1
|
Astragaloside IV Protects Detrusor from Partial Bladder Outlet Obstruction-Induced Oxidative Stress by Activating Mitophagy through AMPK-ULK1 Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5757367. [PMID: 35873803 PMCID: PMC9300277 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5757367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aims Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) and the consequent low contractility of detrusor are the leading causes of voiding dysfunction. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the pharmacological activity of astragaloside IV (AS-IV), an antioxidant biomolecule that possess beneficial effect in many organs, on detrusor contractility and bladder wall remodeling process. Methods Partial BOO (pBOO) was created by urethral occlusion in female rats, followed by oral gavage of different dose of AS-IV or vehicle. Cystometric evaluation and contractility test were performed. Bladder wall sections were used in morphology staining, and bladder tissue lysate was used for ELISA assay. Primary smooth muscle cells (SMCs) derived from detrusor were used for mechanism studies. Results Seven weeks after pBOO, the bladder compensatory enlarged, and the contractility in response to electrical or chemical stimuli was reduced, while AS-IV treatment reversed this effect dose-dependently. AS-IV also showed beneficial effect on reversing the bladder wall remodeling process, as well as reducing ROS level. In mechanism study, AS-IV activated mitophagy and alleviated oxidative stress via an AMPK-dependent pathway. Conclusion Out data suggested that AS-IV enhanced the contractility of detrusor and protected the bladder from obstruction induced damage, via enhancing the mitophagy and restoring mitochondria function trough an AMPK-dependent way.
Collapse
|
2
|
Palego L, Giannaccini G, Betti L. Neuroendocrine Response to Psychosocial Stressors, Inflammation Mediators and Brain-periphery Pathways of Adaptation. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2020; 21:2-19. [PMID: 33319677 DOI: 10.2174/1871524920999201214231243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Threats, challenging events, adverse experiences, predictable or unpredictable, namely stressors, characterize life, being unavoidable for humans. The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) are well-known to underlie adaptation to psychosocial stress in the context of other interacting systems, signals and mediators. However, much more effort is necessary to elucidate these modulatory cues for a better understanding of how and why the "brain-body axis" acts for resilience or, on the contrary, cannot cope with stress from a biochemical and biological point of view. Indeed, failure to adapt increases the risk of developing and/or relapsing mental illnesses such as burnout, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and at least some types of depression, even favoring/worsening neurodegenerative and somatic comorbidities, especially in the elderly. We will review here the current knowledge on this area, focusing on works presenting the main brain centers responsible for stressor interpretation and processing, together with those underscoring the physiology/biochemistry of endogenous stress responses. Autonomic and HPA patterns, inflammatory cascades and energy/redox metabolic arrays will be presented as allostasis promoters, leading towards adaptation to psychosocial stress and homeostasis, but also as possible vulnerability factors for allostatic overload and non-adaptive reactions. Besides, the existence of allostasis buffering systems will be treated. Finally, we will suggest promising lines of future research, particularly the use of animal and cell culture models together with human studies by means of high-throughput multi-omics technologies, which could entangle the biochemical signature of resilience or stress-related illness, a considerably helpful facet for improving patients' treatment and monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lionella Palego
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Laura Betti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pingyu Z, Binglei J, Qilong J, Tao W, Wei T. Cyclic Stretch Promotes Proliferation and Contraction of Human Bladder Smooth Muscle Cells by Cajal-Mediated c-kit Expression in Interstitial Cells. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:4784-4792. [PMID: 31249285 PMCID: PMC6612242 DOI: 10.12659/msm.917549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study was performed to assess the effect of mechanical stretch on the proliferation and contractile function of hBSMCs. Material/Methods hBSMCs and ICCs were seeded at 8×104 cells/well in 6-well silicone elastomer-bottomed culture plates coated with type I collagen, and grown to 80% confluence in DMEM/10% FBS and a 5% CO2 humidified atmosphere at 37°C. Cells of hBSMCs and hBSMCs/ICCs of co-culture were then subjected to continuous cycles of stretch-relaxation using a computer-driven, stretch-inducing device. The treated concentration of imatinib was 10 μM. Mechanisms underlying observed hBSMCs contraction were examined using Western blotting and RT-PCR. The 0.1 μM carbachol was separately added to the experimental groups, and 300 s was recorded by laser scanning confocal microscope. Results We found that mechanical stretch increased contraction and proliferation of hBSMCs. Calcium ion activity increased significantly after mechanical stretch. The number of hBSMCs was significantly increased after the combination mechanical stretch with ICCs treatment. After combination mechanical stretch with hBSMCs/ICCs treatment, the mRNA and protein level of M2, M3, and c-kit were significantly increased. After combination of mechanical stretch with no imatinib treatment, the proliferation of hBSMCs was higher than others, and the mRNA and protein level of M2 and M3 were significantly increased. Conclusions We revealed that ICCs could promote hBSMC proliferation and contraction, and cyclic stretch could promote acetylcholine receptor M2 and M3 caused by c-kit in the ICCs, which promoted the contraction of hBSMCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Pingyu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland).,Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Jiang Binglei
- Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Jiang Qilong
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Wu Tao
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Tang Wei
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Altered Neuronal Activity in the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala Induced by Restraint Water-Immersion Stress in Rats. Neurosci Bull 2018; 34:1067-1076. [PMID: 30171524 PMCID: PMC6246852 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-018-0282-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Restraint water-immersion stress (RWIS), a compound stress model, has been widely used to induce acute gastric ulceration in rats. A wealth of evidence suggests that the central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA) is a focal region for mediating the biological response to stress. Different stressors induce distinct alterations of neuronal activity in the CEA; however, few studies have reported the characteristics of CEA neuronal activity induced by RWIS. Therefore, we explored this issue using immunohistochemistry and in vivo extracellular single-unit recording. Our results showed that RWIS and restraint stress (RS) differentially changed the c-Fos expression and firing properties of neurons in the medial CEA. In addition, RWIS, but not RS, induced the activation of corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the CEA. These findings suggested that specific neuronal activation in the CEA is involved in the formation of RWIS-induced gastric ulcers. This study also provides a possible theoretical explanation for the different gastric dysfunctions induced by different stressors.
Collapse
|
5
|
Common and differential transcriptional responses to different models of traumatic stress exposure in rats. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:165. [PMID: 30139969 PMCID: PMC6107654 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0223-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of six different traumatic stress protocols on the transcriptome of the rat adrenal gland was examined using RNA sequencing. These protocols included chronic variable stress, chronic shock, social defeat and social isolation. The response of the transcriptome to stress suggested that there are genes that respond in a universal or stress modality-independent manner, as well as genes that respond in a stress modality-specific manner. Using a small number of the genes selected from the modality-independent set of stress-sensitive genes, a sensitive and robust measure of chronic stress exposure was developed. This stress-sensitive gene expression (SSGE) index could detect chronic traumatic stress exposure in a wide range of different stress models in a manner that was relatively independent of the modality of stress exposure and that paralleled the intensity of stress exposure in a dose-dependent manner. This measure could reliably distinguish control and stressed individuals in the case of animals exposed to the most intense stress protocols. The response of a subset of the modality-specific genes could also distinguish some types of stress exposure, based solely on changes in the pattern of gene expression. The results suggest that it is possible to develop diagnostic measures of traumatic stress exposure based solely on changes in the level of expression of a relatively small number of genes.
Collapse
|
6
|
Heparin-Binding Epidermal Growth Factor-Like Growth Factor as a Critical Mediator of Tissue Repair and Regeneration. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:2446-2456. [PMID: 30142332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a member of the EGF family. It contains an EGF-like domain as well as a heparin-binding domain that allows for interactions with heparin and cell-surface heparan sulfate. Soluble mature HB-EGF, a ligand of human epidermal growth factor receptors 1 and 4, is cleaved from the membrane-associated pro-HB-EGF by matrix metalloproteinase or a disintegrin and metalloproteinase in a process called ectodomain shedding. Signaling through human epidermal growth factor receptors 1 and 4 results in a variety of effects, including cellular proliferation, migration, adhesion, and differentiation. HB-EGF levels increase in response to different forms of injuries as well as stimuli, such as lysophosphatidic acid, retinoic acid, and 17β-estradiol. Because it is widely expressed in many organs, HB-EGF plays a critical role in tissue repair and regeneration throughout the body. It promotes cutaneous wound healing, hepatocyte proliferation after partial hepatectomy, intestinal anastomosis strength, alveolar regeneration after pneumonectomy, neurogenesis after ischemic injury, bladder wall thickening in response to urinary tract obstruction, and protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury to many cell types. Additionally, innovative strategies to deliver HB-EGF to sites of organ injury or to increase the endogenous levels of shed HB-EGF have been attempted with promising results. Harnessing the reparatory properties of HB-EGF in the clinical setting, therefore, may produce therapies that augment the treatment of various organ injuries.
