The Renji College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Bingqing Zhu
- The Renji College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Siming Shao
- The Renji College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Linbo Yuan
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical Science School, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China.
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11
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Yue H, Febbraio M, Klenotic PA, Kennedy DJ, Wu Y, Chen S, Gohara AF, Li O, Belcher A, Kuang B, McIntyre TM, Silverstein RL, Li W. CD36 Enhances Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Development of Neointimal Hyperplasia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:263-275. [PMID: 30567481 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.312186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Objective- Dysregulated proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) plays an essential role in neointimal hyperplasia. CD36 functions critically in atherogenesis and thrombosis. We hypothesize that CD36 regulates VSMC proliferation and contributes to the development of obstructive vascular diseases. Approach and Results- We found by immunofluorescent staining that CD36 was highly expressed in human vessels with obstructive diseases. Using guidewire-induced carotid artery injury and shear stress-induced intima thickening models, we compared neointimal hyperplasia in Apoe-/-, Cd36-/- /Apoe-/-, and CD36 specifically deleted in VSMC (VSMC cd36-/-) mice. CD36 deficiency, either global or VSMC-specific, dramatically reduced injury-induced neointimal thickening. Correspondingly, carotid artery blood flow was significantly increased in Cd36-/- /Apoe-/- compared with Apoe-/- mice. In cultured VSMCs from thoracic aorta of wild-type and Cd36-/- mice, we found that loss of CD36 significantly decreased serum-stimulated proliferation and increased cell populations in S phase, suggesting that CD36 is necessary for VSMC S/G2-M-phase transition. Treatment of VSMCs with a TSR (thrombospondin type 1 repeat) peptide significantly increased wild-type, but not Cd36-/- VSMC proliferation. TSR or serum treatment significantly increased cyclin A expression in wild-type, but not in Cd36-/- VSMCs. STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription), which reportedly enhances both VSMC differentiation and maturation, was higher in Cd36-/- VSMCs. CD36 deficiency significantly decreased expression of Col1A1 (type 1 collagen A1 chain) and TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor beta 1), and increased expression of contractile proteins, including calponin 1 and smooth muscle α actin, and dramatically increased cell contraction. Conclusions- CD36 promotes VSMC proliferation via upregulation of cyclin A expression that contributes to the development of neointimal hyperplasia, collagen deposition, and obstructive vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yue
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV (H.Y., A.B., W.L.)
| | - Maria Febbraio
- Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (M.F.)
| | - Philip A Klenotic
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH (P.A.K.)
| | | | - Yueheng Wu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, China (Y.W., S.C.)
| | - Shaoxian Chen
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, China (Y.W., S.C.)
| | - Amira F Gohara
- Department of Pathology (A.F.G.), University of Toledo, OH
| | - Oliver Li
- Marshall University Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Huntington, WV (O.L., W.L.)
| | - Adam Belcher
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV (H.Y., A.B., W.L.)
| | - Bin Kuang
- Department of Plastic and Peripheral Vascular Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital, China (B.K.)
| | - Thomas M McIntyre
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (T.M.M.).,Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, OH (T.M.M.)
| | - Roy L Silverstein
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (R.L.S.)
| | - Wei Li
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV (H.Y., A.B., W.L.)
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12
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Ke Q, Yang L, Cui Q, Diao W, Zhang Y, Xu M, He B. Ciprofibrate attenuates airway remodeling in cigarette smoke-exposed rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2019; 271:103290. [PMID: 31525465 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2019.103290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Airway remodeling is a key pathological lesion in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and it leads to poorly reversible airway obstruction. Current pharmacological interventions are ineffective at controlling airway remodeling. To address this issue, we queried the Connectivity Map (cMap) database to screen for drug candidates that had the potential to dilate the bronchus and inhibit airway smooth muscle (ASM) proliferation. We identified ciprofibrate as a drug candidate. Ciprofibrate inhibited cigarette smoke extract-induced rat ASM cell contraction and proliferation in vitro. We exposed Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats to clean air or cigarette smoke (CS) and treated the rats with ciprofibrate. Ciprofibrate improved pulmonary function, inhibited airway hypercontraction, and ameliorated morphological small airway remodeling, including airway smooth muscle proliferation, in CS-exposed rats. Ciprofibrate also significantly reduced IL-1β, IL-12p70, IL-17A and IL-18 expression, which are related to airway remodeling, in the sera of CS-exposed rats. These findings indicate that ciprofibrate could attenuate airway remodeling in CS-exposed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ke
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Qinghua Cui
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Center for Noncoding RNA Medicine, MOE Key Lab of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Wenqi Diao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Youyi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research. Beijing, China.
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research. Beijing, China; Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Bei He
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
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13
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Đurić M, Kostić S, Lončar-Stojiljković D, Mutavdžin S, Čolović M, Krstić D, Stevanović P, Đurić D. The effects of gasotransmitters inhibition on homocysteine acutely induced changes in oxidative stress markers in rat plasma. SCRIPTA MEDICA 2019. [DOI: 10.5937/scriptamed50-21100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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14
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Jin P, Bian Y, Wang K, Cong G, Yan R, Sha Y, Ma X, Zhou J, Yuan Z, Jia S. Homocysteine accelerates atherosclerosis via inhibiting LXRα-mediated ABCA1/ABCG1-dependent cholesterol efflux from macrophages. Life Sci 2018; 214:41-50. [PMID: 30393020 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Macrophage-derived foam-cell formation plays a crucial role in the development of atherosclerosis, and liver X receptor alpha (LXRα) is a key regulator of lipid metabolism in macrophages. Homocysteine (Hcy) is an independent risk factor of atherosclerosis; however, the regulation of lipid metabolism and role of LXRα induced by Hcy in macrophages is still unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the potential role of Hcy in disordered lipid metabolism and atherosclerotic lesions, especially the effects of Hcy on cholesterol efflux in macrophages and the possible mechanisms. MAIN METHODS In vitro, lipid accumulation and cholesterol efflux were evaluated in THP-1 macrophages with Hcy intervention. Real-time quantitative PCR and western blot analyses were used to assess mRNA and protein levels. In vivo, atherosclerotic lesions and lipid profiles were evaluated by methionine diet-induced hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) in ApoE-/- mice. The LXRα agonist T0901317 was used to verify the role of LXRα in HHcy-accelerated atherosclerosis. KEY FINDINGS Hcy promoted lipid accumulation and inhibited cholesterol efflux in THP-1 macrophages. HHcy mice showed increased lesion area and lipid accumulation in plaque. Both studies in vitro and in vivo showed decreased expression of ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and G1 (ABCG1). T0901317 treatment increased ABCA1 and ABCG1 levels; reversed macrophage-derived foam-cell formation in THP-1 macrophages and reduced atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE-/- mice. SIGNIFICANCE Inhibition of LXRα-mediated ABCA1/ABCG1-dependent cholesterol efflux from macrophages is a novel mechanism in Hcy-accelerated atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Jin
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China
| | - Yitong Bian
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Heart Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China
| | - Guangzhi Cong
- Heart Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China
| | - Ru Yan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China
| | - Yong Sha
- Heart Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China
| | - Xueping Ma
- Heart Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Zuyi Yuan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Shaobin Jia
- Heart Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China.
