1
|
Sprissler R, Hammer M, Labiner D, Joshi N, Alan A, Weinand M. Leukocyte differential gene expression prognostic value for high versus low seizure frequency in temporal lobe epilepsy. BMC Neurol 2024; 24:16. [PMID: 38166692 PMCID: PMC10759702 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03459-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was performed to test the hypothesis that systemic leukocyte gene expression has prognostic value differentiating low from high seizure frequency refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). METHODS A consecutive series of patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy was studied. Based on a median baseline seizure frequency of 2.0 seizures per month, low versus high seizure frequency was defined as ≤ 2 seizures/month and > 2 seizures/month, respectively. Systemic leukocyte gene expression was analyzed for prognostic value for TLE seizure frequency. All differentially expressed genes were analyzed, with Ingenuity® Pathway Analysis (IPA®) and Reactome, to identify leukocyte gene expression and biological pathways with prognostic value for seizure frequency. RESULTS There were ten males and six females with a mean age of 39.4 years (range: 16 to 62 years, standard error of mean: 3.6 years). There were five patients in the high and eleven patients in the low seizure frequency cohorts, respectively. Based on a threshold of twofold change (p < 0.001, FC > 2.0, FDR < 0.05) and expression within at least two pathways from both Reactome and Ingenuity® Pathway Analysis (IPA®), 13 differentially expressed leukocyte genes were identified which were all over-expressed in the low when compared to the high seizure frequency groups, including NCF2, HMOX1, RHOB, FCGR2A, PRKCD, RAC2, TLR1, CHP1, TNFRSF1A, IFNGR1, LYN, MYD88, and CASP1. Similar analysis identified four differentially expressed genes which were all over-expressed in the high when compared to the low seizure frequency groups, including AK1, F2R, GNB5, and TYMS. CONCLUSIONS Low and high seizure frequency TLE are predicted by the respective upregulation and downregulation of specific leukocyte genes involved in canonical pathways of neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) inhibition, and AMPA and NMDA receptor signaling. Furthermore, high seizure frequency-TLE is distinguished prognostically from low seizure frequency-TLE by differentially increased specific leukocyte gene expression involved in GABA inhibition and NMDA receptor signaling. High and low seizure frequency patients appear to represent two mechanistically different forms of temporal lobe epilepsy based on leukocyte gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Sprissler
- Center for Applied Genetics and Genomic Medicine, RII, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Michael Hammer
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - David Labiner
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Neil Joshi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Albert Alan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Martin Weinand
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wu J, Jin M, Tran Q, Kim M, Kim SI, Shin J, Park H, Shin N, Kang H, Shin HJ, Lee SY, Cui SB, Lee CJ, Lee WH, Kim DW. Employing the sustained-release properties of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles to reveal a novel mechanism of sodium-hydrogen exchanger 1 in neuropathic pain. Transl Res 2024; 263:53-72. [PMID: 37678757 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is caused by injury or disease of the somatosensory system, and its course is usually chronic. Several studies have been dedicated to investigating neuropathic pain-related targets; however, little attention has been paid to the persistent alterations that these targets, some of which may be crucial to the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain. The present study aimed to identify potential targets that may play a crucial role in neuropathic pain and validate their long-term impact. Through bioinformatics analysis of RNA sequencing results, we identified Slc9a1 and validated the reduced expression of sodium-hydrogen exchanger 1 (NHE1), the protein that Slc9a1 encodes, in the spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model. Colocalization analysis revealed that NHE1 is primarily co-localized with vesicular glutamate transporter 2-positive neurons. In vitro experiments confirmed that poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles loaded with siRNA successfully inhibited NHE1 in SH-SY5Y cells, lowered intracellular pH, and increased intracellular calcium concentrations. In vivo experiments showed that sustained suppression of spinal NHE1 expression by siRNA-loaded nanoparticles resulted in delayed hyperalgesia in naïve and SNL model rats, whereas amiloride-induced transient suppression of NHE1 expression yielded no significant changes in pain sensitivity. We identified Slc9a1, which encodes NHE1, as a key gene in neuropathic pain. Utilizing the sustained release properties of nanoparticles enabled us to elucidate the chronic role of decreased NHE1 expression, establishing its significance in the mechanisms of neuropathic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Wu
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Yanji Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Meiling Jin
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Quangdon Tran
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Medical Laboratories, Hai Phong International Hospital, Hai Phong City, Vietnam
| | - Minwoo Kim
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Song I Kim
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhee Shin
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Park
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nara Shin
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunji Kang
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Life Science Cluster, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Shin
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Yeul Lee
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Biao Cui
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - C Justin Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Life Science Cluster, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hyung Lee
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Woon Kim
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li Y, Fan C, Wang C, Wang L, Yi Y, Mao X, Chen X, Lan T, Wang W, Yu SY. Stress-induced reduction of Na +/H + exchanger isoform 1 promotes maladaptation of neuroplasticity and exacerbates depressive behaviors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd7063. [PMID: 36367929 PMCID: PMC9651740 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add7063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Major depression disorder (MDD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by abnormal neuronal activity in specific brain regions. A factor that is crucial in maintaining normal neuronal functioning is intracellular pH (pHi) homeostasis. In this study, we show that chronic stress, which induces depression-like behaviors in animal models, down-regulates the expression of the hippocampal Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1, NHE1, a major determinant of pHi in neurons. Knockdown of NHE1 in CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons leads to intracellular acidification, promotes dendritic spine loss, lowers excitatory synaptic transmission, and enhances the susceptibility to stress exposure in rats. Moreover, E3 ubiquitin ligase cullin4A may promote ubiquitination and degradation of NHE1 to induce these effects of an unbalanced pHi on synaptic processes. Electrophysiological data further suggest that the abnormal excitability of hippocampal neurons caused by maladaptation of neuroplasticity may be involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. These findings elucidate a mechanism for pHi homeostasis alteration as related to MDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Cuiqin Fan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Changmin Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Liyan Wang
- Morphological Experimental Center, Shandong University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, 44 Wenhuaxilu Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Yuhang Yi
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Xueqin Mao
- Department of Psychology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxilu Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Tian Lan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Shu Yan Yu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Riazanski V, Mauleon G, Lucas K, Walker S, Zimnicka AM, McGrath JL, Nelson DJ. Real time imaging of single extracellular vesicle pH regulation in a microfluidic cross-flow filtration platform. Commun Biol 2022; 5:13. [PMID: 35013561 PMCID: PMC8748679 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02965-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membranous structures carrying transmembrane proteins and luminal cargo. Their complex cargo requires pH stability in EVs while traversing diverse body fluids. We used a filtration-based platform to capture and stabilize EVs based on their size and studied their pH regulation at the single EV level. Dead-end filtration facilitated EV capture in the pores of an ultrathin (100 nm thick) and nanoporous silicon nitride (NPN) membrane within a custom microfluidic device. Immobilized EVs were rapidly exposed to test solution changes driven across the backside of the membrane using tangential flow without exposing the EVs to fluid shear forces. The epithelial sodium-hydrogen exchanger, NHE1, is a ubiquitous plasma membrane protein tasked with the maintenance of cytoplasmic pH at neutrality. We show that NHE1 identified on the membrane of EVs is functional in the maintenance of pH neutrality within single vesicles. This is the first mechanistic description of EV function on the single vesicle level. Riazanski et al describe a platform to capture extracellular vesicles (EVs) using a nanoporous silicon nitride membrane, investigate the expression of NHE1 protein on the surface of EVs and monitor the transport of Na+ and H+ at the single EV level. The authors report a mechanistic function of the proteins found in EVs and specifically identify NHE1 on a single EV, where it maintains pH neutrality within single vesicles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Riazanski
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Gerardo Mauleon
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Kilean Lucas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Samuel Walker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Adriana M Zimnicka
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - James L McGrath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Deborah J Nelson
