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Oris C, Lautrette A, Dougé A, Bouraima F, Kahouadji S, Pickering ME, Garrouste C, Gagnière J, Guièze R, D'Ostrevy N, Futier E, Grobost V, Buisson A, Batisse M, Bouillon-Minois JB, Pereira B, Durif J, Sapin V, Bouvier D. Prevalence of FGF23 elevation in patients with hypophosphatemia. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 554:117782. [PMID: 38224930 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.117782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To investigate the contribution of FGF23 in explaining the cases of hypophosphatemia observed in clinical practice, we aimed to determine for the first time the prevalence of FGF23 elevation in patients with hypophosphatemia and to describe the different mechanisms of FGF23-related hypophosphatemic disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a prospective, observational, multicenter, cohort study of 260 patients with hypophosphatemia. Blood measurements (PTH, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, bone alkaline phosphatase, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and FGF23) were performed on a Liaison XL® (DiaSorin) analyzer. RESULTS Primary elevation of FGF23 (>95.4 pg/mL) was reported in 10.4% (95CI: 7.0-14.7) of patients (n = 27) with hypophosphatemia, suggesting that at least 1 in 10 cases of hypophosphatemia was erroneously attributed to an etiology other than FGF23 elevation. Patients with elevated blood FGF23 were grouped according to the etiology of the FGF23 elevation. Thus, 10 patients had a renal pathology, chronic kidney disease or post-renal transplantation condition. The remaining patients (n = 17) had the following etiologies: malignancies (n = 9), benign pancreatic tumor (n = 1), post-cardiac surgery (n = 4), cirrhosis (n = 2), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n = 1). CONCLUSION In order to improve patient management, it seems essential to better integrate plasma FGF23 measurement into the routine evaluation of hypophosphatemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Oris
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Auvergne University, CNRS, INSERM, iGReD, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alexandre Lautrette
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Aurore Dougé
- Department of Oncology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Farouk Bouraima
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Samy Kahouadji
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Auvergne University, CNRS, INSERM, iGReD, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marie-Eva Pickering
- Rheumatology Department, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cyril Garrouste
- Department of Nephrology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Johan Gagnière
- Department of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Surgery, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Romain Guièze
- Department of Clinical Hematology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas D'Ostrevy
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Emmanuel Futier
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Anesthesia & Critical Care, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Vincent Grobost
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Anthony Buisson
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marie Batisse
- Department of Oncology, Centre Jean Perrin, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Bruno Pereira
- Biostatistics Unit (DRCI) Department, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julie Durif
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Vincent Sapin
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Auvergne University, CNRS, INSERM, iGReD, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Damien Bouvier
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Auvergne University, CNRS, INSERM, iGReD, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Rodríguez D, Gurevich E, Mohammadi Jouabadi S, Pastor Arroyo EM, Ritter A, Estoppey Younes S, Wagner CA, Imenez Silva PH, Seeger H, Mohebbi N. Serum sclerostin is associated with recurrent kidney stone formation independent of hypercalciuria. Clin Kidney J 2024; 17:sfad256. [PMID: 38186870 PMCID: PMC10768761 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfad256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Kidney stones are frequent in industrialized countries with a lifetime risk of 10 to 15%. A high percentage of individuals experience recurrence. Calcium-containing stones account for more than 80% of kidney stones. Diet, environmental factors, behavior, and genetic variants contribute to the development of kidney stones. Osteocytes excrete the 21 kDa glycoprotein sclerostin, which inhibits bone formation by osteoblasts. Animal data suggests that sclerostin might directly or indirectly regulate calcium excretion via the kidney. As hypercalciuria is one of the most relevant risk factors for kidney stones, sclerostin might possess pathogenic relevance in nephrolithiasis. Methods We performed a prospective cross-sectional observational controlled study in 150 recurrent kidney stone formers (rKSF) to analyse the association of sclerostin with known stone risk factors and important modulators of calcium-phosphate metabolism. Serum sclerostin levels were determined at the first visit. As controls, we used 388 non-stone formers from a large Swiss epidemiological cohort. Results Sclerostin was mildly increased in rKSF in comparison to controls. This finding was more pronounced in women compared to men. Logistic regression indicated an association of serum sclerostin with rKSF status. In hypercalciuric individuals, sclerostin levels were not different from normocalciuric patients. In Spearman correlation analysis we found a positive correlation between sclerostin, age, and BMI and a negative correlation with eGFR. There was a weak correlation with iPTH and intact FGF 23. In contrast, serum sclerostin levels were not associated with 25-OH Vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxy-Vitamin D3, urinary calcium and phosphate or other urinary lithogenic risk factors. Conclusion This is the first prospective controlled study investigating serum sclerostin in rKSF. Sclerostin levels were increased in rKSF independent of hypercalciuria and significantly associated with the status as rKSF. It appears that mechanisms other than hypercalciuria may be involved and thus further studies are required to elucidate underlying pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rodríguez
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Soroush Mohammadi Jouabadi
- Department of Internal Medicine , Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Alexander Ritter
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Carsten A Wagner
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Henrique Imenez Silva
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Harald Seeger
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nilufar Mohebbi
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Herrou J, Fechtenbaum J, Rothenbuhler A, Kamenický P, Roux C, Linglart A, Briot K. Development of Spinal Enthesopathies in Adults With X-linked Hypophosphatemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:e1524-e1531. [PMID: 37390471 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Musculoskeletal complications are the main manifestations in adults with X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH). Enthesopathy significantly impairs quality of life. OBJECTIVE To identify the risk factors associated with the development and progression of spinal enthesopathies in adults with XLH. DESIGN AND SETTING We conducted a retrospective study in the French Reference Center for Rare Diseases of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism. PATIENTS Adults XLH patients with 2 EOS® imaging performed at least 2 years apart at the same center between June 2011 and March 2022. The progression of enthesopathies was defined as a new enthesopathy at least 1 intervertebral level in patients with or without presence of enthesopathy at baseline. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Demographic, treatment, PHEX mutation with the progression of enthesopathies. RESULTS Fifty-one patients (66.7% of women, mean age 42.1 ± 13.4 years) underwent 2 EOS imaging with an average interval of 5.7 (± 2.31) years.Progression of spinal enthesopathies was observed in 27 (52.9%) patients. In univariate analysis, patients with a progression of spinal enthesopathies were significantly older (P < .0005), were significantly older at treatment initiation (P = .02), presented with dental complications (P = .03), received less frequently treatment during childhood with phosphate and/or vitamin D analogs (P = .06), and presented more frequently with hip osteoarthritis (P = .002) at baseline. In multivariate analysis, none of these factors was associated with a progression of spinal enthesopathies. CONCLUSION This study confirms the high proportion of patients with a progression of spinal enthesopathies. Age seems to be the main factor associated with progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Herrou
- Department of Rheumatology, INSERM UMR 1153, Université de Paris-Cité, APHP Centre, Cochin Hospital, 75014 Paris, France
- Department of Rheumatology, APHP Centre, Cochin Hospital, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Jacques Fechtenbaum
- Department of Rheumatology, APHP Centre, Cochin Hospital, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Anya Rothenbuhler
- Reference Center for Rare Diseases of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, OSCAR Network for Rare Bone and Calcium Phosphate Disorders, Paris, France
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes for Children, APHP, Bicêtre Paris Saclay Hospital, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- APHP, Plateforme d'expertise Paris Saclay maladies rares, Bicêtre Paris Saclay Hospital, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Peter Kamenický
- Reference Center for Rare Diseases of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, OSCAR Network for Rare Bone and Calcium Phosphate Disorders, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 1185, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Christian Roux
- Department of Rheumatology, INSERM UMR 1153, Université de Paris-Cité, APHP Centre, Cochin Hospital, 75014 Paris, France
- Department of Rheumatology, APHP Centre, Cochin Hospital, 75014 Paris, France
- Reference Center for Rare Diseases of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, OSCAR Network for Rare Bone and Calcium Phosphate Disorders, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Linglart
- Reference Center for Rare Diseases of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, OSCAR Network for Rare Bone and Calcium Phosphate Disorders, Paris, France
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes for Children, APHP, Bicêtre Paris Saclay Hospital, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- APHP, Plateforme d'expertise Paris Saclay maladies rares, Bicêtre Paris Saclay Hospital, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Karine Briot
- Department of Rheumatology, INSERM UMR 1153, Université de Paris-Cité, APHP Centre, Cochin Hospital, 75014 Paris, France
- Department of Rheumatology, APHP Centre, Cochin Hospital, 75014 Paris, France
- Reference Center for Rare Diseases of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, OSCAR Network for Rare Bone and Calcium Phosphate Disorders, Paris, France
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Docio P, Llorente-Pelayo S, García-Unzueta MT, Lavin-Gómez BA, Puente N, Mateos F, Riancho-Zarrabeitia L, Gonzalez-Lamuño D, Riancho JA. Mild Hypophosphatemia-Associated Conditions in Children: The Need for a Comprehensive Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010687. [PMID: 36614129 PMCID: PMC9820661 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To better understand the causes of hypophosphatemia in children, we evaluated all serum phosphate tests performed in a tertiary hospital with unexpected but persistent temporary or isolated hypophosphatemia over an 18 year period. We collected 29,279 phosphate tests from 21,398 patients, of which 268 (1.2%) had at least one result showing hypophosphatemia. We found that endocrinopathies (n = 60), tumors (n = 10), and vitamin D deficiency (n = 3) were the medical conditions most commonly associated with mild hypophosphatemia, but in many patients the cause was unclear. Among patients with endocrinopathies, those with diabetes mellitus were found to have lower mean serum phosphate levels (mean 3.4 mg/dL) than those with short stature (3.7 mg/dL) or thyroid disorders (3.7 mg/dL). In addition, we found a correlation between glycemia and phosphatemia in patients with diabetes. However, despite the potential relevance of monitoring phosphate homeostasis and the underlying etiologic mechanisms, renal phosphate losses were estimated in less than 5% of patients with hypophosphatemia. In the pediatric age group, malignancies, hypovitaminosis D, and endocrine disorders, mostly diabetes, were the most common causes of hypophosphatemia. This real-world study also shows that hypophosphatemia is frequently neglected and inadequately evaluated by pediatricians, which emphasizes the need for more education and awareness about this condition to prevent its potentially deleterious consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Docio
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital U M Valdecilla, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Sandra Llorente-Pelayo
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital U M Valdecilla, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - María Teresa García-Unzueta
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital U M Valdecilla, Universidad de Cantabria, IDIVAL, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Bernardo A. Lavin-Gómez
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital U M Valdecilla, Universidad de Cantabria, IDIVAL, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Nuria Puente
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital U M Valdecilla, Universidad de Cantabria, IDIVAL, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Fátima Mateos
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Sierrallana, 39300 Torrelavega, Spain
| | | | - Domingo Gonzalez-Lamuño
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital U M Valdecilla, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - José A. Riancho