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15
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Winchester LJ, Veeranki S, Pushpakumar S, Tyagi SC. Exercise mitigates the effects of hyperhomocysteinemia on adverse muscle remodeling. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13637. [PMID: 29595876 PMCID: PMC5875547 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is known for causing inflammation and vascular remodeling, particularly through production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activation. Although its effect on the skeletal muscle is unclear, HHcy can cause skeletal muscle weakness and functional impairment by induction of inflammatory mediators and macrophage mediated injury. Exercise has been shown to reduce homocysteine levels and therefore, could serve as a promising intervention for HHcy. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether HHcy causes skeletal muscle fibrosis through induction of inflammation and determine whether exercise can mitigate these effects. C57BL/6J (WT) and CBS+/- (HHcy) mice were administered a 6 weeks treadmill exercise protocol. Hindlimb perfusion was measured via laser Doppler. Measurement of skeletal muscle protein expression was done by western blot. Levels of skeletal muscle MMP-9 mRNA were determined by qPCR. Collagen deposition in the skeletal muscle was measured using Masson's trichrome staining. In CBS+/- mice, HHcy manifested with decreased body weight and femoral artery lumen diameter, as well as a trend of lower hindlimb perfusion. These mice displayed increased wall to lumen ratio, mean arterial blood pressure, collagen deposition, and elevated myostatin protein expression. Exercise mitigated the effects above in CBS+/- mice. Skeletal muscle from CBS+/- mice had elevated markers of remodeling and hypoxia: iNOS, EMMPRIN, and MMP-9. We conclude that HHcy causes skeletal muscle fibrosis possibly through induction of EMMPRIN/MMP-9 and exercise is capable of mitigating the pathologies associated with HHcy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee J. Winchester
- School of Kinesiology, Recreation, and SportWestern Kentucky UniversityBowling GreenKentucky
| | | | | | - Suresh C. Tyagi
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKentucky
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16
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Huo Y, Wu X, Ding J, Geng Y, Qiao W, Ge A, Guo C, Lv J, Bao H, Fan W. Vascular Remodeling, Oxidative Stress, and Disrupted PPAR γ Expression in Rats of Long-Term Hyperhomocysteinemia with Metabolic Disturbance. PPAR Res 2018; 2018:6738703. [PMID: 29552030 PMCID: PMC5820553 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6738703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia, a risk factor for vascular disease, is associated with metabolic syndrome. Our study was aimed at exploring the effect of long-term hyperhomocysteinemia with metabolic disturbances on vascular remodeling. We also studied oxidative stress and expression of PPARγ in the coronary arteriole as a possible mechanism underlying vascular remodeling. Rats were treated with standard rodent chow (Control) or diet enriched in methionine (Met) for 48 weeks. Plasma homocysteine, blood glucose, serum lipids, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and nitric oxide (NO) levels were measured. Coronary arteriolar and carotid arterial remodeling was assessed by histomorphometric techniques and the expression of PPARγ in vessel wall was investigated. In Met group, an increase in the level of fasting blood glucose, serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, MDA, and NO, a decline in the serum SOD level, and increased collagen deposition in coronary and carotid arteries were found. Moreover, we detected decreased expression of PPARγ in the coronary arterioles in Met group. In summary, our study revealed metabolic disturbances in this model of long-term hyperhomocysteinemia together with vascular remodeling and suggested that impaired oxidative stress, endothelium dysfunction, and decreased PPARγ expression in the vessel wall could be underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Huo
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xuqing Wu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Ding
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yang Geng
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Weiwei Qiao
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Anyan Ge
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Cen Guo
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jianing Lv
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Haifeng Bao
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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17
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Yoo HJ, Yu SH, Cho YJ, Nam HW, Kang DH. Effects of Homocysteine and Hyperglycemia on the Proliferation of Aortic Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells of Obese Type 2 Diabetes Rat. Ann Geriatr Med Res 2017. [DOI: 10.4235/agmr.2017.21.2.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Joon Yoo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Yu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Jung Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong Woo Nam
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Majumder A, Behera J, Jeremic N, Tyagi SC. Hypermethylation: Causes and Consequences in Skeletal Muscle Myopathy. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:2108-2117. [PMID: 27982479 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A detrimental consequence of hypermethylation is hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), that causes oxidative stress, inflammation, and matrix degradation, which leads to multi-pathology in different organs. Although, it is well known that hypermethylation leads to overall gene silencing and hypomethylation leads to overall gene activation, the role of such process in skeletal muscle dysfunction during HHcy condition is unclear. In this study, we emphasized the multiple mechanisms including epigenetic alteration by which HHcy causes skeletal muscle myopathy. This review also highlights possible role of methylation, histone modification, and RNA interference in skeletal muscle dysfunction during HHcy condition and potential therapeutic molecules, putative challenges, and methodologies to deal with HHcy mediated skeletal muscle dysfunction. We also highlighted that B vitamins (mainly B12 and B6), with folic acid supplementation, could be useful as an adjuvant therapy to reverse these consequences associated with this HHcy conditions in skeletal muscle. However, we would recommend to further study involving long-term trials could help to assess efficacy of the use of these therapeutic agents. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 2108-2117, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avisek Majumder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
| | - Jyotirmaya Behera
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
| | - Nevena Jeremic
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
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19
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Shi H, Zhang J, Zhu R, Hu N, Lu H, Yang M, Qin B, Shi J, Guan H. Primary Angle Closure and Sequence Variants within MicroRNA Binding Sites of Genes Involved in Eye Development. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166055. [PMID: 27824919 PMCID: PMC5100968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The formation of primary angle closure (PAC) and primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) is regulated by a tissue remodeling pathway that plays a critical role in eye development. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are powerful gene expression regulators and may exert their effects on tissue remodeling genes. This study investigated the associations between gene variants (single-nucleotide polymorphism, SNP) in miRNA binding sites in the 3’-UTR region of genes involved in eye development and PAC. Methods The sample consisted of 232 PAC subjects and 306 controls obtained from a population-based cohort in the Funing District of Jiangsu, China. The markers include 9 SNPs in the COL11A1, PCMTD1, ZNRF3, MTHFR, and ALPPL2 genes respectively. SNP genotyping was performed with a TaqMan-MGB probe using an RT-PCR system. Results Of the 9 SNPs studied, the frequency of the minor A allele of COL11A1 rs1031820 was higher in the PAC group than in the control group in allele analysis (p = 0.047). The genotype analysis indicated that MTHFR rs1537514 is marginally associated with PAC (p = 0.014). The CC genotype of rs1537514 was present solely in the PAC group. However, the differences lost significance after Bonferroni correction. Conclusion Our study reveals a possible association of COL11A1 and MTHFR with PAC in the Han Chinese population. These results will contribute to an improved understanding of the genetic basis of PACG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Shi