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Malchow RP, Tchernookova BK, Choi JIV, Smith PJS, Kramer RH, Kreitzer MA. Review and Hypothesis: A Potential Common Link Between Glial Cells, Calcium Changes, Modulation of Synaptic Transmission, Spreading Depression, Migraine, and Epilepsy-H . Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:693095. [PMID: 34539347 PMCID: PMC8446203 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.693095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There is significant evidence to support the notion that glial cells can modulate the strength of synaptic connections between nerve cells, and it has further been suggested that alterations in intracellular calcium are likely to play a key role in this process. However, the molecular mechanism(s) by which glial cells modulate neuronal signaling remains contentiously debated. Recent experiments have suggested that alterations in extracellular H+ efflux initiated by extracellular ATP may play a key role in the modulation of synaptic strength by radial glial cells in the retina and astrocytes throughout the brain. ATP-elicited alterations in H+ flux from radial glial cells were first detected from Müller cells enzymatically dissociated from the retina of tiger salamander using self-referencing H+-selective microelectrodes. The ATP-elicited alteration in H+ efflux was further found to be highly evolutionarily conserved, extending to Müller cells isolated from species as diverse as lamprey, skate, rat, mouse, monkey and human. More recently, self-referencing H+-selective electrodes have been used to detect ATP-elicited alterations in H+ efflux around individual mammalian astrocytes from the cortex and hippocampus. Tied to increases in intracellular calcium, these ATP-induced extracellular acidifications are well-positioned to be key mediators of synaptic modulation. In this article, we examine the evidence supporting H+ as a key modulator of neurotransmission, review data showing that extracellular ATP elicits an increase in H+ efflux from glial cells, and describe the potential signal transduction pathways involved in glial cell-mediated H+ efflux. We then examine the potential role that extracellular H+ released by glia might play in regulating synaptic transmission within the vertebrate retina, and then expand the focus to discuss potential roles in spreading depression, migraine, epilepsy, and alterations in brain rhythms, and suggest that alterations in extracellular H+ may be a unifying feature linking these disparate phenomena.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Paul Malchow
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Boriana K. Tchernookova
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ji-in Vivien Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Peter J. S. Smith
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Bell Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Richard H. Kramer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Matthew A. Kreitzer
- Department of Biology, Indiana Wesleyan University, Marion, IN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Decreased Brain pH and Pathophysiology in Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168358. [PMID: 34445065 PMCID: PMC8395078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Postmortem studies reveal that the brain pH in schizophrenia patients is lower than normal. The exact cause of this low pH is unclear, but increased lactate levels due to abnormal energy metabolism appear to be involved. Schizophrenia patients display distinct changes in mitochondria number, morphology, and function, and such changes promote anaerobic glycolysis, elevating lactate levels. pH can affect neuronal activity as H+ binds to numerous proteins in the nervous system and alters the structure and function of the bound proteins. There is growing evidence of pH change associated with cognition, emotion, and psychotic behaviors. Brain has delicate pH regulatory mechanisms to maintain normal pH in neurons/glia and extracellular fluid, and a change in these mechanisms can affect, or be affected by, neuronal activities associated with schizophrenia. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the cause and effect of decreased brain pH in schizophrenia based on postmortem human brains, animal models, and cellular studies. The topic includes the factors causing decreased brain pH in schizophrenia, mitochondria dysfunction leading to altered energy metabolism, and pH effects on the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. We also review the acid/base transporters regulating pH in the nervous system and discuss the potential contribution of the major transporters, sodium hydrogen exchangers (NHEs), and sodium-coupled bicarbonate transporters (NCBTs), to schizophrenia.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ferrè L, Filippi M, Esposito F. Involvement of Genetic Factors in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:612953. [PMID: 33335478 PMCID: PMC7735985 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.612953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ferrè
- Neurology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Neurological Disorders, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neurology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Neurophysiology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Esposito
- Neurology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Neurological Disorders, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Role of Genetic Mutations of the Na +/H + Exchanger Isoform 1, in Human Disease and Protein Targeting and Activity. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 476:1221-1232. [PMID: 33201382 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03984-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian Na+/H+ exchanger isoform one (NHE1) is a plasma membrane protein that is ubiquitously present in human cells. It functions to regulate intracellular pH removing an intracellular proton in exchange for one extracellular sodium and is involved in heart disease and in promoting metastasis in cancer. It is made of a 500 amino acid membrane domain plus a 315 amino acid, regulatory cytosolic tail. The membrane domain is thought to have 12 transmembrane segments and a large membrane-associated extracellular loop. Early studies demonstrated that in mice, disruption of the NHE1 gene results in locomotor ataxia and a phenotype of slow-wave epilepsy. Defects included a progressive neuronal degeneration. Growth and reproductive ability were also reduced. Recent studies have identified human autosomal homozygous recessive mutations in the NHE1 gene (SLC9A1) that result in impaired development, ataxia and other severe defects, and explain the cause of the human disease Lichtenstein-Knorr syndrome. Other human mutations have been identified that are stop codon polymorphisms. These cause short non-functional NHE1 proteins, while other genetic polymorphisms in the NHE1 gene cause impaired expression of the NHE1 protein, reduced activity, enhanced protein degradation or altered kinetic activation of the protein. Since NHE1 plays a key role in many human physiological functions and in human disease, genetic polymorphisms of the protein that significantly alter its function and are likely play significant roles in varying human phenotypes and be involved in disease.
Collapse
|
9
|
Bocker HT, Heinrich T, Liebmann L, Hennings JC, Seemann E, Gerth M, Jakovčevski I, Preobraschenski J, Kessels MM, Westermann M, Isbrandt D, Jahn R, Qualmann B, Hübner CA. The Na+/H+ Exchanger Nhe1 Modulates Network Excitability via GABA Release. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:4263-4276. [PMID: 30541023 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain functions are extremely sensitive to pH changes because of the pH-dependence of proteins involved in neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission. Here, we show that the Na+/H+ exchanger Nhe1, which uses the Na+ gradient to extrude H+, is expressed at both inhibitory and excitatory presynapses. We disrupted Nhe1 specifically in mice either in Emx1-positive glutamatergic neurons or in parvalbumin-positive cells, mainly GABAergic interneurons. While Nhe1 disruption in excitatory neurons had no effect on overall network excitability, mice with disruption of Nhe1 in parvalbumin-positive neurons displayed epileptic activity. From our electrophysiological analyses in the CA1 of the hippocampus, we conclude that the disruption in parvalbumin-positive neurons impairs the release of GABA-loaded vesicles, but increases the size of GABA quanta. The latter is most likely an indirect pH-dependent effect, as Nhe1 was not expressed in purified synaptic vesicles itself. Conclusively, our data provide first evidence that Nhe1 affects network excitability via modulation of inhibitory interneurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut T Bocker
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Theresa Heinrich
- Department GMP Cell and Gene Therapy, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lutz Liebmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Eric Seemann
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Melanie Gerth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Igor Jakovčevski
- Institute for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia Preobraschenski
- Department of Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael M Kessels
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Westermann
- Electron Microscopy Center, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Dirk Isbrandt
- Institute for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Reinhard Jahn
- Department of Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Britta Qualmann
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian A Hübner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Intracellular pH Regulation in iPSCs-derived Astrocytes from Subjects with Chronic Mountain Sickness. Neuroscience 2018; 375:25-33. [PMID: 29438800 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic Mountain Sickness (CMS) occurs in high-altitude residents with major neurological symptoms such as migraine headaches, dizziness and cognitive deficits. Recent work demonstrated that highlanders have increased intracellular pH (pHi) in their brain cells, perhaps for the sake of adaptation to hypoxemia and help to facilitate glycolysis, DNA synthesis, and cell cycle progression. Since there are well adapted (non-CMS) and maladapted (CMS) high-altitude dwellers, it is not clear whether pHi is differently regulated in these two high-altitude populations. In this work, we obtained induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived astrocytes from both CMS and non-CMS highlanders who live in the Peruvian Andes (>14,000 ft) and studied pHi regulation in these astrocytes using pH-sensitive dye BCECF. Our results show that the steady-state pHi (ss pHi) is lower in CMS astrocytes compared with non-CMS astrocytes. In addition, the acid extrusion following an acid loading is faster and the pHi dependence of H+ flux rate becomes steeper in CMS astrocytes. Furthermore, the Na+ dependency of ss pHi is stronger in CMS astrocytes and the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) inhibitors blunted the acid extrusion in both CMS and non-CMS astrocytes. We conclude that (a) NHE contributes to the ss pHi stabilization and mediates active acid extrusion during the cytosolic acidosis in highlanders; (b) acid extrusion becomes less pHi sensitive in non-CMS (versus CMS) astrocytes which may prevent NHE from over-activated in the hypoxia-induced intracellular acidosis and render the non-CMS astrocytes more resistant to hypoxemia challenges.
