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Hatzold J, Nett V, Brantsch S, Zhang JL, Armistead J, Wessendorf H, Stephens R, Humbert PO, Iden S, Hammerschmidt M. Matriptase-dependent epidermal pre-neoplasm in zebrafish embryos caused by a combination of hypotonic stress and epithelial polarity defects. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010873. [PMID: 37566613 PMCID: PMC10446194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrantly up-regulated activity of the type II transmembrane protease Matriptase-1 has been associated with the development and progression of a range of epithelial-derived carcinomas, and a variety of signaling pathways can mediate Matriptase-dependent tumorigenic events. During mammalian carcinogenesis, gain of Matriptase activity often results from imbalanced ratios between Matriptase and its cognate transmembrane inhibitor Hai1. Similarly, in zebrafish, unrestrained Matriptase activity due to loss of hai1a results in epidermal pre-neoplasms already during embryogenesis. Here, based on our former findings of a similar tumor-suppressive role for the Na+/K+-pump beta subunit ATP1b1a, we identify epithelial polarity defects and systemic hypotonic stress as another mode of aberrant Matriptase activation in the embryonic zebrafish epidermis in vivo. In this case, however, a different oncogenic pathway is activated which contains PI3K, AKT and NFkB, rather than EGFR and PLD (as in hai1a mutants). Strikingly, epidermal pre-neoplasm is only induced when epithelial polarity defects in keratinocytes (leading to disturbed Matriptase subcellular localization) occur in combination with systemic hypotonic stress (leading to increased proteolytic activity of Matriptase). A similar combinatorial effect of hypotonicity and loss of epithelial polarity was also obtained for the activity levels of Matriptase-1 in human MCF-10A epithelial breast cells. Together, this is in line with the multi-factor concept of carcinogenesis, with the notion that such factors can even branch off from one and the same initiator (here ATP1a1b) and can converge again at the level of one and the same mediator (here Matriptase). In sum, our data point to tonicity and epithelial cell polarity as evolutionarily conserved regulators of Matriptase activity that upon de-regulation can constitute an alternative mode of Matriptase-dependent carcinogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hatzold
- Institute of Zoology–Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Verena Nett
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, Faculty of Medicine, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Stephanie Brantsch
- Institute of Zoology–Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Jin-Li Zhang
- Institute of Zoology–Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Joy Armistead
- Institute of Zoology–Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heike Wessendorf
- Institute of Zoology–Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Rebecca Stephens
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick O. Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sandra Iden
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, Faculty of Medicine, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Matthias Hammerschmidt
- Institute of Zoology–Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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2
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Gaymon DO, Barndt R, Stires H, Riggins RB, Johnson MD. ROS is a master regulator of in vitro matriptase activation. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0267492. [PMID: 36716335 PMCID: PMC9886240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Matriptase is a type II transmembrane serine protease that is widely expressed in normal epithelial cells and epithelial cancers. Studies have shown that regulation of matriptase expression and activation becomes deranged in several cancers and is associated with poor disease-free survival. Although the central mechanism of its activation has remained unknown, our lab has previously demonstrated that inflammatory conditions such as intracellular pH decrease strongly induces matriptase activation. In this investigation, we first demonstrate clear matriptase activation following Fulvestrant (ICI) and Tykerb (Lapatinib) treatment in HER2-amplified, estrogen receptor (ER)-positive BT474, MDA-MB-361 and ZR-75-30 or single ER-positive MCF7 cells, respectively. This activation modestly involved Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activation and occurred as quickly as six hours post treatment. We also demonstrate that matriptase activation is not a universal hallmark of stress, with Etoposide treated cells showing a larger degree of matriptase activation than Lapatinib and ICI-treated cells. While etoposide toxicity has been shown to be mediated through reactive oxygen species (ROS) and MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK) activity, MEK activity showed no correlation with matriptase activation. Novelly, we demonstrate that endogenous and exogenous matriptase activation are ROS-mediated in vitro and inhibited by N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Lastly, we demonstrate matriptase-directed NAC treatment results in apoptosis of several breast cancer cell lines either alone or in combination with clinically used therapeutics. These data demonstrate the contribution of ROS-mediated survival, its independence of kinase-mediated survival, and the plausibility of using matriptase activation to indicate the potential success of antioxidant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius O. Gaymon
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Robert Barndt
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Hillary Stires
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Rebecca B. Riggins
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Michael. D. Johnson
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
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3
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Structure and activity of human TMPRSS2 protease implicated in SARS-CoV-2 activation. Nat Chem Biol 2022; 18:963-971. [PMID: 35676539 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-01059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2) has been identified as key host cell factor for viral entry and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. Specifically, TMPRSS2 proteolytically processes the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein, enabling virus-host membrane fusion and infection of the airways. We present here a recombinant production strategy for enzymatically active TMPRSS2 and characterization of its matured proteolytic activity, as well as its 1.95 Å X-ray cocrystal structure with the synthetic protease inhibitor nafamostat. Our study provides a structural basis for the potent but nonspecific inhibition by nafamostat and identifies distinguishing features of the TMPRSS2 substrate binding pocket that explain specificity. TMPRSS2 cleaved SARS-CoV-2 S protein at multiple sites, including the canonical S1/S2 cleavage site. We ranked the potency of clinical protease inhibitors with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations ranging from 1.4 nM to 120 µM and determined inhibitor mechanisms of action, providing the groundwork for drug development efforts to selectively inhibit TMPRSS2.
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Yamashita F, Kaieda T, Shimomura T, Kawaguchi M, Lin C, Johnson MD, Tanaka H, Kiwaki T, Fukushima T, Kataoka H. Role of the polycystic kidney disease domain in matriptase chaperone activity and localization of hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor‐1. FEBS J 2022; 289:3422-3439. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.16348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumiki Yamashita
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki Japan
| | - Takashi Kaieda
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki Japan
- Chitose Laboratory Corp Kanagawa Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimomura
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki Japan
| | - Makiko Kawaguchi
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki Japan
| | - Chen‐Yong Lin
- Lambardi Comprehensive Cancer Center Georgetown University, School of Medicine Washington DC USA
| | - Michael D Johnson
- Lambardi Comprehensive Cancer Center Georgetown University, School of Medicine Washington DC USA
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki Japan
| | - Takumi Kiwaki
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Fukushima
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kataoka
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki Japan
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Huang N, Barndt RB, Lu DD, Wang Q, Huang SM, Wang JK, Chang PY, Chen CY, Hu JM, Su HC, Johnson MD, Lin CY. The difference in the intracellular Arg/Lys-rich and EHLVY motifs contributes to distinct subcellular distribution of HAI-1 versus HAI-2. Hum Cell 2021; 35:163-178. [PMID: 34643933 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-021-00632-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The integral membrane, Kunitz-type, serine protease inhibitors, HAI-1 and HAI-2, closely resemble one another structurally and with regard to their specificity and potency against proteases. Structural complementarity between the Kunitz domains and serine protease domains renders the membrane-associated serine proteases, matriptase and prostasin, the primary target proteases of the HAIs. The shared biochemical enzyme-inhibitor relationships are, however, at odds with their behavior at the cellular level, where HAI-1 appears to be the default inhibitor of these proteases and HAI-2 a cell-type-selective inhibitor, even though they are widely co-expressed. The limited motility of these proteins caused by their membrane anchorages may require their co-localization within a certain distance to allow the establishment of a cellular level functional relationship between the proteases and the inhibitors. The differences in their subcellular localization with HAI-1 both inside the cell and on the cell surface, compared to HAI-2 predominately in intracellular granules has, therefore, been implicated in the differential manner of their control of matriptase and prostasin proteolysis. The targeting signals present in the intracellular domains of the HAIs are systematically investigated herein. Studies involving domain swap and point mutation, in combination with immunocytochemistry and cell surface biotinylation/avidin depletion, reveal that the different subcellular localization between the HAIs can largely be attributed to differences in the intracellular Arg/Lys-rich and EHLVY motifs. These intrinsic differences in the targeting signal render the HAIs as two independent rather than redundant proteolysis regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanxi Huang
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412, W416 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Robert B Barndt
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412, W416 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Dajun D Lu
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412, W416 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Qiaochu Wang
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412, W416 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Shih-Ming Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jehng-Kang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ping-Ying Chang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chao-Yang Chen
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Je-Ming Hu
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hui-Chen Su
- Department of Pharmacy, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Michael D Johnson
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412, W416 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
| | - Chen-Yong Lin
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412, W416 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
- Department of Pharmacy, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.