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Junfang Zhang
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Rongrong Zhu
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hong Lu
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Bai Qin
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jian Shi
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Huaijin Guan
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- * E-mail:
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20
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Association of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphism with primary glaucoma in Saudi population. BMC Ophthalmol 2016; 16:156. [PMID: 27585654 PMCID: PMC5009653 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-016-0337-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), a critical enzyme in folate metabolism is involved in DNA synthesis, DNA repair and DNA methylation. The functional polymorphism of MTHFR gene, C677T has been shown to impact various diseases and implicated as a risk factor for the development of various neurodegenerative disorders including glaucoma. Methods We investigated MTHFR C677T genotypes and alleles frequencies in primary glaucoma [primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG)] patients and matched healthy controls in a case-control study. Two hundred ten primary glaucoma cases were studied for MTHFR C677T polymorphism and compared with 280 controls taken from the healthy population, employing the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique (PCR-RFLP). The MTHFR gene was amplified using specific primers. The PCR products (294 bp) was subsequently digested with HinfI (New England Biolabs) at 37 °C for 12 h, separated by electrophoresis on 2 % agarose gels, and visualized with ethidium bromide staining. The restriction digestion yielded 168 and 126 bp fragments for TT, 294, 168 and 126 bp fragments for CT and undigested PCR product 294 bp indicating CC genotype. Results We found the frequency of the genotypes and alleles of MTHFR C677T differ significantly between cases and controls. The frequencies of allele T and genotype CT were significantly higher while the frequencies of allele C and genotype CC were lower in primary glaucoma patients as compared to controls (p <0.05). Upon stratification of our results into POAG and PACG, significantly higher frequencies of allele T (19.44 %) and genotype CT (38.89 %) were found in POAG patients compared to controls (12.5 % and 25 % respectively). The frequencies of alleles and genotypes were almost similar in PACG and controls (p = 0.8). Conclusion This study indicates that the allele T and genotype CT of MTHFR C677T polymorphism are significantly associated with POAG while allele C and CC genotype may be protective for it. We conclude that the MTHFR C677T polymorphism increases the risk for POAG development in Saudi population and can be a genetic marker however, further studies are needed with multiple-ethnic populations affected with POAG to strengthen these findings.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the hereditary thrombophilic factors in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma, exfoliative glaucoma, and exfoliation syndrome and to compare their results with those of healthy control subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 75 patients [25 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (group I), 25 patients with exfoliative glaucoma (group II), and 25 patients with exfoliation syndrome (group III)] and 25 healthy control subjects (group IV). Well-known hereditary thrombophilic factors including methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene C677T mutation, prothrombin G20210A mutation, factor V Leiden mutation, activated protein C resistance, protein S, protein C, and antithrombin III activities, and homocysteine levels were measured in venous blood samples of all subjects. RESULTS Fifty-one males and 49 females were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 67.8 ± 8.7 years (range, 46 to 87 y). There was no statistically significant difference with regard to the mean age (P=0.057) and distribution of sex (P=0.391) between the study groups. The difference of homocysteine, folate, vitamin B12, antithrombin III activity, protein C activity, free protein S activity, and activated protein C resistance were not statistically significant; and the number of subjects with MTHFR C677T, prothrombin G20210A, and factor V Leiden mutations were similar between the study groups. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that there is no significant difference between the prothrombotic inherited risk factors of glaucomatous and nonglaucomatous subjects.
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Chernyavskiy I, Veeranki S, Sen U, Tyagi SC. Atherogenesis: hyperhomocysteinemia interactions with LDL, macrophage function, paraoxonase 1, and exercise. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1363:138-54. [PMID: 26849408 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite great strides in understanding the atherogenesis process, the mechanisms are not entirely known. In addition to diet, cigarette smoking, genetic predisposition, and hypertension, hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), an accumulation of the noncoding sulfur-containing amino acid homocysteine (Hcy), is a significant contributor to atherogenesis. Although exercise decreases HHcy and increases longevity, the complete mechanism is unclear. In light of recent evidence, in this review, we focus on the effects of HHcy on macrophage function, differentiation, and polarization. Though there is need for further evidence, it is most likely that HHcy-mediated alterations in macrophage function are important contributors to atherogenesis, and HHcy-countering strategies, such as nutrition and exercise, should be included in the combinatorial regimens for effective prevention and regression of atherosclerotic plaques. Therefore, we also included a discussion on the effects of exercise on the HHcy-mediated atherogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Chernyavskiy
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Sudhakar Veeranki
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Utpal Sen
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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Effects of homocysteine on adipocyte differentiation and CD36 gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Cell Commun Signal 2015; 10:55-60. [PMID: 26691520 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-015-0316-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of homocysteine (Hcy), a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, stroke and obesity, on expression of CD36 that regulates uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) by adipocytes and differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells to adipocytes. Cell viability was determined using MTT assay, and density of triglycerides were measured with Oil Red O staining. The expression levels of CD36 were analyzed using SYBR green assay by quantitative RT-PCR. Our results showed that the addition of Hcy inhibited differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in a dose-dependent manner without a significant cell toxicity (p < 0.05). Percentage CD36 gene expression increased in the Hcy treatment groups, but not statistically significantly (p > 0.05) compared to differentiated adipocytes. Hcy reduced adipocyte differentiation, but had no effect on the expression level of CD36 in vitro conditions. The effect of Hcy on uptake and clearance of Ox-LDL by adipose tissue now needs to be investigated in vivo.