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital U M Valdecilla, Universidad de Cantabria, IDIVAL, 39011 Santander, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Jurca CM, Iuhas O, Kozma K, Petchesi CD, Zaha DC, Bembea M, Jurca S, Paul C, Jurca AD. Effects of Burosumab Treatment on Two Siblings with X-Linked Hypophosphatemia. Case Report and Literature Review. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081392. [PMID: 36011303 PMCID: PMC9407333 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) or vitamin D-resistant rickets (MIM#307800), is a monogenic disorder with X-linked inheritance. It is caused by mutations present in the Phosphate Regulating Endopeptidase Homolog X-Linked (PHEX) gene responsible for the degradation of the bone-derived hormone fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) into inactive fragments, but the entire mechanism is currently unclear. The inactivation of the gene prevents the degradation of FGF23, causing increased levels of FGF23, which leads to decreased tubular reabsorbtion of phosphorus. Clinical aspects are growth delay, limb deformities, bone pain, osteomalacia, dental anomalies, and enthesopathy. Laboratory evaluation shows hypophosphatemia, elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and normal serum calcium levels, whereas parathormone (PTH) may be normal or increased and FGF23 greatly increased. Conventional treatment consists of administration of oral phosphate and calcitriol. Treatment with Burosumab, a monoclonal antibody that binds to FGF23, reducing its activity, was approved in 2018. Methods. We describe a case of two siblings, a girl and a boy, diagnosed with XLH, monitored by the Genetic Department of the County Emergency Clinical Hospital since 2019. The clinical picture is suggestive for XLH, both siblings exhibiting short stature, lower limb curvature, bone pain, marked walking weakness, and fatigue. Radiological aspects showed marked deformity of the lower limbs: genu varum in the girl, genu varum and valgum in the boy. Laboratory investigations showed hypophosphathemia, hyperphosphaturia, elevated ALP, normal PTH, and highly increased FGF23 in both. DNA analysis performed on the two siblings revealed a nonsense mutation in exone 5 of the PHEX gene: NM_000444.6(PHEX):c.565C > T (p.Gln189Ter). Results. At the age of 13½ on 7 June 2021, the two children started treatment with Burosumab in therapeutic doses and were monitored clinically and biochemically at regular intervals according to the protocol established by the Endocrinology Commission of the Romanian Health Ministry. Conclusions. The first results of the Burosumab treatment in the two siblings are extremely encouraging and suggest a favorable long-term evolution under this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Maria Jurca
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Preclinical Disciplines, 1 December Sq., University of Oradea, 410081 Oradea, Romania
- Regional Center of Medical Genetics Bihor, County Emergency Clinical Hospital Oradea, Romania, (Part of ERN THACA), 410469 Oradea, Romania
| | - Oana Iuhas
- Regional Center of Medical Genetics Bihor, County Emergency Clinical Hospital Oradea, Romania, (Part of ERN THACA), 410469 Oradea, Romania
| | - Kinga Kozma
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Preclinical Disciplines, 1 December Sq., University of Oradea, 410081 Oradea, Romania
- Regional Center of Medical Genetics Bihor, County Emergency Clinical Hospital Oradea, Romania, (Part of ERN THACA), 410469 Oradea, Romania
| | - Codruta Diana Petchesi
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Preclinical Disciplines, 1 December Sq., University of Oradea, 410081 Oradea, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Dana Carmen Zaha
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Preclinical Disciplines, 1 December Sq., University of Oradea, 410081 Oradea, Romania
| | - Marius Bembea
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Preclinical Disciplines, 1 December Sq., University of Oradea, 410081 Oradea, Romania
| | - Sanziana Jurca
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Preclinical Disciplines, 1 December Sq., University of Oradea, 410081 Oradea, Romania
| | - Corina Paul
- Department of Pediatrics, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alexandru Daniel Jurca
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Preclinical Disciplines, 1 December Sq., University of Oradea, 410081 Oradea, Romania
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Li MCM, Chow SKH, Wong RMY, Chen B, Cheng JCY, Qin L, Cheung WH. Osteocyte-specific dentin matrix protein 1 : the role of mineralization regulation in low-magnitude high-frequency vibration enhanced osteoporotic fracture healing. Bone Joint Res 2022; 11:465-476. [PMID: 35787000 PMCID: PMC9350691 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.117.bjr-2021-0476.r2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims There is an increasing concern of osteoporotic fractures in the ageing population. Low-magnitude high-frequency vibration (LMHFV) was shown to significantly enhance osteoporotic fracture healing through alteration of osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network (LCN). Dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) in osteocytes is known to be responsible for maintaining the LCN and mineralization. This study aimed to investigate the role of osteocyte-specific DMP1 during osteoporotic fracture healing augmented by LMHFV. Methods A metaphyseal fracture was created in the distal femur of ovariectomy-induced osteoporotic Sprague Dawley rats. Rats were randomized to five different groups: 1) DMP1 knockdown (KD), 2) DMP1 KD + vibration (VT), 3) Scramble + VT, 4) VT, and 5) control (CT), where KD was performed by injection of short hairpin RNA (shRNA) into marrow cavity; vibration treatment was conducted at 35 Hz, 0.3 g; 20 minutes/day, five days/week). Assessments included radiography, micro-CT, dynamic histomorphometry and immunohistochemistry on DMP1, sclerostin, E11, and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). In vitro, murine long bone osteocyte-Y4 (MLO-Y4) osteocyte-like cells were randomized as in vivo groupings. DMP1 KD was performed by transfecting cells with shRNA plasmid. Assessments included immunocytochemistry on osteocyte-specific markers as above, and mineralized nodule staining. Results Healing capacities in DMP1 KD groups were impaired. Results showed that DMP1 KD significantly abolished vibration-enhanced fracture healing at week 6. DMP1 KD significantly altered the expression of osteocyte-specific markers. The lower mineralization rate in DMP1 KD groups indicated that DMP1 knockdown was associated with poor fracture healing process. Conclusion The blockage of DMP1 would impair healing outcomes and negate LMHFV-induced enhancement on fracture healing. These findings reveal the importance of DMP1 in response to the mechanical signal during osteoporotic fracture healing. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(7):465–476.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng C M Li
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Simon K-H Chow
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ronald M Y Wong
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bailing Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jack C Y Cheng
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Hoi Cheung
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Kurpas A, Supel K, Wieczorkiewicz P, Bodalska Duleba J, Zielinska M. Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 and Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Patients—Cardiologists Be Aware. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12060498. [PMID: 35736431 PMCID: PMC9254740 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12060498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous clinical studies have indicated that elevated FGF23 (fibroblast growth factor 23) levels may be associated with cardiovascular (CV) mortality, especially in patients with chronic kidney disease. The purpose of this study was to examine the hypothesis that FGF23 may be a potent CV risk factor among patients with long-standing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Research was performed utilizing patients with T2DM and regular outpatient follow-up care. Baseline characteristics determined by laboratory tests were recorded. Serum FGF23 levels were detected using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All patients underwent echocardiograms and 12-lead electrocardiograms. Data records of 102 patients (males: 57%) with a median age of 69 years (interquartile range (IQR) 66.0–74.0) were analyzed. Baseline characteristics indicated that one-third (33%) of patients suffered from ischemic heart disease (IHD), and the median time elapsed since diagnosis with T2DM was 19 years (IQR 14.0–25.0). The hemoglobin A1c, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and FGF23 values were, respectively, as follows: 6.85% (IQR 6.5–7.7), 80 mL/min/1.73 m2 (IQR 70.0–94.0), and 253.0 pg/mL (IQR 218.0–531.0). The study revealed that FGF23 was elevated in all patients, regardless of IHD status. Thus, the role of FGF23 as a CV risk factor should not be overestimated among patients with T2DM and good glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kurpas
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; (A.K.); (K.S.); (P.W.)
| | - Karolina Supel
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; (A.K.); (K.S.); (P.W.)
| | - Paulina Wieczorkiewicz
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; (A.K.); (K.S.); (P.W.)
| | | | - Marzenna Zielinska
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; (A.K.); (K.S.); (P.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Li T, Geng Y, Hu Y, Zhang L, Cui X, Zhang W, Gao F, Liu Z, Luo X. Dentin Matrix Protein 1 Silencing Inhibits Phosphorus Utilization in Primary Cultured Tibial Osteoblasts of Broiler Chicks. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:875140. [PMID: 35558889 PMCID: PMC9087580 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.875140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Three experiments were carried out in the present study to investigate whether dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) was involved in regulating phosphorus (P) metabolic utilization in primary cultured tibial osteoblasts of broiler chicks. Experiment 1 was conducted to select the optimal osteogenic inductive culture medium and the optimal induction time in primary cultured tibial osteoblasts of broiler chicks. In experiment 2, the siRNAs against DMP1 were designed, synthesized and transfected into primary cultured tibial osteoblasts of broiler chicks, and then the inhibitory efficiencies of siRNAs against DMP1 were determined, and the most efficacious siRNA was selected to be used for the DMP1 silencing. In experiment 3, with or without siRNA against DMP1, primary cultured tibial osteoblasts of broiler chicks were treated with the medium supplemented with 0.0, 1.0 or 2.0 mmol/L of P as NaH2PO4 for 12 days. The P metabolic utilization-related parameters were measured. The results showed that the osteogenic induced medium 2 and 12 days of the optimal induction time were selected; Among the designed siRNAs, the si340 was the most effective (P < 0.05) in inhibiting the DMP1 expression; DMP1 silencing decreased (P < 0.05) the expressions of DMP1 mRNA and protein, P retention rate, mineralization formation, alkaline phosphatase activity and bone gla-protein content in tibial osteoblasts at all of added P levels. It is concluded that DMP1 silencing inhibited P utilization, and thus DMP1 was involved in regulating P metabolic utilization in primary cultured tibial osteoblasts of broiler chicks, which provides a novel insight into the regulation of the P utilization in the bone of broilers, and will contribute to develop feasible strategies to improve the bone P utilization efficiency of broilers so as to decrease its excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yanqiang Geng
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yun Hu
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Liyang Zhang
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cui
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Weiyun Zhang
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Feiyu Gao
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zongping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xugang Luo
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xugang Luo
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9
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Li T, Cao S, Liao X, Shao Y, Zhang L, Lu L, Liu Z, Luo X. The Effects of Inorganic Phosphorus Levels on Phosphorus Utilization, Local Bone-Derived Regulators, and BMP/MAPK Pathway in Primary Cultured Osteoblasts of Broiler Chicks. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:855405. [PMID: 35392115 PMCID: PMC8983115 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.855405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the underlying mechanisms that regulate the bone phosphorus (P) utilization would be helpful for developing feasible strategies to improve utilization efficiency of P in poultry. We aimed to investigate the effects of inorganic P levels on P utilization, local bone-derived regulators and bone morphogenetic protein/mitogen-activated protein kinase (BMP/MAPK) pathway in primary cultured osteoblasts of broiler chicks in order to address whether local bone-derived regulators or BMP/MAPK pathway was involved in regulating the bone P utilization of broilers using an in vitro model. The primary cultured tibial osteoblasts of broiler chicks were randomly divided into one of five treatments with six replicates for each treatment. Then, cells were respectively incubated with 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 mmol/L of added P as NaH2PO4 for 24 days. The results showed that as added P levels increased, tibial osteoblastic P retention rate, number and area of mineralized nodules, the mRNA expressions of endopeptidases on the X chromosome (PHEX), dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), and the mRNA and protein expressions of matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) increased linearly (p < 0.001) or quadratically (p < 0.04), while extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) mRNA expression and c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) phosphorylated level decreased linearly (p < 0.02) or quadratically (p < 0.01). Correlation analyses showed that tibial osteoblastic P retention rate was positively correlated (r = 0.452–0.564, p < 0.03) with MEPE and BMP2 mRNA expressions. Furthermore, both number and area of mineralized nodules were positively correlated (r = 0.414–0.612, p < 0.03) with PHEX, DMP1, MEPE, and BMP2 mRNA expressions but negatively correlated (r = −0.566 to −0.414, p < 0.04) with the ERK1 mRNA expression and JNK1 phosphorylated level. These results suggested that P utilization in primary cultured tibial osteoblasts of broiler chicks might be partly regulated by PHEX, DMP1, MEPE, BMP2, ERK1, and JNK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Sumei Cao
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiudong Liao
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Shao
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liyang Zhang
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zongping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xugang Luo
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xugang Luo
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10
