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Wang W, Yao W, Tang W, Li Y, Lv Q, Ding W. Association between preoperative albumin levels and postoperative delirium in geriatric hip fracture patients. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1344904. [PMID: 38420358 PMCID: PMC10899384 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1344904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to examine the association between preoperative serum albumin levels and postoperative delirium (POD) in geriatric patients who have undergone hip fracture surgery, with the goal of offering novel insights for clinical interventions targeting POD. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the medical records of patients who underwent hip fracture surgery in a tertiary medical institution from January 2013 to November 2023. The patients were classified based on hypoalbuminemia (defined as a serum albumin level < 35 g/L) and clinical threshold. Multivariable logistic regression and propensity score matching analysis (PSM) were employed to calculate the adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for POD to eliminate potential confounding factors. Additionally, subgroup analysis was performed to explore the interaction effect. Results The retrospective cohort study included 1,440 patients, with an incidence of POD found to be 19.1%. In a multivariable logistic regression analysis, patients with hypoalbuminemia had an adjusted OR of 2.99 (95%CI: 2.14-4.18) compared to those with normal albumin levels (≥ 35 g/L). Furthermore, a significant trend was observed across different severity categories, including mild hypoalbuminemia (34.9-30.0 g/L; adjusted OR = 2.71, 95%CI: 1.84-3.99), moderate hypoalbuminemia (29.9-25.0 g/L, adjusted OR = 3.44, 95%CI: 1.88-6.28), and severe hypoalbuminemia (<25.0 g/L; adjusted OR = 3.97, 95%CI: 1.78-8.86), with a trend value of p <0.001. Similar results were observed in the PSM analysis. Additionally, treating preoperative serum albumin level as a continuous variable, the risk of POD increased by 11% (95% CI, 1.08-1.15) with each 1 g/L decrease in preoperative serum albumin level. Conclusion Low preoperative levels of albumin are strongly associated with POD in geriatric patients with hip fractures, and a significant dose-response relationship exists between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Dandong Central Hospital, China Medical University, Dandong, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, Dandong Central Hospital, China Medical University, Dandong, China
| | - Wanyun Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Dandong Central Hospital, China Medical University, Dandong, China
| | - Yuhao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Dandong Central Hospital, China Medical University, Dandong, China
| | - Qiaomei Lv
- Department of Oncology, Dandong Central Hospital, China Medical University, Dandong, China
| | - Wenbo Ding
- Department of Orthopedics, Dandong Central Hospital, China Medical University, Dandong, China
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Kalkan KT, Esrefoglu M, Terzioglu-Usak S, Yay A. Protective effect of melatonin on blood-brain barrier damage caused by Endotoxemia. Neurol Res 2024; 46:195-206. [PMID: 37989260 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2023.2265244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endotoxins, products of Gram-negative bacteria, are the primary cause of blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the possible neuroprotection mechanisms of melatonin on BBB damage induced by endotoxemia. METHODS Adult, female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 42) were separated into four random groups as a control group and three treatment groups. Lipopolysaccharide (7,5 mg/kg/day) was administrated for a single dose to generate a 24-hour sepsis model on rats. Melatonin (10 mg/kg/day) was treated a week before sepsis. Afterward, the dissected brain tissues were examined by histopathological, biochemical, and molecular analyses. RESULTS LPS caused weight loss in the groups. As a result, degenerated neurons with cytoplasmic vacuoles and irregular pyknotic nuclei, pale stained necrotic neurons, and vascular congestion were observed in LPS-exposed rats. However, MEL decreased the number of degenerated neurons in treated groups. MEL treatment increased ZO1 and Occludin immunoreactivity while decreasing TLR4 in brain tissues. MEL effect on protein expression was recorded for ZO1 increase and TLR4 decrease in brain tissue compared to LPS groups. MEL also decreased MDA levels in brain tissue. CONCLUSIONS MEL recovered the degenerative damage of sepsis by contributing to blood-brain barrier integrity, and by decreasing inflammation, thus the neuroprotective effects of MEL might provide an experimental basis for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kubra Tugce Kalkan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, Turkey
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mukaddes Esrefoglu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Arzu Yay
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Bavarsad K, Shalil Ahmadi D, Momeni M, Yadyad MJ, Salehi Kahyesh R, Moradzadegan H, Ghafouri S. Evaluation of the relationship between serum BDNF concentration and indicators of oxidative stress and inflammation in COVID-19 patients with neurological disorders - a pilot study. Neurol Res 2024; 46:33-41. [PMID: 37706246 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2023.2257448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to determine the effect of serum level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on the development of neurological disorders in COVID-19 patients and the probable role of oxidative stress and inflammation in this phenomenon. METHODS The present case-control study included 42 COVID-19 patients referring to Golestan and Sina hospitals of Ahvaz, Iran, for treatment. Patients with (n = 18) and without (n = 24) neurological disorders were allocated into test and control groups, respectively. Following blood sampling, serum isolation was done, and the serum was stored at -80°C until biochemical assessment for measuring BDNF, oxidative stress indices, and inflammatory factors. RESULTS Although no significant brain damage was observed in the COVID-19 patients with neurological disorders, the results showed that the serum level of BDNF in the test group increased compared to that in the control group, and this increment was accompanied with increased Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) and decreased Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) levels in the serum. Moreover, compared to the control group, patients in the test group had a decreased level of Thiol and an increased level of Malondialdehyde (MDA) in the serum. Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between the serum concentration of BDNF and nitric oxide (NO) in the test group. CONCLUSION Using over-the-counter (OTC) medicines which include thiol-group-related agents or any other antioxidants can alleviate oxidative stress and the associated increased inflammation in COVID-19 patients with neurological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kowsar Bavarsad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Davood Shalil Ahmadi
- Department of Neurology, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Momeni
- Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Jafar Yadyad
- Department of Infection Disease, Sina Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Roya Salehi Kahyesh
- Thalasemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Research Institute of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Samireh Ghafouri
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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De Freitas-Suarez A, Espinosa-Ponce N, Alvarez-Roger N, Cabrera-Suarez AI, Jiménez-Jordán G, Vega-Roman R, Inyushin M, Alves JM. An Integrative Approach to the Current Treatment of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders and the Implementation of Leukemia Inhibitor Factor as a Mediator of Neurocognitive Preservation. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2194. [PMID: 38004334 PMCID: PMC10672511 DOI: 10.3390/life13112194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs) continue to impact patients despite antiretroviral therapy. A combination of antiretroviral therapies can diminish the HIV viral load to near undetectable levels, but fails to preserve neurocognitive integrity. The cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) has shown neuroprotective properties that could mitigate neurodegeneration in HANDs. The LIF promotes neurogenesis, neural cell differentiation, and survival. Combination antiretroviral therapy reduces severe forms of HANDs, but neurocognitive impairment persists; additionally, some antiretrovirals have additional adverse neurotoxic effects. The LIF counteracts neurotoxic viral proteins and limits neural cell damage in models of neuroinflammation. Adding the LIF as an adjuvant therapy to enhance neuroprotection merits further research for managing HANDs. The successful implementation of the LIF to current therapies would contribute to achieving a better quality of life for the affected population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Espinosa-Ponce
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, Bayamón, PR 00960, USA; (N.E.-P.); (A.I.C.-S.)
| | - Natalia Alvarez-Roger
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR 00956, USA; (N.A.-R.); (R.V.-R.)
| | - Arianna Iris Cabrera-Suarez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, Bayamón, PR 00960, USA; (N.E.-P.); (A.I.C.-S.)
| | | | - Rocio Vega-Roman
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR 00956, USA; (N.A.-R.); (R.V.-R.)
| | - Mikhail Inyushin
- Department of Physiology, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, Bayamón, PR 00960, USA;
| | - Janaina M. Alves
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, Bayamón, PR 00960, USA; (N.E.-P.); (A.I.C.-S.)