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6
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Barndt RB, Lee MJ, Huang N, Lu DD, Lee SC, Du PW, Chang CC, Tsai PFB, Huang YSK, Chang HM, Wang JK, Lai CH, Johnson MD, Lin CY. Targeted HAI-2 deletion causes excessive proteolysis with prolonged active prostasin and depletion of HAI-1 monomer in intestinal but not epidermal epithelial cells. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:1833-1850. [PMID: 34089062 PMCID: PMC8444455 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of SPINT2, the gene encoding the integral membrane, Kunitz-type serine inhibitor HAI-2, primarily affect the intestine, while sparing many other HAI-2-expressing tissues, causing sodium loss in patients with syndromic congenital sodium diarrhea. The membrane-bound serine protease prostasin was previously identified as a HAI-2 target protease in intestinal tissues but not in the skin. In both tissues, the highly related inhibitor HAI-1 is, however, the default inhibitor for prostasin and the type 2 transmembrane serine protease matriptase. This cell-type selective functional linkage may contribute to the organ-selective damage associated with SPINT 2 mutations. To this end, the impact of HAI-2 deletion on matriptase and prostasin proteolysis was, here, compared using Caco-2 human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells and HaCaT human keratinocytes. Greatly enhanced prostasin proteolytic activity with a prolonged half-life and significant depletion of HAI-1 monomer were observed with HAI-2 loss in Caco-2 cells but not HaCaT cells. The constitutive, high level prostasin zymogen activation observed in Caco-2 cells, but not in HaCaT cells, also contributes to the excessive prostasin proteolytic activity caused by HAI-2 loss. HAI-2 deletion also caused increased matriptase zymogen activation, likely as an indirect result of increased prostasin proteolysis. This increase in activated matriptase, however, only had a negligible role in depletion of HAI-1 monomer. Our study suggests that the constitutive, high level of prostasin zymogen activation and the cell-type selective functional relationship between HAI-2 and prostasin renders Caco-2 cells more susceptible than HaCaT cells to the loss of HAI-2, causing a severe imbalance favoring prostasin proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Barndt
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Mon-Juan Lee
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 71101, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Science Industries, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 71101, Taiwan
| | - Nanxi Huang
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Dajun D Lu
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - See-Chi Lee
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Po-Wen Du
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Biochemistry National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chia Chang
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Feng B Tsai
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Siou K Huang
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Ming Chang
- Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Jehng-Kang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Lai
- Department of Dentistry Renai Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Michael D Johnson
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Chen-Yong Lin
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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7
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Chiu YL, Wu YY, Barndt RB, Lin YW, Sytwo HP, Cheng A, Yang K, Chan KS, Wang JK, Johnson MD, Lin CY. Differential subcellular distribution renders HAI-2 a less effective protease inhibitor than HAI-1 in the control of extracellular matriptase proteolytic activity. Genes Dis 2020; 9:1049-1061. [PMID: 35685459 PMCID: PMC9170578 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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8
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Jia B, Thompson HA, Barndt RB, Chiu YL, Lee MJ, Lee SC, Wang JK, Tang HJ, Lin CY, Johnson MD. Mild acidity likely accelerates the physiological matriptase autoactivation process: a comparative study between spontaneous and acid-induced matriptase zymogen activation. Hum Cell 2020; 33:1068-1080. [PMID: 32779152 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-020-00410-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiological functions of matriptase, a type 2 transmembrane serine protease, rely primarily on its enzymatic activity, which is under tight control through multiple mechanisms. Among those regulatory mechanisms, the control of zymogen activation is arguably the most important. Matriptase zymogen activation not only generates the mature active enzyme but also initiates suppressive mechanisms, such as rapid inhibition by HAI-1, and matriptase shedding. These tightly coupled events allow the potent matriptase tryptic activity to fulfill its biological functions at the same time as limiting undesired hazards. Matriptase is converted to the active enzyme via a process of autoactivation, in which the activational cleavage is thought to rely on the interactions of matriptase zymogen molecules and other as yet identified proteins. Matriptase autoactivation can occur spontaneously and is rapidly followed by the formation and then shedding of matriptase-HAI-1 complexes, resulting in the presence of relatively low levels of the complex on cells. Activation can also be induced by several non-protease factors, such as the exposure of cells to a mildly acidic buffer, which rapidly causes high-level matriptase zymogen activation in almost all cell lines tested. In the current study, the structural requirements for this acid-induced zymogen activation are compared with those required for spontaneous activation through a systematic analysis of the impact of 18 different mutations in various structural domains and motifs on matriptase zymogen activation. Our study reveals that both acid-induced matriptase activation and spontaneous activation depend on the maintenance of the structural integrity of the serine protease domain, non-catalytic domains, and posttranslational modifications. The common requirements of both modes of activation suggest that acid-induced matriptase activation may function as a physiological mechanism to induce pericellular proteolysis by accelerating matriptase autoactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailing Jia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.,Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Hamishi A Thompson
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Robert B Barndt
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Yi-Lin Chiu
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.,Department of Biochemistry National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Mon-Juan Lee
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.,Department of Bioscience Technology, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, 71101, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Science, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, 71101, Taiwan
| | - See-Chi Lee
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Jehng-Kang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jen Tang
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, No.901, Chung-Hwa Rd. Yung-Kang Dist., Tainan City, 71004, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chen-Yong Lin
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
| | - Michael D Johnson
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
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9
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Chang SC, Chiang CP, Lai CH, Du PWA, Hung YS, Chen YH, Yang HY, Fang HY, Lee SP, Tang HJ, Wang JK, Johnson MD, Lin CY. Matriptase and prostasin proteolytic activities are differentially regulated in normal and wounded skin. Hum Cell 2020; 33:990-1005. [PMID: 32617892 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-020-00385-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Orchestrated control of multiple overlapping and sequential processes is required for the maintenance of epidermal homeostasis and the response to and recovery from a variety of skin insults. Previous studies indicate that membrane-associated serine protease matriptase and prostasin play essential roles in epidermal development, differentiation, and barrier formation. The control of proteolysis is a highly regulated process, which depends not only on gene expression but also on zymogen activation and the balance between protease and protease inhibitor. Subcellular localization can affect the accessibility of protease inhibitors to proteases and, thus, also represents an integral component of the control of proteolysis. To understand how membrane-associated proteolysis is regulated in human skin, these key aspects of matriptase and prostasin were determined in normal and injured human skin by immunohistochemistry. This staining shows that matriptase is expressed predominantly in the zymogen form at the periphery of basal and spinous keratinocytes, and prostasin appears to be constitutively activated at high levels in polarized organelle-like structures of the granular keratinocytes in the adjacent quiescent skin. The membrane-associated proteolysis appears to be elevated via an increase in matriptase zymogen activation and prostasin protein expression in areas of skin recovering from epidermal insults. There was no noticeable change observed in other regulatory aspects, including the expression and tissue distribution of their cognate inhibitors HAI-1 and HAI-2. This study reveals that the membrane-associated proteolysis may be a critical epidermal mechanism involved in responding to, and recovering from, damage to human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Cheng Chang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Integrated Burn and Wound Care Center, Department of Surgery, Shuang-Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, 235, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ping Chiang
- Department of Dermatology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, 114, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Sec. 6, Ming-Chung E. Rd, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Lai
- Department of Dentistry Renai Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Po-Wen A Du
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412 Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Yu-Sin Hung
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Sec. 6, Ming-Chung E. Rd, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Sec. 6, Ming-Chung E. Rd, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Yu Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Sec. 6, Ming-Chung E. Rd, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Yu Fang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Sec. 6, Ming-Chung E. Rd, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Shiao-Pieng Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jen Tang
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, No.901, Chung-Hwa Rd., Yung-Kang Dist., Tainan City, 71004, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Jehng-Kang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Sec. 6, Ming-Chung E. Rd, Taipei, 114, Taiwan.
| | - Michael D Johnson
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412 Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Chen-Yong Lin
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412 Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
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Lin CY, Wang JK, Johnson MD. The spatiotemporal control of human matriptase action on its physiological substrates: a case against a direct role for matriptase proteolytic activity in profilaggrin processing and desquamation. Hum Cell 2020; 33:459-469. [DOI: 10.1007/s13577-020-00361-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Zuo K, Qi Y, Yuan C, Jiang L, Xu P, Hu J, Huang M, Li J. Specifically targeting cancer proliferation and metastasis processes: the development of matriptase inhibitors. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2020; 38:507-524. [PMID: 31471691 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-019-09802-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Matriptase is a type II transmembrane serine protease, which has been suggested to play critical roles in numerous pathways of biological developments. Matriptase is the activator of several oncogenic proteins, including urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2). The activations of these matriptase substrates subsequently lead to the generation of plasmin, matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), and the triggers for many other signaling pathways related to cancer proliferation and metastasis. Accordingly, matriptase is considered an emerging target for the treatments of cancer. Thus far, inhibitors of matriptase have been developed as potential anti-cancer agents, which include small-molecule inhibitors, peptide-based inhibitors, and monoclonal antibodies. This review covers established literature to summarize the chemical and biochemical aspects, especially the inhibitory mechanisms and structure-activity relationships (SARs) of matriptase inhibitors with the goal of proposing the strategies for their future developments in anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zuo
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Qi
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Cai Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Longguang Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Xu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 61 Biopolis Dr, 138673, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Jianping Hu
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mingdong Huang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinyu Li
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Kim KY, Yoon M, Cho Y, Lee KH, Park S, Lee SR, Choi SY, Lee D, Yang C, Cho EH, Jeon SD, Kim SH, Kim C, Kim MG. Targeting metastatic breast cancer with peptide epitopes derived from autocatalytic loop of Prss14/ST14 membrane serine protease and with monoclonal antibodies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:363. [PMID: 31426843 PMCID: PMC6701106 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1373-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background In order to develop a new immunotherapeutic agent targeting metastatic breast cancers, we chose to utilize autocatalytic feature of the membrane serine protease Prss14/ST14, a specific prognosis marker for ER negative breast cancer as a target molecule. Methods The study was conducted using three mouse breast cancer models, 4 T1 and E0771 mouse breast cancer cells into their syngeneic hosts, and an MMTV-PyMT transgenic mouse strain was used. Prss14/ST14 knockdown cells were used to test function in tumor growth and metastasis, peptides derived from the autocatalytic loop for activation were tested as preventive metastasis vaccine, and monoclonal and humanized antibodies to the same epitope were tested as new therapeutic candidates. ELISA, immunoprecipitation, Immunofluorescent staining, and flow cytometry were used to examine antigen binding. The functions of antibodies were tested in vitro for cell migration and in vivo for tumor growth and metastasis. Results Prss14/ST14 is critically involved in the metastasis of breast cancer and poor survival rather than primary tumor growth in two mouse models. The epitopes derived from the specific autocatalytic loop region of Prss14/ST14, based on structural modeling acted as efficient preventive metastasis vaccines in mice. A new specific monoclonal antibody mAb3F3 generated against the engineered loop structure could reduce cell migration, eliminate metastasis in PyMT mice, and can detect the Prss14/ST14 protein expressed in various human cancer cells. Humanized antibody huAb3F3 maintained the specificity and reduced the migration of human breast cancer cells in vitro. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that Prss14/ST14 is an important target for modulating metastasis. Our newly developed hybridoma mAbs and humanized antibody can be further developed as new promising candidates for the use in diagnosis and in immunotherapy of human metastatic breast cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1373-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Yeon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Inharo 100, Michuhol-Gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsang Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Inharo 100, Michuhol-Gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkyung Cho
- Division of Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Hoon Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Sora Park
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Se-Ra Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - So-Young Choi
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Deokjae Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Inharo 100, Michuhol-Gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,MedyTox, 114, Central town-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Chansik Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Inharo 100, Michuhol-Gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Division of Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Hye Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Inharo 100, Michuhol-Gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangjun Davie Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Inharo 100, Michuhol-Gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Hyung Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chungho Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Moon Gyo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Inharo 100, Michuhol-Gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea. .,Convergent Research Institute for Metabolism and Immunoregulation, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea.