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Jazbinšek S, Koce M, Kotnik P. Novel Treatment Options in Childhood Bone Diseases. Horm Res Paediatr 2022; 96:590-598. [PMID: 35235937 DOI: 10.1159/000523868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several novel treatment options have recently become available in childhood bone diseases. The purpose of this article is to provide an update on some of the therapeutic agents used in the treatment of pediatric osteoporosis, X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets, and achondroplasia (ACH). SUMMARY Vitamin D3 and Ca supplementation remains the basis of childhood osteoporosis treatment. Bisphosphonate (BP) therapy is the main antiresorptive therapeutic option, while denosumab, a human monoclonal IgG2 antibody with high affinity and specificity for a primary regulator of bone resorption - RANKL, represents a possible alternative. Its potent inhibition of bone resorption and turnover process leads to continuous increase of bone mineral density throughout the treatment also in the pediatric population. With a half-life much shorter than BPs, its effects are rapidly reversible upon discontinuation. Safety and dosing concerns in children remain. Novel treatment options have recently become available in two rare bone diseases. Burosumab, a monoclonal antibody against FGF-23, has been approved for the treatment of children with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets older than 1 year. It presents an effective, more etiology-based treatment for rickets compared to conventional therapy, without the need for multiple daily oral phosphate supplementation. Its long-term efficacy and safety are currently being investigated. After years of anticipation, a novel treatment option for ACH has become available. C-type natriuretic peptide analog vosoritide effectively increases proportional growth and has a reasonable safety profile in children >2 years. Its effect on other features of the disease and the final height is yet to be determined. Several other treatment options for ACH exploring different therapeutic approaches are currently being investigated. KEY MESSAGES Denosumab is effective in the treatment of childhood-onset osteoporosis; however, further studies are necessary to determine the optimal treatment protocol. Burosumab is more etiology-based and convenient in comparison to conventional treatment of X-linked hypophospha--temic rickets in children and adults. Vosoritide importantly changes the natural course of achondroplasia, at least in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sončka Jazbinšek
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maša Koce
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Primož Kotnik
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Division of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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11
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Fuente R, García-Bengoa M, Fernández-Iglesias Á, Gil-Peña H, Santos F, López JM. Cellular and Molecular Alterations Underlying Abnormal Bone Growth in X-Linked Hypophosphatemia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020934. [PMID: 35055123 PMCID: PMC8778463 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), the most common form of hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets, is caused by inactivating mutations of the phosphate-regulating endopeptidase gene (PHEX). XLH is mainly characterized by short stature, bone deformities and rickets, while in hypophosphatemia, normal or low vitamin D levels and low renal phosphate reabsorption are the principal biochemical aspects. The cause of growth impairment in patients with XLH is not completely understood yet, thus making the study of the growth plate (GP) alterations necessary. New treatment strategies targeting FGF23 have shown promising results in normalizing the growth velocity and improving the skeletal effects of XLH patients. However, further studies are necessary to evaluate how this treatment affects the GP as well as its long-term effects and the impact on adult height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Fuente
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (R.F.); (M.G.-B.); (Á.F.-I.); (H.G.-P.); (F.S.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Institute of Physiology, Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - María García-Bengoa
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (R.F.); (M.G.-B.); (Á.F.-I.); (H.G.-P.); (F.S.)
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Ángela Fernández-Iglesias
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (R.F.); (M.G.-B.); (Á.F.-I.); (H.G.-P.); (F.S.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Helena Gil-Peña
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (R.F.); (M.G.-B.); (Á.F.-I.); (H.G.-P.); (F.S.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Fernando Santos
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (R.F.); (M.G.-B.); (Á.F.-I.); (H.G.-P.); (F.S.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - José Manuel López
- Department of Morphology and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Correspondence:
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12
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Tripathi A, John AA, Kumar D, Kaushal SK, Singh DP, Husain N, Sarkar J, Singh D. MiR-539-3p impairs osteogenesis by suppressing Wnt interaction with LRP-6 co-receptor and subsequent inhibition of Akap-3 signaling pathway. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:977347. [PMID: 36267566 PMCID: PMC9577939 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.977347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), an inheritable form of rickets is caused due to mutation in Phex gene. Several factors are linked to the disease's aetiology, including non-coding RNA molecules (miRNAs), which are key post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression and play a significant role in osteoblast functions. MicroRNAs sequence analysis showed differentially regulated miRNAs in phex silenced osteoblast cells. In this article, we report miR-539-3p, an unidentified novel miRNA, in the functional regulation of osteoblast. MiR-539-3p overexpression impaired osteoblast differentiation. Target prediction algorithm and experimental confirmation by luciferase 3' UTR reporter assay identified LRP-6 as a direct target of miR-539-3p. Over expression of miR-539-3p in osteoblasts down regulated Wnt/beta catenin signaling components and deteriorated trabecular microarchitecture leading to decreased bone formation in ovariectomized (Ovx) mice. Additionally, biochemical bone resorption markers like CTx and Trap-5b were elevated in serum samples of mimic treated group, while, reverse effect was observed in anti-miR treated animals along with increased bone formation marker P1NP. Moreover, transcriptome analysis with miR-539-3p identified a novel uncharacterized Akap-3 gene in osteoblast cells, knock down of which resulted in downregulation of osteoblast differentiation markers at both transcriptional and translational level. Overall, our study for the first time reported the role of miR-539-3p in osteoblast functions and its downstream Akap-3 signalling in regulation of osteoblastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Tripathi
- Division of Endocrinology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aijaz A. John
- Division of Endocrinology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Division of Cancer Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Kaushal
- Division of Endocrinology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra Pratap Singh
- Division of Endocrinology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nazim Husain
- Division of Endocrinology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Jayanta Sarkar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Division of Cancer Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Divya Singh
- Division of Endocrinology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- *Correspondence: Divya Singh,
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13
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Abstract
Osteocytes, former osteoblasts encapsulated by mineralized bone matrix, are far from being passive and metabolically inactive bone cells. Instead, osteocytes are multifunctional and dynamic cells capable of integrating hormonal and mechanical signals and transmitting them to effector cells in bone and in distant tissues. Osteocytes are a major source of molecules that regulate bone homeostasis by integrating both mechanical cues and hormonal signals that coordinate the differentiation and function of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Osteocyte function is altered in both rare and common bone diseases, suggesting that osteocyte dysfunction is directly involved in the pathophysiology of several disorders affecting the skeleton. Advances in osteocyte biology initiated the development of novel therapeutics interfering with osteocyte-secreted molecules. Moreover, osteocytes are targets and key distributors of biological signals mediating the beneficial effects of several bone therapeutics used in the clinic. Here we review the most recent discoveries in osteocyte biology demonstrating that osteocytes regulate bone homeostasis and bone marrow fat via paracrine signaling, influence body composition and energy metabolism via endocrine signaling, and contribute to the damaging effects of diabetes mellitus and hematologic and metastatic cancers in the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Delgado-Calle
- 1Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas,2Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Teresita Bellido
- 1Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas,2Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas,3Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
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14
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Sekaran S, Vimalraj S, Thangavelu L. The Physiological and Pathological Role of Tissue Nonspecific Alkaline Phosphatase beyond Mineralization. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11111564. [PMID: 34827562 PMCID: PMC8615537 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is a key enzyme responsible for skeletal tissue mineralization. It is involved in the dephosphorylation of various physiological substrates, and has vital physiological functions, including extra-skeletal functions, such as neuronal development, detoxification of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an anti-inflammatory role, bile pH regulation, and the maintenance of the blood brain barrier (BBB). TNAP is also implicated in ectopic pathological calcification of soft tissues, especially the vasculature. Although it is the crucial enzyme in mineralization of skeletal and dental tissues, it is a logical clinical target to attenuate vascular calcification. Various tools and studies have been developed to inhibit its activity to arrest soft tissue mineralization. However, we should not neglect its other physiological functions prior to therapies targeting TNAP. Therefore, a better understanding into the mechanisms mediated by TNAP is needed for minimizing off targeted effects and aid in the betterment of various pathological scenarios. In this review, we have discussed the mechanism of mineralization and functions of TNAP beyond its primary role of hard tissue mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Sekaran
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India;
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Selvaraj Vimalraj
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India;
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Lakshmi Thangavelu
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India;
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15
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Spagnuolo G, Pires PM, Calarco A, Peluso G, Banerjee A, Rengo S, Elias Boneta AR, Sauro S. An in-vitro study investigating the effect of air-abrasion bioactive glasses on dental adhesion, cytotoxicity and odontogenic gene expression. Dent Mater 2021; 37:1734-1750. [PMID: 34561100 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the microtensile bond strength (MTBS) and interfacial characteristics of universal adhesives applied on dentine air-abraded using different powders. The analysis includes the cytotoxicity of the powders and their effect on odontogenic gene expression. METHODS Sound human dentine specimens were air-abraded using bioglass 45S5 (BAG), polycarboxylated zinc-doped bioglass (SEL), alumina (AL) and submitted to SEM analysis. Resin composite was bonded to air-abraded or smear layer-covered dentine (SML) using an experimental (EXP) or a commercial adhesive (ABU) in etch&rinse (ER) or self-etch (SE) modes. Specimens were stored in artificial saliva (AS) and subjected to MTBS testing after 24 h and 10 months. Interfacial nanoleakage assessment was accomplished using confocal microscopy. The cytotoxicity of the powders was assessed, also the total RNA was extracted and the expression of odontogenic genes was evaluated through RT-PCR. RESULTS After prolonged AS storage, specimens in the control (SML) and AL groups showed a significant drop in MTBS (p > 0.05), with degradation evident within the bonding interface. Specimens in BAG or SEL air-abraded dentine groups showed no significant difference, with resin-dentine interfaces devoid of important degradation. The metabolic activity of pulp stem cells was not affected by the tested powders. SEL and BAG had no effect on the expression of odontoblast differentiation markers. However, AL particles interfered with the expression of the odontogenic markers. SIGNIFICANCE The use of bioactive glass air-abrasion may prevent severe degradation at the resin-dentine interface. Unlike alumina, bioactive glasses do not interfere with the normal metabolic activity of pulp stem cells and their differentiation to odontoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianrico Spagnuolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Paula Maciel Pires
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Dental Biomaterials and Minimally Invasive Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, CEU Universities, C/Santiago Ramón y Cajal, s/n., Alfara del Patriarca, 46115, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Anna Calarco
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET)-CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, Naples, 80131, Italy.
| | - Gianfranco Peluso
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET)-CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, Naples, 80131, Italy.
| | - Avijit Banerjee
- Research Centre for Oral & Clinical Translational Sciences, Faculty of Dental, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Sandro Rengo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | | | - Salvatore Sauro
- Dental Biomaterials and Minimally Invasive Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, CEU Universities, C/Santiago Ramón y Cajal, s/n., Alfara del Patriarca, 46115, Valencia, Spain.