Collapse
|
7
|
Guenat OT, Berthiaume F. Incorporating mechanical strain in organs-on-a-chip: Lung and skin. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:042207. [PMID: 29861818 PMCID: PMC5962443 DOI: 10.1063/1.5024895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, the advent of microfabrication and microfluidics and an increased interest in cellular mechanobiology have triggered the development of novel microfluidic-based platforms. They aim to incorporate the mechanical strain environment that acts upon tissues and in-vivo barriers of the human body. This article reviews those platforms, highlighting the different strains applied, and the actuation mechanisms and provides representative applications. A focus is placed on the skin and the lung barriers as examples, with a section that discusses the signaling pathways involved in the epithelium and the connective tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - François Berthiaume
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ribeiro-Oliveira A, Schweizer JROL, Amaral PHS, Bizzi MF, Silveira WCD, Espirito-Santo DTA, Zille G, Soares BS, Schmid HA, Yuen KCJ. Pasireotide treatment does not modify hyperglycemic and corticosterone acute restraint stress responses in rats. Stress 2018; 21:370-375. [PMID: 29661114 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2018.1451838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pasireotide is a new-generation somatostatin analog that acts through binding to multiple somatostatin receptor subtypes. Studies have shown that pasireotide induces hyperglycemia, reduces glucocorticoid secretion, alters neurotransmission, and potentially affects stress responses typically manifested as hyperglycemia and increased corticosterone secretion. This study specifically aimed to evaluate whether pasireotide treatment modifies glucose and costicosterone secretion in response to acute restraint stress. Male Holtzman rats of 150-200 g were treated with pasireotide (10 µg/kg/day) twice-daily for two weeks or vehicle for the same period. Blood samples were collected at baseline and after 5, 10, 30, and 60 min of restraint stress. The three experimental groups comprised of vehicle + restraint (VEHR), pasireotide + restraint (PASR), and pasireotide + saline (PASNR). Following pasireotide treatment, no significant differences in baseline glucose and corticosterone levels were observed among the three groups. During restraint, hyperglycemia was observed at 10 min (p < .01 for both comparisons), peaked at 30 min (p < .01 for both comparisons) and showed higher 60 min areas under glucose curves in the VEHR and PASR stressed groups when compared to the non-stressed PASNR group (p < .05 for both comparisons). Restraint also increased corticosterone secretion in the VEHR and PASR stressed groups at 5 min (p < .01 for both comparisons), and peaked at 30 min (p < .01 for both comparisons) with corresponding higher 60 min areas under corticosterone curves when compared to the non-stressed PASNR group (p < .01 for both comparisons). In conclusion, pasireotide treatment does not modify hyperglycemic- and corticosterone-restraint stress responses, thus preserving acute stress regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antônio Ribeiro-Oliveira
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Endocrinology, School of Medicine , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brazil
| | - Junia R O L Schweizer
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Endocrinology, School of Medicine , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brazil
| | - Pedro H S Amaral
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Endocrinology, School of Medicine , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brazil
| | - Mariana F Bizzi
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Endocrinology, School of Medicine , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brazil
| | - Warley Cezar da Silveira
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Endocrinology, School of Medicine , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brazil
| | - Daniel T A Espirito-Santo
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Endocrinology, School of Medicine , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brazil
| | - Giancarlo Zille
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Endocrinology, School of Medicine , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brazil
| | - Beatriz S Soares
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Endocrinology, School of Medicine , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brazil
| | - Herbert A Schmid
- b Department of Oncology Research , Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Kevin C J Yuen
- c Department of Neuroendocrinology , Barrow Pituitary Center, Barrow Neurological Institute , Phoenix , AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Artalejo AR, Olivos-Oré LA. Alpha2-adrenoceptors in adrenomedullary chromaffin cells: functional role and pathophysiological implications. Pflugers Arch 2017; 470:61-66. [PMID: 28836008 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2059-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chromaffin cells from the adrenal medulla participate in stress responses by releasing catecholamines into the bloodstream. Main control of adrenal catecholamine secretion is exerted both neurally (by the splanchnic nerve fibers) and humorally (by corticosteroids, circulating noradrenaline, etc.). It should be noted, however, that secretory products themselves (catecholamines, ATP, opioids, ascorbic acid, chromogranins) could also influence the secretory response in an autocrine/paracrine manner. This form of control is activity-dependent and can be either inhibitory or excitatory. Among the inhibitory influences, it stands out the one mediated by α2-adrenergic autoreceptors activated by released catecholamines. α2-adrenoceptors are G protein-coupled receptors capable to inhibit exocytotic secretion through a direct interaction of Gβγ subunits with voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Interestingly, upon intense and/or prolonged stimulation, α2-adrenergic receptors become desensitized by the intervention of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2). In several experimental models of heart failure, there has been reported the up-regulation of GRK2 and the loss of functioning of inhibitory α2-adrenoceptors resulting in enhanced release of adrenomedullary catecholamines. Given the importance of circulating catecholamines in the pathophysiology of heart failure, the recovery of α2-adrenergic modulation of the secretory response from chromaffin cells appears as a novel strategy for a better control of the patients with this cardiac disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio R Artalejo
- Institute for Research in Neurochemistry & Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis Alcides Olivos-Oré
- Institute for Research in Neurochemistry & Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Brain Under Stress and Alzheimer's Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 38:73-84. [PMID: 28699112 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0521-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Modern society is characterized by the ubiquity of stressors that affect every individual to different extents. Furthermore, experimental, clinical, and epidemiological data have shown that chronic activation of the stress response may participate in the development of various somatic as well as neuropsychiatric diseases. Surprisingly, the role that stress plays in the etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has not yet been studied in detail and is therefore not well understood. However, accumulated data have shown that neuroendocrine and behavioral changes accompanying the stress response affect neuronal homeostasis and compromise several key neuronal processes. Mediators of the neuroendocrine stress response, if elevated repeatedly or chronically, exert direct detrimental effects on the brain by impairing neuronal metabolism, plasticity, and survival. Stress-induced hormonal and behavioral reactions may also participate in the development of hypertension, atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, and other peripheral disturbances that may indirectly induce neuropathological processes participating in the development and progression of AD. Importantly, stress-induced detrimental effects as etiological factors of AD are attractive because they can be reduced by several approaches including behavioral and pharmacological interventions. These interventions may therefore represent an important strategy for prevention or attenuation of the progression of AD.
Collapse
|
11
|
Brindley RL, Bauer MB, Blakely RD, Currie KP. Serotonin and Serotonin Transporters in the Adrenal Medulla: A Potential Hub for Modulation of the Sympathetic Stress Response. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:943-954. [PMID: 28406285 PMCID: PMC5541362 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is an important neurotransmitter in the central nervous system where it modulates circuits involved in mood, cognition, movement, arousal, and autonomic function. The 5-HT transporter (SERT; SLC6A4) is a key regulator of 5-HT signaling, and genetic variations in SERT are associated with various disorders including depression, anxiety, and autism. This review focuses on the role of SERT in the sympathetic nervous system. Autonomic/sympathetic dysfunction is evident in patients with depression, anxiety, and other diseases linked to serotonergic signaling. Experimentally, loss of SERT function (SERT knockout mice or chronic pharmacological block) has been reported to augment the sympathetic stress response. Alterations to serotonergic signaling in the CNS and thus central drive to the peripheral sympathetic nervous system are presumed to underlie this augmentation. Although less widely recognized, SERT is robustly expressed in chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, the neuroendocrine arm of the sympathetic nervous system. Adrenal chromaffin cells do not synthesize 5-HT but accumulate small amounts by SERT-mediated uptake. Recent evidence demonstrated that 5-HT1A receptors inhibit catecholamine secretion from adrenal chromaffin cells via an atypical mechanism that does not involve modulation of cellular excitability or voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. This raises the possibility that the adrenal medulla is a previously unrecognized peripheral hub for serotonergic control of the sympathetic stress response. As a framework for future investigation, a model is proposed in which stress-evoked adrenal catecholamine secretion is fine-tuned by SERT-modulated autocrine 5-HT signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Brindley
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mary Beth Bauer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Randy D. Blakely
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, and Florida Atlantic University Brain Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Kevin P.M. Currie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Linking Stress, Catecholamine Autotoxicity, and Allostatic Load with Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Focused Review in Memory of Richard Kvetnansky. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 38:13-24. [PMID: 28488009 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0497-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this Focused Review, we provide an update about evolving concepts that may link chronic stress and catecholamine autotoxicity with neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Richard Kvetnansky's contributions to the field of stress and catecholamine systems inspired some of the ideas presented here. We propose that coordination of catecholaminergic systems mediates adjustments maintaining health and that senescence-related disintegration of these systems leads to disorders of regulation and to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Chronically repeated episodes of stress-related catecholamine release and reuptake, with attendant increases in formation of the toxic dopamine metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde, might accelerate this process.