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de la Monte SM, Tong M, Hapel AJ. Concordant and Discordant Cerebrospinal Fluid and Plasma Cytokine and Chemokine Responses in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Early-Stage Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2394. [PMID: 37760836 PMCID: PMC10525668 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation may be a pathogenic mediator and biomarker of neurodegeneration at the boundary between mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and early-stage Alzheimer's disease (AD). Whether neuroinflammatory processes are endogenous to the central nervous system (CNS) or originate from systemic (peripheral blood) sources could impact strategies for therapeutic intervention. To address this issue, we measured cytokine and chemokine immunoreactivities in simultaneously obtained lumbar puncture cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples from 39 patients including 18 with MCI or early AD and 21 normal controls using a 27-plex XMAP bead-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The MCI/AD combined group had significant (p < 0.05 or better) or statistically trend-wise (0.05 ≤ p ≤ 0.10) concordant increases in CSF and serum IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, and TNF-α and reductions in GM-CSF, b-FGF, IL-6, IP-10, and MCP-1; CSF-only increases in IFN-y and IL-7 and reductions in VEGF and IL-12p70; serum-only increases in IL-1β, MIP-1α, and eotaxin and reductions in G-CSF, IL-2, IL-8 and IL-15; and discordant CSF-serum responses with reduced CSF and increased serum PDGF-bb, IL-17a, and RANTES. The results demonstrate simultaneously parallel mixed but modestly greater pro-inflammatory compared to anti-inflammatory or neuroprotective responses in CSF and serum. In addition, the findings show evidence that several cytokines and chemokines are selectively altered in MCI/AD CSF, likely corresponding to distinct neuroinflammatory responses unrelated to systemic pathologies. The aggregate results suggest that early management of MCI/AD neuroinflammation should include both anti-inflammatory and pro-neuroprotective strategies to help prevent disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M. de la Monte
- Departments of Pathology (Neuropathology), Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA;
| | - Ming Tong
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA;
| | - Andrew J. Hapel
- Department of Genome Biology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia;
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Kim HJ, Lee S, Kim SH, Lee S, Sim JH, Ro YJ. Association of C-reactive protein to albumin ratio with postoperative delirium and mortality in elderly patients undergoing hip fracture surgery: A retrospective cohort study in a single large center. Exp Gerontol 2023; 172:112068. [PMID: 36549547 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.112068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative delirium is a common complication in elderly patients who have undergone hip fracture surgery. Since postoperative delirium is associated with poor outcomes and the treatment is very complicated, identifying the patients at high risk for delirium and providing more attentive care to prevent postoperative delirium is essential. In this study, we aimed to assess the association of an elevated C-reactive protein (CRP)/albumin ratio with the increased incidence of postoperative delirium in elderly people who had undergone hip fracture surgery. METHODS A total of 629 patients who underwent hip fracture surgery between January 2014 and December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were classified into two groups according to preoperative CRP/albumin cut-off levels (<1.5 and ≥1.5). We performed a propensity score matching analysis to compare the incidence of postoperative delirium and overall mortality between the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression and Cox regression analyses were performed to examine the association of the preoperative CRP/albumin ratio with postoperative delirium and overall mortality. RESULTS There were significant differences in the incidence of postoperative delirium (18.0 % vs. 35.8 %, P < 0.001) and overall mortality (26.7 % vs. 46.9 %, P < 0.001) between the groups before matching. We also observed significant differences in the incidence of postoperative delirium (20.7 % vs. 32.7 %, P = 0.019) and overall mortality (34.7 % vs. 46.0 %, P = 0.046) between the groups after matching. A high CRP/albumin ratio (≥1.5) was significantly associated with a higher incidence of postoperative delirium (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 2.11, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.40-3.18, P < 0.001) and a higher rate of overall mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 1.44, 95 % CI: 1.07-1.93, P = 0.015). CONCLUSION Preoperative CRP/albumin ratio might be an independent risk factor of postoperative delirium and surgical prognosis in elderly patients undergoing hip fracture surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Jung Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooho Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, College of Medicine, International St. Mary's hospital, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangho Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Sim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Jin Ro
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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de Paula JJ, Paiva RERP, Souza-Silva NG, Rosa DV, Duran FLDS, Coimbra RS, Costa DDS, Dutenhefner PR, Oliveira HSD, Camargos ST, Vasconcelos HMM, de Oliveira Carvalho N, da Silva JB, Silveira MB, Malamut C, Oliveira DM, Molinari LC, de Oliveira DB, Januário JN, Silva LC, De Marco LA, Queiroz DMDM, Meira W, Busatto G, Miranda DM, Romano-Silva MA. Selective visuoconstructional impairment following mild COVID-19 with inflammatory and neuroimaging correlation findings. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:553-563. [PMID: 35701598 PMCID: PMC9196149 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01632-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
People recovered from COVID-19 may still present complications including respiratory and neurological sequelae. In other viral infections, cognitive impairment occurs due to brain damage or dysfunction caused by vascular lesions and inflammatory processes. Persistent cognitive impairment compromises daily activities and psychosocial adaptation. Some level of neurological and psychiatric consequences were expected and described in severe cases of COVID-19. However, it is debatable whether neuropsychiatric complications are related to COVID-19 or to unfoldings from a severe infection. Nevertheless, the majority of cases recorded worldwide were mild to moderate self-limited illness in non-hospitalized people. Thus, it is important to understand what are the implications of mild COVID-19, which is the largest and understudied pool of COVID-19 cases. We aimed to investigate adults at least four months after recovering from mild COVID-19, which were assessed by neuropsychological, ocular and neurological tests, immune markers assay, and by structural MRI and 18FDG-PET neuroimaging to shed light on putative brain changes and clinical correlations. In approximately one-quarter of mild-COVID-19 individuals, we detected a specific visuoconstructive deficit, which was associated with changes in molecular and structural brain imaging, and correlated with upregulation of peripheral immune markers. Our findings provide evidence of neuroinflammatory burden causing cognitive deficit, in an already large and growing fraction of the world population. While living with a multitude of mild COVID-19 cases, action is required for a more comprehensive assessment and follow-up of the cognitive impairment, allowing to better understand symptom persistence and the necessity of rehabilitation of the affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Jardim de Paula
- Centro de Tecnologia em Medicina Molecular (CTMM), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av Alfredo Balena 190, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Saúde Mental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Rachel E R P Paiva
- Centro de Tecnologia em Medicina Molecular (CTMM), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av Alfredo Balena 190, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Nathália Gualberto Souza-Silva
- Centro de Tecnologia em Medicina Molecular (CTMM), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av Alfredo Balena 190, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Daniela Valadão Rosa
- Centro de Tecnologia em Medicina Molecular (CTMM), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av Alfredo Balena 190, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | | | - Roney Santos Coimbra
- Neurogenômica / Imunopatologia. Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Danielle de Souza Costa
- Centro de Tecnologia em Medicina Molecular (CTMM), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av Alfredo Balena 190, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Pedro Robles Dutenhefner
- Centro de Tecnologia em Medicina Molecular (CTMM), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av Alfredo Balena 190, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Computação Científica, ICEX, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Henrique Soares Dutra Oliveira
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Sarah Teixeira Camargos
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Herika Martins Mendes Vasconcelos
- Centro de Tecnologia em Medicina Molecular (CTMM), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av Alfredo Balena 190, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Nara de Oliveira Carvalho
- Núcleo de Ações e Pesquisa em Apoio Diagnóstico (NUPAD), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carlos Malamut
- UPPR, Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN), Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Derick Matheus Oliveira
- Departamento de Computação Científica, ICEX, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Molinari
- Departamento de Saúde Mental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Danilo Bretas de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina-MG, Brazil
| | - José Nélio Januário
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
- Núcleo de Ações e Pesquisa em Apoio Diagnóstico (NUPAD), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Armando De Marco
- Centro de Tecnologia em Medicina Molecular (CTMM), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av Alfredo Balena 190, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | | | - Wagner Meira
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina da USP, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
- Centro de Inovação em Inteligência Artificial para a Saúde (CIIAS-Saúde), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Busatto
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina da USP, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Débora Marques Miranda
- Centro de Tecnologia em Medicina Molecular (CTMM), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av Alfredo Balena 190, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
- Centro de Inovação em Inteligência Artificial para a Saúde (CIIAS-Saúde), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Romano-Silva
- Centro de Tecnologia em Medicina Molecular (CTMM), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av Alfredo Balena 190, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil.
- Departamento de Saúde Mental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil.
- Centro de Inovação em Inteligência Artificial para a Saúde (CIIAS-Saúde), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil.
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Wang J, Wang K. New insights into Chlamydia pathogenesis: Role of leukemia inhibitory factor. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1029178. [PMID: 36329823 PMCID: PMC9623337 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1029178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) is the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted infections worldwide. Since the symptoms of Ct infection are often subtle or absent, most people are unaware of their infection until they are tested or develop severe complications such as infertility. It is believed that the primary culprit of Ct-associated tissue damage is unresolved chronic inflammation, resulting in aberrant production of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, as well as dysregulated tissue influx of innate and adaptive immune cells. A member of the IL-6 cytokine family, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), is one of the cytokines induced by Ct infection but its role in Ct pathogenesis is unclear. In this article, we review the biology of LIF and LIF receptor (LIFR)-mediated signaling pathways, summarize the physiological role of LIF in the reproductive system, and discuss the impact of LIF in chronic inflammatory conditions and its implication in Ct pathogenesis. Under normal circumstances, LIF is produced to maintain epithelial homeostasis and tissue repair, including the aftermath of Ct infection. However, LIF/LIFR-mediated signaling – particularly prolonged strong signaling – can gradually transform the microenvironment of the fallopian tube by altering the fate of epithelial cells and the cellular composition of epithelium. This harmful transformation of epithelium may be a key process that leads to an enhanced risk of infertility, ectopic pregnancy and cancer following Ct infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Izaak Walton Killam (IWK) Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
- *Correspondence: Jun Wang,
| | - Katherine Wang
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Ramezani M, Rezaei O, Alavi Darzam I, Hajiesmaili M, Amirdosara M, Simani L, Aliaghaei A. Altered serum and cerebrospinal fluid TNF-α, caspase 3, and IL 1β in COVID-19 disease. CASPIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2022; 13:264-269. [PMID: 35872670 PMCID: PMC9272973 DOI: 10.22088/cjim.13.0.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background We evaluated the levels of the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and caspase-3 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of COVID-19 patients to improve our knowledge about underlying mechanisms caused by this virus in central nervous system involvement. Case Presentation This case series study included six COVID-19 patients from March 26, 2020, to April 17, 2020, and six healthy control patients. CSF and serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and caspase-3 have been assayed using monoclonal antibodies-based ELISAs.Patients with COVID-19 had significantly higher level of IL-1β, TNF-α, and caspase-3 in serum (239.16±35.73 pg/ml, 100.50±12.49 pg/ml, 3.58±0.11pg/ml, p < 0.001) and CSF (146.66±17.55 pg/ml, 63.16±14.68 pg/ml,3.22±0.03pg/ml, p<0.001), respectively as compared to control. In addition, our results showed that these biomarkers were significantly higher in serum compared with CSF of the COVID-19 patients (p<0.001). Conclusion This study provides essential information for understanding the pathogenesis of COVID-19 infection and sheds light on the potential mechanisms of virus transmission. The obtained data could be useful for designing new prevention and treatment strategies for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahtab Ramezani
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omidvar Rezaei
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ilad Alavi Darzam
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Hajiesmaili
- Anesthesiology Research Center, Loghman Hakim Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Amirdosara
- Anesthesiology Research Center, Loghman Hakim Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Simani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Correspondence: Leila Simani, Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Kamali St, South Kargar Ave, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: , Tel: 0098 2151025749, Fax: 0098 2155416130
| | - Abbas Aliaghaei
- Neuroscience Lab, Anatomy and Cell Biology Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Aquila G, Re Cecconi AD, Brault JJ, Corli O, Piccirillo R. Nutraceuticals and Exercise against Muscle Wasting during Cancer Cachexia. Cells 2020; 9:E2536. [PMID: 33255345 PMCID: PMC7760926 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia (CC) is a debilitating multifactorial syndrome, involving progressive deterioration and functional impairment of skeletal muscles. It affects about 80% of patients with advanced cancer and causes premature death. No causal therapy is available against CC. In the last few decades, our understanding of the mechanisms contributing to muscle wasting during cancer has markedly increased. Both inflammation and oxidative stress (OS) alter anabolic and catabolic signaling pathways mostly culminating with muscle depletion. Several preclinical studies have emphasized the beneficial roles of several classes of nutraceuticals and modes of physical exercise, but their efficacy in CC patients remains scant. The route of nutraceutical administration is critical to increase its bioavailability and achieve the desired anti-cachexia effects. Accumulating evidence suggests that a single therapy may not be enough, and a bimodal intervention (nutraceuticals plus exercise) may be a more effective treatment for CC. This review focuses on the current state of the field on the role of inflammation and OS in the pathogenesis of muscle atrophy during CC, and how nutraceuticals and physical activity may act synergistically to limit muscle wasting and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Aquila
- Neuroscience Department, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (A.D.R.C.)