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16
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Cao S, Li T, Shao Y, Zhang L, Lu L, Zhang R, Hou S, Luo X, Liao X. Regulation of bone phosphorus retention and bone development possibly by related hormones and local bone-derived regulators in broiler chicks. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:88. [PMID: 34380559 PMCID: PMC8359065 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00610-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphorus is essential for bone mineralization in broilers, however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We aimed to investigate whether bone phosphorus retention and bone development might be regulated by related hormones and local bone-derived regulators in broilers. METHODS Broilers were fed diets containing different levels of non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) 0.15%, 0.25%, 0.35%, 0.45% and 0.55% or 0.15%, 0.22%, 0.29%, 0.36% and 0.43% from 1 to 21 or 22 to 42 days of age. Serum and tibia samples were collected for determinations of bone phosphorus retention and bone development parameters, related hormones and local bone-derived regulators of broiler chickens on d 14, 28 and 42, respectively. RESULTS Tibia ash phosphorus, total phosphorus accumulation in tibia ash (TPTA), bone mineral concentration (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), bone breaking strength (BBS), and ash on d 14, 28 or 42, serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) on d 28 and 42, mRNA expressions of tibia fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) on d 14 and 28 increased linearly or quadratically (P < 0.05), while serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) on d 28, tibia alkaline phosphatase (ALP) on d 14, 28 and 42, bone gal protein (BGP) on d 14, and mRNA expression of tibia phosphate-regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidases on the X chromosome (PHEX) on d 14 and 28 decreased linearly or quadratically (P < 0.04) as dietary NPP level increased. TPTA, BMC, BMD, and ash on d 28 and 42, BBS on d 28, and ash phosphorus on d 42 were positively correlated (r = 0.389 to 0.486, P < 0.03) with serum 1,25(OH)2D3. All of the above parameters were positively correlated (r = 0.380 to 0.689, P < 0.05) with tibia DMP1 mRNA expression on d 14, 28 and 42, but negatively correlated (r = - 0.609 to - 0.538, P < 0.02) with serum PTH on d 28, tibia ALP on d 14, 28 and 42, and BGP on d 14. TPTA, BMC and ash on d 14 and BMD on d 28 were negatively correlated (r = - 0.397 to - 0.362, P < 0.03) with tibia PHEX mRNA expression, and BMD on d 28 was positively correlated (r = 0.384, P = 0.04) with tibia FGF23 mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that bone phosphorus retention and bone development parameters had moderate to strong correlations with serum PTH and 1,25(OH)2D3 and tibia DMP1, PHEX, FGF23, ALP and BGP in broilers during the whole growth period, and thus they might be partly regulated by these related hormones and local bone-derived regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumei Cao
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.,Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Li
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Shao
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyang Zhang
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Lu
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Rijun Zhang
- Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuisheng Hou
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xugang Luo
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiudong Liao
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Bernhardt A, Skottke J, von Witzleben M, Gelinsky M. Triple Culture of Primary Human Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts and Osteocytes as an In Vitro Bone Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7316. [PMID: 34298935 PMCID: PMC8307867 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro evaluation of bone graft materials is generally performed by analyzing the interaction with osteoblasts or osteoblast precursors. In vitro bone models comprising different cell species can give specific first information on the performance of those materials. In the present study, a 3D co-culture model was established comprising primary human osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes. Osteocytes were differentiated from osteoblasts embedded in collagen gels and were cultivated with osteoblast and osteoclasts seeded in patterns on a porous membrane. This experimental setup allowed paracrine signaling as well as separation of the different cell types for final analysis. After 7 days of co-culture, the three cell species showed their typical morphology and gene expression of typical markers like ALPL, BSPII, BLGAP, E11, PHEX, MEPE, RANKL, ACP5, CAII and CTSK. Furthermore, relevant enzyme activities for osteoblasts (ALP) and osteoclasts (TRAP, CTSK, CAII) were detected. Osteoclasts in triple culture showed downregulated TRAP (ACP5) and CAII expression and decreased TRAP activity. ALP and BSPII expression of osteoblasts in triple culture were upregulated. The expression of the osteocyte marker E11 (PDPN) was unchanged; however, osteocalcin (BGLAP) expression was considerably downregulated both in osteoblasts and osteocytes in triple cultures compared to the respective single cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bernhardt
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint- and Soft Tissue Research, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany; (J.S.); (M.v.W.); (M.G.)
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18
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Adhikari M, Delgado-Calle J. Role of Osteocytes in Cancer Progression in the Bone and the Associated Skeletal Disease. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2021; 19:247-255. [PMID: 33818732 PMCID: PMC8486016 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-021-00679-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of this manuscript is to review the current knowledge on the role of osteocytes in cancer in the bone, discuss the potential of osteocytes as a therapeutic target, and propose future research needed to understand the crosstalk between cancer cells and osteocytes in the tumor niche. RECENT FINDINGS Numerous studies have established that cancer cells manipulate osteocytes to facilitate invasion and tumor progression in bone. Moreover, cancer cells dysregulate osteocyte function to disrupt physiological bone remodeling, leading to the development of bone disease. Targeting osteocytes and their derived factors has proven to effectively interfere with the progression of cancer in the bone and the associated bone disease. Osteocytes communicate with cancer cells and are also part of the vicious cycle of cancer in the bone. Additional studies investigating the role of osteocytes on metastases to the bone and the development of drug resistance are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Adhikari
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Jesús Delgado-Calle
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
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19
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FGF23: A Review of Its Role in Mineral Metabolism and Renal and Cardiovascular Disease. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:8821292. [PMID: 34055103 PMCID: PMC8149241 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8821292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
FGF23 is a hormone secreted mainly by osteocytes and osteoblasts in bone. Its pivotal role concerns the maintenance of mineral ion homeostasis. It has been confirmed that phosphate and vitamin D metabolisms are related to the effect of FGF23 and its excess or deficiency leads to various hereditary diseases. Multiple studies have shown that FGF23 level increases in the very early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and its concentration may also be highly associated with cardiac complications. The present review is limited to some of the most important aspects of calcium and phosphate metabolism. It discusses the role of FGF23, which is considered an early and sensitive marker for CKD-related bone disease but also as a novel and potent cardiovascular risk factor. Furthermore, this review gives particular attention to the reliability of FGF23 measurement and various confounding factors that may impact on the clinical utility of FGF23. Finally, this review elaborates on the clinical usefulness of FGF23 and evaluates whether FGF23 may be considered a therapeutic target.
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20
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Sabik OL, Calabrese GM, Taleghani E, Ackert-Bicknell CL, Farber CR. Identification of a Core Module for Bone Mineral Density through the Integration of a Co-expression Network and GWAS Data. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108145. [PMID: 32937138 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The "omnigenic" model of the genetic architecture of complex traits proposed two categories of causal genes: core and peripheral. Core genes are hypothesized to directly regulate disease and may serve as therapeutic targets. Using a cell-type- and time-point-specific gene co-expression network for mineralizing osteoblasts, we identify a co-expression module enriched for genes implicated by bone mineral density (BMD) genome-wide association studies (GWASs), correlated with in vitro osteoblast mineralization and associated with skeletal phenotypes in human monogenic disease and mouse knockouts. Four genes from this module (B4GALNT3, CADM1, DOCK9, and GPR133) are located within the BMD GWAS loci with colocalizing expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) and exhibit altered BMD in mouse knockouts, suggesting that they are causal genetic drivers of BMD in humans. Our network-based approach identifies a "core" module for BMD and provides a resource for expanding our understanding of the genetics of bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia L Sabik
- Center for Public Health Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Gina M Calabrese
- Center for Public Health Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Eric Taleghani
- Center for Public Health Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Cheryl L Ackert-Bicknell
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14624, USA
| | - Charles R Farber
- Center for Public Health Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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21
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Delayed Diagnosis, Difficult Decisions: Novel Gene Deletion Causing X-Linked Hypophosphatemia in a Middle-Aged Man with Achondroplastic Features and Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism. Case Rep Endocrinol 2021; 2021:9944552. [PMID: 33953992 PMCID: PMC8064789 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9944552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is the most prevalent form of hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets associated with phosphate wasting. However, its diagnosis is often missed, resulting in patients presenting late in the course of the disease when complications such as tertiary hyperparathyroidism and renal failure have already set in. Phosphate and calcitriol replacement, both of which have undesirable consequences of their own, have historically been the main stay of therapy. We describe the case of a 57-year-old gentleman with tertiary hyperparathyroidism, who was mislabelled as having achondroplasia for many years before we made a diagnosis of XLH in him. His XLH was found to be due to a hereto unreported deletion of entire exon 14 with partial deletions of introns 13 and 14 of the PHEX gene. Perioperative management in him was fraught with surgical and medical difficulties including an operation that was technically complicated due to his multiple anatomical deformities. Our case also highlights the critical importance of timely recognition and accurate diagnosis of XLH, as well as the long-term multidisciplinary management that is needed for this disorder.