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Furlan A, La Manno G, Lübke M, Häring M, Abdo H, Hochgerner H, Kupari J, Usoskin D, Airaksinen MS, Oliver G, Linnarsson S, Ernfors P. Visceral motor neuron diversity delineates a cellular basis for nipple- and pilo-erection muscle control. Nat Neurosci 2016; 19:1331-40. [PMID: 27571008 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite the variety of physiological and target-related functions, little is known regarding the cellular complexity in the sympathetic ganglion. We explored the heterogeneity of mouse stellate and thoracic ganglia and found an unexpected variety of cell types. We identified specialized populations of nipple- and pilo-erector muscle neurons. These neurons extended axonal projections and were born among other neurons during embryogenesis, but remained unspecialized until target organogenesis occurred postnatally. Target innervation and cell-type specification was coordinated by an intricate acquisition of unique combinations of growth factor receptors and the initiation of expression of concomitant ligands by the nascent erector muscles. Overall, our results provide compelling evidence for a highly sophisticated organization of the sympathetic nervous system into discrete outflow channels that project to well-defined target tissues and offer mechanistic insight into how diversity and connectivity are established during development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Furlan
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gioele La Manno
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Moritz Lübke
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Häring
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hind Abdo
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hannah Hochgerner
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jussi Kupari
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dmitry Usoskin
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matti S Airaksinen
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Guillermo Oliver
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sten Linnarsson
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ernfors
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Critical features of acute stress-induced cross-sensitization identified through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis output. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31244. [PMID: 27511270 PMCID: PMC4980629 DOI: 10.1038/srep31244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress-induced sensitization represents a process whereby prior exposure to severe stressors leaves animals or humans in a hyper-responsive state to further stressors. Indeed, this phenomenon is assumed to be the basis of certain stress-associated pathologies, including post-traumatic stress disorder and psychosis. One biological system particularly prone to sensitization is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the prototypic stress system. It is well established that under certain conditions, prior exposure of animals to acute and chronic (triggering) stressors enhances HPA responses to novel (heterotypic) stressors on subsequent days (e.g. raised plasma ACTH and corticosterone levels). However, such changes remain somewhat controversial and thus, the present study aimed to identify the critical characteristics of the triggering and challenging stressors that affect acute stress-induced HPA cross-sensitization in adult rats. We found that HPA cross-sensitization is markedly influenced by the intensity of the triggering stressor, whereas the length of exposure mainly affects its persistence. Importantly, HPA sensitization is more evident with mild than strong challenging stressors, and it may remain unnoticed if exposure to the challenging stressor is prolonged beyond 15 min. We speculate that heterotypic HPA sensitization might have developed to optimize biologically adaptive responses to further brief stressors.
Collapse
|
16
|
Oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways in the brain of socially isolated adult male rats demonstrating depressive- and anxiety-like symptoms. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:1-20. [PMID: 27033097 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Various stressors may disrupt the redox homeostasis of an organism by causing oxidative and nitrosative stress that may activate stressor-specific pathways and provoke specific responses. Chronic social isolation (CSIS) represents a mild chronic stress that evokes a variety of neurobehavioral changes in rats similar to those observed in people with psychiatric disorders, including depression. Most rodent studies have focused on the effect of social isolation during weaning or adolescence, while its effect in adult rats has not been extensively examined. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge regarding the involvement of oxidative/nitrosative stress pathways in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of adult male rats exposed to CSIS, focusing on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis activity, behavior parameters, antioxidative defense systems, stress signaling mediated by nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and mitochondria-related proapoptotic signaling. Although increased concentrations of corticosterone (CORT) have been shown to induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, we suggest a mechanism underlying the glucocorticoid paradox whereby a state of oxidative/nitrosative stress may exist under basal CORT levels. This review also highlights the differential susceptibility of prefrontal cortex and hippocampus to oxidative stress following CSIS and suggests a possible cellular pathway of stress tolerance that preserves the hippocampus from molecular damage and apoptosis. The differential regulation of the transcriptional factor NF-κB, and the enzymes inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) following CSIS may be one functional difference between the response of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, thus identifying potentially relevant targets for antidepressant treatment.
Collapse
|
17
|
Kushida N, Yamaguchi O, Kawashima Y, Akaihata H, Hata J, Ishibashi K, Aikawa K, Kojima Y. Uni-axial stretch induces actin stress fiber reorganization and activates c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase via RhoA and Rho kinase in human bladder smooth muscle cells. BMC Urol 2016; 16:9. [PMID: 26928204 PMCID: PMC4772493 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-016-0127-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Excessive mechanical overload may be involved in bladder wall remodelling. Since the activity of Rho kinase is known to be upregulated in the obstructed bladder, we investigate the roles of the RhoA/Rho kinase pathway in mechanical overloaded bladder smooth muscle cells. Methods Human bladder smooth muscle cells were stimulated on silicon culture plates by 15 % elongated uni-axial cyclic stretch at 1 Hz. The activity of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase was measured by western blotting and actin stress fibers were observed by stained with phallotoxin conjugated with Alexa-Fluor 594. Results The activity of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 1 peaked at 30 min (4.7-fold increase vs. before stretch) and this activity was partially abrogated by the RhoA inhibitor, C3 exoenzoyme or by the Rho kinase inhibitor, Y-27632. Stretch induced the strong formation of actin stress fibers and these fibers re-orientated in a direction that was perpendicular to the stretch direction. The average angle of the fibers from the perpendicular to the direction of stretch was significantly different between before, and 4 h after, stretch. Actin stress fibers reorganization was also suppressed by the C3 exoenzyme or Y-27632. Conclusions Bladder smooth muscle cells appear to have elaborate mechanisms for sensing mechanical stress and for adapting to mechanical stress overload by cytoskeletal remodeling and by activating cell growth signals such as c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase via RhoA/Rho kinase pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Kushida
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1, Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Osamu Yamaguchi
- Division of Bioengineering and LUTD Research, Nihon University School of Engineering, Nihon University, 1, Nakagawara, Tokusada, Tamura, Koriyama, 963-8642, Japan.
| | - Yohei Kawashima
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1, Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Hidenori Akaihata
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1, Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Junya Hata
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1, Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Kei Ishibashi
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1, Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Ken Aikawa
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1, Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Yoshiyuki Kojima
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1, Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Aikawa K, Ishibashi K, Sakai T, Takahashi N, Ogawa S, Kawashima Y, Yamaguchi O. Effect of the Renin-Angiotensin System on the Obstructed Bladder. Low Urin Tract Symptoms 2015; 4 Suppl 1:81-6. [PMID: 26676705 DOI: 10.1111/j.1757-5672.2011.00125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bladder hypertrophy and dysfunction are well-known bladder responses to outlet obstruction (i.e. urodynamic overload). Cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure are also caused by hemodynamic overload, and many basic and clinical studies suggest that the local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has a crucial role in load-induced cardiac pathogenesis. The similarity of the response of the heart and the bladder to overload suggests that angiotensin II (AngII) may have a similar regulatory role in pathological remodeling, such as muscle growth and collagen production of the obstructed bladder. Previous in vitro studies show that angiotensin I is converted to AngII by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) or chymase, which exists in the human bladder. In addition, many studies using contractile responses to AngII, autoradiography, radioreceptor assay and mRNA expression demonstrate the presence of AngII receptor in the bladder from various animals and the human. Recent evidence indicates that AngII is released from bladder smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in response to a repetitive stretch stimulus, and subsequently activates AT1 in an autocrine fashion. This AT1 activation has been shown to mediate heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor gene expression and to increase the DNA synthesis rate of bladder SMCs. Consistent with this in vitro study, previous studies and our preliminary data suggest the usefulness of AT1 antagonists or ACE inhibitor in bladder outlet obstruction of the rabbit and rat. Taken together, the local RAS contributes to structural and functional alterations in the bladder after obstruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Aikawa
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kei Ishibashi
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takio Sakai
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Norio Takahashi
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ogawa
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yohei Kawashima
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Osamu Yamaguchi