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Bao XM, Zheng H. Atorvastatin attenuates homocysteine-induced migration of smooth muscle cells through mevalonate pathway involving reactive oxygen species and p38 MAPK. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 42:865-73. [PMID: 26041506 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-mei Bao
- Department of Cardiology; Xuhui District Central Hospital; Shanghai China
| | - Hongchao Zheng
- Department of Cardiology; Xuhui District Central Hospital; Shanghai China
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25
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Winchester LJ, Veeranki S, Givvimani S, Tyagi SC. Homocysteine elicits an M1 phenotype in murine macrophages through an EMMPRIN-mediated pathway. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 93:577-84. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is associated with inflammatory diseases and is known to increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and inducible nitric oxide synthase, and to decrease endothelial nitric oxide production. However, the impact of HHcy on macrophage phenotype differentiation is not well-established. It has been documented that macrophages have 2 distinct phenotypes: the “classically activated/destructive” (M1), and the “alternatively activated/constructive” (M2) subtypes. We hypothesize that HHcy increases M1 macrophage differentiation through extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN), a known inducer of matrix metalloproteinases. Methods: murine J774A.1 and Raw 264.7 macrophages were treated with 100 and 500 μmol/L Hcy, respectively, for 24 h. Samples were analyzed using Western blotting and immunocytochemistry. Results: Homocysteine treatment increased cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40; M1 marker) in J774A.1 and Raw 264.7 macrophages. MMP-9 was induced in both cell lines. EMMPRIN protein expression was also increased in both cell lines. Blocking EMMPRIN function by pre-treating cells with anti-EMMPRIN antibody, with or without Hcy, resulted in significantly lower expression of CD40 in both cell lines by comparison with the controls. A DCFDA assay demonstrated increased ROS production in both cell lines with Hcy treatment when compared with the controls. Conclusion: Our results suggest that HHcy results in an increase of the M1 macrophage phenotype. This effect seems to be at least partially mediated by EMMPRIN induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee J. Winchester
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, 500 South Preston Street, HSC Building A, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, 500 South Preston Street, HSC Building A, KY 40202, USA
| | - Sudhakar Veeranki
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, 500 South Preston Street, HSC Building A, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, 500 South Preston Street, HSC Building A, KY 40202, USA
| | - Srikanth Givvimani
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, 500 South Preston Street, HSC Building A, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, 500 South Preston Street, HSC Building A, KY 40202, USA
| | - Suresh C. Tyagi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, 500 South Preston Street, HSC Building A, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, 500 South Preston Street, HSC Building A, KY 40202, USA
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Quttainah M, Al-Hejailan R, Saleh S, Parhar R, Conca W, Bulwer B, Moorjani N, Catarino P, Elsayed R, Shoukri M, AlJufan M, AlShahid M, Ouban A, Al-Halees Z, Westaby S, Collison K, Al-Mohanna F. Progression of matrixin and cardiokine expression patterns in an ovine model of heart failure and recovery. Int J Cardiol 2015; 186:77-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.03.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Azimzadeh O, Sievert W, Sarioglu H, Merl-Pham J, Yentrapalli R, Bakshi MV, Janik D, Ueffing M, Atkinson MJ, Multhoff G, Tapio S. Integrative proteomics and targeted transcriptomics analyses in cardiac endothelial cells unravel mechanisms of long-term radiation-induced vascular dysfunction. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:1203-19. [PMID: 25590149 DOI: 10.1021/pr501141b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological data from radiotherapy patients show the damaging effect of ionizing radiation on heart and vasculature. The endothelium is the main target of radiation damage and contributes essentially to the development of cardiac injury. However, the molecular mechanisms behind the radiation-induced endothelial dysfunction are not fully understood. In the present study, 10-week-old C57Bl/6 mice received local X-ray heart doses of 8 or 16 Gy and were sacrificed after 16 weeks; the controls were sham-irradiated. The cardiac microvascular endothelial cells were isolated from the heart tissue using streptavidin-CD31-coated microbeads. The cells were lysed and proteins were labeled with duplex isotope-coded protein label methodology for quantification. All samples were analyzed by LC-ESI-MS/MS and Proteome Discoverer software. The proteomics data were further studied by bioinformatics tools and validated by targeted transcriptomics, immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, and serum profiling. Radiation-induced endothelial dysfunction was characterized by impaired energy metabolism and perturbation of the insulin/IGF-PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. The data also strongly suggested premature endothelial senescence, increased oxidative stress, decreased NO availability, and enhanced inflammation as main causes of radiation-induced long-term vascular dysfunction. Detailed data on molecular mechanisms of radiation-induced vascular injury as compiled here are essential in developing radiotherapy strategies that minimize cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Azimzadeh
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Biology , Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Boraldi F, Costa S, Rabacchi C, Ciani M, Vanakker O, Quaglino D. Can APOE and MTHFR polymorphisms have an influence on the severity of cardiovascular manifestations in Italian Pseudoxanthoma elasticum affected patients? Mol Genet Metab Rep 2014; 1:477-482. [PMID: 27896127 PMCID: PMC5121367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The clinical phenotype of Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) affected patients, although progressive with age, is very heterogeneous, even in the presence of identical ABCC6 mutations, thus suggesting the occurrence of modifier genes. Beside typical skin manifestations, the cardiovascular (CV) system, and especially the peripheral vasculature, is frequently and prematurely compromised. Methods and results A cohort of 119 Italian PXE patients has been characterized for apolipoprotein E (APOE) and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene polymorphisms by PCR. The severity of the clinical phenotype has been quantified according to the Phenodex PXE International score system. Statistical analysis (chi2 test, odd ratio, regression analysis, analysis of variance) were done by GraphPad. Data demonstrate that the frequency of APOE alleles is similar in PXE patients and in healthy subjects and that the allelic variant E2 confers a protection against the age-related increase of CV manifestations. By contrast, PXE patients are characterized by high frequency of the MTHFR-T677T polymorphism. With age, CV manifestations in T677T, but also in C677T, patients are more severe than those associated with the C677C genotype. Interestingly, compound heterozygosity for C677T and A1298C polymorphisms is present in 70% of PXE patients. Conclusions PXE patients may be screened for these polymorphisms in order to support clinicians for a better management of disease-associated CV complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Boraldi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Sonia Costa
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Claudio Rabacchi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Miriam Ciani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Olivier Vanakker
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniela Quaglino