Collapse
|
11
|
Hershfinkel M. The Zinc Sensing Receptor, ZnR/GPR39, in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020439. [PMID: 29389900 PMCID: PMC5855661 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A distinct G-protein coupled receptor that senses changes in extracellular Zn2+, ZnR/GPR39, was found in cells from tissues in which Zn2+ plays a physiological role. Most prominently, ZnR/GPR39 activity was described in prostate cancer, skin keratinocytes, and colon epithelial cells, where zinc is essential for cell growth, wound closure, and barrier formation. ZnR/GPR39 activity was also described in neurons that are postsynaptic to vesicular Zn2+ release. Activation of ZnR/GPR39 triggers Gαq-dependent signaling and subsequent cellular pathways associated with cell growth and survival. Furthermore, ZnR/GPR39 was shown to regulate the activity of ion transport mechanisms that are essential for the physiological function of epithelial and neuronal cells. Thus, ZnR/GPR39 provides a unique target for therapeutically modifying the actions of zinc in a specific and selective manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Hershfinkel
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, POB 653, Ben-Gurion Ave. Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mendoza-Ferreira N, Coutelier M, Janzen E, Hosseinibarkooie S, Löhr H, Schneider S, Milbradt J, Karakaya M, Riessland M, Pichlo C, Torres-Benito L, Singleton A, Zuchner S, Brice A, Durr A, Hammerschmidt M, Stevanin G, Wirth B. Biallelic CHP1 mutation causes human autosomal recessive ataxia by impairing NHE1 function. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2018; 4:e209. [PMID: 29379881 PMCID: PMC5775069 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To ascertain the genetic and functional basis of complex autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia (ARCA) presented by 2 siblings of a consanguineous family characterized by motor neuropathy, cerebellar atrophy, spastic paraparesis, intellectual disability, and slow ocular saccades. Methods: Combined whole-genome linkage analysis, whole-exome sequencing, and focused screening for identification of potential causative genes were performed. Assessment of the functional consequences of the mutation on protein function via subcellular fractionation, size-exclusion chromatography, and fluorescence microscopy were done. A zebrafish model, using Morpholinos, was generated to study the pathogenic effect of the mutation in vivo. Results: We identified a biallelic 3-bp deletion (p.K19del) in CHP1 that cosegregates with the disease. Neither focused screening for CHP1 variants in 2 cohorts (ARCA: N = 319 and NeurOmics: N = 657) nor interrogating GeneMatcher yielded additional variants, thus revealing the scarcity of CHP1 mutations. We show that mutant CHP1 fails to integrate into functional protein complexes and is prone to aggregation, thereby leading to diminished levels of soluble CHP1 and reduced membrane targeting of NHE1, a major Na+/H+ exchanger implicated in syndromic ataxia-deafness. Chp1 deficiency in zebrafish, resembling the affected individuals, led to movement defects, cerebellar hypoplasia, and motor axon abnormalities, which were ameliorated by coinjection with wild-type, but not mutant, human CHP1 messenger RNA. Conclusions: Collectively, our results identified CHP1 as a novel ataxia-causative gene in humans, further expanding the spectrum of ARCA-associated loci, and corroborated the crucial role of NHE1 within the pathogenesis of these disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mendoza-Ferreira
- Institute of Human Genetics (N.M.-F., E.J., S.H., S.S., J.M., M.K., M.R., L.T.-B., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology (H.L., M.H.), Institute of Biochemistry (C.P.), University of Cologne, Germany; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (M.C., A.B., A.D., G.S.), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (M.C., G.S.), PSL Research University, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (M.R.), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.S.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; and APHP (A.B., A.D., G.S.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de réference de neurogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Marie Coutelier
- Institute of Human Genetics (N.M.-F., E.J., S.H., S.S., J.M., M.K., M.R., L.T.-B., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology (H.L., M.H.), Institute of Biochemistry (C.P.), University of Cologne, Germany; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (M.C., A.B., A.D., G.S.), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (M.C., G.S.), PSL Research University, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (M.R.), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.S.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; and APHP (A.B., A.D., G.S.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de réference de neurogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Eva Janzen
- Institute of Human Genetics (N.M.-F., E.J., S.H., S.S., J.M., M.K., M.R., L.T.-B., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology (H.L., M.H.), Institute of Biochemistry (C.P.), University of Cologne, Germany; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (M.C., A.B., A.D., G.S.), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (M.C., G.S.), PSL Research University, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (M.R.), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.S.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; and APHP (A.B., A.D., G.S.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de réference de neurogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Seyyedmohsen Hosseinibarkooie
- Institute of Human Genetics (N.M.-F., E.J., S.H., S.S., J.M., M.K., M.R., L.T.-B., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology (H.L., M.H.), Institute of Biochemistry (C.P.), University of Cologne, Germany; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (M.C., A.B., A.D., G.S.), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (M.C., G.S.), PSL Research University, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (M.R.), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.S.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; and APHP (A.B., A.D., G.S.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de réference de neurogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Heiko Löhr
- Institute of Human Genetics (N.M.-F., E.J., S.H., S.S., J.M., M.K., M.R., L.T.-B., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology (H.L., M.H.), Institute of Biochemistry (C.P.), University of Cologne, Germany; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (M.C., A.B., A.D., G.S.), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (M.C., G.S.), PSL Research University, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (M.R.), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.S.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; and APHP (A.B., A.D., G.S.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de réference de neurogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Svenja Schneider
- Institute of Human Genetics (N.M.-F., E.J., S.H., S.S., J.M., M.K., M.R., L.T.-B., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology (H.L., M.H.), Institute of Biochemistry (C.P.), University of Cologne, Germany; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (M.C., A.B., A.D., G.S.), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (M.C., G.S.), PSL Research University, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (M.R.), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.S.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; and APHP (A.B., A.D., G.S.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de réference de neurogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Janine Milbradt
- Institute of Human Genetics (N.M.-F., E.J., S.H., S.S., J.M., M.K., M.R., L.T.-B., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology (H.L., M.H.), Institute of Biochemistry (C.P.), University of Cologne, Germany; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (M.C., A.B., A.D., G.S.), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (M.C., G.S.), PSL Research University, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (M.R.), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.S.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; and APHP (A.B., A.D., G.S.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de réference de neurogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Mert Karakaya
- Institute of Human Genetics (N.M.-F., E.J., S.H., S.S., J.M., M.K., M.R., L.T.-B., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology (H.L., M.H.), Institute of Biochemistry (C.P.), University of Cologne, Germany; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (M.C., A.B., A.D., G.S.), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (M.C., G.S.), PSL Research University, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (M.R.), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.S.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; and APHP (A.B., A.D., G.S.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de réference de neurogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Markus Riessland
- Institute of Human Genetics (N.M.-F., E.J., S.H., S.S., J.M., M.K., M.R., L.T.-B., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology (H.L., M.H.), Institute of Biochemistry (C.P.), University of Cologne, Germany; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (M.C., A.B., A.D., G.S.), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (M.C., G.S.), PSL Research University, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (M.R.), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.S.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; and APHP (A.B., A.D., G.S.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de réference de neurogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Christian Pichlo
- Institute of Human Genetics (N.M.-F., E.J., S.H., S.S., J.M., M.K., M.R., L.T.-B., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology (H.L., M.H.), Institute of Biochemistry (C.P.), University of Cologne, Germany; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (M.C., A.B., A.D., G.S.), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (M.C., G.S.), PSL Research University, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (M.R.), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.S.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; and APHP (A.B., A.D., G.S.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de réference de neurogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Laura Torres-Benito
- Institute of Human Genetics (N.M.-F., E.J., S.H., S.S., J.M., M.K., M.R., L.T.-B., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology (H.L., M.H.), Institute of Biochemistry (C.P.), University of Cologne, Germany; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (M.C., A.B., A.D., G.S.), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (M.C., G.S.), PSL Research University, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (M.R.), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.S.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; and APHP (A.B., A.D., G.S.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de réference de neurogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Andrew Singleton
- Institute of Human Genetics (N.M.-F., E.J., S.H., S.S., J.M., M.K., M.R., L.T.-B., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology (H.L., M.H.), Institute of Biochemistry (C.P.), University of Cologne, Germany; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (M.C., A.B., A.D., G.S.), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (M.C., G.S.), PSL Research University, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (M.R.), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.S.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; and APHP (A.B., A.D., G.S.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de réference de neurogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Stephan Zuchner
- Institute of Human Genetics (N.M.-F., E.J., S.H., S.S., J.M., M.K., M.R., L.T.-B., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology (H.L., M.H.), Institute of Biochemistry (C.P.), University of Cologne, Germany; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (M.C., A.B., A.D., G.S.), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (M.C., G.S.), PSL Research University, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (M.R.), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.S.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; and APHP (A.B., A.D., G.S.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de réference de neurogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- Institute of Human Genetics (N.M.-F., E.J., S.H., S.S., J.M., M.K., M.R., L.T.-B., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology (H.L., M.H.), Institute of Biochemistry (C.P.), University of Cologne, Germany; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (M.C., A.B., A.D., G.S.), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (M.C., G.S.), PSL Research University, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (M.R.), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.S.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; and APHP (A.B., A.D., G.S.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de réference de neurogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Durr
- Institute of Human Genetics (N.M.-F., E.J., S.H., S.S., J.M., M.K., M.R., L.T.-B., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology (H.L., M.H.), Institute of Biochemistry (C.P.), University of Cologne, Germany; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (M.C., A.B., A.D., G.S.), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (M.C., G.S.), PSL Research University, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (M.R.), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.S.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; and APHP (A.B., A.D., G.S.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de réference de neurogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Matthias Hammerschmidt
- Institute of Human Genetics (N.M.-F., E.J., S.H., S.S., J.M., M.K., M.R., L.T.-B., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology (H.L., M.H.), Institute of Biochemistry (C.P.), University of Cologne, Germany; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (M.C., A.B., A.D., G.S.), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (M.C., G.S.), PSL Research University, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (M.R.), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.S.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; and APHP (A.B., A.D., G.S.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de réference de neurogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Giovanni Stevanin
- Institute of Human Genetics (N.M.-F., E.J., S.H., S.S., J.M., M.K., M.R., L.T.-B., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology (H.L., M.H.), Institute of Biochemistry (C.P.), University of Cologne, Germany; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (M.C., A.B., A.D., G.S.), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (M.C., G.S.), PSL Research University, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (M.R.), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.S.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; and APHP (A.B., A.D., G.S.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de réference de neurogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Brunhilde Wirth