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13
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Chiu YL, Wu YY, Barndt RB, Yeo YH, Lin YW, Sytwo HP, Liu HC, Xu Y, Jia B, Wang JK, Johnson MD, Lin CY. Aberrant regulation favours matriptase proteolysis in neoplastic B-cells that co-express HAI-2. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:692-702. [PMID: 30777474 PMCID: PMC6383611 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1577831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Matriptase is ectopically expressed in neoplastic B-cells, in which matriptase activity is enhanced by negligible expression of its endogenous inhibitor, hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor (HAI)-1. HAI-1, however, is also involved in matriptase synthesis and intracellular trafficking. The lack of HAI-1 indicates that other related inhibitor, such as HAI-2, might be expressed. Here, we show that HAI-2 is commonly co-expressed in matriptase-expressing neoplastic B-cells. The level of active matriptase shed after induction of matriptase zymogen activation in 7 different neoplastic B-cells was next determined and characterised. Our data reveal that active matriptase can only be generated and shed by those cells able to activate matriptase and in a rough correlation with the levels of matriptase protein. While HAI-2 can potently inhibit matriptase, the levels of active matriptase are not proportionally suppressed in those cells with high HAI-2. Our survey suggests that matriptase proteolysis might aberrantly remain high in neoplastic B-cells regardless of the levels of HAI-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lin Chiu
- a Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology , Georgetown University , Washington , DC, USA.,b Department of Biochemistry , National Defense Medical Center , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ying Wu
- c Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine , Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Robert B Barndt
- a Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology , Georgetown University , Washington , DC, USA
| | - Yee Hui Yeo
- a Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology , Georgetown University , Washington , DC, USA
| | - Yu-Wen Lin
- a Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology , Georgetown University , Washington , DC, USA.,b Department of Biochemistry , National Defense Medical Center , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Hou-Ping Sytwo
- d School of Medicine , National Defense Medical Center , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Huan-Cheng Liu
- a Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology , Georgetown University , Washington , DC, USA.,e Langley High School , McLean , VA, USA
| | - Yuan Xu
- a Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology , Georgetown University , Washington , DC, USA
| | - Bailing Jia
- a Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology , Georgetown University , Washington , DC, USA.,f Department of Gastroenterology , Henan Provincial People's Hospital , Zhengzhou , China
| | - Jehng-Kang Wang
- b Department of Biochemistry , National Defense Medical Center , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Michael D Johnson
- a Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology , Georgetown University , Washington , DC, USA
| | - Chen-Yong Lin
- a Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology , Georgetown University , Washington , DC, USA
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14
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Pawar NR, Buzza MS, Antalis TM. Membrane-Anchored Serine Proteases and Protease-Activated Receptor-2-Mediated Signaling: Co-Conspirators in Cancer Progression. Cancer Res 2019; 79:301-310. [PMID: 30610085 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pericellular proteolysis provides a significant advantage to developing tumors through the ability to remodel the extracellular matrix, promote cell invasion and migration, and facilitate angiogenesis. Recent advances demonstrate that pericellular proteases can also communicate directly to cells by activation of a unique group of transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) known as protease-activated receptors (PAR). In this review, we discuss the specific roles of one of four mammalian PARs, namely PAR-2, which is overexpressed in advanced stage tumors and is activated by trypsin-like serine proteases that are highly expressed or otherwise dysregulated in many cancers. We highlight recent insights into the ability of different protease agonists to bias PAR-2 signaling and the newly emerging evidence for an interplay between PAR-2 and membrane-anchored serine proteases, which may co-conspire to promote tumor progression and metastasis. Interfering with these pathways might provide unique opportunities for the development of new mechanism-based strategies for the treatment of advanced and metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha R Pawar
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marguerite S Buzza
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Toni M Antalis
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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15
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Drees L, Königsmann T, Jaspers MHJ, Pflanz R, Riedel D, Schuh R. Conserved function of the matriptase-prostasin proteolytic cascade during epithelial morphogenesis. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007882. [PMID: 30601807 PMCID: PMC6331135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) assembly and remodelling is critical during development and organ morphogenesis. Dysregulation of ECM is implicated in many pathogenic conditions, including cancer. The type II transmembrane serine protease matriptase and the serine protease prostasin are key factors in a proteolytic cascade that regulates epithelial ECM differentiation during development in vertebrates. Here, we show by rescue experiments that the Drosophila proteases Notopleural (Np) and Tracheal-prostasin (Tpr) are functional homologues of matriptase and prostasin, respectively. Np mediates morphogenesis and remodelling of apical ECM during tracheal system development and is essential for maintenance of the transepithelial barrier function. Both Np and Tpr degrade the zona pellucida-domain (ZP-domain) protein Dumpy, a component of the transient tracheal apical ECM. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Tpr zymogen and the ZP domain of the ECM protein Piopio are cleaved by Np and matriptase in vitro. Our data indicate that the evolutionarily conserved ZP domain, present in many ECM proteins of vertebrates and invertebrates, is a novel target of the conserved matriptase-prostasin proteolytic cascade. Epithelial tissue covers the outside of the animal body and lines internal organs. Its disorganization is the source of approximately 90% of all human cancers. Elaboration of the basic epithelial characteristics has led to an understanding of how complex structures such as the branched tubular networks of vertebrate lung or invertebrate tracheal system are organized. Aside from obvious morphological differences, specific compositions of the epithelial extracellular matrix (ECM) have been noted. For example, while the flexible ECM of the vertebrate skin mainly consists of collagen and elastic fibers, the rigid ECM of invertebrates is chitin-based to serve as an inflexible exoskeleton. We show that a central regulator of ECM differentiation and epithelial development in vertebrates, the matriptase-prostasin proteolytic cascade (MPPC), is conserved and essential for both Drosophila ECM morphogenesis and physiology. The functionally conserved components of the MPPC mediate cleavage of zona pellucida-domain (ZP-domain) proteins, which play crucial roles in organizing apical structures of the ECM in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Our data indicate that ZP-proteins are molecular targets of the conserved MPPC and that cleavage within the ZP-domains is a conserved mechanism of ECM development and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Drees
- Research Group Molecular Organogenesis, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tatiana Königsmann
- Research Group Molecular Organogenesis, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin H. J. Jaspers
- Research Group Molecular Organogenesis, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Pflanz
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Riedel
- Electron Microscopy Group, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Schuh
- Research Group Molecular Organogenesis, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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16
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Ye F, Chen S, Liu X, Ye X, Wang K, Zeng Z, Su Y, Zhang X, Zhou H. 3-Cl-AHPC inhibits pro-HGF maturation by inducing matriptase/HAI-1 complex formation. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:155-166. [PMID: 30370662 PMCID: PMC6307790 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Matriptase is an epithelia-specific membrane-anchored serine protease, and its dysregulation is highly related to the progression of a variety of cancers. Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-1 (HAI-1) inhibits matriptase activity through forming complex with activated matriptase. The balance of matriptase activation and matriptase/HAI-1 complex formation determines the intensity and duration of matriptase activity. 3-Cl-AHPC, 4-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-3-chlorocinnamic acid, is an adamantly substituted retinoid-related molecule and a ligand of retinoic acid receptor γ (RARγ). 3-Cl-AHPC is of strong anti-cancer effect but with elusive mechanisms. In our current study, we show that 3-Cl-AHPC time- and dose- dependently induces matriptase/HAI-1 complex formation, leading to the suppression of activated matriptase in cancer cells and tissues. Furthermore, 3-Cl-AHPC promotes matriptase shedding but without increasing the activity of shed matriptase. Moreover, 3-Cl-AHPC inhibits matriptase-mediated cleavage of pro-HGF through matriptase/HAI-1 complex induction, resulting in the suppression of pro-HGF-stimulated signalling and cell scattering. Although 3-Cl-AHPC binds to RARγ, its induction of matriptase/HAI-1 complex is not RARγ dependent. Together, our data demonstrates that 3-Cl-AHPC down-regulates matriptase activity through induction of matriptase/HAI-1 complex formation in a RARγ-independent manner, providing a mechanism of 3-Cl-AHPC anti-cancer activity and a new strategy to inhibit abnormal matriptase activity via matriptase/HAI-1 complex induction using small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target ResearchXiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
| | - Shuang Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target ResearchXiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
| | - Xingxing Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target ResearchXiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
| | - Xiaohong Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target ResearchXiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
| | - Keqi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target ResearchXiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
| | - Zhiping Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target ResearchXiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
| | - Ying Su
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target ResearchXiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
- Cancer CenterSanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Xiao‐kun Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target ResearchXiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
- Cancer CenterSanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Hu Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target ResearchXiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
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17
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Lee SP, Kao CY, Chang SC, Chiu YL, Chen YJ, Chen MHG, Chang CC, Lin YW, Chiang CP, Wang JK, Lin CY, Johnson MD. Tissue distribution and subcellular localizations determine in vivo functional relationship among prostasin, matriptase, HAI-1, and HAI-2 in human skin. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192632. [PMID: 29438412 PMCID: PMC5811018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane-bound serine proteases prostasin and matriptase and the Kunitz-type protease inhibitors HAI-1 and HAI-2 are all expressed in human skin and may form a tightly regulated proteolysis network, contributing to skin pathophysiology. Evidence from other systems, however, suggests that the relationship between matriptase and prostasin and between the proteases and the inhibitors can be context-dependent. In this study the in vivo zymogen activation and protease inhibition status of matriptase and prostasin were investigated in the human skin. Immunohistochemistry detected high levels of activated prostasin in the granular layer, but only low levels of activated matriptase restricted to the basal layer. Immunoblot analysis of foreskin lysates confirmed this in vivo zymogen activation status and further revealed that HAI-1 but not HAI-2 is the prominent inhibitor for prostasin and matriptase in skin. The zymogen activation status and location of the proteases does not support a close functional relation between matriptase and prostasin in the human skin. The limited role for HAI-2 in the inhibition of matriptase and prostasin is the result of its primarily intracellular localization in basal and spinous layer keratinocytes, which probably prevents the Kunitz inhibitor from interacting with active prostasin or matriptase. In contrast, the cell surface expression of HAI-1 in all viable epidermal layers renders it an effective regulator for matriptase and prostasin. Collectively, our study suggests the importance of tissue distribution and subcellular localization in the functional relationship between proteases and protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiao-Pieng Lee
- School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Kao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Cheng Chang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lin Chiu
- Department of Biochemistry National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Yen-Ju Chen
- Department of Biochemistry National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Chun-Chia Chang
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Lin
- Department of Biochemistry National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Chien-Ping Chiang
- Department of Biochemistry National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Jehng-Kang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yong Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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18
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Mitchell AC, Kannan D, Hunter SA, Parra Sperberg RA, Chang CH, Cochran JR. Engineering a potent inhibitor of matriptase from the natural hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type-1 (HAI-1) protein. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:4969-4980. [PMID: 29386351 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.815142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated matriptase activity has been established as a key contributor to cancer progression through its activation of growth factors, including the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Despite its critical role and prevalence in many human cancers, limitations to developing an effective matriptase inhibitor include weak binding affinity, poor selectivity, and short circulating half-life. We applied rational and combinatorial approaches to engineer a potent inhibitor based on the hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type-1 (HAI-1), a natural matriptase inhibitor. The first Kunitz domain (KD1) of HAI-1 has been well established as a minimal matriptase-binding and inhibition domain, whereas the second Kunitz domain (KD2) is inactive and involved in negative regulation. Here, we replaced the inactive KD2 domain of HAI-1 with an engineered chimeric variant of KD2/KD1 domains and fused the resulting construct to an antibody Fc domain to increase valency and circulating serum half-life. The final protein variant contains four stoichiometric binding sites that we showed were needed to effectively inhibit matriptase with a Ki of 70 ± 5 pm, an increase of 120-fold compared with the natural HAI-1 inhibitor, to our knowledge making it one of the most potent matriptase inhibitors identified to date. Furthermore, the engineered inhibitor demonstrates a protease selectivity profile similar to that of wildtype KD1 but distinct from that of HAI-1. It also inhibits activation of the natural pro-HGF substrate and matriptase expressed on cancer cells with at least an order of magnitude greater efficacy than KD1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sean A Hunter