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Winchester L, Veeranki S, Givvimani S, Tyagi SC. Exercise mitigates the adverse effects of hyperhomocysteinemia on macrophages, MMP-9, skeletal muscle, and white adipocytes. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2014; 92:575-82. [PMID: 24923386 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regular exercise is a great medicine with its benefits encompassing everything from prevention of cardiovascular risk to alleviation of different muscular myopathies. Interestingly, elevated levels of homocysteine (Hcy), also known as hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), antagonizes beta-2 adrenergic receptors (β2AR), gamma amino butyric acid (GABA), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) receptors. HHcy also stimulates an elevation of the M1/M2 macrophage ratio, resulting in a more inflammatory profile. In this review we discuss several potential targets altered by HHcy that result in myopathy and excessive fat accumulation. Several of these HHcy mediated changes can be countered by exercise and culminate into mitigation of HHcy induced myopathy and metabolic syndrome. We suggest that exercise directly impacts levels of Hcy, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), macrophages, and G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs, especially Gs). While HHcy promotes the M1 macrophage phenotype, it appears that exercise may diminish the M1/M2 ratio, resulting in a less inflammatory phenotype. HHcy through its influence on GPCRs, specifically β₂AR, PPARγ and GABA receptors, promotes accumulation of white fat, whereas exercise enhances the browning of white fat and counters HHcy-mediated effects on GPCRs. Alleviation of HHcy-associated pathologies with exercise also includes reversal of excessive MMP-9 activation. Moreover, exercise, by reducing plasma Hcy levels, may prevent skeletal muscle myopathy, improve exercise capacity and rescue the obese phenotype. The purpose of this review is to summarize the pathological conditions surrounding HHcy and to clarify the importance of regular exercise as a method of disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Winchester
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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30
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Zhang MJ, Li JC, Yin YW, Li BH, Liu Y, Liao SQ, Gao CY, Zhang LL. Association of MTHFR C677T polymorphism and risk of cerebrovascular disease in Chinese population: an updated meta-analysis. J Neurol 2014; 261:925-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-014-7300-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Karolczak K, Kamysz W, Karafova A, Drzewoski J, Watala C. Homocysteine is a novel risk factor for suboptimal response of blood platelets to acetylsalicylic acid in coronary artery disease: A randomized multicenter study. Pharmacol Res 2013; 74:7-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Ispasoiu CA, Chicea R, Stamatian FV, Ispasoiu F. High fasting insulin levels and insulin resistance may be linked to idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss: a case-control study. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:576926. [PMID: 24371440 PMCID: PMC3858974 DOI: 10.1155/2013/576926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. Patients with more than two spontaneous pregnancy losses are diagnosed with recurrent pregnancy loss. The aim of this study was to evaluate the IR (insulin resistance) in patients with idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss. Material and Method. A single center, case control study was performed on one hundred eighteen women divided into case group (with at least two pregnancy losses, earlier than 20 weeks of gestation, and negative for the recurrent pregnancy loss testing) and control group (with at least one live birth, no pregnancy loss). FG (fasting glucose) and FI (fasting insulin) were determined for all patients. IR was evaluated by HOMA-IR index. Results. There were not significant differences between the mean age and BMI in cases and controls (P > 0.05). Fasting glucose was significantly higher in the control group (85.6 versus 79.8 P < 0.01), but fasting insulin (15.24 versus 12.83, P < 0.001) and HOMA-IR (2.98 versus 2.69, P < 0.05) were significantly higher in the case group. Conclusion. In women with idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss FI and IR are higher than those in women without spontaneous abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina-Alina Ispasoiu
- Astra Clinic, Gr. Alexandrescu Street, No. 1, 550371 Sibiu, Romania
- *Corina-Alina Ispasoiu:
| | - Radu Chicea
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, University of Medicine “Victor Papilian”, L. Blaga Street, No. 2-4, 550169 Sibiu, Romania
| | - Florin Vasile Stamatian
- 1st Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, “Iuliu Hatieganu”, Clinicilor Street, No. 1-3, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Florin Ispasoiu
- Polisano Clinic, Constitutiei Street, No. 24, 550253 Sibiu, Romania
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Abstract
High levels of homocysteine (Hcy), known as hyperhomocysteinmia (HHcy), are correlated with an increase in extracellular matrix remodelling (ECM) via the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and plasminogen/plasmin system. This results in an increase deposition of collagen that leads to endothelial-myocyte (EM) and myocyte-myocyte (MM) uncoupling; the physiological consequences are a plethora of cardiovascular pathologies. Homocysteine-induced increase in intracellular and mitochondrial Ca(2+) plays an important role in increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) within mitochondria and instigating mitophagy within the cell. This occurs via several Hcy-mitigated processes: agonizing N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-1 (NMDA-R1), decreasing expression of peroxisome proliferator activator receptor (PPAR) [thereby increasing oxidation], impairing Ca(2+) handling via Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX1) and Sarco endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase (SERCA-2a). The end result is an increase in ROS that directly or indirectly lead to MMP activation within mitochondria or the cytoplasm. Hcy induces a mitochondrial permeability transition that allows MMPs to be released from mitochondria thereby metabolizing matrix and impairing cardiac function. Further work remains to be elucidated concerning the specific mitochondrial mitophagic mechanisms under which matrix metabolism and remodelling occurs. Moreover, the therapeutic implications of NMDA and PPAR ligands are some promise to patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Vacek
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Munjal C, Givvimani S, Qipshidze N, Tyagi N, Falcone JC, Tyagi SC. Mesenteric vascular remodeling in hyperhomocysteinemia. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 348:99-108. [PMID: 21076854 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0643-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Remodeling by its very nature implies synthesis and degradation of extracellular matrix components (such as elastin, collagen, and connexins). Most of the vascular matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) are latent because of the presence of constitutive nitric oxide (NO). However, during oxidative stress peroxinitrite (ONOO-) activates the latent MMPs and instigates vascular remodeling. Interestingly, in mesenteric artery, homocysteine (Hcy) decreases the NO bio-availability, and folic acid (FA, an Hcy-lowering agent) mitigates the Hcy-mediated mesentery artery dysfunction. Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase-2 (DDAH-2) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) increases NO production. The hypothesis was that the Hcy decreased NO bio-availability, in part, activating MMP, decreasing elastin, DDAH-2, eNOS and increased vasomotor response by increasing connexin. To test this hypothesis,the authors used 12-week-old C57BJ/L6 wild type (WT) and hyperhomocysteinemic (HHcy)-cystathione beta synthase heterozygote knockout (CBS+/-) mice. Blood pressure measurements were made by radio-telemetry. WT and MMP-9 knockout mice were administered with Hcy (0.67 mg/ml in drinking water). Superior mesenteric artery and mesenteric arcade were analyzed with light and confocal microscopy. The protein expressions were measured by western blot analysis. The mRNA levels for MMP-9 were measured by RT-PCR. The data showed decreased DDAH-2 and eNOS expressions in mesentery in CBS-/+ mice compared with WT mice. Immuno-fluorescence and western blot results suggest increased MMP-9 and connexin-40 expression in mesenteric arcades of CBS-/+ mice compared with WT mice. The wall thickness of third-order mesenteric artery was increased in CBS-/+ mice compared to WT mice. Hcy treatment increased blood pressure in WT mice. Interestingly, in MMP-9 KO, Hcy did not increase blood pressure. These results may suggest that HHcy causes mesenteric artery remodeling and narrowing by activating MMP-9 and decreasing DDAH-2 and eNOS expressions, compromising the blood flow, instigating hypertension, and acute abdomen pain.