- Institute of Human Genetics (N.M.-F., E.J., S.H., S.S., J.M., M.K., M.R., L.T.-B., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology (H.L., M.H.), Institute of Biochemistry (C.P.), University of Cologne, Germany; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (M.C., A.B., A.D., G.S.), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (M.C., G.S.), PSL Research University, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (M.R.), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.S.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; and APHP (A.B., A.D., G.S.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de réference de neurogénétique, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhao H, Carney KE, Falgoust L, Pan JW, Sun D, Zhang Z. Emerging roles of Na⁺/H⁺ exchangers in epilepsy and developmental brain disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 138-140:19-35. [PMID: 26965387 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common central nervous system (CNS) disease characterized by recurrent transient neurological events occurring due to abnormally excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. The CNS is affected by systemic acid-base disorders, and epileptic seizures are sensitive indicators of underlying imbalances in cellular pH regulation. Na(+)/H(+) exchangers (NHEs) are a family of membrane transporter proteins actively involved in regulating intracellular and organellar pH by extruding H(+) in exchange for Na(+) influx. Altering NHE function significantly influences neuronal excitability and plays a role in epilepsy. This review gives an overview of pH regulatory mechanisms in the brain with a special focus on the NHE family and the relationship between epilepsy and dysfunction of NHE isoforms. We first discuss how cells translocate acids and bases across the membrane and establish pH homeostasis as a result of the concerted effort of enzymes and ion transporters. We focus on the specific roles of the NHE family by detailing how the loss of NHE1 in two NHE mutant mice results in enhanced neuronal excitability in these animals. Furthermore, we highlight new findings on the link between mutations of NHE6 and NHE9 and developmental brain disorders including epilepsy, autism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). These studies demonstrate the importance of NHE proteins in maintaining H(+) homeostasis and their intricate roles in the regulation of neuronal function. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying NHE1, 6, and 9 dysfunctions in epilepsy formation may advance the development of new epilepsy treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanshu Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Karen E Carney
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lindsay Falgoust
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jullie W Pan
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Zhongling Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ganay T, Asraf H, Aizenman E, Bogdanovic M, Sekler I, Hershfinkel M. Regulation of neuronal pH by the metabotropic Zn(2+)-sensing Gq-coupled receptor, mZnR/GPR39. J Neurochem 2015; 135:897-907. [PMID: 26375174 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Synaptically released Zn(2+) acts as a neurotransmitter, in part, by activating the postsynaptic metabotropic Zn(2+)-sensing Gq protein-coupled receptor (mZnR/GPR39). In previous work using epithelial cells, we described crosstalk between Zn(2+) signaling and changes in intracellular pH and/or extracellular pH (pHe). As pH changes accompany neuronal activity under physiological and pathological conditions, we tested whether Zn(2+) signaling is involved in regulation of neuronal pH. Here, we report that up-regulation of a major H(+) extrusion pathway, the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger (NHE), is induced by mZnR/GPR39 activation in an extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2-dependent manner in hippocampal neurons in vitro. We also observed that changes in pHe can modulate neuronal mZnR/GPR39-dependent signaling, resulting in reduced activity at pHe 8 or 6.5. Similarly, Zn(2+)-dependent extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation and up-regulation of NHE activity were absent at acidic pHe. Thus, our results suggest that when pHe is maintained within the physiological range, mZnR/GPR39 activation can up-regulate NHE-dependent recovery from intracellular acidification. During acidosis, as pHe drops, mZnR/GPR39-dependent NHE activation is inhibited, thereby attenuating further H(+) extrusion. This mechanism may serve to protect neurons from excessive decreases in pHe. Thus, mZnR/GPR39 signaling provides a homeostatic adaptive process for regulation of intracellular and extracellular pH changes in the brain. We show that the postsynaptic metabotropic Zn(2+)-sensing Gq protein-coupled receptor (mZnR/GPR39) activation induces up-regulation of a major neuronal H(+) extrusion pathway, the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger (NHE), thereby enhancing neuronal recovery from intracellular acidification. Changes in extracellular pH (pHe), however, modulate neuronal mZnR/GPR39-dependent signaling, resulting in reduced activity at pHe 8 or 6.5. This mechanism may serve to protect neurons from excessive decreases in pHe during acidosis. Hence, mZnR/GPR39 signaling provides a homeostatic adaptive process for regulation of intracellular and extracellular pH changes in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Ganay
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and The Zlotowski Center of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Hila Asraf
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and The Zlotowski Center of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Elias Aizenman
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and The Zlotowski Center of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Department of Neurobiology and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Milos Bogdanovic
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and The Zlotowski Center of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Israel Sekler
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and The Zlotowski Center of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Michal Hershfinkel
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and The Zlotowski Center of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ruffin VA, Salameh AI, Boron WF, Parker MD. Intracellular pH regulation by acid-base transporters in mammalian neurons. Front Physiol 2014; 5:43. [PMID: 24592239 PMCID: PMC3923155 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pH (pHi) regulation in the brain is important in both physiological and physiopathological conditions because changes in pHi generally result in altered neuronal excitability. In this review, we will cover 4 major areas: (1) The effect of pHi on cellular processes in the brain, including channel activity and neuronal excitability. (2) pHi homeostasis and how it is determined by the balance between rates of acid loading (JL) and extrusion (JE). The balance between JE and JL determine steady-state pHi, as well as the ability of the cell to defend pHi in the face of extracellular acid-base disturbances (e.g., metabolic acidosis). (3) The properties and importance of members of the SLC4 and SLC9 families of acid-base transporters expressed in the brain that contribute to JL (namely the Cl-HCO3 exchanger AE3) and JE (the Na-H exchangers NHE1, NHE3, and NHE5 as well as the Na+- coupled HCO3− transporters NBCe1, NBCn1, NDCBE, and NBCn2). (4) The effect of acid-base disturbances on neuronal function and the roles of acid-base transporters in defending neuronal pHi under physiopathologic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vernon A Ruffin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University OH, USA
| | - Ahlam I Salameh
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University OH, USA
| | - Walter F Boron
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University OH, USA
| | - Mark D Parker
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fuster DG, Alexander RT. Traditional and emerging roles for the SLC9 Na+/H+ exchangers. Pflugers Arch 2013; 466:61-76. [PMID: 24337822 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1408-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The SLC9 gene family encodes Na(+)/H(+) exchangers (NHEs). These transmembrane proteins transport ions across lipid bilayers in a diverse array of species from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, including plants, fungi, and animals. They utilize the electrochemical gradient of one ion to transport another ion against its electrochemical gradient. Currently, 13 evolutionarily conserved NHE isoforms are known in mammals [22, 46, 128]. The SLC9 gene family (solute carrier classification of transporters: www.bioparadigms.org) is divided into three subgroups [46]. The SLC9A subgroup encompasses plasmalemmal isoforms NHE1-5 (SLC9A1-5) and the predominantly intracellular isoforms NHE6-9 (SLC9A6-9). The SLC9B subgroup consists of two recently cloned isoforms, NHA1 and NHA2 (SLC9B1 and SLC9B2, respectively). The SLC9C subgroup consist of a sperm specific plasmalemmal NHE (SLC9C1) and a putative NHE, SLC9C2, for which there is currently no functional data [46]. NHEs participate in the regulation of cytosolic and organellar pH as well as cell volume. In the intestine and kidney, NHEs are critical for transepithelial movement of Na(+) and HCO3(-) and thus for whole body volume and acid-base homeostasis [46]. Mutations in the NHE6 or NHE9 genes cause neurological disease in humans and are currently the only NHEs directly linked to human disease. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that members of this gene family contribute to the pathophysiology of multiple human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Fuster
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology and Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Donowitz M, Ming Tse C, Fuster D. SLC9/NHE gene family, a plasma membrane and organellar family of Na⁺/H⁺ exchangers. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:236-51. [PMID: 23506868 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This brief review of the human Na/H exchanger gene family introduces a new classification with three subgroups to the SLC9 gene family. Progress in the structure and function of this gene family is reviewed with structure based on homology to the bacterial Na/H exchanger NhaA. Human diseases which result from genetic abnormalities of the SLC9 family are discussed although the exact role of these transporters in causing any disease is not established, other than poorly functioning NHE3 in congenital Na diarrhea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Donowitz
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sinning A, Hübner CA. Minireview: pH and synaptic transmission. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:1923-8. [PMID: 23669358 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As a general rule a rise in pH increases neuronal activity, whereas it is dampened by a fall of pH. Neuronal activity per se also challenges pH homeostasis by the increase of metabolic acid equivalents. Moreover, the negative membrane potential of neurons promotes the intracellular accumulation of protons. Synaptic key players such as glutamate receptors or voltage-gated calcium channels show strong pH dependence and effects of pH gradients on synaptic processes are well known. However, the processes and mechanisms that allow controlling the pH in synaptic structures and how these mechanisms contribute to normal synaptic function are only beginning to be resolved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sinning
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Kollegiengasse 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chao D, Shen X, Xia Y. From Acupuncture to Interaction between δ-Opioid Receptors and Na (+) Channels: A Potential Pathway to Inhibit Epileptic Hyperexcitability. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2013; 2013:216016. [PMID: 23662118 PMCID: PMC3638623 DOI: 10.1155/2013/216016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders affecting about 1% of population. Although the precise mechanism of its pathophysiological changes in the brain is unknown, epilepsy has been recognized as a disorder of brain excitability characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures that result from the abnormal, excessive, and synchronous activity of clusters of nerve cells in the brain. Currently available therapies, including medical, surgical, and other strategies, such as ketogenic diet and vagus nerve stimulation, are symptomatic with their own limitations and complications. Seeking new strategies to cure this serious disorder still poses a big challenge to the field of medicine. Our recent studies suggest that acupuncture may exert its antiepileptic effects by normalizing the disrupted neuronal and network excitability through several mechanisms, including lowering the overexcited neuronal activity, enhancing the inhibitory system, and attenuating the excitatory system in the brain via regulation of the interaction between δ -opioid receptors (DOR) and Na(+) channels. This paper reviews the progress in this field and summarizes new knowledge based on our work and those of others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongman Chao
- The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Shanghai Research Center for Acupuncture and Meridians, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xueyong Shen
- Shanghai Research Center for Acupuncture and Meridians, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ying Xia
- The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Parker MD, Boron WF. The divergence, actions, roles, and relatives of sodium-coupled bicarbonate transporters. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:803-959. [PMID: 23589833 PMCID: PMC3768104 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00023.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian Slc4 (Solute carrier 4) family of transporters is a functionally diverse group of 10 multi-spanning membrane proteins that includes three Cl-HCO3 exchangers (AE1-3), five Na(+)-coupled HCO3(-) transporters (NCBTs), and two other unusual members (AE4, BTR1). In this review, we mainly focus on the five mammalian NCBTs-NBCe1, NBCe2, NBCn1, NDCBE, and NBCn2. Each plays a specialized role in maintaining intracellular pH and, by contributing to the movement of HCO3(-) across epithelia, in maintaining whole-body pH and otherwise contributing to epithelial transport. Disruptions involving NCBT genes are linked to blindness, deafness, proximal renal tubular acidosis, mental retardation, and epilepsy. We also review AE1-3, AE4, and BTR1, addressing their relevance to the study of NCBTs. This review draws together recent advances in our understanding of the phylogenetic origins and physiological relevance of NCBTs and their progenitors. Underlying these advances is progress in such diverse disciplines as physiology, molecular biology, genetics, immunocytochemistry, proteomics, and structural biology. This review highlights the key similarities and differences between individual NCBTs and the genes that encode them and also clarifies the sometimes confusing NCBT nomenclature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Parker
- Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106-4970, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lukashova V, Jinadasa T, Ilie A, Verbich D, Cooper E, Orlowski J. The Na(+)/H (+) exchanger NHE5 is sorted to discrete intracellular vesicles in the central and peripheral nervous systems. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 961:397-410. [PMID: 23224898 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4756-6_34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The pH milieu of the central and peripheral nervous systems is an important determinant of neuronal excitability, function, and survival. In mammals, neural acid-base homeostasis is coordinately regulated by ion transporters belonging to the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger (NHE) and bicarbonate transporter gene families. However, the relative contributions of individual isoforms within the respective families are not fully understood. This report focuses on the NHE family, specifically the plasma membrane-type NHE5 which is preferentially transcribed in brain, but the distribution of the native protein has not been extensively characterized. To this end, we generated a rabbit polyclonal antibody that specifically recognizes NHE5. In both central (cortex, hippocampus) and peripheral (superior cervical ganglia, SCG) nervous tissue of mice, NHE5 immunostaining was punctate and highly concentrated in the somas and to lesser amounts in the dendrites of neurons. Very little signal was detected in axons. Similarly, in primary cultures of differentiated SCG neurons, NHE5 localized predominantly to vesicles in the somatodendritic compartment, though some immunostaining was also evident in punctate vesicles along the axons. NHE5 was also detected predominantly in intracellular vesicles of cultured SCG glial cells. Dual immunolabeling of SCG neurons showed that NHE5 did not colocalize with markers for early endosomes (EEA1) or synaptic vesicles (synaptophysin), but did partially colocalize with the transferrin receptor, a marker of recycling endosomes. Collectively, these data suggest that NHE5 partitions into a unique vesicular pool in neurons that shares some characteristics of recycling endosomes where it may serve as an important regulated store of functional transporters required to maintain cytoplasmic pH homeostasis.