- Italian Institute for Planetary Health, IIPH, 20156 Milan, Italy;
| | - Andrea David Re Cecconi
- Neuroscience Department, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (A.D.R.C.)
- Italian Institute for Planetary Health, IIPH, 20156 Milan, Italy;
| | - Jeffrey J. Brault
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Oscar Corli
- Italian Institute for Planetary Health, IIPH, 20156 Milan, Italy;
- Oncology Department, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Rosanna Piccirillo
- Neuroscience Department, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (A.D.R.C.)
- Italian Institute for Planetary Health, IIPH, 20156 Milan, Italy;
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11
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Chen QQ, Haikal C, Li W, Li JY. Gut Inflammation in Association With Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:218. [PMID: 31572126 PMCID: PMC6753187 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that is generally thought to be caused by multiple factors, including environmental and genetic factors. Emerging evidence suggests that intestinal disturbances, such as constipation, are common non-motor symptoms of PD. Gut inflammation may be closely associated with pathogenesis in PD. This review aims to discuss the cross-talk between gut inflammation and PD pathology initiation and progression. Firstly, we will highlight the studies demonstrating how gut inflammation is related to PD. Secondly, we will analyze how gut inflammation spreads from the gastro-intestine to the brain. Here, we will mainly discuss the neural pathway of pathologic α-syn and the systemic inflammatory routes. Thereafter, we will address how alterations in the brain subsequently lead to dopaminergic neuron degeneration, in which oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, T cell driven inflammation and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are involved. We conclude a model of PD triggered by gut inflammation, which provides a new angle to understand the mechanisms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Caroline Haikal
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Wen Li
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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12
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The role of TNF-α in chordoma progression and inflammatory pathways. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2019; 42:663-677. [PMID: 31175552 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-019-00454-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Chordomas are highly therapy-resistant primary bone tumors that exhibit high relapse rates and may induce local destruction. Here, we evaluated the effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) on chordoma progression and clinical outcome. METHODS Chordoma cells were treated with TNF-α after which its short- and long-term effects were evaluated. Functional assays, qRT-PCR and microarray-based expression analyses were carried out to assess the effect of TNF-α on chemo-resistance, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, invasion and cancer stem cell-like properties. Finally, relationships between TNF-α expression and clinicopathological features were assessed in a chordoma patient cohort. RESULTS We found that TNF-α treatment increased the migration and invasion of chordoma cells. Also, NF-κB activation was observed along with increased EMT marker expression. In addition, enhanced tumor sphere formation and soft agar colony formation were observed, concomitantly with increased chemo-resistance and CD338 marker expression. The TNF-α and TNFR1 expression levels were found to be significantly correlated with LIF, PD-L1 and Ki67 expression levels, tumor volume and a short survival time in patients. In addition, a high neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio was found to be associated with recurrence and a decreased overall survival. CONCLUSIONS From our data we conclude that TNF-α may serve as a prognostic marker for chordoma progression and that tumor-promoting inflammation may be a major factor in chordoma tumor progression.
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13
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Yao Y, Gui L, Gao B, Yuan Z, Chen Y, Wei C, He Q, Wang F, Xu M, Chen H. An I6P7peptide modified fluorescent probe for bio-imaging. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj04255a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
DMPexhibits high tumor cell affinity and favorable mitochondria-targeting capability.DMPexhibits high pH stability and good water-solubility.
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14
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Izvolskaia M, Sharova V, Zakharova L. Prenatal Programming of Neuroendocrine System Development by Lipopolysaccharide: Long-Term Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113695. [PMID: 30469423 PMCID: PMC6274672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Various stress factors during critical periods of fetal development modulate the epigenetic mechanisms controlling specific genes, which can affect the structure and function of physiological systems. Maternal immune stress by bacterial infection simulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in an experiment is considered to be a powerful programming factor of fetal development. Studies of the molecular mechanisms controlling the formation and functioning of physiological systems are in the pilot stage. LPSs are the most potent natural inflammation factors. LPS-induced increases in fetal levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines can affect brain development and have long-term effects on behavior and neuroendocrine functions. The degradation of serotonergic neurons induced by LPS in the fetus is attributed to the increased levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) as well as to anxiety and depression in children. Dopamine deficiency causes dysthymia, learning disability, and Parkinson’s disease. According to our data, an LPS-induced increase in the levels of IL-6, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP-1) in maternal and fetal rats during early pregnancy disturbs the development and functioning of gonadotropin-releasing hormone production and reproductive systems. It is important to note the high responsiveness of epigenetic developmental mechanisms to many regulatory factors, which offers opportunities to correct the defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Izvolskaia
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Viktoria Sharova
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Liudmila Zakharova
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia.