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MESH Headings
- Abdominal Pain/etiology
- Amidohydrolases/metabolism
- Animals
- Blood Pressure
- Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory
- Blotting, Western
- Connexins/metabolism
- Cystathionine beta-Synthase/genetics
- Cystathionine beta-Synthase/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Elasticity
- Elastin/metabolism
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/metabolism
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Homocysteine
- Hyperhomocysteinemia/chemically induced
- Hyperhomocysteinemia/genetics
- Hyperhomocysteinemia/metabolism
- Hyperhomocysteinemia/pathology
- Hyperhomocysteinemia/physiopathology
- Hypertension/genetics
- Hypertension/metabolism
- Hypertension/pathology
- Hypertension/physiopathology
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/deficiency
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/genetics
- Mesenteric Artery, Superior/metabolism
- Mesenteric Artery, Superior/pathology
- Mesenteric Artery, Superior/physiopathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Video
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism
- Nitrites/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Splanchnic Circulation
- Telemetry
- Vascular Resistance
- Gap Junction alpha-5 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- C Munjal
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Alter P, Rupp H, Rominger MB, Figiel JH, Renz H, Klose KJ, Maisch B. Association of hyperhomocysteinemia with left ventricular dilatation and mass in human heart. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010; 48:555-60. [PMID: 20148720 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2010.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for ischemic heart disease. Several other mechanisms apply also to dilative types of heart failure of various, non-ischemic etiologies. We hypothesized that hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with left ventricular (LV) dilatation and hypertrophy in dilative cardiomyopathy. METHODS Homocysteine was measured in 66 individuals with suspected cardiomyopathy. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess LV volume, mass, and wall stress. RESULTS Hyperhomocysteinemia (> 12 micromol/L) was found in 45 patients (68%). LV mass was greater in these patients compared with individuals with normal homocysteine (83+/-27 vs. 67+/-19 g/m(2); p<0.02). Homocysteine was increased in patients with increased brain natriuretic peptide > or = 100 pg/mL (18.3+/-5.9 vs. 14.9+/-5.1 micromol/L; p=0.018). LV mass, LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volume (LVEDV, LVESV) were significantly increased in individuals in the upper quartile compared with the lower quartile (90+/-25 vs. 65+/-18 g/m(2), p=0.021; 114+/-50 vs. 71+/-23 mL/m(2), p=0.042; 76+/-51 vs. 36+/-22 mL/m(2), p=0.045). LV dilatation (LVEDV > or = 90 mL/m(2)) was more common in hyperhomocysteinemia (> 12 micromol/L, p=0.0166). Normalized LV mass was correlated with homocysteine (r=0.346, p=0.065). Homocysteine was not significantly correlated with LVEDV (r=0.229, p=0.065), LV end-diastolic wall stress (r=0.226, p=0.069) and LV ejection fraction. CONCLUSIONS Hyperhomocysteinemia appears to be, at least in part, involved in a disproportional LV dilatation, where the ensuing hypertrophy is not sufficient to compensate for the increased wall stress. A potential mechanism is the hyperhomocysteinemia associated increase in oxidative stress that favors muscle fiber slippage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Alter
- Internal Medicine-Cardiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.
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C-reactive protein and homocysteine levels are associated with abnormal heart rate recovery in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2010; 94:230-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.02.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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38
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Jiang C, Zhang H, Zhang W, Kong W, Zhu Y, Zhang H, Xu Q, Li Y, Wang X. Homocysteine promotes vascular smooth muscle cell migration by induction of the adipokine resistin. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 297:C1466-76. [PMID: 19828833 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00304.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adipokines may represent a mechanism linking insulin resistance to cardiovascular disease. We showed previously that homocysteine (Hcy), an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, can induce the expression and secretion of resistin, a novel adipokine, in vivo and in vitro. Since vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration is a key event in vascular disease, we hypothesized that adipocyte-derived resistin is involved in Hcy-induced VSMC migration. To confirm our hypothesis, Sprague-Dawley rat aortic SMCs were cocultured with Hcy-stimulated primary rat epididymal adipocytes or treated directly with increasing concentrations of resistin for up to 24 h. Migration of VSMCs was investigated. Cytoskeletal structure and cytoskeleton-related proteins were also detected. The results showed that Hcy (300-500 microM) increased migration significantly in VSMCs cocultured with adipocytes but not in VSMC cultured alone. Resistin alone also significantly increased VSMC migration in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Resistin small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly attenuated VSMC migration in the coculture system, which indicated that adipocyte-derived resistin mediates Hcy-induced VSMC migration. On cell spreading assay, resistin induced the formation of focal adhesions near the plasma membrane, which suggests cytoskeletal rearrangement via an alpha(5)beta(1)-integrin-focal adhesion kinase/paxillin-Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) pathway. Our data demonstrate that Hcy promotes VSMC migration through a paracrine or endocrine effect of adipocyte-derived resistin, which provides further evidence of the adipose-vascular interaction in metabolic disorders. The migratory action exerted by resistin on VSMCs may account in part for the increased incidence of restenosis in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changtao Jiang
- Dept. of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking Univ., Beijing, People's Republic of China
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39
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Lazzerini PE, Capecchi PL, Bisogno S, Cozzalupi M, Rossi PC, Pasini FL. Homocysteine and Raynaud's phenomenon: a review. Autoimmun Rev 2009; 9:181-7. [PMID: 19689931 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Raynaud's phenomenon, categorized as primary and secondary when occurring isolated or in association with an underlying disease, respectively, is a paroxysmal and recurrent acral ischemia resulting from an abnormal arterial vasospastic response to cold or emotional stress. The key issue in the pathogenesis of Raynaud's phenomenon is presumed to be a dysregulation in the mechanisms of vascular motility resulting in an imbalance between vasodilatation and vasoconstriction. Homocysteine, a non-protein forming sulphured amino acid proposed as an independent risk factor for atherothrombosis in the general population, clearly demonstrated to produce vascular damage through mechanisms also including endothelial injury and modifications in circulating mediators of vasomotion. The rationale for homocysteine involvement in the pathogenesis of Raynaud's phenomenon led some authors to investigate the possible association between mild hyperhomocysteinemia and such a vascular disturbance, particularly in the course of connective tissue disease. Here we review data regarding this putative association and the supposed mechanisms involved, also discussing the emblematic case of a patient with new-onset severe Raynaud's phenomenon and markedly elevated homocysteinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Enea Lazzerini
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Immunological Sciences, University of Siena, Italy.
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40
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PPARgamma and Agonists against Cancer: Rational Design of Complementation Treatments. PPAR Res 2008; 2008:945275. [PMID: 19043603 PMCID: PMC2586323 DOI: 10.1155/2008/945275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PPARγ is a member of the ligand-activated nuclear receptor superfamily: its ligands act as insulin sensitizers and some are approved for the treatment of metabolic disorders in humans. PPARγ has pleiotropic effects on survival and proliferation of multiple cell types, including cancer cells, and is now subject of intensive preclinical cancer research. Studies of the recent decade highlighted PPARγ role as a potential modulator of angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. These observations provide an additional facet to the PPARγ image as potential anticancer drug. Currently PPARγ is regarded as an important target for the therapies against angiogenesis-dependent pathological states including cancer and vascular complications of diabetes. Some of the studies, however, identify pro-angiogenic and tumor-promoting effects of PPARγ and its ligands pointing out the need for further studies. Below, we summarize current knowledge of PPARγ regulatory mechanisms and molecular targets, and discuss ways to maximize the beneficial activity of the PPARγ agonists.