Collapse
|
22
|
Boedtkjer E, Aalkjaer C. Intracellular pH in the resistance vasculature: regulation and functional implications. J Vasc Res 2012; 49:479-96. [PMID: 22907294 DOI: 10.1159/000341235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Net acid extrusion from vascular smooth muscle (VSMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) in the wall of resistance arteries is mediated by the Na(+),HCO(3)(-) cotransporter NBCn1 (SLC4A7) and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger NHE1 (SLC9A1) and is essential for intracellular pH (pH(i)) control. Experimental evidence suggests that the pH(i) of VSMCs and ECs modulates both vasocontractile and vasodilatory functions in resistance arteries with implications for blood pressure regulation. The connection between disturbed pH(i) and altered cardiovascular function has been substantiated by a genome-wide association study showing a link between NBCn1 and human hypertension. On this basis, we here review the current evidence regarding (a) molecular mechanisms involved in pH(i) control in VSMCs and ECs of resistance arteries at rest and during contractions, (b) implications of disturbed pH(i) for resistance artery function, and (c) involvement of disturbed pH(i) in the pathogenesis of vascular disease. The current evidence clearly implies that pH(i) of VSMCs and ECs modulates vascular function and suggests that disturbed pH(i) either consequent to disturbed regulation or due to metabolic challenges needs to be taken into consideration as a mechanistic component of artery dysfunction and disturbed blood pressure regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ebbe Boedtkjer
- Department of Biomedicine and Water and Salt Research Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Genetic variants in SLC9A9 are associated with measures of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in families. Psychiatr Genet 2010; 20:73-81. [PMID: 20032819 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0b013e3283351209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A family was previously identified that cosegregates a pericentric inversion, inv(3)(p14 : q21), with an early-onset developmental condition, characterized by impulsive behavior and intellectual deficit. The inversion breakpoints lie within DOCK3 and SLC9A9 at the p-arm and q-arm, respectively. Based on this report, these genes were selected to be evaluated in a family-based attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) association study. METHODS Conners' Parent (CPRS) and Teacher (CTRS) Rating Scales of AD/HD symptoms and Conners' Continuous Performance Test (CPT) measures were collected and a minimal number of tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in each gene were selected for analysis. Analyses were performed on families who met research criteria for AD/HD. Using the program, QTDT, each tagging SNP was tested for association with T-scores from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) subscales according to the CTRS and CPRS, and five CPT measures. RESULTS After adjusting for multiple testing, a SNP in the 3' UTR of SLC9A9, rs1046706, remained significantly associated (false discovery rate, q value <0.05) with scores on the DSM-IV hyperactive-impulsive and total symptom subscales according to the CTRS and errors of commission on the CPT. In addition, an intronic SLC9A9 SNP, rs2360867, remained significantly associated with errors of commission. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that SLC9A9 may be related to hyperactive-impulsive symptoms in AD/HD and the disruption of SLC9A9 may be responsible for the behavioral phenotype observed in the inversion family. The association with SLC9A9 is particularly interesting as it was recently implicated in a genome-wide association study for AD/HD. Further investigation of the role of SLC9A9 in AD/HD and other behavioral disorders is warranted.
Collapse
|
24
|
Bonnet U, Bingmann D, Wiltfang J, Scherbaum N, Wiemann M. Modulatory effects of neuropsychopharmaca on intracellular pH of hippocampal neurones in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 159:474-83. [PMID: 20015293 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00540.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The intracellular pH (pHi) of neurones is tightly regulated by, for example, membrane-bound acid-exchangers and loaders. Nevertheless, excessive bioelectric activity lowers steady-state pHi. In turn, even a moderate acidification can inhibit neuronal activity, a process believed to be part of a negative feedback loop controlling neuronal excitation. As moclobemide, an antidepressant, and also some antiepileptic drugs can reduce neuronal pHi in hippocampus slices in vitro, we screened a panel of currently used neuropsychopharmaca for comparable effects. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH BCECF-AM loaded hippocampal slices were superfused with 16 different neuroleptics, antidepressants and antiepileptics under bicarbonate-buffered conditions. Changes in steady-state pHi of CA3 neurones were measured fluorometrically. KEY RESULTS The antipsychotics haloperidol, clozapine, ziprasidone, and the antidepressants amitriptyline, doxepin, trimipramine, citalopram, mirtazapine, as well as the anticonvulsive drug tiagabine reversibly reduced the steady-state pHi by up to 0.35 pH-units in concentrations of 5-50 microM. In contrast, venlafaxine, the anticonvulsants carbamazepine, clonazepam, gabapentin, lamotrigine, zonisamide, and the mood stabilizer lithium had no effect on neuronal pHi. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These data substantiate the view that clinically relevant concentrations of neuroleptics and antidepressants can mediate changes in neuronal pHi, which may contribute to their pharmacological mode of action. Effects on pHi should be taken into account when therapeutic or even harmful effects of these drugs are evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Udo Bonnet
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LVR-Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg/Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Li Q, Huang H, Liu G, Lam K, Rutberg J, Green MS, Birnie DH, Lemery R, Chahine M, Gollob MH. Gain-of-function mutation of Nav1.5 in atrial fibrillation enhances cellular excitability and lowers the threshold for action potential firing. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 380:132-7. [PMID: 19167345 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Genetic mutations of the cardiac sodium channel (SCN5A) specific only to the phenotype of atrial fibrillation have recently been described. However, data on the biophysical properties of SCN5A variants associated with atrial fibrillation are scarce. In a mother and son with lone atrial fibrillation, we identified a novel SCN5A coding variant, K1493R, which altered a highly conserved residue in the DIII-IV linker and was located six amino acids downstream from the fast inactivation motif of sodium channels. Biophysical studies of K1493R in tsA201 cells demonstrated a significant positive shift in voltage-dependence of inactivation and a large ramp current near resting membrane potential, indicating a gain-of-function. Enhanced cellular excitability was observed in transfected HL-1 atrial cardiomyocytes, including spontaneous action potential depolarizations and a lower threshold for action potential firing. These novel biophysical observations provide molecular evidence linking cellular "hyperexcitability" as a mechanism inducing vulnerability to this common arrhythmia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuju Li
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont., Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fazio F, Notartomaso S, Aronica E, Storto M, Battaglia G, Vieira E, Gatti S, Bruno V, Biagioni F, Gradini R, Nicoletti F, Di Marco R. Switch in the expression of mGlu1 and mGlu5 metabotropic glutamate receptors in the cerebellum of mice developing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and in autoptic cerebellar samples from patients with multiple sclerosis. Neuropharmacology 2008; 55:491-9. [PMID: 18619983 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that changes in the expression of membrane receptors/ion channels in cerebellar Purkinje cells contribute to the onset of cerebellar motor symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). We examined the expression of group-I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu1 and mGlu5 receptors) in the cerebellum of mice developing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and in autoptic cerebellar samples of MS patients. EAE was induced in mice by immunization with the 35-55 fragment of MOG (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein). EAE mice showed a progressive loss of mGlu1a receptors in the cerebellum, associated with an increased expression of mGlu5 receptors. These changes were restricted to Purkinje cells and their dendritic arborization, as shown by immunohistochemistry. A reduced expression of mGlu1a receptors in cerebellar Purkinje cells was also found in 7 of 9 MS patients. In addition, a light/moderate to very strong mGlu5 receptor immunoreactivity was detected in Purkinje cells of 8 MS patients, but was always absent in non-MS control patients. In EAE mice, an acute treatment with the mGlu1 receptor enhancer, 9H-xanthene-9-carboxylic acid (4-trifluoromethyl-oxazol-2-yl)-amide (RO0711401), significantly improved motor coordination, whereas treatment with the mGlu5 receptor antagonists, 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine (MPEP) and 6-methyl-2-(phenylazo)-3-pyridinol (SIB-1757), had no effect. We conclude that mGlu1 receptor enhancers improve motor symptoms associated with EAE and might be helpful as symptomatic drugs in patients with MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Fazio
- I.N.M. Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pettersen JC, Chouinard L, Kerlin RL, Groom SN, Botts S, Arezzo JC, Boucher MA, Frazier DE, Buchholz AR. Neurotoxic Effects of Zoniporide: A Selective Inhibitor of the Na+/H+ Exchanger Isoform 1. Toxicol Pathol 2008; 36:608-19. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623308318215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Zoniporide, an inhibitor of the Na+-H+ exchanger-1, was administered by continuous intravenous infusion to rats and dogs for up to 1 month. In 1-month studies, histological and functional changes were observed in select portions of the peripheral nervous system; however, these findings were not detected in 2-week studies at similar or higher doses. In the 1-month rat study, there was dose-dependent, minimal, focal, or multifocal nerve fiber (axonal) degeneration in the spinal cord and/or sciatic nerve. In a follow-up rat study, findings included slowing of caudal nerve conduction velocity and axonal degeneration in the spinal cord (dorsal funiculus), dorsal roots, dorsal root ganglia (DRG), radial, sciatic, and tibial nerves. In the 1-month dog study, there was impairment of the patellar reflex and associated postural reaction changes, minimal to marked proximal nerve fiber degeneration in the DRG, and minimal nerve fiber degeneration in the dorsal roots and funiculi of the spinal cord. Minimal nerve fiber degeneration of equivocal significance was noted in various peripheral nerves. Taken together, these findings were consistent with a specific effect on peripheral sensory nerve fibers. These studies demonstrated that zoniporide produces clinical, electrophysiologic, and microscopic evidence of peripheral sensory axonopathy and establishes the importance of careful preclinical evaluation of neurological function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John C. Pettersen