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | | | | | - Jennifer R Cochran
- From the Departments of Bioengineering and .,Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305.,Chemical Engineering and
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19
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Wu SR, Teng CH, Tu YT, Ko CJ, Cheng TS, Lan SW, Lin HY, Lin HH, Tu HF, Hsiao PW, Huang HP, Chen CH, Lee MS. The Kunitz Domain I of Hepatocyte Growth Factor Activator Inhibitor-2 Inhibits Matriptase Activity and Invasive Ability of Human Prostate Cancer Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15101. [PMID: 29118397 PMCID: PMC5678078 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15415-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of pericellular proteolysis is often required for tumor invasion and cancer progression. It has been shown that down-regulation of hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-2 (HAI-2) results in activation of matriptase (a membrane-anchored serine protease), human prostate cancer cell motility and tumor growth. In this study, we further characterized if HAI-2 was a cognate inhibitor for matriptase and identified which Kunitz domain of HAI-2 was required for inhibiting matriptase and human prostate cancer cell motility. Our results show that HAI-2 overexpression suppressed matriptase-induced prostate cancer cell motility. We demonstrate that HAI-2 interacts with matriptase on cell surface and inhibits matriptase proteolytic activity. Moreover, cellular HAI-2 harnesses its Kunitz domain 1 (KD1) to inhibit matriptase activation and prostate cancer cell motility although recombinant KD1 and KD2 of HAI-2 both show an inhibitory activity and interaction with matriptase protease domain. The results together indicate that HAI-2 is a cognate inhibitor of matriptase, and KD1 of HAI-2 plays a major role in the inhibition of cellular matritptase activation as well as human prostate cancer invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Ru Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsin Teng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Tu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Ko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Shan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Wei Lan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ying Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hsien Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Fang Tu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Hsiao
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Po Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsin Chen
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shyue Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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20
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Lanchec E, Désilets A, Béliveau F, Flamier A, Mahmoud S, Bernier G, Gris D, Leduc R, Lavoie C. The type II transmembrane serine protease matriptase cleaves the amyloid precursor protein and reduces its processing to β-amyloid peptide. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:20669-20682. [PMID: 29054928 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.792911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that many proteases, besides the canonical α-, β-, and γ-secretases, cleave the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and modulate β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide production. Moreover, specific APP isoforms contain Kunitz protease-inhibitory domains, which regulate the proteolytic activity of serine proteases. This prompted us to investigate the role of matriptase, a member of the type II transmembrane serine protease family, in APP processing. Using quantitative RT-PCR, we detected matriptase mRNA in several regions of the human brain with an enrichment in neurons. RNA sequencing data of human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex revealed relatively high levels of matriptase RNA in young individuals, whereas lower levels were detected in older individuals. We further demonstrate that matriptase and APP directly interact with each other and that matriptase cleaves APP at a specific arginine residue (Arg-102) both in vitro and in cells. Site-directed (Arg-to-Ala) mutagenesis of this cleavage site abolished matriptase-mediated APP processing. Moreover, we observed that a soluble, shed matriptase form cleaves endogenous APP in SH-SY5Y cells and that this cleavage significantly reduces APP processing to Aβ40. In summary, this study identifies matriptase as an APP-cleaving enzyme, an activity that could have important consequences for the abundance of Aβ and in Alzheimer's disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Lanchec
- From the Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H5N4, Canada
| | - Antoine Désilets
- From the Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H5N4, Canada
| | - François Béliveau
- From the Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H5N4, Canada
| | - Anthony Flamier
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, 5415 Boulevard de l'Assomption, Montréal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Shaimaa Mahmoud
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H5N4, Canada, and
| | - Gilbert Bernier
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, 5415 Boulevard de l'Assomption, Montréal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada.,Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Denis Gris
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H5N4, Canada, and
| | - Richard Leduc
- From the Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H5N4, Canada,
| | - Christine Lavoie
- From the Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H5N4, Canada,
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21
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Tseng CC, Jia B, Barndt R, Gu Y, Chen CY, Tseng IC, Su SF, Wang JK, Johnson MD, Lin CY. Matriptase shedding is closely coupled with matriptase zymogen activation and requires de novo proteolytic cleavage likely involving its own activity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183507. [PMID: 28829816 PMCID: PMC5567652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The type 2 transmembrane serine protease matriptase is involved in many pathophysiological processes probably via its enzymatic activity, which depends on the dynamic relationship between zymogen activation and protease inhibition. Matriptase shedding can prolong the life of enzymatically active matriptase and increase accessibility to substrates. We show here that matriptase shedding occurs via a de novo proteolytic cleavage at sites located between the SEA domain and the CUB domain. Point or combined mutations at the four positively charged amino acid residues in the region following the SEA domain allowed Arg-186 to be identified as the primary cleavage site responsible for matriptase shedding. Kinetic studies further demonstrate that matriptase shedding is temporally coupled with matriptase zymogen activation. The onset of matriptase shedding lags one minute behind matriptase zymogen activation. Studies with active site triad Ser-805 point mutated matriptase, which no longer undergoes zymogen activation or shedding, further suggests that matriptase shedding depends on matriptase zymogen activation, and that matriptase proteolytic activity may be involved in its own shedding. Our studies uncover an autonomous mechanism coupling matriptase zymogen activation, proteolytic activity, and shedding such that a proportion of newly generated active matriptase escapes HAI-1-mediated rapid inhibition by shedding into the extracellular milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Che Tseng
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Bailing Jia
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Robert Barndt
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Yayun Gu
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Chien-Yu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Chu Tseng
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Sheng-Fang Su
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Jehng-Kang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Michael D. Johnson
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CYL); (MDJ)
| | - Chen-Yong Lin
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CYL); (MDJ)
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22
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Krotova K, Marek GW, Wang RL, Aslanidi G, Hoffman BE, Khodayari N, Rouhani FN, Brantly ML. Alpha-1 Antitrypsin-Deficient Macrophages Have Increased Matriptase-Mediated Proteolytic Activity. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:238-247. [PMID: 28362108 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0366oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency-associated emphysema is largely attributed to insufficient inhibition of neutrophil elastase released from neutrophils. Correcting AAT levels using augmentation therapy only slows disease progression, and that suggests a more complex process of lung destruction. Because alveolar macrophages (Mɸ) express AAT, we propose that the expression and intracellular accumulation of mutated Z-AAT (the most common mutation) compromises Mɸ function and contributes to emphysema development. Extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation is a hallmark of emphysema pathology. In this study, Mɸ from individuals with Z-AAT (Z-Mɸ) have greater proteolytic activity on ECM than do normal Mɸ. This abnormal Z-Mɸ activity is not abrogated by supplementation with exogenous AAT and is likely the result of cellular dysfunction induced by intracellular accumulation of Z-AAT. Using pharmacologic inhibitors, we show that several classes of proteases are involved in matrix degradation by Z-Mɸ. Importantly, compared with normal Mɸ, the membrane-bound serine protease, matriptase, is present in Z-Mɸ at higher levels and contributes to their proteolytic activity on ECM. In addition, we identified matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-14, a membrane-anchored metalloproteinase, as a novel substrate for matriptase, and showed that matriptase regulates the levels of MMP-14 on the cell surface. Thus, high levels of matriptase may contribute to increased ECM degradation by Z-Mɸ, both directly and through MMP-14 activation. In summary, the expression of Z-AAT in Mɸ confers increased proteolytic activity on ECM. This proteolytic activity is not rescued by exogenous AAT supplementation and could thus contribute to augmentation resistance in AAT deficiency-associated emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Krotova
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - George W Marek
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Rejean L Wang
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - George Aslanidi
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Brad E Hoffman
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Nazli Khodayari
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Farshid N Rouhani
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Mark L Brantly
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
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23
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Buzza MS, Johnson TA, Conway GD, Martin EW, Mukhopadhyay S, Shea-Donohue T, Antalis TM. Inflammatory cytokines down-regulate the barrier-protective prostasin-matriptase proteolytic cascade early in experimental colitis. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:10801-10812. [PMID: 28490634 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.771469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Compromised gastrointestinal barrier function is strongly associated with the progressive and destructive pathologies of the two main forms of irritable bowel disease (IBD), ulcerative colitis (UC), and Crohn's disease (CD). Matriptase is a membrane-anchored serine protease encoded by suppression of tumorigenicity-14 (ST14) gene, which is critical for epithelial barrier development and homeostasis. Matriptase barrier-protective activity is linked with the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored serine protease prostasin, which is a co-factor for matriptase zymogen activation. Here we show that mRNA and protein expression of both matriptase and prostasin are rapidly down-regulated in the initiating inflammatory phases of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced experimental colitis in mice, and, significantly, the loss of these proteases precedes the appearance of clinical symptoms, suggesting their loss may contribute to disease susceptibility. We used heterozygous St14 hypomorphic mice expressing a promoter-linked β-gal reporter to show that inflammatory colitis suppresses the activity of the St14 gene promoter. Studies in colonic T84 cell monolayers revealed that barrier disruption by the colitis-associated Th2-type cytokines, IL-4 and IL-13, down-regulates matriptase as well as prostasin through phosphorylation of the transcriptional regulator STAT6 and that inhibition of STAT6 with suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) restores protease expression and reverses cytokine-induced barrier dysfunction. Both matriptase and prostasin are significantly down-regulated in colonic tissues from human subjects with active ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, implicating the loss of this barrier-protective protease pathway in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite S Buzza
- From the Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and Department of Physiology and
| | - Tierra A Johnson
- From the Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and Department of Physiology and
| | - Gregory D Conway
- From the Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and Department of Physiology and
| | - Erik W Martin
- From the Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and Department of Physiology and
| | | | - Terez Shea-Donohue
- the Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Toni M Antalis
- From the Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and Department of Physiology and
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24
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Natural Endogenous Human Matriptase and Prostasin Undergo Zymogen Activation via Independent Mechanisms in an Uncoupled Manner. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167894. [PMID: 27936035 PMCID: PMC5148038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane-associated serine proteases matriptase and prostasin are believed to function in close partnership. Their zymogen activation has been reported to be tightly coupled, either as a matriptase-initiated proteolytic cascade or through a mutually dependent mechanism involving the formation of a reciprocal zymogen activation complex. Here we show that this putative relationship may not apply in the context of human matriptase and prostasin. First, the tightly coupled proteolytic cascade between matriptase and prostasin might not occur when modest matriptase activation is induced by sphingosine 1-phospahte in human mammary epithelial cells. Second, prostasin is not required and/or involved in matriptase autoactivation because matriptase can undergo zymogen activation in cells that do not endogenously express prostasin. Third, matriptase is not required for and/or involved in prostasin activation, since activated prostasin can be detected in cells expressing no endogenous matriptase. Finally, matriptase and prostasin both undergo zymogen activation through an apparently un-coupled mechanism in cells endogenously expressing both proteases, such as in Caco-2 cells. In these human enterocytes, matriptase is detected primarily in the zymogen form and prostasin predominantly as the activated form, either in complexes with protease inhibitors or as the free active form. The negligible levels of prostasin zymogen with high levels of matriptase zymogen suggests that the reciprocal zymogen activation complex is likely not the mechanism for matriptase zymogen activation. Furthermore, high level prostasin activation still occurs in Caco-2 variants with reduced or absent matriptase expression, indicating that matriptase is not required and/or involved in prostasin zymogen activation. Collectively, these data suggest that any functional relationship between natural endogenous human matriptase and prostasin does not occur at the level of zymogen activation.