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Adams Waldorf KM, Singh N, Mohan AR, Young RC, Ngo L, Das A, Tsai J, Bansal A, Paolella L, Herbert BR, Sooranna SR, Gough GM, Astley C, Vogel K, Baldessari AE, Bammler TK, MacDonald J, Gravett MG, Rajagopal L, Johnson MR. Uterine overdistention induces preterm labor mediated by inflammation: observations in pregnant women and nonhuman primates. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 213:830.e1-830.e19. [PMID: 26284599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Uterine overdistention is thought to induce preterm labor in women with twin and multiple pregnancies, but the pathophysiology remains unclear. We investigated for the first time the pathogenesis of preterm birth associated with rapid uterine distention in a pregnant nonhuman primate model. STUDY DESIGN A nonhuman primate model of uterine overdistention was created using preterm chronically catheterized pregnant pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina) by inflation of intraamniotic balloons (N = 6), which were compared to saline controls (N = 5). Cesarean delivery was performed due to preterm labor or at experimental end. Microarray, quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, Luminex (Austin, TX), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to measure messenger RNA (mRNA) and/or protein levels from monkey (amniotic fluid, myometrium, maternal plasma) and human (amniocytes, amnion, myometrium) tissues. Statistical analysis employed analysis of covariance and Wilcoxon rank sum. Biomechanical forces were calculated using the law of Laplace. RESULTS Preterm labor occurred in 3 of 6 animals after balloon inflation and correlated with greater balloon volume and uterine wall stress. Significant elevations of inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandins occurred following uterine overdistention in an "inflammatory pulse" that correlated with preterm labor (interleukin [IL]-1β, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F2α, all P < .05). A similar inflammatory response was observed in amniocytes in vitro following mechanical stretch (IL1β, IL6, and IL8 mRNA multiple time points, P < .05), in amnion of women with polyhydramnios (IL6 and TNF mRNA, P < .05) and in amnion (TNF-α) and myometrium of women with twins in early labor (IL6, IL8, CCL2, all P < .05). Genes differentially expressed in the nonhuman primate after balloon inflation and in women with polyhydramnios and twins are involved in tissue remodeling and muscle growth. CONCLUSION Uterine overdistention by inflation of an intraamniotic balloon is associated with an inflammatory pulse that precedes and correlates with preterm labor. Our results indicate that inflammation is an early event after a mechanical stress on the uterus and leads to preterm labor when the stress is sufficiently great. Further, we find evidence of uterine tissue remodeling and muscle growth as a common, perhaps compensatory, response to uterine distension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Natasha Singh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aarthi R Mohan
- Department of Cancer and Surgery, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roger C Young
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Lisa Ngo
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Ananya Das
- Department of Cancer and Surgery, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jesse Tsai
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Aasthaa Bansal
- Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research and Policy Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Louis Paolella
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Bronwen R Herbert
- Department of Cancer and Surgery, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Suren R Sooranna
- Department of Cancer and Surgery, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - G Michael Gough
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Cliff Astley
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Keith Vogel
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Audrey E Baldessari
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Theodor K Bammler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - James MacDonald
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Michael G Gravett
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Global Alliance to Prevent Prematurity and Stillbirth, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Lakshmi Rajagopal
- Department of Pediatrics and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Mark R Johnson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Impact of Chromogranin A deficiency on catecholamine storage, catecholamine granule morphology and chromaffin cell energy metabolism in vivo. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 363:693-712. [PMID: 26572539 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2316-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CgA) is a prohormone and granulogenic factor in neuroendocrine tissues with a regulated secretory pathway. The impact of CgA depletion on secretory granule formation has been previously demonstrated in cell culture. However, studies linking the structural effects of CgA deficiency with secretory performance and cell metabolism in the adrenomedullary chromaffin cells in vivo have not previously been reported. Adrenomedullary content of the secreted adrenal catecholamines norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI) was decreased 30-40 % in Chga-KO mice. Quantification of NE and EPI-storing dense core (DC) vesicles (DCV) revealed decreased DCV numbers in chromaffin cells in Chga-KO mice. For both cell types, the DCV diameter in Chga-KO mice was less (100-200 nm) than in WT mice (200-350 nm). The volume density of the vesicle and vesicle number was also lower in Chga-KO mice. Chga-KO mice showed an ~47 % increase in DCV/DC ratio, implying vesicle swelling due to increased osmotically active free catecholamines. Upon challenge with 2 U/kg insulin, there was a diminution in adrenomedullary EPI, no change in NE and a very large increase in the EPI and NE precursor dopamine (DA), consistent with increased catecholamine biosynthesis during prolonged secretion. We found dilated mitochondrial cristae, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex, as well as increased synaptic mitochondria, synaptic vesicles and glycogen granules in Chga-KO mice compared to WT mice, suggesting that decreased granulogenesis and catecholamine storage in CgA-deficient mouse adrenal medulla is compensated by increased VMAT-dependent catecholamine update into storage vesicles, at the expense of enhanced energy expenditure by the chromaffin cell.
Collapse
|
21
|
Kawashima Y, Kushida N, Kokubun S, Ogawa S, Shiomi H, Ishibashi K, Aikawa K, Ikegami K, Nomiya M, Yamaguchi O. Possible effect of lysophosphatidic acid on cell proliferation and involvement of lysophosphatidic acid and lysophosphatidic acid receptors in mechanical stretch-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase. Int J Urol 2015; 22:778-84. [DOI: 10.1111/iju.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Kawashima
- Department of Urology; Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine; Fukushima Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Kushida
- Department of Urology; Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine; Fukushima Japan
| | - Shuko Kokubun
- Department of Urology; Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine; Fukushima Japan
| | - Soichiro Ogawa
- Department of Urology; Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine; Fukushima Japan
| | - Homare Shiomi
- Department of Urology; Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine; Fukushima Japan
| | - Kei Ishibashi
- Department of Urology; Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine; Fukushima Japan
| | - Ken Aikawa
- Department of Urology; Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine; Fukushima Japan
| | - Kentaro Ikegami
- Division of Bioengineering and LUTD Research; Nihon University College of Engineering; Koriyama Japan
| | - Masanori Nomiya
- Division of Bioengineering and LUTD Research; Nihon University College of Engineering; Koriyama Japan
| | - Osamu Yamaguchi
- Division of Bioengineering and LUTD Research; Nihon University College of Engineering; Koriyama Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mauney JR, Adam RM. Dynamic reciprocity in cell-scaffold interactions. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 82-83:77-85. [PMID: 25453262 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering in urology has shown considerable promise. However, there is still much to understand, particularly regarding the interactions between scaffolds and their host environment, how these interactions regulate regeneration and how they may be enhanced for optimal tissue repair. In this review, we discuss the concept of dynamic reciprocity as applied to tissue engineering, i.e. how bi-directional signaling between implanted scaffolds and host tissues such as the bladder drives the process of constructive remodeling to ensure successful graft integration and tissue repair. The impact of scaffold content and configuration, the contribution of endogenous and exogenous bioactive factors, the influence of the host immune response and the functional interaction with mechanical stimulation are all considered. In addition, the temporal relationships of host tissue ingrowth, bioactive factor mobilization, scaffold degradation and immune cell infiltration, as well as the reciprocal signaling between discrete cell types and scaffolds are discussed. Improved understanding of these aspects of tissue repair will identify opportunities for optimization of repair that could be exploited to enhance regenerative medicine strategies for urology in future studies.
Collapse
|
23
|
García-Díaz EC, Gómez-Quiroz LE, Arenas-Ríos E, Aragón-Martínez A, Ibarra-Arias JA, del Socorro I Retana-Márquez M. Oxidative status in testis and epididymal sperm parameters after acute and chronic stress by cold-water immersion in the adult rat. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2015; 61:150-60. [PMID: 25640572 DOI: 10.3109/19396368.2015.1008071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Stress is associated with detrimental effects on male reproductive function. It is known that stress increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the male reproductive tract. High ROS levels may be linked to low sperm quality and male infertility. However, it is still not clear if ROS are generated by stress in the testis. The objective of this study was to characterize the role of oxidative stress induced by cold-water immersion stress in the testis of adult male rats and its relation with alterations in cauda epididymal sperm. Adult male rats were exposed to acute stress or chronic stress by cold-water immersion. Rats were sacrificed at 0, 6, 12, and 24 hours immediately following acute stress exposure, and after 20, 40, and 50 days of chronic stress. ROS production increased only at 6 hours post-stress, while the activity and expression of antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and sperm parameters were not modified in the testis. Corticosterone increased immediately after acute stress, whereas testosterone was not modified. After chronic stress, testicular absolute weight decreased; in addition, ROS production and LPO increased at 20, 40, and 50 days. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) decreased throughout the duration of chronic stress and the activity of catalase (CAT) decreased at 40 and 50 days, and increased at 20 days. The expression of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and CAT were not modified, but the expression of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (GPx-4) decreased at 20 days. Motility, viability, and sperm count decreased, while abnormal sperm increased with chronic stress. These results suggest that during acute stress there is a redox state regulation in the testis since no deleterious effect was observed. In contrast, equilibrium redox is lost during chronic stress, with low enzyme activity but without modifying their expression. In addition, corticosterone increased while testosterone decreased, this decrease is related to the negative effects seen in sperm.