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15
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Davis SM, Collier LA, Goodwin S, Lukins DE, Powell DK, Pennypacker KR. Efficacy of leukemia inhibitory factor as a therapeutic for permanent large vessel stroke differs among aged male and female rats. Brain Res 2018; 1707:62-73. [PMID: 30445025 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical studies using rodent models of stroke have had difficulty in translating their results to human patients. One possible factor behind this inability is the lack of studies utilizing aged rodents of both sexes. Previously, this lab showed that leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) promoted recovery after stroke through antioxidant enzyme upregulation. This study examined whether LIF promotes neuroprotection in aged rats of both sexes. LIF did not reduce tissue damage in aged animals, but LIF-treated female rats showed partial motor skill recovery. The LIF receptor (LIFR) showed membrane localization in young male and aged rats of both sexes after stroke. Although LIF increased neuronal LIFR expression in vitro, it did not increase LIFR in the aged brain. Levels of LIFR protein in brain tissue were significantly downregulated between young males and aged males/females at 72 h after stroke. These results demonstrated that low LIFR expression reduces the neuroprotective efficacy of LIF in aged rodents of both sexes. Furthermore, the ability of LIF to promote motor improvement is dependent upon sex in aged rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Davis
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
| | - Lisa A Collier
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
| | - Sarah Goodwin
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
| | - Douglas E Lukins
- Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose St., Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
| | - David K Powell
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, 741 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
| | - Keith R Pennypacker
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose St., Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
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16
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Banks WA, Kovac A, Morofuji Y. Neurovascular unit crosstalk: Pericytes and astrocytes modify cytokine secretion patterns of brain endothelial cells. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:1104-1118. [PMID: 29106322 PMCID: PMC5998993 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17740793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Crosstalk among brain endothelial cells (BECs), pericytes, and astrocytes occurs by way of soluble factors, including cytokines. Here, we studied cytokine secretion from both mouse BEC monocultures and tri-cultured with pericytes and astrocytes. Four cytokines were constitutively secreted by BEC monolayers, 12 by LPS-stimulated BECs, 10 by tri-cultures, and 14 by LPS-stimulated tri-cultures. Cytokine levels were generally higher with either LPS stimulation or tri-culture when compared to monocultures and highest in tri-cultures stimulated by LPS. LPS-stimulated secretions fell into eight patterns as categorized by the polarization of cytokine secretions. To determine the cellular origin of cytokine increases in tri-cultures, we cultured mouse BECs with human pericytes and astrocytes and measured cytokines in species-specific assays. Thus, cytokines detected in the human immunoassay were from pericytes/astrocytes and those detected in the mouse immunoassay were from BECs. Several unique patterns were thus found. For example, TNF-alpha was only of pericyte/astrocyte origin; granulocyte colony-stimulating factor was only of BEC origin; IL-6, MCP-1, and GM-CSF of astrocyte/pericyte origin were found in both the luminal and abluminal chambers, suggesting the presence of brain-to-blood transporters. We conclude that crosstalk influences cytokine secretion under constitutive and stimulated conditions from both BECs and pericytes/astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Banks
- 1 Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,2 Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrej Kovac
- 3 Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Yoichi Morofuji
- 4 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
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17
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Erickson MA, Banks WA. Neuroimmune Axes of the Blood-Brain Barriers and Blood-Brain Interfaces: Bases for Physiological Regulation, Disease States, and Pharmacological Interventions. Pharmacol Rev 2018; 70:278-314. [PMID: 29496890 PMCID: PMC5833009 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) barriers predominantly mediate the immune-privileged status of the brain, and are also important regulators of neuroimmune communication. It is increasingly appreciated that communication between the brain and immune system contributes to physiologic processes, adaptive responses, and disease states. In this review, we discuss the highly specialized features of brain barriers that regulate neuroimmune communication in health and disease. In section I, we discuss the concept of immune privilege, provide working definitions of brain barriers, and outline the historical work that contributed to the understanding of CNS barrier functions. In section II, we discuss the unique anatomic, cellular, and molecular characteristics of the vascular blood-brain barrier (BBB), blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and tanycytic barriers that confer their functions as neuroimmune interfaces. In section III, we consider BBB-mediated neuroimmune functions and interactions categorized as five neuroimmune axes: disruption, responses to immune stimuli, uptake and transport of immunoactive substances, immune cell trafficking, and secretions of immunoactive substances. In section IV, we discuss neuroimmune functions of CNS barriers in physiologic and disease states, as well as pharmacological interventions for CNS diseases. Throughout this review, we highlight many recent advances that have contributed to the modern understanding of CNS barriers and their interface functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Erickson
- Geriatric Research and Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington; and Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research and Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington; and Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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18
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Ravichandran S, Michelucci A, Del Sol A. Integrative Computational Network Analysis Reveals Site-Specific Mediators of Inflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Physiol 2018; 9:154. [PMID: 29551980 PMCID: PMC5840953 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major neurodegenerative disease and is one of the most common cause of dementia in older adults. Among several factors, neuroinflammation is known to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, studies of brains affected by AD show a clear involvement of several inflammatory pathways. Furthermore, depending on the brain regions affected by the disease, the nature and the effect of inflammation can vary. Here, in order to shed more light on distinct and common features of inflammation in different brain regions affected by AD, we employed a computational approach to analyze gene expression data of six site-specific neuronal populations from AD patients. Our network based computational approach is driven by the concept that a sustained inflammatory environment could result in neurotoxicity leading to the disease. Thus, our method aims to infer intracellular signaling pathways/networks that are likely to be constantly activated or inhibited due to persistent inflammatory conditions. The computational analysis identified several inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a)-associated pathway, as key upstream receptors/ligands that are likely to transmit sustained inflammatory signals. Further, the analysis revealed that several inflammatory mediators were mainly region specific with few commonalities across different brain regions. Taken together, our results show that our integrative approach aids identification of inflammation-related signaling pathways that could be responsible for the onset or the progression of AD and can be applied to study other neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, such computational approaches can enable the translation of clinical omics data toward the development of novel therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Ravichandran
- Computational Biology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Alessandro Michelucci
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Antonio Del Sol
- Computational Biology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
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19
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Keasey MP, Jia C, Pimentel LF, Sante RR, Lovins C, Hagg T. Blood vitronectin is a major activator of LIF and IL-6 in the brain through integrin-FAK and uPAR signaling. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.202580. [PMID: 29222114 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.202580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We defined how blood-derived vitronectin (VTN) rapidly and potently activates leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and pro-inflammatory interleukin 6 (IL-6) in vitro and after vascular injury in the brain. Treatment with VTN (but not fibrinogen, fibronectin, laminin-111 or collagen-I) substantially increased LIF and IL-6 within 4 h in C6-astroglioma cells, while VTN-/- mouse plasma was less effective than that from wild-type mice. LIF and IL-6 were induced by intracerebral injection of recombinant human (rh)VTN in mice, but induction seen upon intracerebral hemorrhage was less in VTN-/- mice than in wild-type littermates. In vitro, VTN effects were inhibited by RGD, αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrin-blocking peptides and antibodies. VTN activated focal adhesion kinase (FAK; also known as PTK2), whereas pharmacological- or siRNA-mediated inhibition of FAK, but not PYK2, reduced the expression of LIF and IL-6 in C6 and endothelial cells and after traumatic cell injury. Dominant-negative FAK (Y397F) reduced the amount of injury-induced LIF and IL-6. Pharmacological inhibition or knockdown of uPAR (also known as PLAUR), which binds VTN, also reduced cytokine expression, possibly through a common target of uPAR and integrins. We propose that VTN leakage into tissues promotes inflammation. Integrin-FAK signaling is therefore a novel IL-6 and LIF regulation mechanism relevant to the inflammation and stem cell fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Keasey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Cuihong Jia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Lylyan F Pimentel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.,Keizo Asami Laboratory (LIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Richard R Sante
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Chiharu Lovins
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Theo Hagg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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20
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Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Striatal Nitrosative Stress and Impaired Social Recognition Memory Are Not Magnified by Paraquat Coexposure. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:745-759. [PMID: 29362970 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2477-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Systemic inflammation triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration disrupts blood-brain barrier (BBB) homeostasis in animal models. This event leads to increased susceptibility of several encephalic structures to potential neurotoxicants present in the bloodstream. In this study, we investigated the effects of alternate intraperitoneal injections of LPS on BBB permeability, social recognition memory and biochemical parameters in the striatum 24 h and 60 days after treatments. In addition, we investigated whether the exposure to a moderate neurotoxic dose of the herbicide paraquat could potentiate LPS-induced neurotoxicity. LPS administration caused a transient disruption of BBB integrity, evidenced by increased levels of exogenously administered sodium fluorescein in the striatum. Also, LPS exposure caused delayed impairment in social recognition memory (evaluated at day 38 after treatments) and increase in the striatal levels of 3-nitrotyrosine. These events were observed in the absence of significant changes in motor coordination and in the levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the striatum and substantia nigra. PQ exposure, which caused a long-lasting decrease of striatal mitochondrial complex I activity, did not modify LPS-induced behavioral and striatal biochemical changes. The results indicate that systemic administration of LPS causes delayed social recognition memory deficit and striatal nitrosative stress in adult mice and that the coexposure to a moderately toxic dose of PQ did not magnify these events. In addition, PQ-induced inhibition of striatal mitochondrial complex I was also not magnified by LPS exposure, indicating the absence of synergic neurotoxic effects of LPS and PQ in this experimental model.
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21
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Engelhardt M, Hamad MIK, Jack A, Ahmed K, König J, Rennau LM, Jamann N, Räk A, Schönfelder S, Riedel C, Wirth MJ, Patz S, Wahle P. Interneuron synaptopathy in developing rat cortex induced by the pro-inflammatory cytokine LIF. Exp Neurol 2018; 302:169-180. [PMID: 29305051 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maren Engelhardt
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, CBTM, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Mohammad I K Hamad
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexander Jack
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Küpra Ahmed
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Jennifer König
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Lisa Marie Rennau
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Nora Jamann
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, CBTM, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Andrea Räk
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Sabine Schönfelder
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Christian Riedel
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Markus Joseph Wirth
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Institute of Biology-II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Silke Patz
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Research Unit for Experimental Neurotraumatology, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Petra Wahle
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany.
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22
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Davis SM, Reichel D, Bae Y, Pennypacker KR. Leukemia Inhibitory Factor-Loaded Nanoparticles with Enhanced Cytokine Metabolic Stability and Anti-Inflammatory Activity. Pharm Res 2018; 35:6. [PMID: 29294201 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2282-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To synthesize and assess the in vitro biological activity of nanoparticles containing leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). These NanoLIF particles are designed to prolong the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory actions of LIF in future preclinical studies of ischemic stroke. METHODS LIF was packaged in nanoparticles made of poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactic acid) (PEG-PLA) polymer to form LIF-loaded nanoparticles (NanoLIF). The surface of NanoLIF was also modified with the CD11b antibody (CD11b-NanoLIF) targeting activated peripheral macrophages to increase cytokine delivery to inflammatory macrophages. ELISA was used to quantify bioactive cytokine inside and releasing from NanoLIF. NanoLIF biological activity was measured using the M1 murine leukemia cell proliferation assay. RESULTS NanoLIF and CD11b-NanoLIF had diameters of approximately 30 nm, neutral surface charge, and physicochemical stability retaining biological activity of the cytokine during incubation at 25°C for 12 h. NanoLIF particles released LIF relatively fast from 0 to 6 h after incubation at 37°C followed by slow release from 24 to 72 h according to a two-phase exponential decay model. NanoLIF and CD11b-NanoLIF significantly decreased M1 cell proliferation over 72 h compared to free LIF. CONCLUSIONS NanoLIF and CD11b-NanoLIF preserved the metabolic stability and biological activity of LIF in vitro. These results are promising to improve the therapeutic potential of LIF in treating neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Davis
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 741 South Limestone, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, USA
| | - Derek Reichel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, USA
| | - Younsoo Bae
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, USA
| | - Keith R Pennypacker
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 741 South Limestone, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, USA.