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton/New London Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Luc Chouinard
- Charles River Laboratories, Preclinical Services, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Roy L. Kerlin
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton/New London Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Simon N. Groom
- Charles River Laboratories, Preclinical Services, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Suzanne Botts
- GlaxoSmithKline, Safety Assessment, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joseph C. Arezzo
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Mary A. Boucher
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton/New London Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Allan R. Buchholz
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton/New London Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Liu CN, Somps CJ. Na+/H+ Exchanger-1 Inhibitors Reduce Neuronal Excitability and Alter Na+ Channel Inactivation Properties in Rat Primary Sensory Neurons. Toxicol Sci 2008; 103:346-53. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
|
29
|
Obara M, Szeliga M, Albrecht J. Regulation of pH in the mammalian central nervous system under normal and pathological conditions: facts and hypotheses. Neurochem Int 2007; 52:905-19. [PMID: 18061308 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of pH homeostasis in the CNS is of key importance for proper execution and regulation of neurotransmission, and deviations from this homeostasis are a crucial factor in the mechanism underlying a spectrum of pathological conditions. The first few sections of the review are devoted to the brain operating under normal conditions. The article commences with an overview of how extrinsic factors modelling the brain at work: neurotransmitters, depolarising stimuli (potassium and voltage changes) and cyclic nucleotides as major signal transducing vehicles affect pH in the CNS. Further, consequences of pH alterations on the major aspects of CNS function and metabolism are outlined. Next, the major cellular events involved in the transport, sequestration, metabolic production and buffering of protons that are common to all the mammalian cells, including the CNS cells. Since CNS function reflects tight interaction between astrocytes and neurons, the pH regulatory events pertinent to either cell type are discussed: overwhelming evidence implicates astrocytes as a key player in pH homeostasis in the brain. The different classes of membrane proteins involved in proton shuttling are listed and their mechanisms of action are given. These include: the Na+/H+ exchanger, different classes of bicarbonate transporters acting in a sodium-dependent- or -independent mode, monocarboxylic acid transporters and the vacuolar-type proton ATPase. A separate section is devoted to carbonic anhydrase, which is represented by multiple isoenzymes capable of pH buffering both in the cell interior and in the extracellular space. Next, impairment of pH regulation and compensatory responses occurring in brain affected by different pathologies: hypoxia/ischemia, epilepsy, hyperammonemic encephalopathies, cerebral tumours and HIV will be described. The review is limited to facts and plausible hypotheses pertaining to phenomena directly involved in pH regulation: changes in pH that accompany metabolic stress but have no distinct implications for the pH regulatory mechanisms are not dealt with. In most cases, the vast body of knowledge derived from in vitro studies remains to be verified in in vivo settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Obara
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hentschke M, Wiemann M, Hentschke S, Kurth I, Hermans-Borgmeyer I, Seidenbecher T, Jentsch TJ, Gal A, Hübner CA. Mice with a targeted disruption of the Cl-/HCO3- exchanger AE3 display a reduced seizure threshold. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:182-91. [PMID: 16354689 PMCID: PMC1317631 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.26.1.182-191.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal activity results in significant pH shifts in neurons, glia, and interstitial space. Several transport mechanisms are involved in the fine-tuning and regulation of extra- and intracellular pH. The sodium-independent electroneutral anion exchangers (AEs) exchange intracellular bicarbonate for extracellular chloride and thereby lower the intracellular pH. Recently, a significant association was found with the variant Ala867Asp of the anion exchanger AE3, which is predominantly expressed in brain and heart, in a large cohort of patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy. To analyze a possible involvement of AE3 dysfunction in the pathogenesis of seizures, we generated an AE3-knockout mouse model by targeted disruption of Slc4a3. AE3-knockout mice were apparently healthy, and neither displayed gross histological and behavioral abnormalities nor spontaneous seizures or spike wave complexes in electrocorticograms. However, the seizure threshold of AE3-knockout mice exposed to bicuculline, pentylenetetrazole, or pilocarpine was reduced, and seizure-induced mortality was significantly increased compared to wild-type littermates. In the pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampal CA3 region, where AE3 is strongly expressed, disruption of AE3 abolished sodium-independent chloride-bicarbonate exchange. These findings strongly support the hypothesis that AE3 modulates seizure susceptibility and, therefore, are of significance for understanding the role of intracellular pH in epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Hentschke
- Department of Human Genetics, UKE-Hamburg, Butenfeld 42, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Pedersen SF, O'Donnell ME, Anderson SE, Cala PM. Physiology and pathophysiology of Na+/H+ exchange and Na+ -K+ -2Cl- cotransport in the heart, brain, and blood. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 291:R1-25. [PMID: 16484438 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00782.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of a stable cell volume and intracellular pH is critical for normal cell function. Arguably, two of the most important ion transporters involved in these processes are the Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1) and Na+ -K+ -2Cl- cotransporter isoform 1 (NKCC1). Both NHE1 and NKCC1 are stimulated by cell shrinkage and by numerous other stimuli, including a wide range of hormones and growth factors, and for NHE1, intracellular acidification. Both transporters can be important regulators of cell volume, yet their activity also, directly or indirectly, affects the intracellular concentrations of Na+, Ca2+, Cl-, K+, and H+. Conversely, when either transporter responds to a stimulus other than cell shrinkage and when the driving force is directed to promote Na+ entry, one consequence may be cell swelling. Thus stimulation of NHE1 and/or NKCC1 by a deviation from homeostasis of a given parameter may regulate that parameter at the expense of compromising others, a coupling that may contribute to irreversible cell damage in a number of pathophysiological conditions. This review addresses the roles of NHE1 and NKCC1 in the cellular responses to physiological and pathophysiological stress. The aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms and consequences of stress-induced stimulation of these transporters with focus on the heart, brain, and blood. The physiological stressors reviewed are metabolic/exercise stress, osmotic stress, and mechanical stress, conditions in which NHE1 and NKCC1 play important physiological roles. With respect to pathophysiology, the focus is on ischemia and severe hypoxia where the roles of NHE1 and NKCC1 have been widely studied yet remain controversial and incompletely elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S F Pedersen
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology and Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhao P, Ma MC, Qian H, Xia Y. Down-regulation of delta-opioid receptors in Na+/H+ exchanger 1 null mutant mouse brain with epilepsy. Neurosci Res 2005; 53:442-6. [PMID: 16297477 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2005.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2005] [Revised: 08/17/2005] [Accepted: 09/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mice lacking Na+/H+ exchanger 1 (NHE1) show a unique epilepsy phenotype although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Since expression of delta-opioid receptor (DOR) may be involved in control of epileptic activity, we conducted immunohistochemistry and autoradiography to investigate whether DOR expression is dys-regulated in the brain of NHE1 null mouse. Immunohistochemistry showed a decline in DOR expression in hippocampus and cortex. Autoradiographic results confirmed that the density of DOR was decreased in most cortical and hippocampal regions such as striate and temporal cortex, hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions (reduced by 27.7 +/- 6.4%, 29.4 +/- 5.1%, 40.7 +/- 4.4% and 20.6 +/- 5.7%, respectively, P < 0.05). These data demonstrate that NHE1 null mutation leads to a reduction of DOR expression in the cortical and hippocampal regions, which provides a new clue for the genesis of epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, LMP 3107, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ohgaki R, Nakamura N, Mitsui K, Kanazawa H. Characterization of the ion transport activity of the budding yeast Na+/H+ antiporter, Nha1p, using isolated secretory vesicles. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2005; 1712:185-96. [PMID: 15950597 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2005.