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22
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Phadwal K, Vrahnas C, Ganley IG, MacRae VE. Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Cause or Consequence of Vascular Calcification? Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:611922. [PMID: 33816463 PMCID: PMC8010668 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.611922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are crucial bioenergetics powerhouses and biosynthetic hubs within cells, which can generate and sequester toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress-stimulated ROS production results in ATP depletion and the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores, leading to mitochondria dysfunction and cellular apoptosis. Mitochondrial loss of function is also a key driver in the acquisition of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype that drives senescent cells into a pro-inflammatory state. Maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis is crucial for retaining the contractile phenotype of the vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), the most prominent cells of the vasculature. Loss of this contractile phenotype is associated with the loss of mitochondrial function and a metabolic shift to glycolysis. Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction may play a direct role in vascular calcification and the underlying pathologies including (1) impairment of mitochondrial function by mineral dysregulation i.e., calcium and phosphate overload in patients with end-stage renal disease and (2) presence of increased ROS in patients with calcific aortic valve disease, atherosclerosis, type-II diabetes and chronic kidney disease. In this review, we discuss the cause and consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction in vascular calcification and underlying pathologies; the role of autophagy and mitophagy pathways in preventing mitochondrial dysfunction during vascular calcification and finally we discuss mitochondrial ROS, DRP1, and HIF-1 as potential novel markers and therapeutic targets for maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis in vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Phadwal
- Functional Genetics and Development Division, The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (R(D)SVS), University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Vrahnas
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Sir James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ian G. Ganley
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Sir James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Vicky E. MacRae
- Functional Genetics and Development Division, The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (R(D)SVS), University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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23
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Sharma A, Sharma L, Goyal R. Molecular Signaling Pathways and Essential Metabolic Elements in Bone Remodeling: An Implication of Therapeutic Targets for Bone Diseases. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 22:77-104. [PMID: 32914712 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666200910160404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bone is one of the dynamic tissues in the human body that undergoes continuous remodelling through subsequent actions of bone cells, osteoclasts, and osteoblasts. Several signal transduction pathways are involved in the transition of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts. These primarily include Runx2, ATF4, Wnt signaling and sympathetic signalling. The differentiation of osteoclasts is controlled by M-CSF, RANKL, and costimulatory signalling. It is well known that bone remodelling is regulated through receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand followed by binding to RANK, which eventually induces the differentiation of osteoclasts. The resorbing osteoclasts secrete TRAP, cathepsin K, MMP-9 and gelatinase to digest the proteinaceous matrix of type I collagen and form a saucer-shaped lacuna along with resorption tunnels in the trabecular bone. Osteoblasts secrete a soluble decoy receptor, osteoprotegerin that prevents the binding of RANK/RANKL and thus moderating osteoclastogenesis. Moreover, bone homeostasis is also regulated by several growth factors like, cytokines, calciotropic hormones, parathyroid hormone and sex steroids. The current review presents a correlation of the probable molecular targets underlying the regulation of bone mass and the role of essential metabolic elements in bone remodelling. Targeting these signaling pathways may help to design newer therapies for treating bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173212, India
| | - Lalit Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173212, India
| | - Rohit Goyal
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173212, India
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24
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Sun M, Wu X, Yu Y, Wang L, Xie D, Zhang Z, Chen L, Lu A, Zhang G, Li F. Disorders of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism and the Proteomics/Metabolomics-Based Research. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:576110. [PMID: 33015068 PMCID: PMC7511772 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.576110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since calcium and phosphorus play vital roles in a multitude of physiologic systems, disorders of calcium and phosphorus metabolism always lead to severe consequences such as skeletal-related and cardiovascular morbidity, or even life-threatening. Physiologically, the maintenance of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis is achieved via a variety of concerted actions of hormones such as parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and fibroblast growth factor (FGF23), which could be regulated mainly at three organs, the intestine, kidney, and bone. Disruption of any organ or factor might lead to disorders of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Currently, lacking of accurate diagnostic approaches and unknown molecular basis of pathophysiology will result in patients being unable to receive a precise diagnosis and personalized treatment timely. Therefore, it is urgent to identify early diagnostic biomarkers and develop therapeutic strategies. Fortunately, proteomics and metabolomics offer promising tools to discover novel indicators and further understanding of pathological mechanisms. Therefore, in this review, we will give a systematic introduction on PTH-1,25(OH)2D-FGF23 axis in the disorders of calcium and phosphorus metabolism, diagnostic biomarkers identified, and potential altered metabolic pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiheng Sun
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tsai, Hong Kong.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tsai, Hong Kong.,Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, HKBU Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Wu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tsai, Hong Kong.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tsai, Hong Kong.,Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, HKBU Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tsai, Hong Kong.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tsai, Hong Kong.,Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, HKBU Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Luyao Wang
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tsai, Hong Kong.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tsai, Hong Kong.,Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, HKBU Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Duoli Xie
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tsai, Hong Kong.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tsai, Hong Kong
| | - Zhenlin Zhang
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center of Bone Disease, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Aiping Lu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tsai, Hong Kong.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tsai, Hong Kong.,Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, HKBU Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China.,Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute of Arthritis Research, Shanghai Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tsai, Hong Kong.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tsai, Hong Kong.,Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, HKBU Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fangfei Li
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tsai, Hong Kong.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tsai, Hong Kong.,Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, HKBU Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
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25
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Reznikov N, Hoac B, Buss DJ, Addison WN, Barros NMT, McKee MD. Biological stenciling of mineralization in the skeleton: Local enzymatic removal of inhibitors in the extracellular matrix. Bone 2020; 138:115447. [PMID: 32454257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biomineralization is remarkably diverse and provides myriad functions across many organismal systems. Biomineralization processes typically produce hardened, hierarchically organized structures usually having nanostructured mineral assemblies that are formed through inorganic-organic (usually protein) interactions. Calcium‑carbonate biomineral predominates in structures of small invertebrate organisms abundant in marine environments, particularly in shells (remarkably it is also found in the inner ear otoconia of vertebrates), whereas calcium-phosphate biomineral predominates in the skeletons and dentitions of both marine and terrestrial vertebrates, including humans. Reconciliation of the interplay between organic moieties and inorganic crystals in bones and teeth is a cornerstone of biomineralization research. Key molecular determinants of skeletal and dental mineralization have been identified in health and disease, and in pathologic ectopic calcification, ranging from small molecules such as pyrophosphate, to small membrane-bounded matrix vesicles shed from cells, and to noncollagenous extracellular matrix proteins such as osteopontin and their derived bioactive peptides. Beyond partly knowing the regulatory role of the direct actions of inhibitors on vertebrate mineralization, more recently the importance of their enzymatic removal from the extracellular matrix has become increasingly understood. Great progress has been made in deciphering the relationship between mineralization inhibitors and the enzymes that degrade them, and how adverse changes in this physiologic pathway (such as gene mutations causing disease) result in mineralization defects. Two examples of this are rare skeletal diseases having osteomalacia/odontomalacia (soft bones and teeth) - namely hypophosphatasia (HPP) and X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) - where inactivating mutations occur in the gene for the enzymes tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP, TNSALP, ALPL) and phosphate-regulating endopeptidase homolog X-linked (PHEX), respectively. Here, we review and provide a concept for how existing and new information now comes together to describe the dual nature of regulation of mineralization - through systemic mineral ion homeostasis involving circulating factors, coupled with molecular determinants operating at the local level in the extracellular matrix. For the local mineralization events in the extracellular matrix, we present a focused concept in skeletal mineralization biology called the Stenciling Principle - a principle (building upon seminal work by Neuman and Fleisch) describing how the action of enzymes to remove tissue-resident inhibitors defines with precision the location and progression of mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Reznikov
- Object Research Systems Inc., 760 St. Paul West, Montreal, Quebec H3C 1M4, Canada.
| | - B Hoac
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University St., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - D J Buss
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, 3640 University St., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - W N Addison
- Department of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - N M T Barros
- Departamento de Biofísica, São Paulo, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - M D McKee
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University St., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, 3640 University St., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada.
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26
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Christensen B, Schytte GN, Scavenius C, Enghild JJ, McKee MD, Sørensen ES. FAM20C-Mediated Phosphorylation of MEPE and Its Acidic Serine- and Aspartate-Rich Motif. JBMR Plus 2020; 4:e10378. [PMID: 32803110 PMCID: PMC7422707 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) is expressed in bone and teeth where it has multiple functions. The C-terminus of MEPE contains a mineral-binding, acidic serine- and aspartate-rich motif (ASARM) that is also present in other noncollagenous proteins of mineralized tissues. MEPE-derived ASARM peptides function in phosphate homeostasis and direct inhibition of bone mineralization in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. MEPE is phosphorylated by family with sequence similarity 20, member C (FAM20C), which is the main kinase phosphorylating secreted phosphoprotein. Although the functional importance of protein phosphorylation status in mineralization processes has now been well-established for secreted bone and tooth proteins (particularly for osteopontin), the phosphorylation pattern of MEPE has not been previously determined. Here we provide evidence for a very high phosphorylation level of this protein, reporting on the localization of 31 phosphoresidues in human MEPE after coexpression with FAM20C in HEK293T cells. This includes the finding that all serine residues located in the canonical target sequence of FAM20C (Ser-x-Glu) were phosphorylated, thus establishing the major target sites for this kinase. We also show that MEPE has numerous other phosphorylation sites, these not being positioned in the canonical phosphorylation sequence. Of note, and underscoring a possible important function in mineralization biology, all nine serine residues in the ASARM were phosphorylated, even though only two of these were positioned in the Ser-x-Glu sequence. The presence of many phosphorylated amino acids in MEPE, and particularly their high density in the ASARM motif, provides an important basis for the understanding of structural and functional interdependencies in mineralization and phosphate homeostasis. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Christensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | - Gitte N Schytte
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | - Carsten Scavenius
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark.,Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | - Jan J Enghild
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark.,Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | - Marc D McKee
- Faculty of Dentistry and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Esben S Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark.,Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
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27
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Chung MP, Richardson C, Kirakossian D, Orandi AB, Saketkoo LA, Rider LG, Schiffenbauer A, von Mühlen CA, Chung L. Calcinosis Biomarkers in Adult and Juvenile Dermatomyositis. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102533. [PMID: 32234404 PMCID: PMC7225028 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dermatomyositis (DM) is a rare idiopathic inflammatory myopathy characterized by muscle weakness and cutaneous manifestations in adults and children. Calcinosis, a complication of DM, is the abnormal deposition of insoluble calcium salts in tissues, including skin, subcutaneous tissue, tendons, fascia, and muscle. Calcinosis is more commonly seen in juvenile DM (JDM), but also develops in adult DM. Although the mechanism of calcinosis remains unclear, several pathogenic hypotheses have been proposed, including intracellular accumulation of calcium secondary to an alteration of the cellular membrane by trauma and inflammation, local vascular ischemia, dysregulation of mechanisms controlling the deposition and solubility of calcium and phosphate, and mitochondrial damage of muscle cells. Identifying calcinosis biomarkers is important for early disease detection and risk assessment, and may lead to novel therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of DM-associated calcinosis. In this review, we summarize myositis autoantibodies associated with calcinosis in DM, histopathology and chemical composition of calcinosis, genetic and inflammatory markers that have been studied in adult DM and JDM-associated calcinosis, as well as potential novel biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody P Chung
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Carrie Richardson
- Division of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David Kirakossian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Santa Clara, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Amir B Orandi
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lesley A Saketkoo
- Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans Scleroderma and Sarcoidosis Patient Care and Research Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Lisa G Rider
- Environmental Autoimmunity Group, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adam Schiffenbauer
- Environmental Autoimmunity Group, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carlos A von Mühlen
- Consultant in Rheumatology and Clinical Pathology, San Diego, USA; Brazilian Society of Autoimmunity, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lorinda Chung
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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28
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Yan Y, Wang L, Ge L, Pathak JL. Osteocyte-Mediated Translation of Mechanical Stimuli to Cellular Signaling and Its Role in Bone and Non-bone-Related Clinical Complications. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2020; 18:67-80. [PMID: 31953640 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-020-00564-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Osteocytes comprise > 95% of the cellular component in bone tissue and produce a wide range of cytokines and cellular signaling molecules in response to mechanical stimuli. In this review, we aimed to summarize the molecular mechanisms involved in the osteocyte-mediated translation of mechanical stimuli to cellular signaling, and discuss their role in skeletal (bone) diseases and extra-skeletal (non-bone) clinical complications. RECENT FINDINGS Two decades before, osteocytes were assumed as a dormant cells buried in bone matrix. In recent years, emerging evidences have shown that osteocytes are pivotal not only for bone homeostasis but also for vital organ functions such as muscle, kidney, and heart. Osteocyte mechanotransduction regulates osteoblast and osteoclast function and maintains bone homeostasis. Mechanical stimuli modulate the release of osteocyte-derived cytokines, signaling molecules, and extracellular cellular vesicles that regulate not only the surrounding bone cell function and bone homeostasis but also the distant organ function in a paracrine and endocrine fashion. Mechanical loading and unloading modulate the osteocytic release of NO, PGE2, and ATPs that regulates multiple cellular signaling such as Wnt/β-catenin, RANKL/OPG, BMPs, PTH, IGF1, VEGF, sclerostin, and others. Therefore, the in-depth study of the molecular mechanism of osteocyte mechanotransduction could unravel therapeutic targets for various bone and non-bone-related clinical complications such as osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and cancer metastasis to bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, China
| | - Linhu Ge
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, China.
| | - Janak L Pathak
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, China.