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Wang S, Reinhard S, Li C, Qian M, Jiang H, Du Y, Lächelt U, Lu W, Wagner E, Huang R. Antitumoral Cascade-Targeting Ligand for IL-6 Receptor-Mediated Gene Delivery to Glioma. Mol Ther 2017; 25:1556-1566. [PMID: 28502470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The effective treatment of glioma is largely hindered by the poor transfer of drug delivery systems across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the difficulty in distinguishing healthy and tumorous cells. In this work, for the first time, an interleukin-6 receptor binding I6P7 peptide was exploited as a cascade-targeting ligand in combination with a succinoyl tetraethylene pentamine (Stp)-histidine oligomer-based nonviral gene delivery system (I6P7-Stp-His/DNA). The I6P7 peptide provides multiple functions, including the cascade-targeting potential represented by a combined BBB-crossing and subsequent glioma-targeting ability, as well as a direct tumor-inhibiting effect. I6P7-Stp-His/DNA nanoparticles (NPs) mediated higher gene expression in human glioma U87 cells than in healthy human astrocytes and a deeper penetration into glioma spheroids than scrambled peptide-modified NPs. Transport of I6P7-modified, but not the control, NPs across the BBB was demonstrated in vitro in a transwell bEnd.3 cell model resulting in transfection of underlying U87 cells and also in vivo in glioma-bearing mice. Intravenous administration of I6P7-Stp-His/plasmid DNA (pDNA)-encoding inhibitor of growth 4 (pING4) significantly prolonged the survival time of orthotopic U87 glioma-bearing mice. The results denote that I6P7 peptide is a roborant cascade-targeting ligand, and I6P7-modified NPs might be exploited for efficient glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Sören Reinhard
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-Based Drug Research, Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Chengyi Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Min Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Huiling Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yilin Du
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ulrich Lächelt
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-Based Drug Research, Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Weiyue Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-Based Drug Research, Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Rongqin Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Gulluoglu S, Sahin M, Tuysuz EC, Yaltirik CK, Kuskucu A, Ozkan F, Sahin F, Ture U, Bayrak OF. Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Promotes Aggressiveness of Chordoma. Oncol Res 2017; 25:1177-1188. [PMID: 28247842 PMCID: PMC7841199 DOI: 10.3727/096504017x14874349473815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chordomas are rare tumors of the spine and skull base that are locally destructive and resistant to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, with a poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Chordoma patients have a long life expectancy with high mortality from the disease. Cancer stem cells, which are known to exist in chordomas, have extensive proliferative and self-renewal potential and are responsible for maintaining tumor heterogeneity along with chemotherapy and radiotherapy resistance. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) has multiple functions in stem cell biology, the immune response, and cancer, and is potentially a key molecule that allows cancer stem cells to self-renew. The purpose of this study was to determine whether LIF increases the aggressive traits of chordoma cells and leads to a poor prognosis in patients. Chordoma cell lines were treated with LIF, and functional tests were done. Twenty skull base chordoma samples were checked for levels of LIF and a correlation with clinicopathological features. The whole transcriptome microarray was used to observe changes in gene expression. We observed increased migration, invasion, tumorosphere formation, colony formation, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and chemoresistance accompanied by a dramatic elevation in inflammatory gene networks and pathways in chordomas. The expression of LIF was associated with tumor size and a poorer overall survival. Microarray and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assessments suggest that LIF can facilitate tumor-promoting inflammation. Results indicate that LIF plays a role in maintaining cancer stem cells in chordomas.
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Varatharaj A, Galea I. The blood-brain barrier in systemic inflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 60:1-12. [PMID: 26995317 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 693] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a key role in maintaining the specialized microenvironment of the central nervous system (CNS), and enabling communication with the systemic compartment. BBB changes occur in several CNS pathologies. Here, we review disruptive and non-disruptive BBB changes in systemic infections and other forms of systemic inflammation, and how these changes may affect CNS function in health and disease. We first describe the structure and function of the BBB, and outline the techniques used to study the BBB in vitro, and in animal and human settings. We then summarise the evidence from a range of models linking BBB changes with systemic inflammation, and the underlying mechanisms. The clinical relevance of these BBB changes during systemic inflammation are discussed in the context of clinically-apparent syndromes such as sickness behaviour, delirium, and septic encephalopathy, as well as neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. We review emerging evidence for two novel concepts: (1) a heightened sensitivity of the diseased, versus healthy, BBB to systemic inflammation, and (2) the contribution of BBB changes induced by systemic inflammation to progression of the primary disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravinthan Varatharaj
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Mailpoint 806, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom.
| | - Ian Galea
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Mailpoint 806, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom.
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Honig G, Mader S, Chen H, Porat A, Ochani M, Wang P, Volpe BT, Diamond B. Blood-Brain Barrier Deterioration and Hippocampal Gene Expression in Polymicrobial Sepsis: An Evaluation of Endothelial MyD88 and the Vagus Nerve. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0144215. [PMID: 26790027 PMCID: PMC4720404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic infection can initiate or exacerbate central nervous system (CNS) pathology, even in the absence of overt invasion of bacteria into the CNS. Recent epidemiological studies have demonstrated that human survivors of sepsis have an increased risk of long-term neurocognitive decline. There is thus a need for improved understanding of the physiological mechanisms whereby acute sepsis affects the CNS. In particular, MyD88-dependent activation of brain microvascular endothelial cells and a resulting loss of blood-brain barrier integrity have been proposed to play an important role in the effects of systemic inflammation on the CNS. Signaling through the vagus nerve has also been considered to be an important component of CNS responses to systemic infection. Here, we demonstrate that blood-brain barrier permeabilization and hippocampal transcriptional responses during polymicrobial sepsis occur even in the absence of MyD88-dependent signaling in cerebrovascular endothelial cells. We further demonstrate that these transcriptional responses can occur without vagus nerve input. These results suggest that redundant signals mediate CNS responses in sepsis. Either endothelial or vagus nerve activation may be individually sufficient to transmit systemic inflammation to the central nervous system. Transcriptional activation in the forebrain in sepsis may be mediated by MyD88-independent endothelial mechanisms or by non-vagal neuronal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Honig
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Simone Mader
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Huiyi Chen
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Amit Porat
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Mahendar Ochani
- Center for Translational Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Ping Wang
- Center for Translational Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Bruce T. Volpe
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Betty Diamond
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wu J, Li X. Plasma Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) Levels Correlate with Disease Severity in Spastic Diplegia, Triplegia, and Quadriplegia in Children with Cerebral Palsy. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:3868-74. [PMID: 26656070 PMCID: PMC4678922 DOI: 10.12659/msm.895400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory responses in utero and in neonates have been involved in the development of white matter lesions. This study aimed to investigate the role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in spastic cerebral palsy. Material/Methods Plasma TNF-α was measured by ELISA in 54 children with spastic cerebral palsy and 28 aged-matched controls. Both groups were split into age subgroups (1–3 vs. 4–12). Gross motor function and activities of daily living were assessed on enrollment and after 6 months of rehabilitation. Results TNF-α was higher in patients with cerebral palsy than in controls in young (P<0.001) and older subjects (P<0.001). TNF-α levels were comparable in both control subgroups (P=0.819). Younger patients with cerebral palsy had significantly higher TNF-α levels compared with older ones (P<0.001). Pre-rehabilitation TNF-α levels correlated with improvements in activities of daily living after rehabilitation (P<0.001). Conclusions Children with cerebral palsy showed higher plasma levels of TNF-α than controls. In addition, pre-treatment TNF-α levels were correlated with the improvements after rehabilitation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxian Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Xueming Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
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28
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Banks WA, Gray AM, Erickson MA, Salameh TS, Damodarasamy M, Sheibani N, Meabon JS, Wing EE, Morofuji Y, Cook DG, Reed MJ. Lipopolysaccharide-induced blood-brain barrier disruption: roles of cyclooxygenase, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and elements of the neurovascular unit. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:223. [PMID: 26608623 PMCID: PMC4660627 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0434-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) occurs in many diseases and is often mediated by inflammatory and neuroimmune mechanisms. Inflammation is well established as a cause of BBB disruption, but many mechanistic questions remain. Methods We used lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce inflammation and BBB disruption in mice. BBB disruption was measured using 14C-sucrose and radioactively labeled albumin. Brain cytokine responses were measured using multiplex technology and dependence on cyclooxygenase (COX) and oxidative stress determined by treatments with indomethacin and N-acetylcysteine. Astrocyte and microglia/macrophage responses were measured using brain immunohistochemistry. In vitro studies used Transwell cultures of primary brain endothelial cells co- or tri-cultured with astrocytes and pericytes to measure effects of LPS on transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER), cellular distribution of tight junction proteins, and permeability to 14C-sucrose and radioactive albumin. Results In comparison to LPS-induced weight loss, the BBB was relatively resistant to LPS-induced disruption. Disruption occurred only with the highest dose of LPS and was most evident in the frontal cortex, thalamus, pons-medulla, and cerebellum with no disruption in the hypothalamus. The in vitro and in vivo patterns of LPS-induced disruption as measured with 14C-sucrose, radioactive albumin, and TEER suggested involvement of both paracellular and transcytotic pathways. Disruption as measured with albumin and 14C-sucrose, but not TEER, was blocked by indomethacin. N-acetylcysteine did not affect disruption. In vivo, the measures of neuroinflammation induced by LPS were mainly not reversed by indomethacin. In vitro, the effects on LPS and indomethacin were not altered when brain endothelial cells (BECs) were cultured with astrocytes or pericytes. Conclusions The BBB is relatively resistant to LPS-induced disruption with some brain regions more vulnerable than others. LPS-induced disruption appears is to be dependent on COX but not on oxidative stress. Based on in vivo and in vitro measures of neuroinflammation, it appears that astrocytes, microglia/macrophages, and pericytes play little role in the LPS-mediated disruption of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center-VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Alicia M Gray
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Michelle A Erickson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center-VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Therese S Salameh
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center-VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Mamatha Damodarasamy
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - James S Meabon
- Mental Health Research Education and Clinical Center-VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Emily E Wing
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center-VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Yoichi Morofuji
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center-VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - David G Cook
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center-VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - May J Reed
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Davis TP, Abbruscato TJ, Egleton RD. Peptides at the blood brain barrier: Knowing me knowing you. Peptides 2015; 72:50-6. [PMID: 25937599 PMCID: PMC4627938 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
When the Davis Lab was first asked to contribute to this special edition of Peptides to celebrate the career and influence of Abba Kastin on peptide research, it felt like a daunting task. It is difficult to really understand and appreciate the influence that Abba has had, not only on a generation of peptide researchers, but also on the field of blood brain barrier (BBB) research, unless you lived it as we did. When we look back at our careers and those of our former students, one can truly see that several of Abba's papers played an influential role in the development of our personal research programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Davis
- The Davis Lab, Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5050.