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2005] [Revised: 03/25/2005] [Accepted: 03/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nha1p, a plasma membrane protein belonging to the monovalent cation/proton antiporter family, plays a key role in the salt tolerance and pH regulation of cells. We examined the molecular function of Nha1p by using secretory vesicles isolated from a temperature sensitive secretory mutant, sec4-2, in vitro. The isolated secretory vesicles contained newly synthesized Nha1p en route to the plasma membrane and showed antiporter activity exchanging H+ for monovalent alkali metal cations. An amino acid substitution in Nha1p (D266N, Asp-266 to Asn) almost completely abolished the Na+/H+ but not K+/H+ antiport activity, confirming the validity of this assay system as well as the functional importance of Asp-266, especially for selectivity of substrate cations. Nha1p catalyzes transport of Na+ and K+ with similar affinity (12.7 mM and 12.4 mM), and with lower affinity for Rb+ and Li+. Nha1p activity is associated with a net charge movement across the membrane, transporting more protons per single sodium ion (i.e., electrogenic). This feature is similar to the bacterial Na+/H+ antiporters, whereas other known eukaryotic Na+/H+ antiporters are electroneutral. The ion selectivity and the stoichiometry suggest a unique physiological role of Nha1p which is distinct from that of other known Na+/H+ antiporters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Ohgaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Spampanato J, Kearney JA, de Haan G, McEwen DP, Escayg A, Aradi I, MacDonald BT, Levin SI, Soltesz I, Benna P, Montalenti E, Isom LL, Goldin AL, Meisler MH. A novel epilepsy mutation in the sodium channel SCN1A identifies a cytoplasmic domain for beta subunit interaction. J Neurosci 2005; 24:10022-34. [PMID: 15525788 PMCID: PMC6730248 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2034-04.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A mutation in the sodium channel SCN1A was identified in a small Italian family with dominantly inherited generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+). The mutation, D1866Y, alters an evolutionarily conserved aspartate residue in the C-terminal cytoplasmic domain of the sodium channel alpha subunit. The mutation decreased modulation of the alpha subunit by beta1, which normally causes a negative shift in the voltage dependence of inactivation in oocytes. There was less of a shift with the mutant channel, resulting in a 10 mV difference between the wild-type and mutant channels in the presence of beta1. This shift increased the magnitude of the window current, which resulted in more persistent current during a voltage ramp. Computational analysis suggests that neurons expressing the mutant channels will fire an action potential with a shorter onset delay in response to a threshold current injection, and that they will fire multiple action potentials with a shorter interspike interval at a higher input stimulus. These results suggest a causal relationship between a positive shift in the voltage dependence of sodium channel inactivation and spontaneous seizure activity. Direct interaction between the cytoplasmic C-terminal domain of the wild-type alpha subunit with the beta1 or beta3 subunit was first demonstrated by yeast two-hybrid analysis. The SCN1A peptide K1846-R1886 is sufficient for beta subunit interaction. Coimmunoprecipitation from transfected mammalian cells confirmed the interaction between the C-terminal domains of the alpha and beta1 subunits. The D1866Y mutation weakens this interaction, demonstrating a novel molecular mechanism leading to seizure susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Spampanato
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-4025, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Brett CL, Donowitz M, Rao R. Evolutionary origins of eukaryotic sodium/proton exchangers. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2005; 288:C223-39. [PMID: 15643048 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00360.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
More than 200 genes annotated as Na+/H+ hydrogen exchangers (NHEs) currently reside in bioinformation databases such as GenBank and Pfam. We performed detailed phylogenetic analyses of these NHEs in an effort to better understand their specific functions and physiological roles. This analysis initially required examining the entire monovalent cation proton antiporter (CPA) superfamily that includes the CPA1, CPA2, and NaT-DC families of transporters, each of which has a unique set of bacterial ancestors. We have concluded that there are nine human NHE (or SLC9A) paralogs as well as two previously unknown human CPA2 genes, which we have named HsNHA1 and HsNHA2. The eukaryotic NHE family is composed of five phylogenetically distinct clades that differ in subcellular location, drug sensitivity, cation selectivity, and sequence length. The major subgroups are plasma membrane (recycling and resident) and intracellular (endosomal/TGN, NHE8-like, and plant vacuolar). HsNHE1, the first cloned eukaryotic NHE gene, belongs to the resident plasma membrane clade. The latter is the most recent to emerge, being found exclusively in vertebrates. In contrast, the intracellular clades are ubiquitously distributed and are likely precursors to the plasma membrane NHE. Yeast endosomal ScNHX1 was the first intracellular NHE to be described and is closely related to HsNHE6, HsNHE7, and HsNHE9 in humans. Our results link the appearance of NHE on the plasma membrane of animal cells to the use of the Na+/K(+)-ATPase to generate the membrane potential. These novel observations have allowed us to use comparative biology to predict physiological roles for the nine human NHE paralogs and to propose appropriate model organisms in which to study the unique properties of each NHE subclass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Brett
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhou D, Xue J, Gavrialov O, Haddad GG. Na+/H+ exchanger 1 deficiency alters gene expression in mouse brain. Physiol Genomics 2004; 18:331-9. [PMID: 15306696 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00076.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 1 (NHE1) is well known to function as a major regulator of intracellular pH (pH(i)). It is activated by low pH(i) and exchanges extracellular Na(+) for intracellular H(+) to maintain cellular homeostasis. Despite the fact that we now have evidence suggesting other roles for NHE1, there has been no comprehensive study investigating its role as a signaling molecule. Toward this aim, we used in this study NHE1 null mutant mice and cDNA microarrays to investigate the effects of NHE1 on global gene expression in various regions of the brain, e.g., cortex, hippocampus, brain stem-diencephalon, and cerebellum. We found that a total of 35 to 79 genes were up- or downregulated in each brain region, with the majority being downregulated. The effect of NHE1 null mutation on gene expression is region specific, and only 11 genes were changed in all brain regions studied. Further analysis of the cis-regulatory regions of downregulated genes revealed that transcription suppressors, BCL6 and E4BP4, were probable candidates that mediated the inhibitory effect of NHE1 null mutation. One of the genes, MCT-13, was not only downregulated in the NHE1 null mutant brain but also in tissue cultures treated with an NHE1 inhibitor. We conclude that 1) a relatively small number of genes were altered in the NHE1 null mouse brain; 2) the effects of NHE1 null mutation on gene expression are region specific; and 3) several genes implicated in neurodegeneration have altered expression, potentially offering a molecular explanation for the phenotype of the NHE1 null mouse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mandal PK. Lobster hepatopancreatic epithelial single cell suspensions as models for electrogenic sodium–proton exchange. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2004; 137:479-93. [PMID: 15123186 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2003.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2003] [Revised: 11/14/2003] [Accepted: 11/14/2003] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sodium-proton antiporters, also called Na+/H+ exchangers (NHE), are vital transmembrane proteins involved in multiple cellular functions including transepithelial ion transport and Na+ homeostasis of cells throughout the biological kingdom. Na+/H+ exchange is accelerated by cytosolic acidification and also by osmotically induced cell shrinking, thereby promoting recovery of the physiological pHi and volume. Eight isoforms of Na+/H+ exchangers have been cloned and characterized to date and share the same overall structure, but exhibit differences with respect to cellular localization, kinetic variables and plasma membrane targeting, in polarized epithelial cells. The electrogenic Na+ absorption across tight epithelia from invertebrates follow significantly different principles from the electroneutral Na+/H+ antiporter found in vertebrates. In all invertebrate cells examined, the antiporter displayed a 2Na+/1H+ transport stoichiometry and this transport was markedly inhibited by exogenous calcium and zinc. Na+/H+ exchangers (NHE) are present in crustacean hepatopancreatic cell type suspensions and are believed to function in acid-base regulation by driving the extrusion of protons across the hepatopancreatic epithelium in exchange for Na+ in the sea water. A brief review of current knowledge about Na+/H+ exchangers has been presented. In addition, understanding of hepatopancreatic Na+/H+ exchange is described as obtained after isolation of purified E-, R-, F- and B-cell suspensions from the whole organ by centrifugal elutriation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prabir K Mandal
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, 4567 St. John's Bluff Road (South), Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gu J, Lynch BA, Anderson D, Klitgaard H, Lu S, Elashoff M, Ebert U, Potschka H, Löscher W. The antiepileptic drug levetiracetam selectively modifies kindling-induced alterations in gene expression in the temporal lobe of rats. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 19:334-45. [PMID: 14725628 DOI: 10.1111/j.0953-816x.2003.03106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression profiling by microarrays is a powerful tool for identification of genes that may encode key proteins involved in molecular mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis. Using the Affymetrix oligonucleotide microarray, we have surveyed the expression levels of more than 26,000 genes and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) in the amygdala-kindling model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Furthermore, the effect of the antiepileptic drug levetiracetam (LEV) on kindling-induced alterations of gene expression was studied. Treatment of rats with LEV during kindling acquisition significantly suppressed kindling development. For gene expression profiling, six groups of rats were included in the present study: (i) and (ii) sham-operated rats treated with saline or LEV; (iii) and (iv) electrode-implanted but non-kindled rats treated with saline or LEV; (v) and (vi) kindled rats treated with saline or LEV. Treatment was terminated after 11 or 12 daily amygdala stimulations, when all vehicle-treated rats had reached kindling criterion, i.e. a stage 5 seizure. Twenty-four hours later, the ipsilateral temporal lobe was dissected for mRNA preparation. Six temporal lobe preparations from each group were analysed for differential gene expression. In control (non-kindled) rats, LEV treatment was devoid of any significant effect on gene expression. In saline-treated kindled rats, a large number of genes were observed to display mRNA expression alterations compared with non-kindled rats. LEV treatment induced marked effects on gene expression from kindled rats. Previously described epilepsy-related genes, such as neuropeptide Y (NPY), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were confirmed to be up-regulated by kindling and partially normalized by LEV treatment. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction confirmed NPY, TRH and GFAP expression data from chip experiments. Furthermore, a number of novel genes were identified from the gene chip experiments. A subgroup of these genes demonstrated correlation between expression changes and kindled phenotype measurements. In summary, this study identified many genes with potentially important roles in epileptogenesis and highlighted several important issues in using the gene chip technology for the study of animal models of CNS disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Gu