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Tresguerres F, Torres J, López-Quiles J, Hernández G, Vega J, Tresguerres I. The osteocyte: A multifunctional cell within the bone. Ann Anat 2020; 227:151422. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2019.151422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Han X, Cai C, Xiao Z, Quarles LD. FGF23 induced left ventricular hypertrophy mediated by FGFR4 signaling in the myocardium is attenuated by soluble Klotho in mice. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 138:66-74. [PMID: 31758962 PMCID: PMC7195870 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.11.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is controversy regarding whether excess FGF23 causes left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) directly through activation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) in cardiomyocytes or indirectly through reductions in soluble Klotho (sK). We investigated the respective roles of myocardial FGFR4 and sKL in mediating FGF23-induced LVH using mouse genetic and pharmacological approaches. To investigate a direct role of myocardial FGFR4 in mediating the cardiotoxic effects of excess circulating FGF23, we administered rFGF23 to mice with cardiac-specific loss of FGFR4 (FGFR4 heart-cKO). We tested a model of sKL deficiency, hypertension and LVH created by the conditional deletion of FGFR1 in the renal distal tubule (FGFR1DT cKO mice). The cardioprotective effects of sKL in both mouse models was assessed by the systemic administration of recombinant sKL. We confirmed that FGF23 treatment activates PLCγ in the heart and induces LVH in the absence of membrane α-Klotho. Conditional deletion of FGFR4 in the myocardium prevented rFGF23-induced LVH in mice, establishing direct cardiotoxicity of FGF23 through activation of FGFR4. Recombinant sKL administration prevented LVH, but not HTN, in FGFR1DT cKO mice, consistent with direct cardioprotective effects. Co-administration of recombinant sKL with FGF23 in culture inhibited rFGF23-induced p-PLCγ signaling. Thus, FGF23 ability to include LVH represents a balance between FGF23 direct cardiac activation of FGFR4 and the modulating effects of circulating sKL to alter FGF23-dependent myocardial signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Han
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States of America
| | - Chun Cai
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States of America
| | - Zhousheng Xiao
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States of America
| | - L Darryl Quarles
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States of America.
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Pathak JL, Bravenboer N, Klein-Nulend J. The Osteocyte as the New Discovery of Therapeutic Options in Rare Bone Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:405. [PMID: 32733380 PMCID: PMC7360678 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes are the most abundant (~95%) cells in bone with the longest half-life (~25 years) in humans. In the past osteocytes have been regarded as vestigial cells in bone, since they are buried inside the tough bone matrix. However, during the last 30 years it has become clear that osteocytes are as important as bone forming osteoblasts and bone resorbing osteoclasts in maintaining bone homeostasis. The osteocyte cell body and dendritic processes reside in bone in a complex lacuno-canalicular system, which allows the direct networking of osteocytes to their neighboring osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, bone marrow, blood vessels, and nerves. Mechanosensing of osteocytes translates the applied mechanical force on bone to cellular signaling and regulation of bone adaptation. The osteocyte lacuno-canalicular system is highly efficient in transferring external mechanical force on bone to the osteocyte cell body and dendritic processes via displacement of fluid in the lacuno-canalicular space. Osteocyte mechanotransduction regulates the formation and function of the osteoblasts and osteoclasts to maintain bone homeostasis. Osteocytes produce a variety of proteins and signaling molecules such as sclerostin, cathepsin K, Wnts, DKK1, DMP1, IGF1, and RANKL/OPG to regulate osteoblast and osteoclast activity. Various genetic abnormality-associated rare bone diseases are related to disrupted osteocyte functions, including sclerosteosis, van Buchem disease, hypophosphatemic rickets, and WNT1 and plastin3 mutation-related disorders. Meticulous studies during the last 15 years on disrupted osteocyte function in rare bone diseases guided for the development of various novel therapeutic agents to treat bone diseases. Studies on genetic, molecular, and cellular mechanisms of sclerosteosis and van Buchem disease revealed a role for sclerostin in bone homeostasis, which led to the development of the sclerostin antibody to treat osteoporosis and other bone degenerative diseases. The mechanism of many other rare bone diseases and the role of the osteocyte in the development of such conditions still needs to be investigated. In this review, we mainly discuss the knowledge obtained during the last 30 years on the role of the osteocyte in rare bone diseases. We speculate about future research directions to develop novel therapeutic drugs targeting osteocyte functions to treat both common and rare bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janak L. Pathak
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nathalie Bravenboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jenneke Klein-Nulend
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Jenneke Klein-Nulend
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Xiao Z, King G, Mancarella S, Munkhsaikhan U, Cao L, Cai C, Quarles LD. FGF23 expression is stimulated in transgenic α-Klotho longevity mouse model. JCI Insight 2019; 4:132820. [PMID: 31801907 PMCID: PMC6962016 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.132820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Observations in transgenic α-Klotho (Kl) mice (KlTg) defined the antiaging role of soluble Klotho (sKL130). A genetic translocation that elevates sKL levels in humans is paradoxically associated with increased circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) levels and the potential of both membrane KL (mKL135) and sKL130 to act as coreceptors for FGF23 activation of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs). Neither FGF23 expression nor the contributions of FGF23, mKL135, and sKL130 codependent and independent functions have been investigated in KlTg mice. In the current study, we examined the effects of Kl overexpression on FGF23 levels and functions in KlTg mice. We found that mKL135 but not sKL130 stimulated FGF23 expression in osteoblasts, leading to elevated Fgf23 bone expression and circulating levels in KlTg mice. Elevated FGF23 suppressed 1,25(OH)2D and parathyroid hormone levels but did not cause hypophosphatemic rickets in KlTg mice. KlTg mice developed low aldosterone-associated hypertension but not left ventricular hypertrophy. Mechanistically, we found that mKL135 and sKL130 are essential cofactors for FGF23-mediated ERK activation but that they inhibited FGF23 stimulation of PLC-γ and PI3K/AKT signaling. Thus, increased longevity in KlTg mice occurs in the presence of excess FGF23 that interacts with mKL and sKL to bias FGFR pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhousheng Xiao
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gwendalyn King
- Department of Biology, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | | | - Undral Munkhsaikhan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Li Cao
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Chun Cai
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Leigh Darryl Quarles
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Phosphaturic Mesenchymal Tumor of Soft Tissue of the Foot: Report of a Case With Review of the Literature. Adv Anat Pathol 2019; 26:320-328. [PMID: 31261249 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor (PMT) is a rare neoplasm that ectopically secretes fibroblast growth factor 23, a bone cell-derived protein that regulates phosphate homeostasis. The overproduction of fibroblast growth factor 23 causes a paraneoplastic syndrome characterized by hyperphosphaturia, hypophosphatemia, hypovitaminosis D, and vitamin D refractory rickets/osteomalacia, effects that disappear with tumor removal. The PMT may occur in several anatomic regions, mainly in the limbs, usually involving both soft tissue and bone. Acral locations occur in 10% to 15% of the cases, mostly in the feet, with 95 cases reported in this anatomic region to date. We report a case of a PMT in a young adult male who presented in 2007 with the classic constellation of signs and symptoms. A small soft-tissue tumor was detected in his right heel, 3 years after exhaustively seeking for it by various imaging techniques performed at different institutions. Before the tumor was detected, attempts to manage this patient's osteomalacia with phosphate and vitamin D (both calcitriol and ergocalciferol) supplementation were unsuccessful. Following surgical resection, the patient experienced prompt correction of the phosphaturia and gradual reconstitution of his bone mineralization. The pathologic diagnosis was (benign) PMT, mixed connective tissue type. In 2019, 12 years after resection, the patient is asymptomatic, and his bone mineral homeostasis has been restored.
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Yang M, Doshi KB, Roarke MC, Nguyen BD. Molecular Imaging in Diagnosis of Tumor-induced Osteomalacia. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2019; 48:379-386. [DOI: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Uremic Toxins and Clinical Outcomes: The Impact of Kidney Transplantation. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10060229. [PMID: 29874852 PMCID: PMC6024850 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10060229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-transplanted and transplanted patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) differ in terms of mortality and the risk of clinical events. This difference is probably due to the difference of both traditional and non-traditional risk factors. Uremic retention solutes may constitute important non-traditional risk factors in this population. In the present review, we selected a set of uremic toxins that have been associated with harmful effects, and are an appealing target for adjuvant therapy in CKD. For each toxin reviewed here, relevant studies were selected and the relationship with hard clinical outcomes of uremic toxins were compared between non-transplanted CKD patients and transplanted patients taking into account the level of glomerular filtration rate in these two situations.