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX 79106
| | - Richard D Egleton
- Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755
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Neuroprotective Effects of Cistanches Herba Therapy on Patients with Moderate Alzheimer's Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:103985. [PMID: 26435722 PMCID: PMC4576016 DOI: 10.1155/2015/103985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cistanches Herba (CH) is thought to be a “Yang-invigorating” material in traditional Chinese medicine. We evaluated neuroprotective effects of Cistanches Herba on Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Moderate AD participants were divided into 3 groups: Cistanches Herba capsule (CH, n = 10), Donepezil tablet (DON, n = 8), and control group without treatment (n = 6). We assessed efficacy by MMSE and ADAS-cog, and investigated the volume changes of hippocampus by 1.5 T MRI scans. Protein, mRNA levels, and secretions of total-tau (T-tau), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin- (IL) 1β (IL-1β) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were detected by Western blot, RT-PCR, and ELISA. The scores showed statistical difference after 48 weeks of treatment compared to control group. Meanwhile, volume changes of hippocampus were slight in drug treatment groups but distinct in control group; the levels of T-tau, TNF-α, and IL-1β were decreased compared to those in control group. Cistanches Herba could improve cognitive and independent living ability of moderate AD patients, slow down volume changes of hippocampus, and reduce the levels of T-tau, TNF-α, and IL-1β. It suggested that Cistanches Herba had potential neuroprotective effects for moderate AD.
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Individual Cytokines Modulate the Neurological Symptoms of ATM Deficiency in a Region Specific Manner. eNeuro 2015; 2:eN-NWR-0032-15. [PMID: 26465009 PMCID: PMC4596028 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0032-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a multisystemic neurodegenerative disease of childhood caused by the absence of functional ATM (A-T mutated) protein. The cerebellar cortex has the most obvious neuropathology, yet cells in other brain regions are also abnormal. A-T mouse models have been produced that replicate much, though not all, of the complex A-T phenotype. Nongenetic factors, including modulations of the immune status of the animal, have also recently been found to play a role in the disease phenotype. Here we report that these modulations show both cytokine and brain region specificity. The CNS changes induced by broad-spectrum immune challenges, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injections are a complex mixture of neuroprotective (TNFα) and neurodegenerative (IL1β) cytokine responses that change over time. For example, LPS first induces a protective response in A-T neurons through activation of tissue repair genes through infiltration of monocytes with M2 phenotype, followed over time by a set of more degenerative responses. Additional phenotypic complexity arises because the neuronal response to an immune challenge is regionally variable; cerebellum and cortex differ in important ways in their patterns of cellular and biochemical changes. Tracking these changes reveals an important though not exclusive role for the MAP kinase pathway. Our findings suggest brain responses to cytokine challenges are temporally and regionally specific and that both features are altered by the absence of ATM. This implies that management of the immune status of A-T patients might have significant clinical benefit.
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Bishnoi RJ, Palmer RF, Royall DR. Serum interleukin (IL)-15 as a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117282. [PMID: 25710473 PMCID: PMC4339977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL-15), a pro-inflammatory cytokine has been studied as a possible marker of Alzheimer’s disease (AD); however its exact role in neuro-inflammation or the pathogenesis AD is not well understood yet. A Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes (MIMIC) approach was used to examine the relationship between serum IL-15 levels and AD in a well characterized AD cohort, the Texas Alzheimer's Research and Care Consortium (TARCC). Instead of categorical diagnoses, we used two latent construct d (for dementia) and g’ (for cognitive impairments not contributing to functional impairments) in our analysis. The results showed that the serum IL-15 level has significant effects on cognition, exclusively mediated by latent construct d and g’. Contrasting directions of association lead us to speculate that IL-15’s effects in AD are mediated through functional networks as d scores have been previously found to be specifically related to default mode network (DMN). Our finding warrants the need for further research to determine the changes in structural and functional networks corresponding to serum based biomarkers levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram J. Bishnoi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Raymond F. Palmer
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Donald R. Royall
- Department of Psychiatry, Family and Community Medicine, and Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, South Texas Veterans’ Health System Audie L. Murphy Division, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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Banks WA. The blood-brain barrier in neuroimmunology: Tales of separation and assimilation. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 44:1-8. [PMID: 25172555 PMCID: PMC4275374 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroimmunology is concerned with the relations between the central nervous and immune systems and with the mechanisms that drive those relations. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) employs mechanisms that both separate and connect these two systems. In fact, the relative immune privilege of the central nervous system (CNS) is largely attributable to the BBB's ability to prevent the unregulated exchange of immune cells and their secretions between the CNS and blood. Having separated the two systems, the BBB then participates in mechanisms that allow them to influence, communicate, and interact with one another. Likewise, the BBB itself is influenced by immune events that are occurring in the periphery and in the CNS so that these three components (the BBB, the immune system, and the CNS) form neuroimmune axes that adapt to physiological and pathological conditions. To date, four major themes have emerged by which the BBB participates in these neuroimmune axes. The first of these four, the formation of the barrier, acts to separate the immune and central nervous systems. The other three themes provide mechanisms for re-establishing communication: response of the BBB to immunomodulatory molecules (e.g., prostaglandins, cytokines, chemokines, nitric oxide) secreted by immune and CNS cells; the controlled, regulated exchange of chemokines, cytokines, and immune cells between the CNS and the blood (i.e., transport across the BBB); the secretion of immunomodulatory molecules by the BBB, often in a polarized fashion. Taken together, these mechanisms reveal the BBB to be a dynamic, interactive, and adaptable interface between the immune system and the CNS, separating them on the one hand and fostering their interactions on the other hand, adjusting to physiological changes, while being a target for disease processes. This review examines specific examples by which the BBB plays an interactive, defining role in neuroimmunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Banks
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.
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Mojani MS, Sarmadi VH, Vellasamy S, Sandrasaigaran P, Rahmat A, Peng LS, Ramasamy R. Evaluation of metabolic and immunological changes in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic rats. Cell Immunol 2014; 289:145-9. [PMID: 24791700 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease with growing public health concern globally. Finding remedies to assist this health issue requires recruiting appropriate animal model for experimental studies. This study was designated to evaluate metabolic and immunologic changes in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic rats as a model of type 2 diabetes. Male rats were induced diabetes using nicotinamide (110 mg/kg) and streptozotocin (65 mg/kg). Following 42 days, biochemical and immunological tests showed that diabetic rats had higher levels of blood glucose, WBC, certain abnormalities in lipid profile and insufficient mitogenic responses of lymphocytes (p<0.05). However, the status of the total antioxidant, inflammatory biomarkers and other parameters of full blood count (except HCT) were not significantly altered. Phenotyping assay indicated insignificant lymphocyte subtype imbalances excluding a significant rise in the level of CD4+CD25+ marker (p<0.05). This model of diabetic animals may represent some but not all symptoms of human type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansooreh Sadat Mojani
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Vahid Hosseinpour Sarmadi
- Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Shalini Vellasamy
- Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Pratheep Sandrasaigaran
- Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Asmah Rahmat
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.