Collapse
|
24
|
Freese C, Schreiner D, Anspach L, Bantz C, Maskos M, Unger RE, Kirkpatrick CJ. In vitro investigation of silica nanoparticle uptake into human endothelial cells under physiological cyclic stretch. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:68. [PMID: 25539809 PMCID: PMC4318365 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0068-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In general the prediction of the toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of engineered nanoparticles in humans is initially determined using in vitro static cell culture assays. However, such test systems may not be sufficient for testing nanoparticles intended for intravenous application. Once injected, these nanoparticles are caught up in the blood stream in vivo and are therefore in continuous movement. Physical forces such as shear stress and cyclic stretch caused by the pulsatile blood flow are known to change the phenotype of endothelial cells which line the luminal side of the vasculature and thus may be able to affect cell-nanoparticle interactions. METHODS In this study we investigated the uptake of amorphous silica nanoparticles in primary endothelial cells (HUVEC) cultured under physiological cyclic stretch conditions (1 Hz, 5% stretch) and compared this to cells in a standard static cell culture system. The toxicity of varying concentrations was assessed using cell viability and cytotoxicity studies. Nanoparticles were also characterized for the induction of an inflammatory response. Changes to cell morphology was evaluated in cells by examining actin and PECAM staining patterns and the amounts of nanoparticles taken up under the different culture conditions by evaluation of intracellular fluorescence. The expression profile of 26 stress-related was determined by microarray analysis. RESULTS The results show that cytotoxicity to endothelial cells caused by silica nanoparticles is not significantly altered under stretch compared to static culture conditions. Nevertheless, cells cultured under stretch internalize fewer nanoparticles. The data indicate that the decrease of nanoparticle content in stretched cells was not due to the induction of cell stress, inflammation processes or an enhanced exocytosis but rather a result of decreased endocytosis. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this study shows that while the toxic impact of silica nanoparticles is not altered by stretch this dynamic model demonstrates altered cellular uptake of nanoparticles under physiologically relevant in vitro cell culture models. In particular for the development of nanoparticles for biomedical applications such improved in vitro cell culture models may play a pivotal role in the reduction of animal experiments and development costs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Freese
- REPAIR-lab, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Daniel Schreiner
- REPAIR-lab, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Laura Anspach
- REPAIR-lab, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Mainz, Germany.
| | | | | | - Ronald E Unger
- REPAIR-lab, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Mainz, Germany.
| | - C James Kirkpatrick
- REPAIR-lab, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Mainz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Pighin S, Bonini N, Savadori L, Hadjichristidis C, Schena F. Loss aversion and hypoxia: less loss aversion in oxygen-depleted environment. Stress 2014; 17:204-10. [PMID: 24491066 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2014.891103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia, the deprivation of adequate oxygen supply, constitutes a direct threat to survival by disrupting cardiovascular or respiratory homeostasis and eliciting a respiratory distress. Although hypoxia has been shown to increase brain vulnerability and impair basic cognitive functions, only one study has examined its effect on decision-making. The present study examined the effect of mild hypoxia on individual's loss aversion, that is, the tendency to be more affected by losses than equal sized gains. A sample of 26 participants were asked to either accept or reject a series of mixed gambles once in an oxygen-depleted environment (14.1% oxygen concentration) and once in a normoxic environment (20.9% oxygen concentration). Each gamble involved a 50-50 chance of winning or losing specified amounts of money. Mild hypoxia decreased loss aversion: on average in the normoxic condition participants accepted gambles if the gain was at least 2.4 times as large as the loss, whereas in the oxygen-depleted condition participants accepted gambles if the gain was at least 1.7 times as large as the loss. Mild hypoxia may push individuals to be less cautious in daily decisions that involve a trade-off between a gain and a loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Pighin
- Research Center for Sport, Mountain, and Health, University of Verona , Verona , Italy and
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hoffman AN, Anouti DP, Lacagnina MJ, Nikulina EM, Hammer RP, Conrad CD. Experience-dependent effects of context and restraint stress on corticolimbic c-Fos expression. Stress 2013; 16:587-91. [PMID: 23662914 PMCID: PMC4109317 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2013.804505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stressors are typically multidimensional, comprised of multiple physical and sensory components that rarely occur as single isolated events. This study used a 2-day stress exposure paradigm to assess functional activation patterns (by Fos expression) in key corticolimbic structures following repeated context, repeated restraint, context followed by restraint or restraint followed by context. On day 1, rats were transported to a novel context and either restrained for 6 h or left undisturbed. On day 2, these two groups were either restrained or not in the same context, then processed for Fos immunohistochemistry. Regardless of prior stress experience, rats exposed to context only on day 2 expressed more Fos-like immunoreactive (IR) labeling in CA1 and CA3 of dorsal hippocampus, basolateral amygdala and central amygdala than those that were not. This pattern was reversed in the dentate gyrus infrapyramidal blade. In contrast, in the infralimbic region of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), the experience of a single restraint on either day 1 or day 2 rats elevated Fos-like IR relative to rats that had been exposed to context alone. These data show that exposure to context produces robust Fos induction in the hippocampus and amygdala, regardless of prior experience with restraint and compared to the immediate experience of restraint, with prior experience modulating Fos expression within the mPFC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann N. Hoffman
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104
| | - Danya P. Anouti
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104
| | - Michael J. Lacagnina
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85004
| | - Ella M. Nikulina
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85004
| | - Ronald P. Hammer
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85004
| | - Cheryl D. Conrad
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Shimizu S, Saito M, Oiwa H, Ohmasa F, Tsounapi P, Oikawa R, Dimitriadis F, Martin DT, Satoh I, Kinoshita Y, Tomita S. Olmesartan ameliorates urinary dysfunction in the spontaneously hypertensive rat via recovering bladder blood flow and decreasing oxidative stress. Neurourol Urodyn 2013; 33:350-7. [DOI: 10.1002/nau.22405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Shimizu
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology; Tottori University School of Medicine; Yonago Japan
| | - Motoaki Saito
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology; Tottori University School of Medicine; Yonago Japan
| | - Harunori Oiwa
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology; Tottori University School of Medicine; Yonago Japan
| | - Fumiya Ohmasa
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology; Tottori University School of Medicine; Yonago Japan
| | - Panagiota Tsounapi
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology; Tottori University School of Medicine; Yonago Japan
| | - Ryo Oikawa
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology; Tottori University School of Medicine; Yonago Japan
| | - Fotios Dimitriadis
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology; Tottori University School of Medicine; Yonago Japan
| | - Darryl T. Martin
- Department of Urology; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Itaru Satoh
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology; Tottori University School of Medicine; Yonago Japan
| | - Yukako Kinoshita
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology; Tottori University School of Medicine; Yonago Japan
| | - Shuhei Tomita
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology; Tottori University School of Medicine; Yonago Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Schröder A, Kirwan TP, Jiang JX, Aitken KJ, Bägli DJ. Rapamycin attenuates bladder hypertrophy during long-term outlet obstruction in vivo: tissue, matrix and mechanistic insights. J Urol 2013; 189:2377-84. [PMID: 23313213 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.12.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous molecular studies showed that the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin prevents bladder smooth muscle hypertrophy in vitro. We investigated the effect of rapamycin treatment in vivo on bladder smooth muscle hypertrophy in a rat model of partial bladder outlet obstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 48 female Sprague-Dawley® rats underwent partial bladder outlet obstruction and received daily subcutaneous injections of rapamycin (1 mg/kg) or vehicle commencing 2 weeks postoperatively. A total of 36 rats underwent sham surgery and received rapamycin or vehicle. Rats were sacrificed 3, 6 and 12 weeks after surgery. Before sacrifice, voiding was observed in a metabolic cage for 24 hours. Bladder-to-body weight in gm bladder weight per kg body weight and post-void residual urine were assessed. We evaluated Col1a1, Col3a1, Eln and Mmp7 mRNA expression and histology. Two-factor ANOVA and the post hoc t test were applied. RESULTS Bladder outlet obstruction caused a significant increase in bladder weight in all obstructed groups. Three weeks postoperatively (1 week of treatment) there was no difference in the bladder-to-body weight ratio in the obstructed group. However, at 6 and 12 weeks (4 and 10 weeks of treatment, respectively) the bladder-to-body weight ratio of rats with obstruction plus rapamycin was significantly lower than that of rats with obstruction plus vehicle. Post-void residual urine volume after 6 and 12 weeks of obstruction was lower in obstructed rats with rapamycin compared to that in obstructed rats with vehicle. Rapamycin decreased the obstruction induced expression of Col1a1, Col3a1, Eln and Mmp7. CONCLUSIONS Rapamycin prevents mechanically induced hypertrophy in cardiovascular smooth muscle. In vivo mTOR inhibition may attenuate obstruction induced detrusor hypertrophy and help preserve bladder function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Schröder