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Coffin JD, Homer-Bouthiette C, Hurley MM. Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 and Its Receptors in Bone Biology and Disease. J Endocr Soc 2018; 2:657-671. [PMID: 29942929 PMCID: PMC6009610 DOI: 10.1210/js.2018-00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) regulatory axis is phylogenetically ancient, evolving into a large mammalian/human gene family of 22 ligands that bind to four receptor tyrosine kinases for a complex physiologic system controlling cell growth, differentiation, and metabolism. The tissue targets for the primary FGF function are mainly in cartilage and in bone for morphogenesis, mineralization, and metabolism. A multitude of complexities in the FGF ligand-receptor signaling pathways have made translation into therapies for FGF-related bone disorders such as osteomalacia, osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis difficult but not impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marja Marie Hurley
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, UCONN Health, Farmington, Connecticut
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Lempicki M, Rothenbuhler A, Merzoug V, Franchi-Abella S, Chaussain C, Adamsbaum C, Linglart A. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features as Surrogate Markers of X-Linked Hypophosphatemic Rickets Activity. Horm Res Paediatr 2018; 87:244-253. [PMID: 28376474 DOI: 10.1159/000464142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLH) is the most common form of inheritable rickets. Rickets treatment is monitored by assessing alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels, clinical features, and radiographs. Our objectives were to describe the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of XLH and to assess correlations with disease activity. STUDY DESIGN Twenty-seven XLH patients (median age 9.2 years) were included in this prospective single-center observational study. XLH activity was assessed using height, leg bowing, dental abscess history, and serum ALP levels. We looked for correlations between MRI features and markers of disease activity. RESULTS On MRI, the median maximum width of the physis was 5.6 mm (range 4.8-7.8; normal <1.5), being >1.5 mm in all of the patients. The appearance of the zone of provisional calcification was abnormal on 21 MRI images (78%), Harris lines were present on 24 (89%), and bone marrow signal abnormalities were present on 16 (59%). ALP levels correlated with the maximum physeal widening and with the transverse extent of the widening. CONCLUSIONS MRI of the knee provides precise rickets patterns that are correlated with ALP, an established biochemical marker of the disease, avoiding X-ray exposure and providing surrogate quantitative markers of disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Lempicki
- AP-HP, Bicêtre Paris-Sud Hospital, Department of Pediatric Radiology, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Anya Rothenbuhler
- AP-HP, Bicêtre Paris-Sud Hospital, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Reference Center for Rare Disorders of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Filière OSCAR and Platform of Expertise Paris-Sud for Rare Diseases, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Valérie Merzoug
- AP-HP, Bicêtre Paris-Sud Hospital, Department of Pediatric Radiology, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Stéphanie Franchi-Abella
- AP-HP, Bicêtre Paris-Sud Hospital, Department of Pediatric Radiology, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,LTCI Telecom Paris Tech, Paris Saclay University, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Catherine Chaussain
- AP-HP, Bretonneau Hospital, Odontology Department, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, EA2496, Montrouge, France
| | - Catherine Adamsbaum
- AP-HP, Bicêtre Paris-Sud Hospital, Department of Pediatric Radiology, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Paris-Sud University, Medical School, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,LTCI Telecom Paris Tech, Paris Saclay University, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Agnès Linglart
- AP-HP, Bicêtre Paris-Sud Hospital, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Reference Center for Rare Disorders of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Filière OSCAR and Platform of Expertise Paris-Sud for Rare Diseases, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Paris-Sud University, Medical School, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Inserm U1169, Bicêtre Paris-Sud Hospital and Paris-Saclay University, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Abstract
The maintenance of our physiological functions and their adaptive response to environmental changes depend on precise crosstalk between organs. Recent advances in mouse genetics have helped demonstrate that this holistic view of physiology extends to the skeletal system, where many unexpected signaling axes are found to play essential roles affecting numerous organs. After being long regarded as a static tissue, functioning merely as a structural support system, the skeleton has seen its image evolve into a much more complex picture. The skeleton reveals itself as a key endocrine organ for the homeostasis of our body, both by its central position in our body, but also by the large number of physiological functions it influences. In this review, we discuss the multiple endocrine roles of osteocalcin, an osteoclast-derived molecule (Ocn), where its functional importance has steadily increased over the last 15 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Oury
- Center for biology and medicine, Skirball institute of biomolecular medicine, New York university medical school, New York, 10016, États-Unis
| | - Franck Oury
- Inserm U1151, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Département Croissance et signalisation, équipe 14, université Paris Descartes Sorbone-Paris Cité, 14, rue Maria Helena Vieira Da Silva, 75014 Paris, France
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review examines the role of fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) in mineral metabolism, innate immunity and adverse cardiovascular outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS FGF-23, produced by osteocytes in bone, activates FGFR/α-Klotho (α-Kl) complexes in the kidney. The resulting bone-kidney axis coordinates renal phosphate reabsorption with bone mineralization, and creates a counter-regulatory feedback loop to prevent vitamin D toxicity. FGF-23 acts to counter-regulate the effects of vitamin D on innate immunity and cardiovascular responses. FGF-23 is ectopically expressed along with α-Kl in activated macrophages, creating a proinflammatory paracrine signaling pathway that counters the antiinflammatory actions of vitamin D. FGF-23 also inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expression and increases sodium reabsorption in the kidney, leading to hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. Finally, FGF-23 is purported to cause adverse cardiac and impair neutrophil responses through activation of FGFRs in the absence of α-Kl. Although secreted forms of α-Kl have FGF-23 independent effects, the possibility of α-Kl independent effects of FGF-23 is controversial and requires additional experimental validation. SUMMARY FGF-23 participates in a bone-kidney axis regulating mineral homeostasis, proinflammatory paracrine macrophage signaling pathways, and in a bone-cardio-renal axis regulating hemodynamics that counteract the effects of vitamin D.
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Han X, Ross J, Kolumam G, Pi M, Sonoda J, King G, Quarles LD. Cardiovascular Effects of Renal Distal Tubule Deletion of the FGF Receptor 1 Gene. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:69-80. [PMID: 28993502 PMCID: PMC5748915 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017040412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The bone-derived hormone fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) activates complexes composed of FGF receptors (FGFRs), including FGFR1, and α-Klotho in the kidney distal tubule (DT), leading to increased sodium retention and hypertension. However, the role of FGFR1 in regulating renal processes linked to hypertension is unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of selective FGFR1 loss in the DT. Conditional knockout (cKO) of FGFR1 in the DT (FGFR1DT-cKO mice) resulted in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and decreased kidney expression of α-Klotho in association with enhanced BP, decreased expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2, and increased expression of the Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter. Notably, recombinant FGF-23 administration similarly decreased the kidney expression of α-Klotho and induced LVH in mice. Pharmacologic activation of FGFR1 with a monoclonal anti-FGFR1 antibody (R1MAb1) normalized BP and significantly attenuated LVH in the Hyp mouse model of excess FGF-23, but did not induce a response in FGFR1DT-cKO mice. The hearts of FGFR1DT-cKO mice showed increased expression of the transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily C, member 6 (TRPC6), consistent with cardiac effects of soluble Klotho deficiency. Moreover, administration of recombinant soluble Klotho lowered BP in the Hyp mice. Thus, FGFR1 in the DT regulates systemic hemodynamic responses opposite to those predicted by the actions of FGF-23. These cardiovascular effects appear to be mediated by paracrine FGF control of kidney FGFR1 and subsequent regulation of soluble Klotho and TRPC6. FGFR1 in the kidney may provide a new molecular target for treating hypertension.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Blood Pressure/drug effects
- Blood Pressure/genetics
- Female
- Fibroblast Growth Factor-23
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/pharmacology
- Glucuronidase/genetics
- Glucuronidase/metabolism
- Hypertension/genetics
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/genetics
- Immunologic Factors/pharmacology
- Kidney Tubules, Distal
- Klotho Proteins
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/genetics
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Symporters/genetics
- Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Symporters/metabolism
- TRPC Cation Channels/genetics
- TRPC Cation Channels/metabolism
- TRPC6 Cation Channel
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Han
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jed Ross
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, South San Francisco, California; and
| | - Ganesh Kolumam
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, South San Francisco, California; and
| | - Min Pi
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Junichiro Sonoda
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, South San Francisco, California; and
| | - Gwendalyn King
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama in Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - L Darryl Quarles
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee;
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Langdahl BL, Ralston SH. How Basic Science Discoveries Have Shaped the Treatment of Bone and Mineral Disorders. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:2324-2330. [PMID: 29194750 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bente L Langdahl
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Stuart H Ralston
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Padelli M, Leven C, Sakka M, Plée-Gautier E, Carré JL. [Causes, consequences and treatment of hypophosphatemia: A systematic review]. Presse Med 2017; 46:987-999. [PMID: 29089216 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Although hypophosphatemia is usually very seldom, it can reach two to 3% of hospitalized patients and until 28% of intensive care unit patients. Due to the lack of knowledge, clinical practice regarding seeking or treatment of hypophosphatemia is very heterogenous. However its clinical consequences might be heavy. A better knowledge of its causes, physiopathological effects and treatment should lead to a documented and homogenous care of these patients in clinics. OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was a systematic review of littérature, seeking for publications about causes, consequences and treatment of hypophosphatemia. DOCUMENTARY SOURCES (KEYWORDS AND LANGUAGE) A research has been conducted on the Medline database by using the following keywords "phosphorus supplementation", "hypophosphatemia" and ("physiopathology" or "complications"). RESULTS Three mains mechanisms might be responsible for hypophosphatemia: a decrease in digestive absorption, a rise in kidney excretion and a transfer of phosphorus to the intracellular compartment. Denutrition, acid base balance troubles, parenteral nutrition or several drugs are capable of provoking or favouring hypophosphatemia. All these situations are frequently encountered in intensive care unit. Consequences of hypophosphatemia might be serious. Best studied and documented are cardiac and respiratory muscle contractility decrease, sometimes leading to acute cardiac and respiratory failure, cardiac rhythm troubles and cardiac arrest. Hypophosphatemia is frequent during sepsis. It could be responsible for leucocyte dysfunction that might favour or increase sepsis. The treatment of hypophosphatemia is usually simple through a supplementation that quickly restores a regular concentration, with few adverse effects when regularly used. CONCLUSION During at-risk situations, the systematic search for hypophosphatemia and its treatment may limit the occurrence of serious consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maël Padelli
- University hospital of Brest, department of biochemistry and pharmaco-toxicology, 29200 Brest, France.
| | - Cyril Leven
- University hospital of Brest, department of biochemistry and pharmaco-toxicology, 29200 Brest, France
| | - Mehdi Sakka
- University hospital of Brest, department of biochemistry and pharmaco-toxicology, 29200 Brest, France
| | - Emmanuelle Plée-Gautier
- University hospital of Brest, department of biochemistry and pharmaco-toxicology, 29200 Brest, France
| | - Jean-Luc Carré
- University hospital of Brest, department of biochemistry and pharmaco-toxicology, 29200 Brest, France
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Coyac BR, Hoac B, Chafey P, Falgayrac G, Slimani L, Rowe PS, Penel G, Linglart A, McKee MD, Chaussain C, Bardet C. Defective Mineralization in X-Linked Hypophosphatemia Dental Pulp Cell Cultures. J Dent Res 2017; 97:184-191. [PMID: 28880715 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517728497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is a skeletal disease caused by inactivating mutations in the PHEX gene. Mutated or absent PHEX protein/enzyme leads to a decreased serum phosphate level, which cause mineralization defects in the skeleton and teeth (osteomalacia/odontomalacia). It is not yet altogether clear whether these manifestations are caused solely by insufficient circulating phosphate availability for mineralization or also by a direct, local intrinsic effect caused by impaired PHEX activity. Here, we evaluated the local role of PHEX in a 3-dimensional model of extracellular matrix (ECM) mineralization. Dense collagen hydrogels were seeded either with human dental pulp cells from patients with characterized PHEX mutations or with sex- and age-matched healthy controls and cultured up to 24 d using osteogenic medium with standard phosphate concentration. Calcium quantification, micro-computed tomography, and histology with von Kossa staining for mineral showed significantly lower mineralization in XLH cell-seeded scaffolds, using nonparametric statistical tests. While apatitic mineralization was observed along collagen fibrils by electron microscopy in both groups, Raman microspectrometry indicated that XLH cells harboring the PHEX mutation produced less mineralized scaffolds having impaired mineral quality with less carbonate substitution and lower crystallinity. In the XLH cultures, immunoblotting revealed more abundant osteopontin (OPN), dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), and matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) than controls, as well as the presence of fragments of these proteins not found in controls, suggesting a role for PHEX in SIBLING protein degradation. Immunohistochemistry revealed altered OPN and DMP1 associated with an increased alkaline phosphatase staining in the XLH cultures. These results are consistent with impaired PHEX activity having local ECM effects in XLH. Future treatments for XLH should target both systemic and local manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Coyac
- 1 EA 2496 Laboratory Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies, Dental School University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, and Life imaging Platform (PIV), Montrouge, France.,2 Department of Periodontology, U.F.R. of Odontology, Rothschild Hospital, AP-HP, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France.,3 Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Biomedical Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - B Hoac
- 3 Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Biomedical Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - P Chafey
- 4 INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin and Proteomic core facility of University Paris Descartes (3P5) Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - G Falgayrac