| | - Loh Su Peng
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Rajesh Ramasamy
- Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
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Zhang Z, Pan L, Deng H, Ni H, Xu X. Prediction of delirium in critically ill patients with elevated C-reactive protein. J Crit Care 2014; 29:88-92. [PMID: 24120090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Delirium is thought to be associated with systemic inflammatory response. However, its association with the most widely used inflammatory biomarker C-reactive protein (CRP) has not been well established. We aimed to examine whether CRP on intensive care unit (ICU) entry was associated with subsequent development of delirium. DESIGN AND SETTING This prospective observational study was conducted in a mixed 24-bed ICU in a tertiary teaching hospital. METHODS All patients admitted to the ICU from February 2011 to June 2012 were screened for eligibility. Demographic data and clinical characteristics of included patients were recorded. Patients were screened for the presence of delirium by using the tool Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (CAM-ICU). C-reactive protein was obtained on ICU entry and 24 hours thereafter. Eligible patients were followed up for 28 days or until death. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate independent risk factors for delirium. Clinical outcome included the length of stay (LOS) in the ICU, 28-day mortality, and duration of mechanical ventilation. Two-tailed P < .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS A total of 223 patients were included during study period. In univariate analysis, patients with delirium showed significantly higher CRP values than those without (120.5 vs 57.5 mg/L; P = .0001). By adjusting for confounding variables (including age, sex, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, intubation, living alone, physical restraint, alcohol drinking, smoking, type of medical condition, and hospital LOS before ICU admission) in logistic regression model, CRP remained an independent predictor of delirium (odds ratio, 1.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.15). As compared with nondelirious patients, those with delirium showed longer LOS in ICU (13 vs 5 days; P < .001) and duration of mechanical ventilation (6 vs 1 days; P < .001). An increase in CRP greater than 8.1 mg/L within 24 hours was associated with 4-fold increase in the risk of delirium (odds ratio: 4.47, 95% confidence interval, 1.28-15.60). CONCLUSION C-reactive protein measured on ICU entry and its changes within 24 hours are risk indicators of delirium. Further studies exploring the treatment of delirium according to CRP levels are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongheng Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua Hospital of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province 321000, P.R. China.
| | - Lifei Pan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua Hospital of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province 321000, P.R. China
| | - Hongsheng Deng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua Hospital of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province 321000, P.R. China
| | - Hongying Ni
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua Hospital of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province 321000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua Hospital of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province 321000, P.R. China
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Takeda S, Sato N, Ikimura K, Nishino H, Rakugi H, Morishita R. Increased blood-brain barrier vulnerability to systemic inflammation in an Alzheimer disease mouse model. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2064-70. [PMID: 23561508 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral and psychological problems are often observed in patients with dementia such as that associated with Alzheimer disease, and these noncognitive symptoms place an extremely heavy burden on the family and caregivers. Although it is well know that these symptoms often are triggered by infection of peripheral organs, the underlying mechanisms for these pathological conditions are still unclear. In this study, using an Alzheimer amyloid precursor protein (APP)-transgenic mouse, we analyzed behavioral changes and brain inflammatory response induced by peripheral administration of lipopolysaccharide. Application of a unique in vivo microdialysis system revealed that the increase in brain inflammatory cytokine (interleukin-6) level was significantly higher in APP-Tg than in wild-type mice after peripheral lipopolysaccharide injection, which was associated with more severe sickness behaviors. The blood-brain barrier became more permeable in APP-Tg mice during peripherally evoked inflammation, suggesting the increased vulnerability of the blood-brain barrier to inflammation in this animal model of Alzheimer's disease. These findings might provide insight into the pathogenesis of noncognitive symptoms in dementia and a basis to develop new therapeutic treatments for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuko Takeda
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Japan
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Future directions of delirium research and management. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2013; 26:395-405. [PMID: 23040289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Delirium is a prevalent organ dysfunction in critically ill patients associated with significant morbidity and mortality, requiring advancements in the clinical and research realms to improve patient outcomes. Increased clinical recognition and utilisation of delirium assessment tools, along with clarification of specific risk factors and presentations in varying patient populations, will be necessary in the future. To improve predictive models for outcomes, the continued development and implementation of delirium assessment tools and severity scoring systems will be required. The interplay between the pathophysiological pathways implicated in delirium and resulting clinical presentations and outcomes will need to guide the development of appropriate prevention and treatment protocols. Multicentre randomised controlled trials of interventional therapies will then need to be performed to test their ability to improve clinical outcomes. Physical and cognitive rehabilitation measures need to be further examined as additional means of improving outcomes from delirium in the hospital setting.
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Pathophysiology of acute brain dysfunction: what's the cause of all this confusion? Curr Opin Crit Care 2013; 18:518-26. [PMID: 22941208 DOI: 10.1097/mcc.0b013e328357effa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To survey the recent medical literature examining the pathophysiology of acute brain dysfunction (delirium and coma) in the ICU. RECENT FINDINGS Clinical risk factors for brain dysfunction in the ICU continue to be elucidated and prediction models developed. Multiple studies have identified sedatives, especially benzodiazepines, as modifiable risk factors for delirium. Imaging studies examining global brain disorders have demonstrated white matter lesions and brain atrophy to be associated with delirium. Endothelial dysfunction, increased blood-brain barrier permeability, and reduced blood flow have also been implicated in cerebral perfusion abnormalities associated with brain dysfunction. The response of the brain to inflammation, including activation of microglia and neuronal apoptosis, leads to synaptic and neurochemical disturbances. Decreased availability of acetylcholine during critical illness leads to decreased counter-regulatory activity in response to inflammatory disease states, likely causing additional injury and further neurotransmitter imbalances. Dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin excess and their respective amino acid precursors have also been associated with brain dysfunction. SUMMARY The multifactorial pathophysiology of acute brain dysfunction remains incompletely understood. Multiple clinical risk factors have been identified and numerous pathophysiologic pathways have been hypothesized. Future research is required to investigate the roles of these pathways on differing clinical presentations, potential therapeutic options, and patient outcomes.
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Pan W, Stone KP, Hsuchou H, Manda VK, Zhang Y, Kastin AJ. Cytokine signaling modulates blood-brain barrier function. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 17:3729-40. [PMID: 21834767 DOI: 10.2174/138161211798220918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) provides a vast interface for cytokines to affect CNS function. The BBB is a target for therapeutic intervention. It is essential, therefore, to understand how cytokines interact with each other at the level of the BBB and how secondary signals modulate CNS functions beyond the BBB. The interactions between cytokines and lipids, however, have not been fully addressed at the level of the BBB. Here, we summarize current understanding of the localization of cytokine receptors and transporters in specific membrane microdomains, particularly lipid rafts, on the luminal (apical) surface of the microvascular endothelial cells composing the BBB. We then illustrate the clinical context of cytokine effects on the BBB by neuroendocrine regulation and amplification of inflammatory signals. Two unusual aspects discussed are signaling crosstalk by different classes of cytokines and genetic regulation of drug efflux transporters. We also introduce a novel area of focus on how cytokines may act through nuclear hormone receptors to modulate efflux transporters and other targets. A specific example discussed is the ATP-binding cassette transporter-1 (ABCA-1) that regulates lipid metabolism. Overall, cytokine signaling at the level of the BBB is a crucial feature of the dynamic regulation that can rapidly change BBB function and affect brain health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Pan
- Blood-Brain Barrier Group, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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40
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Deverman BE, Patterson PH. Exogenous leukemia inhibitory factor stimulates oligodendrocyte progenitor cell proliferation and enhances hippocampal remyelination. J Neurosci 2012; 32:2100-9. [PMID: 22323722 PMCID: PMC3561904 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3803-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
New CNS neurons and glia are generated throughout adulthood from endogenous neural stem and progenitor cells. These progenitors can respond to injury, but their ability to proliferate, migrate, differentiate, and survive is usually insufficient to replace lost cells and restore normal function. Potentiating the progenitor response with exogenous factors is an attractive strategy for the treatment of nervous system injuries and neurodegenerative and demyelinating disorders. Previously, we reported that delivery of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) to the CNS stimulates the self-renewal of neural stem cells and the proliferation of parenchymal glial progenitors. Here we identify these parenchymal glia as oligodendrocyte (OL) progenitor cells (OPCs) and show that LIF delivery stimulates their proliferation through the activation of gp130 receptor signaling within these cells. Importantly, this effect of LIF on OPC proliferation can be harnessed to enhance the generation of OLs that express myelin proteins and reform nodes of Ranvier in the context of chronic demyelination in the adult mouse hippocampus. Our findings, considered together with the known beneficial effects of LIF on OL and neuron survival, suggest that LIF has both reparative and protective activities that make it a promising potential therapy for CNS demyelinating disorders and injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E. Deverman
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Paul H. Patterson
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
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Lee JY, Park W, Yi DK. Immunostimulatory effects of gold nanorod and silica-coated gold nanorod on RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. Toxicol Lett 2011; 209:51-7. [PMID: 22155353 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have investigated immunostimulatory effects of gold nanorod (Au) and silica-coated gold nanorod (SiAu) concerned with inflammatory mediators such as calcium (Ca), hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide (NO), various cytokines, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), transcription factors, and immune response gene in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. Both Au and SiAu significantly increased the release of Ca, hydrogen peroxide, NO, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-3, TNF-α, RANTES, G-CSF, GM-CSF, LIF, MIP-2, VEGF, and PGE2 with enhancing expression of STAT1, STAT3, c-Fos, and COX-2 mRNA in RAW 264.7 cells. The results suggest that Au and SiAu have immunostimulatory properties to strengthen immune reactions via calcium-transcription factors pathway in macrophage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Lee