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25
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Lai CH, Chang SC, Chen YJ, Wang YJJ, Lai YJJ, Chang HHD, Berens EB, Johnson MD, Wang JK, Lin CY. Matriptase and prostasin are expressed in human skin in an inverse trend over the course of differentiation and are targeted to different regions of the plasma membrane. Biol Open 2016; 5:1380-1387. [PMID: 27543057 PMCID: PMC5087689 DOI: 10.1242/bio.019745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Matriptase and prostasin, acting as a tightly coupled proteolytic cascade, were reported to be required for epidermal barrier formation in mouse skin. Here we show that, in human skin, matriptase and prostasin are expressed with an inverse pattern over the course of differentiation. Matriptase was detected primarily in epidermal basal keratinocytes and the basaloid cells in the outer root sheath of hair follicles and the sebaceous gland, where prostasin was not detected. In contrast, prostasin was detected primarily in differentiated cells in the epidermal granular layer, the inner root sheath of hair follicles, and the sebaceous gland, where matriptase expression is negligible. While co-expressed in the middle stage of differentiation, prostasin was detected as polarized patches, and matriptase at intercellular junctions. Targeting to different subcellular localizations is also observed in HaCaT human keratinocytes, in which matriptase was detected primarily at intercellular junctions, and prostasin primarily on membrane protrusion. Furthermore, upon induction of zymogen activation, free active prostasin remains cell-associated and free active matriptase is rapidly shed into the extracellular milieu. Our data suggest that matriptase and prostasin likely function as independent entities in human skin rather than as a tightly coupled proteolytic cascade as observed in mouse skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsin Lai
- Department of Dentistry Renai Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 114, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Cheng Chang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang-Ho Hospital. School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ju Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jie J Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jun J Lai
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - Hsiang-Hua D Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - Eric B Berens
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - Michael D Johnson
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - Jehng-Kang Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yong Lin
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University Washington DC 20057, USA
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26
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Abstract
Membrane-anchored serine proteases are a group of extracellular serine proteases tethered directly to plasma membranes, via a C-terminal glycosylphosphatidylinositol linkage (GPI-anchored), a C-terminal transmembrane domain (Type I), or an N-terminal transmembrane domain (Type II). A variety of biochemical, cellular, and in vivo studies have established that these proteases are important pericellular contributors to processes vital for the maintenance of homeostasis, including food digestion, blood pressure regulation, hearing, epithelial permeability, sperm maturation, and iron homeostasis. These enzymes are hijacked by viruses to facilitate infection and propagation, and their misregulation is associated with a wide range of diseases, including cancer malignancy.
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27
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Chai AC, Robinson AL, Chai KX, Chen LM. Ibuprofen regulates the expression and function of membrane-associated serine proteases prostasin and matriptase. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:1025. [PMID: 26715240 PMCID: PMC4696080 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-2039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored extracellular membrane serine protease prostasin is expressed in normal bladder urothelial cells. Bladder inflammation reduces prostasin expression and a loss of prostasin expression is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human bladder transitional cell carcinomas. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) decrease the incidence of various cancers including bladder cancer, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer effect of NSAIDs are not fully understood. METHODS The normal human bladder urothelial cell line UROtsa, the normal human trophoblast cell line B6Tert-1, human bladder transitional cell carcinoma cell lines UM-UC-5 and UM-UC-9, and the human breast cancer cell line JIMT-1 were used for the study. Expression changes of the serine proteases prostasin and matriptase, and cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) in these cells following ibuprofen treatments were analyzed by means of reverse-transcription/quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunoblotting. The functional role of the ibuprofen-regulated prostasin in epithelial tight junction formation and maintenance was assessed by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and epithelial permeability in the B6Tert-1 cells. Prostasin's effects on tight junctions were also evaluated in B6Tert-1 cells over-expressing a recombinant human prostasin, silenced for prostasin expression, or treated with a functionally-blocking prostasin antibody. Matriptase zymogen activation was examined in cells over-expressing prostasin. RESULTS Ibuprofen increased prostasin expression in the UROtsa and the B6Tert-1 cells. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression was up-regulated at both the mRNA and the protein levels in the UROtsa cells by ibuprofen in a dose-dependent manner, but was not a requisite for up-regulating prostasin expression. The ibuprofen-induced prostasin contributed to the formation and maintenance of the epithelial tight junctions in the B6Tert-1 cells. The matriptase zymogen was down-regulated in the UROtsa cells by ibuprofen possibly as a result of the increased prostasin expression because over-expressing prostasin leads to matriptase activation and zymogen down-regulation in the UROtsa, JIMT-1, and B6Tert-1 cells. The expression of prostasin and matriptase was differentially regulated by ibuprofen in the bladder cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS Ibuprofen has been suggested for use in treating bladder cancer. Our results bring the epithelial extracellular membrane serine proteases prostasin and matriptase into the potential molecular mechanisms of the anticancer effect of NSAIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas C Chai
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Building 20, Room 323, Orlando, FL, 32816-2364, USA
| | - Andrew L Robinson
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Building 20, Room 323, Orlando, FL, 32816-2364, USA
| | - Karl X Chai
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Building 20, Room 323, Orlando, FL, 32816-2364, USA
| | - Li-Mei Chen
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Building 20, Room 323, Orlando, FL, 32816-2364, USA.