- Department of Urology, Hospital for Sick Children, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Liu M, Xu YF, Feng Y, Yang FQ, Luo J, Zhai W, Che JP, Wang GC, Zheng JH. Epigallocatechin gallate attenuates interstitial cystitis in human bladder urothelium cells by modulating purinergic receptors. J Surg Res 2012; 183:397-404. [PMID: 23260235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has exhibited antitumor properties against bladder cancer. However, its effects in interstitial cystitis (IC) have not been investigated. METHODS Here, we performed repeated cystoscopy and re-biopsy of bladder mucosa before and after intravesical irrigation of EGCG in eight patients diagnosed with IC based on clinical and histopathologic assessments. Six normal bladder tissue samples were obtained from age-, race-, and sex-matched asymptomatic control subjects. IC symptom index was used to compare the therapeutic effect in IC patients. Patient-derived bladder epithelial cells were cultured and cell stretch experiments and ATP assays were performed. The expression of purinergic receptors X1, X2, and X3, and Y1, Y2, and Y11, in biopsied samples was detected by Western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Moreover, the expression of inducible NO synthase, phosphorylated Akt, and phosphorylated NF-κB was also assessed. RESULTS All EGCG-treated patients demonstrated different extents of remission of symptoms. We found a significant upregulation in P2X1, P2X2, and P2X3 receptor proteins and P2Y1, P2Y2, and P2Y11 receptor transcripts in IC patients. However, EGCG therapy attenuated the expression of all purinergic receptors. In addition, EGCG demonstrated prominent antioxidative and antiinflammatory effects via inhibition of the upregulation of iNOS and phosphorylated NF-κB. Furthermore, the stretch-activated release of ATP in cultured bladder urothelial cells was greater in cells derived from IC patients, compared with those from the control patients, but EGCG, at all concentrations tested, effectively abolished the increase in ATP release from stretched IC patient-derived cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that inhibition of the expression of purinergic receptors and ATP release in urothelial cells by EGCG supports further development of EGCG as a novel therapeutic option for IC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Urology & Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kalsbeek A, Liu J, Lei J, Timmermans L, Foppen E, Cailotto C, Fliers E. Differential involvement of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in lipopolysaccharide-induced plasma glucose and corticosterone responses. Chronobiol Int 2012; 29:835-49. [PMID: 22823867 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2012.699123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is an essential component of the circadian timing system, and an important determinant of neuroendocrine and metabolic regulation. Recent data indicate a modulatory role for the immune system on the circadian timing system. The authors investigated how the circadian timing system affects the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and glucose regulatory responses evoked by an immune challenge induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS-induced increases in corticosterone were minimal during the trough of the daily corticosterone rhythm; in contrast, LPS effects on glucose, glucagon, and insulin did not vary across time-of-day. Complete ablation of the SCN resulted in increased corticosterone responses but did not affect LPS-induced hyperglycemia. The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus is an important neuroendocrine and autonomic output pathway for hypothalamic information, as well as one of the main target areas of the SCN. Silencing the neuronal activity in the PVN did not affect the LPS-induced corticosterone surge and only slightly delayed the LPS-induced plasma glucose and glucagon responses. Finally, surgical interruption of the neuronal connection between hypothalamus and liver did not affect the corticosterone response but slightly delayed the LPS-induced glucose response. Together, these data support the previously proposed circadian modulation of LPS-induced neuroendocrine responses, but they are at variance with the suggested major role for the hypothalamic pacemaker on the autonomic output of the hypothalamus, as reflected by the effects of LPS on glucose homeostasis. The latter effects are more likely due to direct interactions of LPS with peripheral tissues, such as the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cho ST, Park EY, Kim JC. Effect of Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonist Telmisartan on Detrusor Overactivity in Rats With Bladder Outlet Obstruction. Urology 2012; 80:1163.e1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
32
|
Varga T, Mogyoródi B, Bagó AG, Cservenák M, Domokos D, Renner É, Gallatz K, Usdin TB, Palkovits M, Dobolyi A. Paralemniscal TIP39 is induced in rat dams and may participate in maternal functions. Brain Struct Funct 2012; 217:323-35. [PMID: 22081168 PMCID: PMC3294170 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-011-0357-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The paralemniscal area, situated between the pontine reticular formation and the lateral lemniscus in the pontomesencephalic tegmentum contains some tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (TIP39)-expressing neurons. In the present study, we measured a 4 times increase in the level of TIP39 mRNA in the paralemniscal area of lactating mothers as opposed to nulliparous females and mothers deprived of pups using real-time RT-PCR. In situ hybridization histochemistry and immunolabeling demonstrated that the induction of TIP39 in mothers takes place within the medial paralemniscal nucleus, a cytoarchitectonically distinct part of the paralemniscal area, and that the increase in TIP39 mRNA levels translates into elevated peptide levels in dams. The paralemniscal area has been implicated in maternal control as well as in pain perception. To establish the function of induced TIP39, we investigated the activation of TIP39 neurons in response to pup exposure as maternal, and formalin injection as noxious stimulus. Both stimuli elicited c-fos expression in the paralemniscal area. Subsequent double labeling demonstrated that 95% of neurons expressing Fos in response to pup exposure also contained TIP39 immunoreactivity and 91% of TIP39 neurons showed c-fos activation by pup exposure. In contrast, formalin-induced Fos does not co-localize with TIP39. Instead, most formalin-activated neurons are situated medial to the TIP39 cell group. Our data indicate that paralemniscal neurons may be involved in the processing of maternal and nociceptive information. However, two different groups of paralemniscal neurons participate in the two functions. In particular, TIP39 neurons may participate in the control of maternal functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Varga
- Neuromorphological and Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tüzolto u. 58, Budapest 1094, Hungary
| | - Bence Mogyoródi
- Neuromorphological and Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tüzolto u. 58, Budapest 1094, Hungary
| | - Attila G. Bagó
- Neuromorphological and Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tüzolto u. 58, Budapest 1094, Hungary, National Institute of Neurosurgery, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Melinda Cservenák
- Neuromorphological and Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tüzolto u. 58, Budapest 1094, Hungary
| | - Dominika Domokos
- Neuromorphological and Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tüzolto u. 58, Budapest 1094, Hungary
| | - Éva Renner
- Neuromorphological and Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tüzolto u. 58, Budapest 1094, Hungary
| | - Katalin Gallatz
- Neuromorphological and Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tüzolto u. 58, Budapest 1094, Hungary
| | - Ted B. Usdin
- Section on Fundamental Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Miklós Palkovits
- Neuromorphological and Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tüzolto u. 58, Budapest 1094, Hungary
| | - Arpád Dobolyi
- Neuromorphological and Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tüzolto u. 58, Budapest 1094, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Aikawa K, Sakai T, Ishibashi K, Shiomi H, Sagawa K, Kumagai S, Kataoka M, Akaihata H, Yamaguchi O. Involvement of angiotensin II type 1 receptor on pathological remodeling and dysfunction in obstructed bladder. Int J Urol 2012; 19:457-64. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2012.02965.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
34
|
Local renin–angiotensin systems in the genitourinary tract. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2011; 385:13-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-011-0706-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
35
|
Comiter C, Phull HS. Angiotensin II type 1 (AT-1) receptor inhibition partially prevents the urodynamic and detrusor changes associated with bladder outlet obstruction: a mouse model. BJU Int 2011; 109:1841-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2011.10580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
36
|
Goldstein DS. Adrenal responses to stress. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2011; 30:1433-40. [PMID: 21061156 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-010-9606-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Based on concepts proposed by Langley, Cannon, and Selye, adrenal responses to stress occur in a syndrome that reflects activation of the sympathoadrenal system and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis; and a "stress syndrome" maintains homeostasis in emergencies such as "fight or flight" situations, but if the stress response is excessive or prolonged then any of a variety of clinical disorders can arise. The idea of a unitary sympathoadrenal system does not account for evidence that different stressors elicit different patterns of autonomic responses, with exposure to some stressors differentially affecting sympathetic noradrenergic and adrenomedullary hormonal activities. Instead, adrenomedullary responses to stressors are more closely tied to adrenocortical than to sympathetic noradrenergic responses. Distress involves concurrent activation of the HPA and adrenomedullary neuroendocrine systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S Goldstein
- Clinical Neurocardiology Section, Clinical Neurosciences Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 5N220, 9000 Rockville Pike, 10 Center Drive, MSC-1620, Bethesda, MD 20892-1620, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ramachandran A, Ranpura SA, Gong EM, Mulone M, Cannon GM, Adam RM. An Akt- and Fra-1-dependent pathway mediates platelet-derived growth factor-induced expression of thrombomodulin, a novel regulator of smooth muscle cell migration. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:119-31. [PMID: 20472895 PMCID: PMC2893656 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Overdistension of hollow organs evokes pathological changes characterized by smooth muscle remodeling. Mechanical stimuli induce smooth muscle cell (SMC) growth through acute activation of signaling cascades and by increased expression of soluble mitogens. Physical forces have also been implicated in ligand-independent activation of receptor tyrosine kinases, including the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor, although the extent to which this occurs in intact tissue is unknown. Previously, we implicated Akt and activator protein-1 (AP-1) as mediators of growth and gene expression in SMC exposed to cyclic stretch or PDGF. Here we show that bladder wall distension leads to PDGFR activation and identify thrombomodulin (TM) as an Akt and AP-1 target in SMC. We demonstrate that TM, also induced by bladder stretch injury, is regulated at the transcriptional level by the AP-1 components c-jun and Fra1. Mutation of an AP-1 motif at -2010/-2004 abolished both AP-1 binding and PDGF responsiveness of the TM promoter. Fra1 silencing diminished PDGF-induced TM expression and SMC cell cycle transit. In contrast, TM knockdown did not affect cell growth but attenuated PDGF-stimulated SMC migration. Taken together, these results reveal new facets of TM regulation in SMC and provide the first demonstration of a role for endogenous TM in PDGF-induced cell migration. Moreover, TM induction on bladder injury suggests that it may be a biomarker for pathological smooth muscle remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Ramachandran