- College of Oriental Medicine, Kyungwon University, Seongnam 461-701, Republic of Korea
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42
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Erickson MA, Banks WA. Cytokine and chemokine responses in serum and brain after single and repeated injections of lipopolysaccharide: multiplex quantification with path analysis. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:1637-48. [PMID: 21704698 PMCID: PMC3389494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of the proinflammatory molecule lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alters transport rates for many peptides across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We and others have previously shown that effects of LPS on BBB transport are highly dependent on the injection paradigm used, and timing of the study. Cytokine expression in both brain and serum compartments influences the BBB response to an inflammatory stimulus, and mediates changes in BBB transport. Here, we used multianalyte technology to simultaneously determine the responses of 13 cytokines and chemokines (G-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IP-10, KC, MCP-1, MIP-1α, RANTES, and TNF-α) in brain and blood to single and repeated injections of LPS and path analysis to determine the major relations among these analytes. Major findings are: (1) in comparison to measurements taken from a time course after a single injection of LPS, the three injection regimen of LPS produced significantly higher levels in brain for G-CSF, IL-1α, IL-6, MCP-1, MIP-1α, and TNF and in serum for G-CSF, IL-6, and GM-CSF and (2) path analysis distinguished direct from indirect correlations between analyte pairs, with MCP-1, IL-6, G-CSF, and KC mediating relations among these cytokines both within and between serum and brain compartments. These results suggest that potentiation of cytokine levels in brain and serum compartments could play important roles in the regulation of BBB transport, and that our novel application of an established statistical method can be used to assess direct correlations within multiplexed datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. Erickson
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System,Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, Saint Louis University School of Medicine
| | - William A. Banks
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Washington,Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, Saint Louis University School of Medicine
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Protective Effects of a Phosphatidylcholine-Enriched Diet in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Experimental Neuroinflammation in the Rat. Shock 2011; 36:458-65. [DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e31822f36b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Peng J, He F, Zhang C, Deng X, Yin F. Protein kinase C-α signals P115RhoGEF phosphorylation and RhoA activation in TNF-α-induced mouse brain microvascular endothelial cell barrier dysfunction. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:28. [PMID: 21473788 PMCID: PMC3080812 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), a proinflammatory cytokine, is capable of activating the small GTPase RhoA, which in turn contributes to endothelial barrier dysfunction. However, the underlying signaling mechanisms remained undefined. Therefore, we aimed to determine the role of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes in the mechanism of RhoA activation and in signaling TNF-α-induced mouse brain microvascular endothelial cell (BMEC) barrier dysfunction. Methods Bend.3 cells, an immortalized mouse brain endothelial cell line, were exposed to TNF-α (10 ng/mL). RhoA activity was assessed by pull down assay. PKC-α activity was measured using enzyme assasy. BMEC barrier function was measured by transendothelial electrical resistance (TER). p115RhoGEF phosphorylation was detected by autoradiography followed by western blotting. F-actin organization was observed by rhodamine-phalloidin staining. Both pharmacological inhibitors and knockdown approaches were employed to investigate the role of PKC and p115RhoGEF in TNF-α-induced RhoA activation and BMEC permeability. Results We observed that TNF-α induces a rapid phosphorylation of p115RhoGEF, activation of PKC and RhoA in BMECs. Inhibition of conventional PKC by Gö6976 mitigated the TNF-α-induced p115RhoGEF phosphorylation and RhoA activation. Subsequently, we found that these events are regulated by PKC-α rather than PKC-β by using shRNA. In addition, P115-shRNA and n19RhoA (dominant negative mutant of RhoA) transfections had no effect on mediating TNF-α-induced PKC-α activation. These data suggest that PKC-α but not PKC-β acts as an upstream regulator of p115RhoGEF phosphorylation and RhoA activation in response to TNF-α. Moreover, depletion of PKC-α, of p115RhoGEF, and inhibition of RhoA activation also prevented TNF-α-induced stress fiber formation and a decrease in TER. Conclusions Taken together, our results show that PKC-α phosphorylation of p115RhoGEF mediates TNF-α signaling to RhoA, and that this plays a critical role in signaling F-actin rearrangement and barrier dysfunction in BMECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No,87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
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Jawa RS, Anillo S, Huntoon K, Baumann H, Kulaylat M. Interleukin-6 in surgery, trauma, and critical care part II: clinical implications. J Intensive Care Med 2011. [PMID: 21464062 DOI: 10.1177/0885066610395679 10.1177/0885066610384188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A variety of cytokines play a role in the inflammatory response. Interleukin-6 (IL-6)-type cytokines are released in response to tissue injury or an inflammatory stimulus, and act locally and systemically to generate a variety of physiologic responses. Interleukin-6 concentrations are elevated after surgery, trauma, and critical illness. The magnitude of IL-6 elevation correlates with the extent of tissue trauma/injury severity. Furthermore, there is an association between IL-6 elevation and adverse outcome. Interleukin-6 levels can also be used to stratify patients for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randeep S Jawa
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Kastin AJ, Pan W. Concepts for biologically active peptides. Curr Pharm Des 2011; 16:3390-400. [PMID: 20726835 DOI: 10.2174/138161210793563491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we review a unique aspect of CNS research on biologically active peptides that started against a background of prevalent dogmas but ended by exerting considerable influence on the field. During the course of refuting some doctrines, we introduced several concepts that were unconventional and paradigm-shifting at the time. We showed that (1) hypothalamic peptides can act 'up' on the brain as well as 'down' on the pituitary, (2) peripheral peptides can affect the brain, (3) peptides can cross the blood-brain barrier, (4) the actions of peptides can persist longer than their half-lives in blood, (5) perinatal administration of peptides can exert actions persisting into adulthood, (6) a single peptide can have more than one action, (7) dose-response relationships of peptides need not be linear, (8) the brain produces antiopiate as well as opiate peptides, (9) there is a selective high affinity endogenous peptide ligand for the mu-opiate receptor, (10) a peptide's name does not restrict its effects, and (11) astrocytes assume an active role in response to metabolic disturbance and hyperleptinemia. The evolving questions in our laboratories reflect the diligent effort of the neuropeptide community to identify the roles of peptides in the CNS. The next decade is expected to see greater progress in the following areas: (a) interactions of peptides with other molecules in the CNS; (b) peptide involvement in cell-cell interactions; and (c) peptides in neuropsychiatric, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative diseases. The development of peptidomics and gene silencing approaches will expedite the formation of many new concepts in a new era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abba J Kastin
- Blood-Brain Barrier Group, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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Jawa RS, Anillo S, Huntoon K, Baumann H, Kulaylat M. Interleukin-6 in surgery, trauma, and critical care part II: clinical implications. J Intensive Care Med 2011; 26:73-87. [PMID: 21464062 PMCID: PMC6223019 DOI: 10.1177/0885066610384188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A variety of cytokines play a role in the inflammatory response. Interleukin-6 (IL-6)-type cytokines are released in response to tissue injury or an inflammatory stimulus, and act locally and systemically to generate a variety of physiologic responses. Interleukin-6 concentrations are elevated after surgery, trauma, and critical illness. The magnitude of IL-6 elevation correlates with the extent of tissue trauma/injury severity. Furthermore, there is an association between IL-6 elevation and adverse outcome. Interleukin-6 levels can also be used to stratify patients for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randeep S Jawa
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Zampieri FG, Park M, Machado FS, Azevedo LCP. Sepsis-associated encephalopathy: not just delirium. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011; 66:1825-31. [PMID: 22012058 PMCID: PMC3180153 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322011001000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in intensive care units. Organ dysfunction is triggered by inflammatory insults and tissue hypoperfusion. The brain plays a pivotal role in sepsis, acting as both a mediator of the immune response and a target for the pathologic process. The measurement of brain dysfunction is difficult because there are no specific biomarkers of neuronal injury, and bedside evaluation of cognitive performance is difficult in an intensive care unit. Although sepsis-associated encephalopathy was described decades ago, it has only recently been subjected to scientific scrutiny and is not yet completely understood. The pathophysiology of sepsis-associated encephalopathy involves direct cellular damage to the brain, mitochondrial and endothelial dysfunction and disturbances in neurotransmission. This review describes the most recent findings in the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of sepsis-associated encephalopathy and focuses on its many presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Godinho Zampieri
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Jawa RS, Anillo S, Huntoon K, Baumann H, Kulaylat M. Analytic review: Interleukin-6 in surgery, trauma, and critical care: part I: basic science. J Intensive Care Med 2011; 26:3-12. [PMID: 21262749 PMCID: PMC6209321 DOI: 10.1177/0885066610395678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A variety of cytokines play a role in the response to an inflammatory stimulus. The interleukin-6 (IL-6)-type cytokines are released in response to tissue injury or an inflammatory stimulus. They act locally and systemically to generate a variety of physiologic responses, principal among them is the acute phase response. The IL-6 type cytokines demonstrate pleiotropy and redundancy of actions. This is made possible by the distinctive characteristics of the IL-6 receptor complex, which contains an ubiquitous subunit that is shared by most IL-6-type cytokines, as well as a cytokine-specific subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randeep S Jawa
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Slaets H, Hendriks JJA, Stinissen P, Kilpatrick TJ, Hellings N. Therapeutic potential of LIF in multiple sclerosis. Trends Mol Med 2010; 16:493-500. [PMID: 20870461 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS) reduce the relapse rate but are unable to stop neurological decline. Here, we evaluate the potential of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) as a novel therapeutic in diseases with a neurodegenerative and inflammatory component, such as MS. LIF, which can be a proinflammatory cytokine, can also modulate the immune response in a beneficial way. Recent evidence demonstrates a crucial role of LIF in neuroprotection and axonal regeneration as well as the prevention of demyelination. Finally, LIF is an important survival factor for stem cells and neuronal precursors. Therefore, we propose that LIF is a potential therapeutic candidate for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Slaets
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute and Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, School of Life Sciences, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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