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28
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Najy AJ, Dyson G, Jena BP, Lin CY, Kim HRC. Matriptase activation and shedding through PDGF-D-mediated extracellular acidosis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 310:C293-304. [PMID: 26157007 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00043.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Activation of β-platelet-derived growth factor receptor (β-PDGFR) is associated with prostate cancer (PCa) progression and recurrence after prostatectomy. Analysis of the β-PDGFR ligands in PCa revealed association between PDGF-D expression and Gleason score as well as tumor stage. During the course of studying the functional consequences of PDGF ligand-specific β-PDGFR signaling in PCa, we discovered a novel function of PDGF-D for activation/shedding of the serine protease matriptase leading to cell invasion, migration, and tumorigenesis. The present study showed that PDGF-D, not PDGF-B, induces extracellular acidification, which correlates with increased matriptase activation. A cDNA microarray analysis revealed that PDGF-D/β-PDGFR signaling upregulates expression of the acidosis regulator carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), a classic target of the transcriptional factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). Cellular fractionation displayed a strong HIF-1α nuclear localization in PDGF-D-expressing cells. Treatment of vector control or PDGF-B-expressing cells with the HIF-1α activator CoCl2 led to increased CAIX expression accompanied by extracellular acidosis and matriptase activation. Furthermore, the analysis of the CAFTD cell lines, variants of the BPH-1 transformation model, showed that increased PDGF-D expression is associated with enhanced HIF-1α activity, CAIX induction, cellular acidosis, and matriptase shedding. Importantly, shRNA-mediated knockdown of CAIX expression effectively reversed extracellular acidosis and matriptase activation in PDGF-D-transfected BPH-1 cells and in CAFTD variants that express endogenous PDGF-D at a high level. Taken together, these novel findings reveal a new paradigm in matriptase activation involving PDGF-D-specific signal transduction leading to extracellular acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdo J Najy
- Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Gregory Dyson
- Department of Oncology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Bhanu P Jena
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; and
| | - Chen-Yong Lin
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Hyeong-Reh C Kim
- Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan;
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29
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Ko CJ, Huang CC, Lin HY, Juan CP, Lan SW, Shyu HY, Wu SR, Hsiao PW, Huang HP, Shun CT, Lee MS. Androgen-Induced TMPRSS2 Activates Matriptase and Promotes Extracellular Matrix Degradation, Prostate Cancer Cell Invasion, Tumor Growth, and Metastasis. Cancer Res 2015; 75:2949-60. [PMID: 26018085 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of androgen signaling and pericellular proteolysis is necessary for prostate cancer progression, but the links between them are still obscure. In this study, we show how the membrane-anchored serine protease TMPRSS2 stimulates a proteolytic cascade that mediates androgen-induced prostate cancer cell invasion, tumor growth, and metastasis. We found that matriptase serves as a substrate for TMPRSS2 in mediating this proinvasive action of androgens in prostate cancer. Further, we determined that higher levels of TMPRSS2 expression correlate with higher levels of matriptase activation in prostate cancer tissues. Lastly, we found that the ability of TMPRSS2 to promote prostate cancer tumor growth and metastasis was associated with increased matriptase activation and enhanced degradation of extracellular matrix nidogen-1 and laminin β1 in tumor xenografts. In summary, our results establish that TMPRSS2 promotes the growth, invasion, and metastasis of prostate cancer cells via matriptase activation and extracellular matrix disruption, with implications to target these two proteases as a strategy to treat prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jung Ko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chung Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ying Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Pai Juan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Wei Lan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Shyu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. Bureau of Investigation, Ministry of Justice, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Ru Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Hsiao
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Po Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Tung Shun
- Department and Graduate Institute of Forensic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shyue Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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30
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Dargahi D, Swayze RD, Yee L, Bergqvist PJ, Hedberg BJ, Heravi-Moussavi A, Dullaghan EM, Dercho R, An J, Babcook JS, Jones SJ. A pan-cancer analysis of alternative splicing events reveals novel tumor-associated splice variants of matriptase. Cancer Inform 2014; 13:167-77. [PMID: 25506199 PMCID: PMC4259500 DOI: 10.4137/cin.s19435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput transcriptome sequencing allows identification of cancer-related changes that occur at the stages of transcription, pre-messenger RNA (mRNA), and splicing. In the current study, we devised a pipeline to predict novel alternative splicing (AS) variants from high-throughput transcriptome sequencing data and applied it to large sets of tumor transcriptomes from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We identified two novel tumor-associated splice variants of matriptase, a known cancer-associated gene, in the transcriptome data from epithelial-derived tumors but not normal tissue. Most notably, these variants were found in 69% of lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) samples studied. We confirmed the expression of matriptase AS transcripts using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) in an orthogonal panel of tumor tissues and cell lines. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis confirmed surface expression of matriptase splice variants in chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transiently transfected with cDNA encoding the novel transcripts. Our findings further implicate matriptase in contributing to oncogenic processes and suggest potential novel therapeutic uses for matriptase splice variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryanaz Dargahi
- BC Cancer Agency, Genome Sciences Center, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. ; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Richard D Swayze
- Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Leanna Yee
- Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter J Bergqvist
- Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bradley J Hedberg
- Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Edie M Dullaghan
- Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ryan Dercho
- Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jianghong An
- BC Cancer Agency, Genome Sciences Center, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John S Babcook
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. ; Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steven Jm Jones
- BC Cancer Agency, Genome Sciences Center, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. ; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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31
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Fang JD, Lee SL. Matriptase is required for the active form of hepatocyte growth factor induced Met, focal adhesion kinase and protein kinase B activation on neural stem/progenitor cell motility. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:1285-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Chou FP, Chen YW, Zhao XF, Xu-Monette ZY, Young KH, Gartenhaus RB, Wang JK, Kataoka H, Zuo AH, Barndt RJ, Johnson M, Lin CY. Imbalanced matriptase pericellular proteolysis contributes to the pathogenesis of malignant B-cell lymphomas. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 183:1306-17. [PMID: 24070417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-associated serine protease matriptase is widely expressed by epithelial/carcinoma cells in which its proteolytic activity is tightly controlled by the Kunitz-type protease inhibitor, hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor (HAI-1). We demonstrate that, although matriptase is not expressed in lymphoid hyperplasia, roughly half of the non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas analyzed express significant amounts of matriptase. Furthermore, a significant proportion of these tumors express matriptase in the absence of HAI-1. Aggressive Burkitt lymphoma was more likely than indolent follicular lymphoma to express matriptase alone (86% versus 36%). In the absence of significant HAI-1 expression, the lymphoma cells activate and shed active matriptase when the cells are stimulated with mildly acidic buffer or the hypoxia-mimicking agent, CoCl2. The shed active matriptase can initiate pericellular proteolytic cascades by activating urokinase-type plasminogen activator on the cell surface of monocytes, and it can activate prohepatocyte growth factor. In addition, matriptase knockdown suppressed proliferation and colony-forming ability of neoplastic B cells in culture and growth as tumor xenografts in mice. Furthermore, exogenous expression of HAI-1 significantly suppressed proliferation of neoplastic B cells. These studies suggest that dysregulated pericellular proteolysis as a result of unregulated matriptase expression with limited HAI-1 may contribute to the pathological characteristics of several human B-cell lymphomas through modulation of the tumor microenvironment and enhanced tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Pai Chou
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
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Wang JK, Teng IJ, Lo TJ, Moore S, Yeo YH, Teng YC, Kaul M, Chen CC, Zuo AH, Chou FP, Yang X, Tseng IC, Johnson MD, Lin CY. Matriptase autoactivation is tightly regulated by the cellular chemical environments. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93899. [PMID: 24705933 PMCID: PMC3976350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of cells to rapidly detect and react to alterations in their chemical environment, such as pH, ionic strength and redox potential, is essential for cell function and survival. We present here evidence that cells can respond to such environmental alterations by rapid induction of matriptase autoactivation. Specifically, we show that matriptase autoactivation can occur spontaneously at physiological pH, and is significantly enhanced by acidic pH, both in a cell-free system and in living cells. The acid-accelerated autoactivation can be attenuated by chloride, a property that may be part of a safety mechanism to prevent unregulated matriptase autoactivation. Additionally, the thio-redox balance of the environment also modulates matriptase autoactivation. Using the cell-free system, we show that matriptase autoactivation is suppressed by cytosolic reductive factors, with this cytosolic suppression being reverted by the addition of oxidizing agents. In living cells, we observed rapid induction of matriptase autoactivation upon exposure to toxic metal ions known to induce oxidative stress, including CoCl2 and CdCl2. The metal-induced matriptase autoactivation is suppressed by N-acetylcysteine, supporting the putative role of altered cellular redox state in metal induced matriptase autoactivation. Furthermore, matriptase knockdown rendered cells more susceptible to CdCl2-induced cell death compared to control cells. This observation implies that the metal-induced matriptase autoactivation confers cells with the ability to survive exposure to toxic metals and/or oxidative stress. Our results suggest that matriptase can act as a cellular sensor of the chemical environment of the cell that allows the cell to respond to and protect itself from changes in the chemical milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehng-Kang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Jou Teng
- Department of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Jen Lo
- Department of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sean Moore
- Geenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yee Hui Yeo
- Department of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chung Teng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Malvika Kaul
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Chiann-Chyi Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Annie Hong Zuo
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Fen-Pai Chou
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - I-Chu Tseng
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Johnson
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Chen-Yong Lin
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cheng MF, Huang MS, Lin CS, Lin LH, Lee HS, Jiang JC, Hsia KT. Expression of matriptase correlates with tumour progression and clinical prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Histopathology 2014; 65:24-34. [PMID: 24382204 DOI: 10.1111/his.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the relationship of matriptase expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) to clinicopathological characteristics, patient survival and cell-invasive properties. METHODS AND RESULTS Matriptase expression in OSCC was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining, and its relationship to clinicopathological features and outcomes was assessed statistically. The shRNA-mediated stable knockdown of matriptase in OSCC cells was used to analyse cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro. Matriptase immunostaining score was correlated with histopathological grade, clinical stage, positive lymph node and distant metastasis, and higher matriptase immunostaining score was associated significantly with poor prognosis. Elevated matriptase expression in oral cancer cell lines was a significant promoter of oral cancer cell migration and invasion. CONCLUSIONS Matriptase expression correlates with tumour progression and invasive capability in OSCC and may be an adverse prognostic marker for this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Fang Cheng
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Histological and Clinical Pathology, Hualien Armed Forced General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
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35
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Godiksen S, Soendergaard C, Friis S, Jensen JK, Bornholdt J, Sales KU, Huang M, Bugge TH, Vogel LK. Detection of active matriptase using a biotinylated chloromethyl ketone peptide. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77146. [PMID: 24204759 PMCID: PMC3799725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Matriptase is a member of the family of type II transmembrane serine proteases that is essential for development and maintenance of several epithelial tissues. Matriptase is synthesized as a single-chain zymogen precursor that is processed into a two-chain disulfide-linked form dependent on its own catalytic activity leading to the hypothesis that matriptase functions at the pinnacle of several protease induced signal cascades. Matriptase is usually found in either its zymogen form or in a complex with its cognate inhibitor hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor 1 (HAI-1), whereas the active non-inhibited form has been difficult to detect. In this study, we have developed an assay to detect enzymatically active non-inhibitor-complexed matriptase by using a biotinylated peptide substrate-based chloromethyl ketone (CMK) inhibitor. Covalently CMK peptide-bound matriptase is detected by streptavidin pull-down and subsequent analysis by Western blotting. This study presents a novel assay for detection of enzymatically active matriptase in living human and murine cells. The assay can be applied to a variety of cell systems and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sine Godiksen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Stine Friis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jan K. Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish-Chinese Centre for Proteases and Cancer
| | - Jette Bornholdt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katiuchia Uzzun Sales
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mingdong Huang
- Danish-Chinese Centre for Proteases and Cancer
- State Key Lab of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Thomas H. Bugge
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lotte K. Vogel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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36
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HAI-2 suppresses the invasive growth and metastasis of prostate cancer through regulation of matriptase. Oncogene 2013; 33:4643-52. [PMID: 24121274 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of cell surface proteolysis has been strongly implicated in tumorigenicity and metastasis. In this study, we delineated the role of hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-2 (HAI-2) in prostate cancer (PCa) cell migration, invasion, tumorigenicity and metastasis using a human PCa progression model (103E, N1, and N2 cells) and xenograft models. N1 and N2 cells were established through serial intraprostatic propagation of 103E human PCa cells and isolation of the metastatic cells from nearby lymph nodes. The invasion capability of these cells was revealed to gradually increase throughout the serial isolations (103E<N1<N2). In this series of cells, the expression of HAI-2 but not HAI-1 was significantly decreased throughout the progression and occurred in parallel with increased activation of matriptase. The expression level and activity of matriptase increased whereas the HAI-2 protein level decreased over the course of orthotopic tumor growth in mice, which was consistent with the immunohistochemical profiles of matriptase and HAI-2 in archival PCa specimens. Knockdown of matriptase reduced the PCa cell invasion induced by HAI-2 knockdown. HAI-2 overexpression or matriptase silencing in N2 cells downregulated matriptase activity and significantly decreased tumorigenicity and metastatic capability in orthotopically xenografted mice. These results suggest that during the progression of human PCa, matriptase activity is primarily controlled by HAI-2 expression. The imbalance between HAI-2 and matriptase expression led to matriptase activation, thereby increasing cell migration, invasion, tumorigenicity and metastasis.