- Urological Diseases Research Center, John F. Enders Research Laboratories, Room 1077, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zubidat AE, Ben-Shlomo R, Haim A. Thermoregulatory and Endocrine Responses to Light Pulses in Short‐Day Acclimated Social Voles (Microtus socialis). Chronobiol Int 2009; 24:269-88. [PMID: 17453847 DOI: 10.1080/07420520701284675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, nocturnal light pulses (NLP) have been demonstrated to affect physiology and behavior. However, the impact of NLP as a stressor has been less broadly examined. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of NLP (three 15 min 450 lux light pulses) during each scotophase on both thermoregulation and endocrine stress responses under short-day (SD; 8L:16D) acclimation. Voles were acclimated to either SD (SD voles) or SD+NLP (NLP voles). Resistance to cold was estimated by measurements of body temperature (T(b)) during cold exposure (5 degrees C). Daily rhythms of energy expenditure (calculated from oxygen consumption), urine production, and urinary adrenaline and serum cortisol levels were measured. T(b) values of SD voles were generally unaffected by the cold stimulus, whereas in NLP voles, resistance to cold was markedly lowered. While SD- and NLP voles showed similar ultradian characteristics in energy expenditure with a period of 3.5 h, mean energy expenditure levels were lowest for voles exposed to NLP-treatment. In SD voles, but not in NLP voles, urine production rates showed clear time variations and were consistently highest for SD voles, with significant differences during the scotophase. Both mean total urinary adrenaline and serum cortisol levels were significantly elevated in NLP-treated voles compared with the control group. Taken together, the results suggest that NLP negatively affects winter acclimatization of thermoregulatory mechanisms of M. socialis, probably by mimicking summer acclimatization, and consequently the thermoregulatory mechanisms respond inappropriately to ambient conditions. One important finding of this study is that NLP may act as a stressor and correspondingly impose a major threat to the physiological homeostasis of M. socialis, such that over-winter survival might be compromised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abed Elsalam Zubidat
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Van Liefde I, Vauquelin G. Sartan-AT1 receptor interactions: in vitro evidence for insurmountable antagonism and inverse agonism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 302:237-43. [PMID: 18620019 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sartans are non-peptide AT(1) receptor antagonists used to treat hypertension and related pathologies. Their effects on the G protein-dependent responses of angiotensin II (Ang II) were the same in vascular tissues and in isolated cell systems. All are competitive but, when pre-incubated, they act surmountably (only rightward shift of the Ang II concentration-response curve) or insurmountably (also decreasing the maximal response). Insurmountable behaviour reflects the formation of tight sartan-receptor complexes; it is often partial due to the co-existence of tight and loose complexes. Their ratio positively correlates with the dissociation half-life of the tight complexes and depends on the sartan: i.e. candesartan>olmesartan>telmisartan approximately equal EXP3174>valsartan>irbesartan>>losartan. When AT(1) receptors display sufficient basal activity (in case of receptor over-expression, mutation and, especially, tissue stretching) sartans may also act as inverse agonists. This rather affects long-term, G protein-independent hypertrophic responses leading to cardiovascular remodelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Van Liefde
- Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussel, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wang Y, Maciejewski BS, Soto-Reyes D, Lee HS, Warburton D, Sanchez-Esteban J. Mechanical stretch promotes fetal type II epithelial cell differentiation via shedding of HB-EGF and TGF-alpha. J Physiol 2009; 587:1739-53. [PMID: 19237431 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.163899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which mechanical forces promote fetal lung development are not fully understood. Here, we investigated differentiation of fetal type II epithelial cells via the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in response to mechanical strain. First, we showed that incubation of embryonic day (E) 19 fetal type II cells with recombinant heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) or transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha, but not with amphiregulin (AR), betacellulin (BTC) or epiregulin (EPR), increased fetal type II cell differentiation, as measured by surfactant protein B/C mRNA and protein levels. Next, we demonstrated that 5% cyclic stretch of E19 monolayers transfected with plasmid encoding alkaline phosphatase (AP)-tagged ligands shed mature HB-EGF and TGF-alpha into the supernatant and promoted type II cell differentiation. Release of these ligands was also observed in E19 cells subjected to higher degrees of cyclic strain, but not in cells exposed to continuous stretch. Interestingly, the addition of fibroblasts to type II cell cultures did not enhance release of HB-EGF. Whereas HB-EGF shedding was also detected in E18 cells exposed to 5% cyclic stretch, release of this ligand after 2.5% sustained stretch was restricted to cells isolated on E18 of gestation. In addition, mechanical stretch released EGF, AR and BTC. We conclude that mechanical stretch promotes fetal type II cell differentiation via ectodomain shedding of HB-EGF and TGF-alpha. The magnitude of shedding varied depending on gestational age, ligand, and strain protocol. These studies provide novel mechanistic information potentially relevant to fetal lung development and to mechanical ventilation-induced lung injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulian Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Nagatomi J, Wu Y, Gray M. Proteomic Analysis of Bladder Smooth Muscle Cell Response to Cyclic Hydrostatic Pressure. Cell Mol Bioeng 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12195-009-0043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
42
|
Wolffenbuttel K, de Jong B, Scheepe J, Kok D. Potential for recovery in bladder function after removing a urethral obstruction. Neurourol Urodyn 2008; 27:782-8. [DOI: 10.1002/nau.20588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
43
|
Kim J, Keay SK, Freeman MR. Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor functionally antagonizes interstitial cystitis antiproliferative factor via mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation. BJU Int 2008; 103:541-6. [PMID: 18990151 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2008.08097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To delineate the mechanism underlying the potential functional relationship between interstitial cystitis antiproliferative factor (APF) and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF), as APF has previously been shown to decrease the proliferation rate of normal bladder epithelial cells and the amount of HB-EGF produced by these cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS APF-responsive T24 transitional carcinoma bladder cells were treated with high-pressure liquid chromatography-purified native APF with or without HB-EGF to determine the involvement of signalling pathways and proliferation by Western blot analysis, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk)/MAPK assays, and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. RESULTS Cyclic stretch induced the secretion of HB-EGF from T24 cells overexpressing the HB-EGF precursor, resulting in enhanced proliferation. T24 cells treated with APF had increased p38MAPK activity and suppressed cell growth, events that were both reversed by treatment with a p38MAPK-selective inhibitor. Activation of Erk/MAPK by HB-EGF was inhibited by APF, and APF did not stimulate p38MAPK in the presence of soluble HB-EGF or when cells overexpressed constitutively secreted HB-EGF. Lastly, APF inhibitory effects on cell growth were attenuated by HB-EGF. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that HB-EGF and APF are functionally antagonistic and signal through parallel MAPK signalling pathways in bladder cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayoung Kim
- The Urological Diseases Research Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Does mechanical stimulation have any role in urinary bladder tissue engineering? World J Urol 2008; 26:301-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00345-008-0318-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
|
45
|
Wallis MC, Yeger H, Cartwright L, Shou Z, Radisic M, Haig J, Suoub M, Antoon R, Farhat WA. Feasibility study of a novel urinary bladder bioreactor. Tissue Eng Part A 2008; 14:339-48. [PMID: 18333786 DOI: 10.1089/tea.2006.0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We have devised a bioreactor to simulate normal urinary bladder dynamics. The design permits a cell-seeded scaffold made from a modified porcine acellular matrix to be placed between 2 closed chambers filled with culture medium and be mechanically stimulated in a physiologically relevant manner. Specifically designed software increased hydrostatic pressure from 0 to 10 cm of water in a linear fashion in 1 chamber, resulting in mechanical stretch and strain on the scaffold. Pressure was increased over 55 min (filling) and then decreased to 0 over 10 s (voiding). Commercially available small intestinal submucosa scaffolds were used to test the mechanical capabilities of the bioreactor, and pressure waveforms were generated for up to 18 h. Scaffolds were seeded with bladder smooth muscle or urothelial cells and incubated in the bioreactor, which generated pressure waveforms for 6 h. Scaffold integrity was preserved as seen through Masson's trichrome staining. No obvious contamination of the system was noted. Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed presence of cells after incubation in the bioreactor, and immunohistochemistry and real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction suggested continued cellular activity. Cellular orientation tended to be perpendicular to the applied pressure. Preliminary results suggest that our bioreactor is a suitable model for simulating normal physiological conditions of bladder cycling in an ex vivo system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Chad Wallis