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41
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Abstract
The identification of defective structures in the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters ABCG5 and ABCG8 in patients with sitosterolemia suggests that these two proteins are an apical sterol export pump promoting active efflux of cholesterol and plant sterols from enterocytes back into the intestinal lumen for excretion. The newly identified Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) protein is also expressed at the apical membrane of enterocytes and plays a crucial role in the ezetimibe-sensitive cholesterol absorption pathway. These findings indicate that cholesterol absorption is a multistep process that is regulated by multiple genes at the enterocyte level and that the efficiency of cholesterol absorption may be determined by the net effect between influx and efflux of intraluminal cholesterol molecules crossing the brush border membrane of the enterocyte. Combination therapy using cholesterol absorption (NPC1L1) inhibitor (ezetimibe) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) provides a powerful novel strategy for the prevention and treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Q-H Wang
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center and Gastroenterology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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42
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Badawy A, State O, El Gawad SSA, El Aziz OA. Plasma homocysteine and polycystic ovary syndrome: the missed link. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2007; 131:68-72. [PMID: 17123696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Revised: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate the relationship between insulin resistance and increased serum homocysteine in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). DESIGN Prospective controlled trial. SETTING Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt. PATIENTS Ninety PCOS women as a study group and 35 women with infertility due to other causes as a control group. OUTCOME MEASURES Serum homocysteine levels in the presence and absence of insulin resistance in PCOS patients. RESULTS Homocysteine levels were significantly higher in PCOS patients than in the controls. Considering 11 micromol/l as the cut-off level for a normal homocysteine level, 41.1% of PCOS patients (37 out of 90) and 2.9% of control group (1 out of 35) had high homocysteine levels. With regard to insulin resistance, 23% of PCOS patients without insulin resistance (9 out of 39) had a high homocysteine level, while 47% of PCOS patients with insulin resistance (24 out of 51) had this, thus demonstrating the effect of insulin resistance on the homocysteine level. CONCLUSION There is a strong association between serum homocysteine and insulin resistance in women with PCOS that contributes to the long-term complications of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Badawy
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Mansoura University Hospitals, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Omnia State
- Department of General Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
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Abstract
Phytosterols are chemical homologs of cholesterol that are found in most plant foods and are particularly abundant in vegetable oils and whole grains. They interfere with the micellar solubilization of cholesterol in the intestine and reduce the efficiency of cholesterol absorption. The net absorption of phytosterols themselves is very small and most clinical studies suggest that consumption is safe. Phytosterols naturally present in foods appear to be bioactive, but many commercial phytosterol supplements are comprised of purified crystals with limited bioavailability. Proper formulation to improve bioavailability is critical for phytosterol supplements. Phytosterols appear to be quantitatively as important to cholesterol lowering as reducing saturated fat consumption, and they provide an additional tool for regulation of circulating cholesterol through lifestyle changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Ostlund
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Box 8127, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Ostlund RE. Phytosterols, cholesterol absorption and healthy diets. Lipids 2007; 42:41-5. [PMID: 17393209 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-006-3001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2006] [Accepted: 11/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to outline the emerging role of dietary phytosterols in human health. Dietary saturated fat, cholesterol and fiber are currently emphasized in the reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. However, other dietary components such as phytosterols may have equivalent or even larger effects on circulating cholesterol and need further study with respect to the potential for coronary heart disease risk reduction. Phytosterol effects were not considered in classic fat-exchange clinical trials and may account for some of the differences attributed to the food fats studied. Phytosterols reduce cholesterol absorption while being poorly absorbed themselves and the effects can be studied in human subjects in single-meal tests using stable isotopic tracers. Because phytosterols are insoluble and biologically inactive when purified, careful attention needs to be given to ensuring that commercial supplement products are rendered bioavailable by dissolution in fat or by emulsification. Recent work shows that phytosterols in natural food matrices are also bioactive. The retention of phytosterols during food manufacturing and the use of foods with high phytosterol content may constitute an alternative to the use of supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Ostlund
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave, Box 8127, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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45
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Shastry S, Tyagi N, Moshal KS, Lominadze D, Hayden MR, Tyagi SC. GABA receptors ameliorate Hcy-mediated integrin shedding and constrictive collagen remodeling in microvascular endothelial cells. Cell Biochem Biophys 2006; 45:157-65. [PMID: 16757816 PMCID: PMC3182507 DOI: 10.1385/cbb:45:2:157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian endothelial cells are deficient in cystathionine beta synthetase (CBS) activity, which is responsible for homocysteine (Hcy) clearance. This deficiency makes the endothelium the prime target for Hcy toxicity. Hcy induces integrin shedding in microvascular endothelial cells (MVEC) by increasing matrix metalloproteinase (MMP). Hcy competes with inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptor. We hypothesized that Hcy transduces MVEC remodeling by increasing metalloproteinase activity and shedding beta-1 integrin by inactivating the GABA-A/B receptors, thus behaving as an excitatory neurotransmitter. MVEC were isolated from mouse brain. The presence of GABA-A receptor was determined by immunolabeling. It was induced by muscimol, an agonist of GABA-A receptor as measured by Western blot analysis. Hcy induced MMP-2 activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner, measured by zymography. GABA-A/B receptors ameliorated the Hcymediated MMP-2 activation. Hcy selectively increased the levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-3 but decreased the levels of TIMP-4. Treatment with muscimol decreased the levels of TIMP-1 and TIMP-3 and increased the levels of TIMP-4 to control. Hcy caused a robust increase in the levels of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM)-12. In the medium of MVEC treated with Hcy, the levels of beta-1 integrin were significantly increased. Treatment with muscimol or baclofen (GABA-B receptor agonist) ameliorated the levels of beta-1 integrin in the medium. These results suggested that Hcy induced ADAM-12. Significantly, Hcy facilitated the beta-1 integrin shedding. Treatment of MVEC with muscimol or baclofen during Hcy administration ameliorated the expression of metalloproteinase, integrin-shedding, and constrictive collagen remodeling, suggesting a role of Hcy in GABA receptor-mediated cerebrovascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Suresh C. Tyagi
- Author to whom all correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed.