- 5 Lille University, University of Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4490-PMOI-Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bone Diseases, Lille, France
| | - L Slimani
- 1 EA 2496 Laboratory Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies, Dental School University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, and Life imaging Platform (PIV), Montrouge, France
| | - P S Rowe
- 6 The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - G Penel
- 5 Lille University, University of Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4490-PMOI-Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bone Diseases, Lille, France
| | - A Linglart
- 7 APHP, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Plateforme of Expertise Paris Sud for Rare Disesdes, filière OSCAR, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,8 INSERM U1169, University Paris Sud Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - M D McKee
- 3 Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Biomedical Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,9 Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - C Chaussain
- 1 EA 2496 Laboratory Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies, Dental School University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, and Life imaging Platform (PIV), Montrouge, France.,7 APHP, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Plateforme of Expertise Paris Sud for Rare Disesdes, filière OSCAR, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,10 Department of Odontology, Bretonneau Hospital PNVS, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - C Bardet
- 1 EA 2496 Laboratory Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies, Dental School University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, and Life imaging Platform (PIV), Montrouge, France
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Zhang X, Li H, Sun J, Luo X, Yang H, Xie L, Yang B, Guo W, Tian W. Cell-derived micro-environment helps dental pulp stem cells promote dental pulp regeneration. Cell Prolif 2017; 50. [PMID: 28741725 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The function of the dental pulp is closely connected to the extracellular matrix (ECM) structure, and ECM has received significant attention due to its biological functions for regulating cells. As such, the interaction between the ECM niche and cells is worth exploring for potential clinical uses. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, dental pulp stem cell (DPSC)-derived ECM (DPM) was prepared through cell culture and decellularization to function as the cell niche, and changes in DPSC behaviour and histological analysis of dental pulp tissue regeneration were evaluated following the DPM culture. DPM promoted the replication of DPSCs and exhibited retention of their mineralization. Then, the DPM-based culture strategy under odontogenic culture medium was further investigated, and the mineralization-related markers showed that DPSCs were regulated towards odontogenic differentiation. Dental pulp-like tissue with well-arranged ECM was harvested after a 2-month subcutaneous implantation in nude mice with DPM application. Additionally, DPSCs cultured on the plastic culture surface showed the up-regulation of mineralization makers in vitro, but there was a disorder in matrix formation and mineralization when the cells were cultured in vivo. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS DPM-based cultivation could serve as a cell niche and modulate DPSC behaviour, and this method also provided an alternative to harvest tissue-specific ECM and provided a strategy for ECM-cell interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexin Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Stomatology, Beijing Tongren Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingjing Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangyou Luo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hefeng Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Xie
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weihua Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pediatric, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weidong Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) are mitogenic signal mediators that induce cell proliferation and survival. Although cardiac myocytes are post-mitotic, they have been shown to be able to respond to local and circulating FGFs. While precise molecular mechanisms are not well characterized, some FGF family members have been shown to induce cardiac remodeling under physiologic conditions by mediating hypertrophic growth in cardiac myocytes and by promoting angiogenesis, both events leading to increased cardiac function and output. This FGF-mediated physiologic scenario might transition into a pathologic situation involving cardiac cell death, fibrosis and inflammation, and eventually cardiac dysfunction and heart failure. As discussed here, cardiac actions of FGFs - with the majority of studies focusing on FGF2, FGF21 and FGF23 - and their specific FGF receptors (FGFR) and precise target cell types within the heart, are currently under experimental investigation. Especially cardiac effects of endocrine FGFs entered center stage over the past five years, as they might provide communication routes that couple metabolic mechanisms, such as bone-regulated phosphate homeostasis, or metabolic stress, such as hyperphosphatemia associated with kidney injury, with changes in cardiac structure and function. In this context, it has been shown that elevated serum FGF23 can directly tackle cardiac myocytes via FGFR4 thereby contributing to cardiac hypertrophy in models of chronic kidney disease, also called uremic cardiomyopathy. Precise characterization of FGFs and their origin and regulation of expression, and even more importantly, the identification of the FGFR isoforms that mediate their cardiac actions should help to develop novel pharmacological interventions for heart failure, such as FGFR4 inhibition to tackle uremic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Faul
- Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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Liu P, Ma S, Zhang H, Liu C, Lu Y, Chen L, Qin C. Specific ablation of mouse Fam20C in cells expressing type I collagen leads to skeletal defects and hypophosphatemia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3590. [PMID: 28620244 PMCID: PMC5472603 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03960-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
FAM20C mutations in humans cause Raine syndrome and our previous studies showed that global inactivation of mouse Fam20C led to bone and dental defects. By crossbreeding 2.3
kb Col 1a1-Cre mice with Fam20Cflox/flox mice, we created 2.3
kb Col 1a1-Cre;Fam20Cfoxl/flox (cKO) mice, in which Fam20C was inactivated in cells expressing Type I collagen. This study showed that the long bones of cKO mice were shorter and had a lower level of mineralization compared to the normal mice. The collagen fibrils in Fam20C-deficient bone were disorganized and thicker while the growth plate cartilage in cKO mice was disorganized and wider compared to the normal mice. The Fam20C-deficient bone had a lower level of dentin matrix protein 1, and higher levels of osteopontin and bone sialoprotein than the normal. The blood of cKO mice had an elevated level of fibroblast growth factor 23 and reduced level of phosphorus. These findings indicate that inactivation of Fam20C in cells expressing type I collagen led to skeletal defects and hypophosphatemia. The altered levels of dentin matrix protein 1 and osteopontin in Fam20C-deficient bone may be significant contributors to the mineralized tissue defects in human patients and animals suffering from the functional loss of FAM20C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peihong Liu
- Department of Periodontics, Harbin Medical University School of Stomatology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, 75246, USA
| | - Su Ma
- Department of Periodontics, Harbin Medical University School of Stomatology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China.,Longjiang Scholar Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, 75246, USA
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, 75246, USA
| | - Yongbo Lu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, 75246, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Longjiang Scholar Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China.
| | - Chunlin Qin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, 75246, USA.
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Saddadi F, Rasoolzadeh A, Ganji M, Miri M. Impact of FGF23 level on calcium and phosphorus levels in post-renal transplantation. J Renal Inj Prev 2017; 6:99-102. [PMID: 28497083 PMCID: PMC5423292 DOI: 10.15171/jrip.2017.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The level of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) may be considered as a prognostic factor for assessing renal function in regulating components of phosphate and vitamin D hemostasis. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of FGF23 level to predict renal function after renal transplantation. Patients and Methods: Fifteen consecutive patients scheduled for renal transplantation. To assess renal function status, the MDRD formula and isotope scan were applied. The study endpoint was to assess the level of FGF23 and other factors involving calcium and phosphorus metabolism before and also 3 and 12 months after transplantation and also to determine role of FGF23 to predict postoperative renal function. Results: The mean level of FGF23 was 839.51±694.56 ρg/mL at baseline that reduced to 44.31±22.01 ρg/mL and 20.13±36.50 ρg/mL, 3 and 12 months after initial assessment. The levels of FGF23 was significantly lower at 3 and 12 months after baseline (P=0.01 and P=0.02, respectively) with no difference in FGF23 level between the time points of 3 and 12 months after transplantation. Baseline level of FGF23 was found to be higher in the patients with higher glomerular filtration rate (GFR), in older patients, in males, in those patients with diabetic nephropathy, in those with acceptable renal function than in patients who suffered transplant rejection. Conclusion: The level of postoperative FGF23 is an important marker for secretion of phosphorus from kidneys emphasizing the central role of FGF23 marker to regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism after a successful renal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Saddadi
- Hasheminejad Kidney center Nephrology Ward, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammadreza Ganji
- Department of Nephrology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Miri
- Kidney Transplantation Complications Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghaem Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Ira
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49
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Yoon CY, Park J, Seo C, Nam BY, Kim S, Kee YK, Lee M, Cha MU, Kim H, Park S, Yun HR, Jung SY, Jhee JH, Kwon YE, Wu M, Um JE, Kang HY, Park JT, Han SH, Kang SW, Kim HC, Park S, Lim SK, Yoo TH. Low Dentin Matrix Protein 1 Is Associated With Incident Cardiovascular Events in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:2149-2158. [PMID: 27390906 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports demonstrated that dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) acts as an inhibitor of vascular calcification and might be a potential biomarker for chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder; however, no clinical investigations regarding DMP1 have been performed in dialysis patients. We investigated the prognostic value of DMP1 on cardiovascular outcomes in prevalent peritoneal dialysis patients. We recruited 223 prevalent peritoneal dialysis patients and divided them into high and low DMP1 groups according to log-transformed plasma DMP1 levels. Lateral lumbar spine radiographs were used for measurement of vascular calcification. Major cardiovascular events were compared between the two groups. A Cox proportional hazards analysis determined DMP1 was independently associated with cardiovascular outcomes. In vitro mouse osteocytes were cultured in media containing indoxyl sulfate (IS), and the expressions of DMP1 were examined. The mean age was 52.1 ± 11.8 years, and 116 (52.0%) patients were male. The median value of log DMP1 was 0.91 (0.32-2.81 ng/mL). The multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that DMP1 levels were independently associated with the presence of vascular calcification after adjustment for multiple confounding factors (odds ratio = 0.719; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.522-0.989; p = 0.043). During a mean follow-up duration of 34.6 months, incident cardiovascular events were observed in 41 (18.4%) patients. A Kaplan-Meier plot showed that the low DMP1 group had a significantly higher rate of incident cardiovascular events compared with the high DMP1 group (log-rank test, p = 0.026). In addition, multiple Cox analysis showed that low DMP1 was significantly associated with incident cardiovascular events (log 1 increase: hazard ratio = 0.855; 95% CI 0.743-0.984; p = 0.029) after adjustment for multiple confounding factors. In IS-stimulated osteocytes, mRNA and protein expression levels of DMP1 were significantly decreased compared with control osteocytes. We showed that low DMP1 levels were significantly associated with presence of vascular calcification and were independently associated with the incident cardiovascular events in prevalent peritoneal dialysis patients. DMP1 might be a potential factor contributing to cardiovascular complications in dialysis patients. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Yun Yoon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhwan Seo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Young Nam
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Kyung Kee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Misol Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Uk Cha
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoungnae Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seohyun Park
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Ryong Yun
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Young Jung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Jhee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Eun Kwon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Meiyan Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Eun Um
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Young Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Tak Park
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyeok Han
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Wook Kang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Chang Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Etiology Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungha Park
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Kil Lim
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Yoo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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50
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Qin C, Baba O, Butler WT. Post-translational Modifications of SIBLING Proteins and Their Roles in Osteogenesis and Dentinogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 15:126-36. [PMID: 15187031 DOI: 10.1177/154411130401500302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of bone and dentin contains several non-collagenous proteins. One category of non-collagenous protein is termed the SIBLING (Small Integrin-Binding LIgand, N-linked Glycoprotein) family, that includes osteopontin (OPN), bone sialoprotein (BSP), dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), and matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE). These polyanionic SIBLING proteins are believed to play key biological roles in the mineralization of bone and dentin. Although the specific mechanisms involved in controlling bone and dentin formation are still unknown, it is clear that some functions of the SIBLING family members are dependent on the nature and extent of post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as phosphorylation, glycosylation, and proteolytic processing, since these PTMs would have significant effects on their structure. OPN and BSP are present in the ECM of bone and dentin as full-length forms, whereas amino acid sequencing indicates that DMP1 and DSPP exist as proteolytically processed fragments that result from scission of X-Asp bonds. We hypothesized that the processing of DMP1 and DSPP is catalyzed by the PHEX enzyme, since this protein, an endopeptidase that is predominantly expressed in bone and tooth, has a strong preference for cleavage at the NH2-terminus of aspartyl residue. We envision that the proteolytic processing of DMP1 and DSPP may be an activation process that plays a significant, crucial role in osteogenesis and dentinogenesis, and that a failure in this processing would cause defective mineralization in bone and dentin, as observed in X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Qin
- The Department of Endodontics and Periodontics, University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center, Dental Branch, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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