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Yamada S, Takeuchi C, Oyunzul L, Ito Y. Bladder angiotensin-II receptors: characterization and alteration in bladder outlet obstruction. Eur Urol 2008; 55:482-9. [PMID: 18378069 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2008.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is assumed that angiotensin II (AngII) is significantly implicated in the pathogenesis of urinary dysfunction because of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO). OBJECTIVE The current study was undertaken to characterize AngII receptors in the rat bladder in relation to BOO. MEASUREMENTS Bladder AngII receptors were measured by a sensitive binding assay using a specific antagonist radioligand, [(125)I]-Sar(1)-Ile(8)-AngII, in bladder outlet-obstructed rats with and without repeated oral administration of telmisartan. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS [(125)I]-Sar(1)-Ile(8)-AngII bound specifically to the rat bladder homogenates with high affinity. This specific binding of [(125)I]-Sar(1)-Ile(8)-AngII was concentration-dependently displaced by the type 1 subtype (AT(1))-selective antagonists. These findings revealed the significant existence of pharmacologically relevant AngII (AT(1)) receptors in the bladder with relatively high density. Oral administration of telmisartan in rats has been shown to bind to the bladder AngII receptors. Bladder weight was about three times greater in bladder outlet-obstructed rats than in sham rats. Maximal number of binding sites (B(max)) for [(125)I]-Sar(1)-Ile(8)-AngII binding in the bladder was significantly (48%) decreased in the bladder-outlet rats when compared with sham rats, suggesting the down regulation of pharmacologically relevant AngII receptor sites. Notably, repeated oral administration of telmisartan (3mg/kg/d, 14 d) in rats completely prevented the development of a BOO-induced decrease in B(max) for bladder [(125)I]-Sar(1)-Ile(8)-AngII binding. Telmisartan treatment also effectively attenuated the increase in the bladder-wet weight caused by urinary outlet obstruction. CONCLUSIONS Bladder AngII may be at least partly associated with the pathogenesis of urinary dysfunction occurring subsequent to BOO through stimulation of the AT(1) receptor subtype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shizuo Yamada
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Gu J, Chen L, Shatos MA, Rios JD, Gulati A, Hodges RR, Dartt DA. Presence of EGF growth factor ligands and their effects on cultured rat conjunctival goblet cell proliferation. Exp Eye Res 2007; 86:322-34. [PMID: 18155194 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2007.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2007] [Revised: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The amount of mucin on the ocular surface is regulated by the rate of mucin synthesis, mucin secretion, and the number of goblet cells. We have previously shown that cholinergic agonists are potent stimuli of mucin secretion. In contrast, there have been no studies on the control of goblet cell proliferation. In this study we investigate the presence of the EGF family of growth factors and their receptors in rat conjunctiva and cultured rat conjunctival goblet cells as well as their effects on activation of signaling intermediates and goblet cell proliferation. Rat conjunctival goblet cells were grown in organ culture and identified as goblet cells by their morphology and positive staining for the lectin UEA-1 and cytokeratin 7. In the rat conjunctiva, the presence of the EGF family members epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha), heparin binding EGF (HB-EGF), and heregulin was determined by RT-PCR. The receptors for these ligands, EGF receptor (EGFR), erbB2, erbB3, and erbB4 were detected in both rat conjunctiva and goblet cells by Western blot analysis. Immunofluorescence microscopy of conjunctival tissue determined that EGFR was present as punctate staining in the cytoplasm of conjunctival goblet cells while ErbB2 was present in the basolateral and lateral membranes of goblet cells. ErbB3 was localized to the cytosol of rat conjunctival goblet cells. In cultured goblet cells, EGFR and ErbB2 were present in the perinuclear area of the cells. ErbB3 was widely distributed throughout the cytoplasm of the cells. ErbB4 was not detected in either the conjunctiva or goblet cells by immunofluorescence microscopy. Using a multiplex assay system we measured phosphorylation (activation) of p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), also known as ERK, Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 MAPK and AKT (also known as protein kinase B), molecules known to be activated by EGF receptor members. EGF, TGF-alpha and HB-EGF activated the signaling intermediate proteins whereas heregulin did not. No EGF family member significantly activated AKT. Consistent with these findings, EGF, TGF-alpha and HB-EGF each stimulated goblet cell proliferation as measured by WST-1 assay or immunofluorescence microscopy using an antibody against Ki-67, a protein expressed in dividing cells. Heregulin did not cause goblet cell proliferation. We conclude that multiple members of the EGF family, EGF, TGF-alpha and HB-EGF, and heregulin are present with three of the four erbB receptor subtypes. EGF, TGF-alpha and HB-EGF all stimulated the activation of signaling intermediates and caused goblet cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Scheepe JR, de Jong BWD, Wolffenbuttel KP, Arentshorst ME, Lodder P, Kok DJ. The effect of oxybutynin on structural changes of the obstructed guinea pig bladder. J Urol 2007; 178:1807-12. [PMID: 17707007 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2007.03.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oxybutynin is used clinically to lower intravesical pressure and detrusor overactivity. In vitro it inhibits stretch induced bladder smooth muscle cell proliferation. We tested whether oxybutynin also prevents hypertrophic bladder changes in vivo in a model of partial bladder obstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS Subvesical obstruction was induced in immature guinea pigs by a silver ring around the urethra. Eight animals received 0.4 mg oxybutynin per kg body weight per day in 2 doses. Control groups were obstructed without oxybutynin treatment or sham operated. Urodynamic pressure flow studies were performed at 1-week intervals for 10 weeks in all animals under anesthesia with ketamine/xylazine. After 10 weeks the animals were sacrificed and the bladder was removed for structural analysis with periodic acid-Schiff stain, in which the number of glycogen granules was also scored as a measure of previous ischemia. RESULTS Compared to the sham treated group obstructed animals had significantly higher intravesical pressure and detrusor overactivity, lower compliance and increased contractility. Obstructed animals that received oxybutynin retained normal intravesical pressure, detrusor overactivity and compliance. Their bladder contractility increased as in obstructed animals. The oxybutynin group showed less collagen infiltration in the detrusor and fewer glycogen granules compared to those in obstructed animals. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that oxybutynin has a protective effect on bladder function and structure. Prevention of hypertrophic and ischemic bladder changes is an argument for an early start of oxybutynin treatment in children with inborn neurogenic bladder dysfunction, such as spina bifida, or in patients with urethral valves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen R Scheepe
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Erasmus Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kramer C, Klasmeyer K, Bojar H, Schulz WA, Ackermann R, Grimm MO. Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor isoforms and epidermal growth factor receptor/ErbB1 expression in bladder cancer and their relation to clinical outcome. Cancer 2007; 109:2016-24. [PMID: 17394193 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.22627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cleavage of membrane-anchored heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (proHB-EGF) yields a soluble HB-EGF isoform (sHB-EGF), which is an activating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligand and a C-terminal fragment HB-EGF-C acting directly in the nucleus. In bladder cancer, overexpression of both HB-EGF and EGFR have been observed, but to the authors' knowledge the prognostic significance of different modes of HB-EGF signaling have remained unclear. METHODS Expression and intracellular localization of HB-EGF and EGFR were examined by immunohistochemistry in paraffin-embedded specimens from 121 patients who underwent cystectomy for bladder cancer. Tumor stage was pTis/pT1 in 7 patients, pT2 in 41 patients, pT3 in 55 patients, and pT4 in 18 patients. Lymph node metastases were present in 32 patients. RESULTS Using an antibody directed against the C-terminal domain, HB-EGF expression was detected in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus of tumor cells. EGFR staining was uniform at the plasma membrane. The actuarial 5-year cancer-specific survival of patients with tumors with predominant nuclear HB-EGF staining was 28% compared with 57% if HB-EGF staining was predominantly cytoplasmic (P = .027). Disease outcome of patients with a 'mixed' HB-EGF staining pattern was found to be between that of the 2 former groups. In agreement with previous studies, strong EGFR expression was associated with poor prognosis. Despite strong EGFR expression, predominant cytoplasmic HB-EGF staining was associated with a more favorable outcome, whereas a predominant nuclear pattern defined a subgroup with extremely poor prognosis (5-year tumor-specific survival of 55% vs 13%, respectively; P = .026). CONCLUSIONS The current study results confirm that EGFR expression is significantly correlated with disease-specific mortality but that the outcome is also influenced by the mode of HB-EGF signaling. Additional nuclear HB-EGF signaling, indicative of increased cleavage of proHB-EGF, appears to enhance the adverse activities. Cytoplasmic HB-EGF staining likely reflects proHB-EGF, which may also exert antiproliferative effects.
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
This essay describes the evolution of stress as a medical scientific idea. Claude Bernard, Walter B. Cannon and Hans Selye provided key founding concepts for the current view. Bernard introduced the idea of the internal environment bathing cells - the milieu intérieur - maintained by continual compensatory changes of bodily functions. Cannon coined the word, "homeostasis," referring to a set of acceptable ranges of values for internal variables. Cannon taught that threats to homeostasis evoke activation of the sympathoadrenal system as a functional unit. Selye defined stress as a state characterized by a uniform response pattern, regardless of the particular stressor, that could lead to long-term pathologic changes. "Allostasis" was introduced as a concept in recognition that there is no single ideal set of steady-state conditions in life; instead, setpoints and other response criteria change continuously. Stress is now viewed neither as a perturbation nor a stereotyped response pattern but as a condition characterized by a perceived discrepancy between information about a monitored variable and criteria for eliciting patterned effector responses. Different stressors elicit different patterns of activation of the sympathetic nervous, adrenomedullary hormonal, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical and other effectors, closing negative feedback loops. This systems concept of stress yields predictions that observation or experimentation can test and that are applicable to normal physiology and to a variety of acute and chronic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S Goldstein
- Clinical Neurocardiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892-1620, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|