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Mikael LG, Genest J, Rozen R. Elevated homocysteine reduces apolipoprotein A-I expression in hyperhomocysteinemic mice and in males with coronary artery disease. Circ Res 2006; 98:564-71. [PMID: 16439690 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000204825.66410.0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is caused by nutritional or genetic disturbances in homocysteine metabolism. A polymorphism in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is the most common genetic cause of mild hyperhomocysteinemia. To examine mechanisms by which an elevation in plasma homocysteine leads to vascular disease, we first performed microarray analyses in livers of Mthfr-deficient mice and identified differentially expressed genes that are involved in lipid and cholesterol metabolism. Microarrays and RT-PCR showed decreased mRNA for apolipoprotein A (ApoA)-IV and for ApoA-I and increased mRNA for cholesterol 7alpha hydroxylase (Cyp7A1) in Mthfr(+/-) mice compared with Mthfr(+/+) mice. Western blotting revealed that ApoA-I protein levels in liver and plasma of Mthfr(+/-) mice were 52% and 62% of levels in the respective tissues of Mthfr(+/+) mice. We also performed Western analysis for plasma ApoA-I protein levels in 60 males with coronary artery disease and identified a significant (P<0.01) negative correlation (-0.33) between ApoA-I and plasma homocysteine levels. This cohort also displayed a negative correlation (-0.24, P=0.06) between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and plasma homocysteine. Treatment of HepG2 cells with supraphysiological levels of 5 mmol/L homocysteine reduced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha and ApoA-I protein levels and decreased ApoA-I promoter activity. Transfection with a PPARalpha construct upregulated ApoA-I and MTHFR. Our results suggest that hyperhomocysteinemia may increase risk of atherosclerosis by decreasing expression of ApoA-I and increasing expression of CYP7A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie G Mikael
- Department of Human Genetics, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, Canada
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Nicoloff G, Angelova M, Christova I, Nikolov A, Alexiev A. Serum cobalt in children with essential hypertension. Am J Hum Biol 2006; 18:798-805. [PMID: 17039479 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of cobalt on the cardiovascular system is one of many aspects of cobalt metabolism in humans. Elastin and collagen are the main proteins of the vascular wall. The aims of this study were: 1) to determine serum cobalt concentrations in children with hypertension; and 2) to study the correlation between serum cobalt and some biological markers of the extracellular matrix of the vascular wall, i.e., anti-elastin and anti-collagen type IV antibodies. Patients showed statistically significant higher levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and significantly lower serum cobalt concentrations, than controls. Children with hypertension showed significantly higher levels of total cholesterol (P = 0.0003) and collagen type IV IgM (P = 0.04). Collagen type IV IgG levels (P = 0.027) were lower than in controls. Serum cobalt in patients showed a correlation with systolic blood pressure (r = -0.44, P = 0.05), elastin IgM (r = 0.60, P = 0.007), and collagen type IV IgG (r = -0.46, P = 0.04). Our data suggest the existence of a correlation between changes in levels of serum cobalt, total cholesterol, anti-collagen type IV antibodies, and essential hypertension in children. This is the first study of serum cobalt in children with essential hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nicoloff
- Department of Biology and Pathological Physiology, University School of Medicine, 5800 Pleven, Bulgaria.
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Shastry S, Moning L, Tyagi N, Steed M, Tyagi SC. GABA receptors and nitric oxide ameliorate constrictive collagen remodeling in hyperhomocysteinemia. J Cell Physiol 2005; 205:422-7. [PMID: 15895389 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Elevated plasma levels of homocysteine (Hcy) are associated with vascular dementias and Alzheimer's disease. The role of Hcy in brain microvascular endothelial cell (MVEC) remodeling is unclear. Hcy competes with muscimol, an gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)-A receptor agonist. GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. Our hypothesis is that Hcy induces constrictive microvascular remodeling by altering GABA-A/B receptors. MVEC from wild type, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) knockout (-/-), heterozygote cystathionine beta synthase (CBS-/+), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase knockout (eNOS-/-) mouse brains were isolated. The MVEC were incorporated into collagen (3.2 mg/ml) gels and the decrease in collagen gel diameter at 24 h was used as an index of constrictive MVEC remodeling. Gels in the absence or presence of Hcy were incubated with muscimol or baclofen, a GABA-B receptor agonist. The results suggested that Hcy-mediated MVEC collagen gel constriction was ameliorated by muscimol, baclofen, MMP-9, and eNOS gene ablations. There was no effect of anti-alpha 3 integrin. However, Hcy-mediated brain MVEC collagen constriction was abrogated with anti-beta-1 integrin. The co-incubation of Hcy with L-arginine ameliorated the Hcy-mediated collagen gel constriction. The results of this study indicated amelioration of Hcy-induced MVEC collagen gel constriction by induction of nitric oxide through GABA-A and -B receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Shastry
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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49
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Moshal KS, Sen U, Tyagi N, Henderson B, Steed M, Ovechkin AV, Tyagi SC. Regulation of homocysteine-induced MMP-9 by ERK1/2 pathway. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2005; 290:C883-91. [PMID: 16251475 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00359.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) induces matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 in microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs). We hypothesized that the ERK1/2 signaling pathway is involved in Hcy-mediated MMP-9 expression. In cultured MVECs, Hcy induced activation of ERK, which was blocked by PD-98059 and U0126 (MEK inhibitors). Pretreatment with BAPTA-AM, staurosporine (PKC inhibitor), or Gö6976 (specific inhibitor for Ca(2+)-dependent PKC) abrogated ERK phosphorylation, suggesting the role of Ca(2+) and Ca(2+)-dependent PKC in Hcy-induced ERK activation. ERK phosphorylation was suppressed by pertussis toxin (PTX), suggesting the involvement of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in initiating signal transduction by Hcy and leading to ERK activation. Pretreatment of MVECs with genistein, BAPTA-AM, or thapsigargin abrogated Hcy-induced ERK activation, suggesting the involvement of the PTK pathway in Hcy-induced ERK activation, which was mediated by intracellular Ca(2+) pool depletion. ERK activation was attenuated by preincubation with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and SOD, suggesting the role of oxidation in Hcy-induced ERK activation. Pretreatment with an ERK1/2 blocker (PD-98059), staurosporine, folate, or NAC modulated Hcy-induced MMP-9 activation as measured using zymography. Our results provide evidence that Hcy triggers the PTX-sensitive ERK1/2 signaling pathway, which is involved in the regulation of MMP-9 in MVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karni S Moshal
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, A-1115, 500 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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50
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Abstract
The expanding market of 'functional foods' containing plant sterols and stanols has focused interest on their cholesterol-lowering effects as well on possible adverse effects. Trials of cholesterol lowering demonstrate that intake of 2 g/day of plant sterols and stanols reduces serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations by approximately 10%. Safety concerns regarding elevations in serum plant sterol levels, or effects on fat-soluble vitamin absorption or hypothetical effects on serum sex hormone balance have received attention and been addressed in studies. Plant sterol (but not stanol) supplementation increased serum plant sterol concentrations but these levels remained much lower than those observed in homozygous sitosterolemia making an adverse health effect unlikely. Prolonged statin therapy also causes elevations in all cholesterol-adjusted plant sterol levels as well as small but significant elevations in serum unadjusted campesterol levels from baseline. This is probably caused by a statin-induced reduction in biliary cholesterol efflux resulting in a diminished intestinal cholesterol pool. The diminished competition with cholesterol molecules allows more plant sterol molecules to become incorporated in mixed micelles facilitating their uptake in enterocytes. With the exception of beta-carotene, reductions in serum concentrations of fat-soluble (pro)vitamins are usually abolished by adjustment for cholesterol suggesting that they reflect reductions in carrier lipoproteins, mainly LDL. The small reductions in serum beta-carotene are not regarded as a major concern, nor have any adverse effects on sex hormone metabolism been demonstrated apart from parenteral administration of large doses in experimental animals. However, as increasing consumer populations become exposed to a large variety of food products enriched with plant sterols and stanols the likelihood of rare adverse effects increases and surveillance is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Tikkanen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.
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