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37
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Glotzbach B, Reinwarth M, Weber N, Fabritz S, Tomaszowski M, Fittler H, Christmann A, Avrutina O, Kolmar H. Combinatorial optimization of cystine-knot peptides towards high-affinity inhibitors of human matriptase-1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76956. [PMID: 24146945 PMCID: PMC3795654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystine-knot miniproteins define a class of bioactive molecules with several thousand natural members. Their eponymous motif comprises a rigid structured core formed by six disulfide-connected cysteine residues, which accounts for its exceptional stability towards thermic or proteolytic degradation. Since they display a remarkable sequence tolerance within their disulfide-connected loops, these molecules are considered promising frameworks for peptide-based pharmaceuticals. Natural open-chain cystine-knot trypsin inhibitors of the MCoTI (Momordica cochinchinensis trypsin inhibitor) and SOTI (Spinacia oleracea trypsin inhibitor) families served as starting points for the generation of inhibitors of matriptase-1, a type II transmembrane serine protease with possible clinical relevance in cancer and arthritic therapy. Yeast surface-displayed libraries of miniproteins were used to select unique and potent matriptase-1 inhibitors. To this end, a knowledge-based library design was applied that makes use of detailed information on binding and folding behavior of cystine-knot peptides. Five inhibitor variants, four of the MCoTI family and one of the SOTI family, were identified, chemically synthesized and oxidatively folded towards the bioactive conformation. Enzyme assays revealed inhibition constants in the low nanomolar range for all candidates. One subnanomolar binder (Ki = 0.83 nM) with an inverted selectivity towards trypsin and matriptase-1 was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Glotzbach
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Reinwarth
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Niklas Weber
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Michael Tomaszowski
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Heiko Fittler
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Andreas Christmann
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Olga Avrutina
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- * E-mail:
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38
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Cheng TS, Chen WC, Lin YY, Tsai CH, Liao CI, Shyu HY, Ko CJ, Tzeng SF, Huang CY, Yang PC, Hsiao PW, Lee MS. Curcumin-targeting pericellular serine protease matriptase role in suppression of prostate cancer cell invasion, tumor growth, and metastasis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2013; 6:495-505. [PMID: 23466486 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-12-0293-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin has been shown to possess potent chemopreventive and antitumor effects on prostate cancer. However, the molecular mechanism involved in curcumin's ability to suppress prostate cancer cell invasion, tumor growth, and metastasis is not yet well understood. In this study, we have shown that curcumin can suppress epidermal growth factor (EGF)- stimulated and heregulin-stimulated PC-3 cell invasion, as well as androgen-induced LNCaP cell invasion. Curcumin treatment significantly resulted in reduced matrix metalloproteinase 9 activity and downregulation of cellular matriptase, a membrane-anchored serine protease with oncogenic roles in tumor formation and invasion. Our data further show that curcumin is able to inhibit the induction effects of androgens and EGF on matriptase activation, as well as to reduce the activated levels of matriptase after its overexpression, thus suggesting that curcumin may interrupt diverse signal pathways to block the protease. Furthermore, the reduction of activated matriptase in cells by curcumin was also partly due to curcumin's effect on promoting the shedding of matriptase into an extracellular environment, but not via altering matriptase gene expression. In addition, curcumin significantly suppressed the invasive ability of prostate cancer cells induced by matriptase overexpression. In xenograft model, curcumin not only inhibits prostate cancer tumor growth and metastasis but also downregulates matriptase activity in vivo. Overall, the data indicate that curcumin exhibits a suppressive effect on prostate cancer cell invasion, tumor growth, and metastasis, at least in part via downregulating matriptase function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Shan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, R817, 8F, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Rd., Taipei, Taiwan
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39
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Zhao B, Yuan C, Li R, Qu D, Huang M, Ngo JCK. Crystal structures of matriptase in complex with its inhibitor hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-1. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:11155-64. [PMID: 23443661 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.454611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Matriptase, a type II trans-membrane serine protease of the S1 trypsin-like family, is expressed on the surface of nearly all normal human epithelium and found in biological fluid-like human milk. Matriptase overexpression has been implicated in tumor progression in certain epithelium-derived cancer cells. Matriptase is tightly regulated by its cognate inhibitor hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-1 (HAI-1). It has been demonstrated that the Kunitz domain I (KD1) but not Kunitz domain II (KD2) of HAI-1 is responsible for the inhibitory activity of HAI-1 against matriptase. To investigate the molecular basis of inhibition of matriptase by HAI-1, we solved several crystal structures of matriptase serine protease domain in complex with the fragments of HAI-1. Based on these structures, we found that the binding of KD1 was different from previously predicted binding mode. The P3 arginine residue occupies the S3 specificity pocket of matriptase, but not the S4 pocket as in the cases of hepatocyte growth factor activator·HAI-1 KD1 and matriptase·sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 complexes. The long 60-loop of matriptase makes direct contact with HAI-1 but remains flexible even in the complexes, and its apex does not bind with KD1 tightly. The interactions between this unique 60-loop and KD1 may provide an opportunity to increase the specificity and inhibitory activity of KD1 for matriptase. Furthermore, comparison between KD1 and a homology model of HAI-1 KD2 rationalizes the structural basis of why KD1 but not KD2 is responsible for the inhibitory activity of HAI-1 against matriptase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Zhao
- State Key Lab of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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40
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Buzza MS, Martin EW, Driesbaugh KH, Désilets A, Leduc R, Antalis TM. Prostasin is required for matriptase activation in intestinal epithelial cells to regulate closure of the paracellular pathway. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:10328-37. [PMID: 23443662 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.443432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The type II transmembrane serine protease matriptase is a key regulator of epithelial barriers in skin and intestine. In skin, matriptase acts upstream of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored serine protease, prostasin, to activate the prostasin zymogen and initiate a proteolytic cascade that is required for stratum corneum barrier functionality. Here, we have investigated the relationship between prostasin and matriptase in intestinal epithelial barrier function. We find that similar to skin, matriptase and prostasin are components of a common intestinal epithelial barrier-forming pathway. Depletion of prostasin by siRNA silencing in Caco-2 intestinal epithelium inhibits barrier development similar to loss of matriptase, and the addition of recombinant prostasin to the basal side of polarized Caco-2 epithelium stimulates barrier forming changes similar to the addition of recombinant matriptase. However, in contrast to the proteolytic cascade in skin, prostasin functions upstream of matriptase to activate the endogenous matriptase zymogen. Prostasin is unable to proteolytically activate the matriptase zymogen directly but induces matriptase activation indirectly. Prostasin requires expression of endogenous matriptase to stimulate barrier formation since matriptase depletion by siRNA silencing abrogates prostasin barrier-forming activity. Active recombinant matriptase, however, does not require the expression of endogenous prostasin for barrier-forming activity. Together, these data show that matriptase and not prostasin is the primary effector protease of tight junction assembly in simple columnar epithelia and further highlight a spatial and tissue-specific aspect of cell surface proteolytic cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite S Buzza
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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41
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Kohama K, Kawaguchi M, Fukushima T, Lin CY, Kataoka H. Regulation of pericellular proteolysis by hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 (HAI-1) in trophoblast cells. Hum Cell 2012; 25:100-10. [PMID: 23248048 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-012-0055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1/serine protease inhibitor Kunitz type 1 (HAI-1/SPINT1) is a membrane-bound Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor that is abundantly expressed on the surface of cytotrophoblasts, and is critically required for the formation of the placenta labyrinth in mice. HAI-1/SPINT1 regulates several membrane-associated cell surface serine proteases, with matriptase being the most cognate target. Matriptase degrades extracellular matrix protein such as laminin and activates other cell surface proteases including prostasin. This study aimed to analyze the role of HAI-1/SPINT1 in pericellular proteolysis of trophoblasts. In HAI-1/SPINT1-deficient mouse placenta, laminin immunoreactivity around trophoblasts was irregular and occasionally showed an intense punctate pattern, which differed significantly from the linear distribution along the basement membrane observed in wild-type placenta. To explore the molecular mechanism underlying this observation, we analyzed the effect of HAI-1/SPINT1 knock down (KD) on pericellular proteolysis in the human trophoblast cell line, BeWo. HAI-1/SPINT1-KD BeWo cells had increased amounts of cellular laminin protein and decreased laminin degradation activity in the culture supernatant. Subsequent analysis indicated that cell-associated matriptase was significantly decreased in KD cells whereas its mRNA level was not altered, suggesting an enhanced release and/or dislocation of matriptase in the absence of HAI-1/SPINT1. Moreover, prostasin activation and pericellular total serine protease activities were significantly suppressed by HAI-1/SPINT1 KD. These observations suggest that HAI-1/SPINT1 is critically required for the cell surface localization of matriptase in trophoblasts, and, in the absence of HAI-1/SPINT1, physiological activation of prostasin and other protease(s) initiated by cell surface matriptase may be impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyo Kohama
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
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42
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Inouye K, Tomoishi M, Yasumoto M, Miyake Y, Kojima K, Tsuzuki S, Fushiki T. Roles of CUB and LDL receptor class A domain repeats of a transmembrane serine protease matriptase in its zymogen activation. J Biochem 2012; 153:51-61. [PMID: 23038671 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvs118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Matriptase is a type II transmembrane serine protease containing two complement proteases C1r/C1s-urchin embryonic growth factor-bone morphogenetic protein domains (CUB repeat) and four low-density lipoprotein receptor class A domains (LDLRA repeat). The single-chain zymogen of matriptase has been found to exhibit substantial protease activity, possibly causing its own activation (i.e. conversion to a disulfide-linked two-chain fully active form), although the activation seems to be mediated predominantly by two-chain molecules. Our aim was to assess the roles of CUB and LDLRA repeats in zymogen activation. Transient expression studies of soluble truncated constructs of recombinant matriptase in COS-1 cells showed that the CUB repeat had an inhibitory effect on zymogen activation, possibly because it facilitated the interaction of two-chain molecules with a matriptase inhibitor, hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type-1. By contrast, the LDLRA repeat had a promoting effect on zymogen activation. The effect of the LDLRA repeat seems to reflect its ability to increase zymogen activity. The proteolytic activities were higher in pseudozymogen forms of recombinant matriptase containing the LDLRA repeat than in a pseudozymogen without the repeat. Our findings provide new insights into the roles of these non-catalytic domains in the generation of active matriptase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniyo Inouye
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Enzyme Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Kyoto City 606-8502, Japan.