- UCB Pharma, UCB Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
de Silva MG, Elliott K, Dahl HH, Fitzpatrick E, Wilcox S, Delatycki M, Williamson R, Efron D, Lynch M, Forrest S. Disruption of a novel member of a sodium/hydrogen exchanger family and DOCK3 is associated with an attention deficit hyperactivity disorder-like phenotype. J Med Genet 2003; 40:733-40. [PMID: 14569117 PMCID: PMC1735283 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.40.10.733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex condition with high heritability. However, both biochemical investigations and association and linkage studies have failed to define fully the underlying genetic factors associated with ADHD. We have identified a family co-segregating an early onset behavioural/developmental condition, with features of ADHD and intellectual disability, with a pericentric inversion of chromosome 3, 46N inv(3)(p14:q21). METHODS We hypothesised that the inversion breakpoints affect a gene or genes that cause the observed phenotype. Large genomic clones (P1 derived/yeast/bacterial artificial chromosomes) were assembled into contigs across the two inversion breakpoints using molecular and bioinformatic technologies. Restriction fragments crossing the junctions were identified by Southern analysis and these fragments were amplified using inverse PCR. RESULTS The amplification products were subsequently sequenced to reveal that the breakpoints lay within an intron of the dedicator of cytokinesis 3 (DOCK3) gene at the p arm breakpoint, and an intron of a novel member of the solute carrier family 9 (sodium/hydrogen exchanger) isoform 9 (SLC9A9) at the q arm. Both genes are expressed in the brain, but neither of the genes has previously been implicated in developmental or behavioural disorders. CONCLUSION These two disrupted genes are candidates for involvement in the pathway leading to the neuropsychological condition in this family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M G de Silva
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Xue J, Douglas RM, Zhou D, Lim JY, Boron WF, Haddad GG. Expression of Na+/H+ and HCO3−-dependent transporters in Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 null mutant mouse brain. Neuroscience 2003; 122:37-46. [PMID: 14596847 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(03)00598-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Acid-base transporters, such as the sodium-hydrogen exchangers (NHEs) and bicarbonate-dependent transporters, play an important role in the regulation of intracellular pH (pH(i)) in the CNS. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that the absence of the major NHE isoform 1 (NHE1) reduced the steady-state pH(i) and recovery rate from an acid load in the hippocampal neurons not only in HEPES but also in HCO(3)(-) solutions (Yao et al., 1999). The purpose of the current study was to determine whether the NHE1 null mutation affects the expression of pH-regulatory transporters in the mouse CNS. Immunoblotting and semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were performed to examine the protein and mRNA levels of NHE1-4, electrogenic sodium-bicarbonate cotransporter 1 variants (NBCe1), and brain-specific anion exchanger 3 (AE3) in four brain regions (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum and brainstem-diencephalon). NHE1 null mutant mice were compared with their wild type controls at the average age of approximately 4 weeks. Our results revealed that the NHE1 null mutation caused a significant increase in NHE3 in the cerebellum (84% for protein, 105% for mRNA), an increase in NBCe1 expression in the brainstem-diencephalon (approximately 40-50% for protein, 9-15% for mRNA), as well as a decrease in AE3 in the hippocampus (approximately 60% for protein, 24% for mRNA). We conclude that the NHE1 null mutation does alter the expression of other membrane transporters at both protein and mRNA levels. The alteration is region-specific. An increase in acid extruders (e.g. NHE3) and a decrease in acid loaders (e.g. AE3) suggest that there are some compensatory mechanisms that occur in NHE1 null mutant mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Xue
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Xia Y, Zhao P, Xue J, Gu XQ, Sun X, Yao H, Haddad GG. Na+ channel expression and neuronal function in the Na+/H+ exchanger 1 null mutant mouse. J Neurophysiol 2003; 89:229-36. [PMID: 12522174 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00488.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice lacking Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 1 (NHE1) suffer from recurrent seizures and die early postnatally. Although the mechanisms for seizures are not well established, our previous electrophysiological work has shown that neuronal excitability and Na(+) current density are increased in hippocampal CA1 neurons of these mutant mice. However, it is unknown whether this increased density is related to altered expression or functional regulation of Na(+) channels. In this work, we asked three questions: is the increased excitability limited to CA1 neurons, is the increased Na(+) current density related to an increased Na(+) channel expression, and, if so, which Na(+) channel subtype(s) is upregulated? Using neurophysiological, autoradiographic, and immunoblotting techniques, we showed that both CA1 and cortical neurons have an increase in membrane excitability and Na(+) current density; Na(+) channel density is selectively upregulated in the hippocampus and cortex (P < 0.05); and Na(+) channel subtype I is significantly increased in the hippocampus and Na(+) channel subtype II is increased in the cortex. Our results demonstrate that mice lacking NHE1 upregulate their Na(+) channel expression in the hippocampal and cortical regions selectively; this leads to an increase in Na(+) current density and membrane excitability. We speculate that neuronal overexcitability due to Na(+) channel upregulation in the hippocampus and cortex forms the basis of epileptic seizures in NHE1 mutant mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xia
- Department of Pediatrics (Section of Respiratory Medicine), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kang TC, An SJ, Park SK, Hwang IK, Suh JG, Oh YS, Bae JC, Won MH. Alterations in Na+/H+ exchanger and Na+/HCO3- cotransporter immunoreactivities within the gerbil hippocampus following seizure. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2002; 109:226-32. [PMID: 12531533 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(02)00559-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a chronological and comparative analysis of the immunoreactivities of Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 1 (NHE1), Na(+)/HCO(3)(-) cotransporter (NBC) and Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCE) was conducted in order to identify the effects of spontaneous seizure on their protein expression levels using the gerbil model. The distribution of NHE1 and NBC immunoreactivity in the hippocampus of seizure-resistant (SR) gerbils was similar to that observed in the pre-seizure group of seizure-sensitive (SS) gerbils. From 30 min to 3 h after the onset of the seizure, both NHE1 and NBC immunoreactivities were elevated in the hippocampus, as compared to the pre-seizure group of SS gerbils. At 6 h postictal, these immunoreactivities in the hippocampus had reduced to the pre-seizure level. However, NCE immunoreactivity within the hippocampus was unaltered. These findings suggest that the changes in both NHE1 and NBC immunoreactivity within the hippocampus following seizure may affect tissue excitability and play a role in the reduction of the seizure activity in the gerbil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Cheon Kang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon, Kangwon-Do, 200-702, South Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Szaszi K, Paulsen A, Szabo EZ, Numata M, Grinstein S, Orlowski J. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis and recycling of the neuron-specific Na+/H+ exchanger NHE5 isoform. Regulation by phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase and the actin cytoskeleton. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:42623-32. [PMID: 12205089 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m206629200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian Na+/H+ exchangers (NHEs) are a family of integral membrane proteins that play central roles in sodium, acid-base, and cell volume homeostasis. The recently cloned NHE5 isoform is expressed predominantly in brain, but its functional and cellular properties are poorly understood. To facilitate its characterization, an epitope-tagged construct of NHE5 was ectopically expressed in nonneuronal and neuronal cells. In NHE-deficient Chinese hamster ovary AP-1 cells, NHE5 localized at the plasmalemma, but a significant fraction accumulated intracellularly in vesicles that concentrated in a juxtanuclear region. Similarly, in nerve growth factor-differentiated neuroendocrine PC12 cells and primary hippocampal neurons, immunolabeling of NHE5 was detected in endomembrane vesicles in the perinuclear region of the cell body but also along the processes. More detailed characterization in AP-1 cells using organelle-specific markers showed that NHE5 co-localized with internalized transferrin, a marker of recycling endosomes. Transient transfection of a dominant negative mutant of dynamin-1, which inhibits clathrin-mediated endocytosis, blocked uptake of transferrin as well as internalization of NHE5. Likewise, wortmannin inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase, a lipid kinase implicated in endosomal traffic, induced coalescence of vesicles containing NHE5 and caused a pronounced inhibition of plasmalemmal Na+/H+ exchange. By contrast, disruption of the F-actin cytoskeleton with cytochalasin D increased cell surface NHE5 activity and abundance. These observations demonstrate that NHE5 is localized to the recycling endosomal pathway and is dynamically regulated by phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase and by the state of F-actin assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Szaszi
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|