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43
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Kota P, García-Caballero A, Dang H, Gentzsch M, Stutts MJ, Dokholyan NV. Energetic and structural basis for activation of the epithelial sodium channel by matriptase. Biochemistry 2012; 51:3460-9. [PMID: 22471557 DOI: 10.1021/bi2014773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Limited proteolysis, accomplished by endopeptidases, is a ubiquitous phenomenon underlying the regulation and activation of many enzymes, receptors, and other proteins synthesized as inactive precursors. Serine proteases make up one of the largest and most conserved families of endopeptidases involved in diverse cellular activities, including wound healing, blood coagulation, and immune responses. Heteromeric α,β,γ-epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) associated with diseases like cystic fibrosis and Liddle's syndrome are irreversibly stimulated by membrane-anchored proteases (MAPs) and furin-like convertases. Matriptase/channel activating protease-3 (CAP3) is one of the several MAPs that potently activate ENaC. Despite identification of protease cleavage sites, the basis for the enhanced susceptibility of α- and γ-ENaC to proteases remains elusive. Here, we elucidate the energetic and structural bases for activation of ENaC by CAP3. We find a region near the γ-ENaC furin site that has previously not been identified as a critical cleavage site for CAP3-mediated stimulation. We also report that CAP3 mediates cleavage of ENaC at basic residues downstream of the furin site. Our results indicate that surface proteases alone are sufficient to fully activate uncleaved ENaC and explain how ENaC in epithelia expressing surface-active proteases can appear refractory to soluble proteases. Our results support a model in which proteases prime ENaC for activation by cleaving at the furin site, and cleavage at downstream sites is accomplished by membrane surface proteases or extracellular soluble proteases. On the basis of our results, we propose a dynamics-driven "anglerfish" mechanism that explains less stringent sequence requirements for substrate recognition and cleavage by matriptase than by furin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kota
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7260, USA
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Bergum C, Zoratti G, Boerner J, List K. Strong expression association between matriptase and its substrate prostasin in breast cancer. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:1604-9. [PMID: 21678412 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer tumorigenesis is accompanied by increased levels of extracellular proteases that are capable of remodeling the extracellular matrix as well as cleaving and activating growth factors and signaling receptors that are critically involved in neoplastic progression. Multiple studies implicate the membrane anchored serine protease matriptase (also known as MT-SP1 and epithin) in breast cancer. The pro-form of the GPI-anchored serine protease prostasin has recently been identified as a physiological substrate of matriptase and the two proteases are co-expressed in multiple healthy tissues. In this study, the inter-relationship between the two membrane-anchored serine proteases in breast cancer was investigated using breast cancer cell lines and breast cancer patient samples to delineate the association between matriptase and prostasin. We used Western blotting to determine the expression of matriptase and prostasin proteins in a panel of breast cancer cell lines and immunohistochemistry to assess the expression in serial sections from breast cancer tissue arrays. We demonstrate that the expression of matriptase and prostasin is closely correlated in breast cancer cell lines as well as in breast cancer tissue samples. Furthermore, matriptase and prostasin display a near identical spatial expression pattern in the epithelial compartment of breast cancer tissue. These data suggest that the matriptase-prostasin cascade might play a critical role in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Bergum
- Department of Pharmacology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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The matriptase-prostasin proteolytic cascade in epithelial development and pathology. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 351:245-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1348-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Xu H, Xu Z, Tseng IC, Chou FP, Chen YW, Wang JK, Johnson MD, Kataoka H, Lin CY. Mechanisms for the control of matriptase activity in the absence of sufficient HAI-1. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 302:C453-62. [PMID: 22031598 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00344.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Matriptase proteolytic activity must be tightly controlled for normal placental development, epidermal function, and epithelial integrity. Although hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-1 (HAI-1) represents the predominant endogenous inhibitor for matriptase and the protein molar ratio of HAI-1 to matriptase is determined to be >10 in epithelial cells and the majority of carcinoma cells, an inverse HAI-1-to-matriptase ratio is seen in some ovarian and hematopoietic cancer cells. In the current study, cells with insufficient HAI-1 are investigated for the mechanisms through which the activity of matriptase is regulated. When matriptase activation is robustly induced in these cells, activated matriptase rapidly forms two complexes of 100- and 140-kDa in addition to the canonical 120-kDa matriptase-HAI-1 complex already described. Both 100- and 140-kDa complexes contain two-chain, cleaved matriptase but are devoid of gelatinolytic activity. Further biochemical characterization shows that the 140-kDa complex is a matriptase homodimer and that the 100-kDa complexes appear to contain reversible, tight binding serine protease inhibitor(s). The formation of the 140-kDa matriptase dimer is strongly associated with matriptase activation, and its levels are inversely correlated with the ratio of HAI-1 to matriptase. Given these observations and the likelihood that autoactivation requires the interaction of two matriptase molecules, it seems plausible that this activated matriptase homodimer may represent a matriptase autoactivation intermediate and that its accumulation may serve as a mechanism to control matriptase activity when protease inhibitor levels are limiting. These data suggest that matriptase activity can be rapidly inhibited by HAI-1 and other HAI-1-like protease inhibitors and "locked" in an inactive autoactivation intermediate, all of which places matriptase under very tight control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xu
- Greenebaum Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Ohler A, Becker-Pauly C. Morpholino knockdown of the ubiquitously expressed transmembrane serine protease TMPRSS4a in zebrafish embryos exhibits severe defects in organogenesis and cell adhesion. Biol Chem 2011; 392:653-64. [PMID: 21657981 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2011.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Over the past years the members of the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) family have emerged as new players in mammalian biology. TMPRSS4 (transmembrane protease/serine) is overexpressed in several human cancer tissues, promoting invasion, migration, and metastasis. However, the physiological function has not yet been elucidated. Here, we present morpholino knockdown studies targeting TMPRSS4a, a homolog of human TMPRSS4 in zebrafish embryos. By RT-PCR, we could demonstrate an expression of this protease already 5 h post-fertilization, suggesting important functions in the early stages of embryonic development. Indeed, in vivo gene silencing caused severe defects in tissue development and cell differentiation including a disturbed skeletal muscle formation, a decelerated heartbeat, and a degenerated vascular system. Scanning electron microscopy revealed strong defects in epidermal skin organization, with clearly altered cell-cell contacts, resulting in the detachment of keratinocytes from the underneath tissue. The disturbed organogenesis in general is consistent with RT-PCR results which exhibited a ubiquitous expression of TMPRSS4a, predominantly in kidney, skin, heart, and gills. Our results demonstrate the importance of TMPRSS4a in tissue development and cell differentiation. Whether its proteolytic activity is directed towards adhesion molecules or leads to the activation of other proteases needs to be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Ohler
- Institute of Zoology, Cell and Matrix Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Germany
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Xu Z, Chen YW, Battu A, Wilder P, Weber D, Yu W, Mackerell AD, Chen LM, Chai KX, Johnson MD, Lin CY. Targeting zymogen activation to control the matriptase-prostasin proteolytic cascade. J Med Chem 2011; 54:7567-78. [PMID: 21966950 DOI: 10.1021/jm200920s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-associated serine protease matriptase has been implicated in human diseases and might be a drug target. In the present study, a novel class of matriptase inhibitors targeting zymogen activation is developed by a combination of the screening of compound library using a cell-based matriptase activation assay and a computer-aided search of commercially available analogues of a selected compound. Four structurally related compounds are identified that can inhibit matriptase activation with IC(50) at low micromolar concentration in both intact-cell and cell-free systems, suggesting that these inhibitors target the matriptase autoactivation machinery rather than the intracellular signaling pathways. These activation inhibitors can also inhibit prostasin activation, a downstream event that occurs in lockstep with matriptase activation. In contrast, the matriptase catalytic inhibitor CVS-3983 at a concentration 300-fold higher than its K(i) fails to inhibit activation of either protease. Our results suggest that inhibiting matriptase activation is an efficient way to control matriptase function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghong Xu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Chou FP, Xu H, Lee MS, Chen YW, Richards OXD, Swanson R, Olson ST, Johnson MD, Lin CY. Matriptase is inhibited by extravascular antithrombin in epithelial cells but not in most carcinoma cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 301:C1093-103. [PMID: 21795523 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00122.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Antithrombin, a major anticoagulant, is robustly transported into extravascular compartments where its target proteases are largely unknown. This serpin was previously detected in human milk as complexes with matriptase, a membrane-bound serine protease broadly expressed in epithelial and carcinoma cells, and under tight regulation by hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor (HAI)-1, a transmembrane Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor that forms heat-sensitive complexes with active matriptase. In the current study, we detect, in addition to matriptase-HAI-1 complexes, heat-resistant matriptase complexes generated by nontransformed mammary, prostate, and epidermal epithelial cells that we show to be matriptase-antithrombin complexes. These findings suggest that in addition to HAI-1, interstitial antithrombin participates in the regulation of matriptase activity in epithelial cells. This physiological mechanism appears, however, to largely be lost in cancer cells since matriptase-antithrombin complexes were not detected in all but two of a panel of seven breast, prostate, and ovarian cancer cell lines. Using purified active matriptase, we further characterize the formation of matriptase-antithrombin complex and show that heparin can significantly potentiate the inhibitory potency of antithrombin against matriptase. Second-order rate constants for the inhibition were determined to be 3.9 × 10(3) M(-1)s(-1) in the absence of heparin and 1.2 × 10(5) M(-1)s(-1) in the presence of heparin, a 30-fold increase, consistent with the established role of heparin in activating antithrombin function. Taken together these data suggest that normal epithelial cells employ a dual mechanism involving HAI-1 and antithrombin to control matriptase and that the antithrombin-based mechanism appears lost in the majority of carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Pai Chou
- Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Szabo R, Bugge TH. Membrane-anchored serine proteases in vertebrate cell and developmental biology. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2011; 27:213-35. [PMID: 21721945 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of vertebrate genome sequences at the turn of the millennium revealed that a vastly larger repertoire of enzymes execute proteolytic cleavage reactions within the pericellular and extracellular environments than was anticipated from biochemical and molecular analysis. Most unexpected was the unveiling of an entire new family of structurally unique multidomain serine proteases that are anchored directly to the plasma membrane. Unlike secreted serine proteases, which function primarily in tissue repair, immunity, and nutrient uptake, these membrane-anchored serine proteases regulate fundamental cellular and developmental processes, including tissue morphogenesis, epithelial barrier function, ion and water transport, cellular iron export, and fertilization. Here the cellular and developmental biology of this fascinating new group of proteases is reviewed. Particularly highlighted is how the study of membrane-anchored serine proteases has expanded our knowledge of the range of physiological processes that require regulated proteolysis at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Szabo
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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