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Kim S, Yazawa T, Koide A, Yoneda E, Aoki R, Okazaki T, Tomita K, Watanabe H, Muroi Y, Testuka M, Muranishi Y. Potential Role of Pig UCP3 in Modulating Adipocyte Browning via the Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Signaling Pathway. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:284. [PMID: 38785767 PMCID: PMC11117546 DOI: 10.3390/biology13050284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Adipose tissue plays an important role in regulating body temperature and metabolism, with white adipocytes serving as storage units for energy. Recent research focused on the browning of white adipocytes (beige adipocytes), causing thermogenesis and lipolysis. The process of browning is linked to the activation of uncoupling protein (UCP) expression, which can be mediated by the β3 adrenergic receptor pathway. Transcriptional factors, such as peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and PPARγ coactivator 1 alpha, play vital roles in cell fate determination for fat cells. Beige adipocytes have metabolic therapeutic potential to combat diseases such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia, owing to their significant impact on metabolic functions. However, the molecular mechanisms that cause the induction of browning are unclear. Therefore, research using animal models and primary culture is essential to provide an understanding of browning for further application in human metabolic studies. Pigs have physiological similarities to humans; hence, they are valuable models for research on adipose tissue. This study demonstrates the browning potential of pig white adipocytes through primary culture experiments. The results show that upregulation of UCP3 gene expression and fragmentation of lipid droplets into smaller particles occur due to isoproterenol stimulation, which activates beta-adrenergic receptor signaling. Furthermore, PPARγ and PGC-1α were found to activate the UCP3 promoter region, similar to that of UCP1. These findings suggest that pigs undergo metabolic changes that induce browning in white adipocytes, providing a promising approach for metabolic research with potential implications for human health. This study offers valuable insights into the mechanism of adipocyte browning using pig primary culture that can enhance our understanding of human metabolism, leading to cures for commonly occurring diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Kim
- School of Agriculture and Animal Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan (E.Y.); (R.A.); (T.O.); (K.T.); (H.W.); (Y.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Takashi Yazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Hokkaido, Japan;
| | - Akari Koide
- School of Agriculture and Animal Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan (E.Y.); (R.A.); (T.O.); (K.T.); (H.W.); (Y.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Erina Yoneda
- School of Agriculture and Animal Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan (E.Y.); (R.A.); (T.O.); (K.T.); (H.W.); (Y.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Risa Aoki
- School of Agriculture and Animal Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan (E.Y.); (R.A.); (T.O.); (K.T.); (H.W.); (Y.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Tatsuki Okazaki
- School of Agriculture and Animal Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan (E.Y.); (R.A.); (T.O.); (K.T.); (H.W.); (Y.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Kisaki Tomita
- School of Agriculture and Animal Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan (E.Y.); (R.A.); (T.O.); (K.T.); (H.W.); (Y.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- School of Agriculture and Animal Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan (E.Y.); (R.A.); (T.O.); (K.T.); (H.W.); (Y.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Yoshikage Muroi
- School of Agriculture and Animal Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan (E.Y.); (R.A.); (T.O.); (K.T.); (H.W.); (Y.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Masafumi Testuka
- School of Agriculture and Animal Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan (E.Y.); (R.A.); (T.O.); (K.T.); (H.W.); (Y.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Yuki Muranishi
- School of Agriculture and Animal Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan (E.Y.); (R.A.); (T.O.); (K.T.); (H.W.); (Y.M.); (M.T.)
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
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Khaledi K, Hoseini R, Gharzi A. Effects of aerobic training and vitamin D supplementation on glycemic indices and adipose tissue gene expression in type 2 diabetic rats. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10218. [PMID: 37353689 PMCID: PMC10290097 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37489-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a progressive metabolic disorder mainly caused by overweight and obesity that accumulates pro-inflammatory factors in adipose tissue. Studies have confirmed the efficacy of exercise and vitamin D supplementation in preventing, controlling, and treating diabetes. While, reduced physical activity and vitamin D deficiency are related to increased adiposity, blood glucose level, insulin concentration, and insulin resistance. This study purposed to investigate the effect of 8-week aerobic training with vitamin D supplementation on the expression of AMPK, PGC-1α, and UCP-1 genes expression in the visceral adipose tissue of obese rats with T2DM. In this experimental study, fifty male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups (n = 10): aerobic training and vitamin D supplementation (AT + Vit D), aerobic training (5 days/week for 8 weeks; AT), vitamin D supplementation (Vit D), diabetic control (C) and NC (Non-Diabetic Control). AT + Vit D and AT groups practiced an 8-week aerobic training, 5 days a week. Vit D and AT + Vit D groups receive 5000 IU of vitamin D by injection once a week while AT and C received sesame oil. After blood sampling, visceral fat was taken to measure AMPK, PGC-1α, and UCP1 gene expression. Data were statistically analyzed by One-way ANOVA and paired sample t-test at a significance level of p < 0.05. Based on our results BW, BMI, WC, visceral fat, insulin, glucose, and HOMA-IR were significantly lower in the AT + Vit D, AT, and Vit D groups compared with the C group (p < 0.01). Furthermore, AT + Vit D, AT, and Vit D upregulated AMPK, PGC-1α, and UCP1 gene expression compared to the C. Based on the results compared to AT and Vit D, AT + Vit D significantly upregulated AMPK (p = 0.004; p = 0.001), PGC-1α (p = 0.010; p = 0.001), and UCP1 (p = 0.032; p = 0.001) gene expression, respectively. Also, AT induced more significant upregulations in the AMPK (p = 0.001), PGC-1α (p = 0.001), and UCP1 gene expression (p = 0.001) than Vit D. Vitamin D supplementation enhanced the beneficial effects of aerobic training on BW, BMI, WC, visceral fat, insulin, glucose, and HOMA-IR in diabetic rats. We also observed that separate AT or Vit D upregulated the gene expression of AMPK, PGC-1α, and UCP1 however, combined AT + Vit D upregulated AMPK, PGC-1α, and UCP1 more significantly. These results suggested that combining aerobic training and vitamin D supplementation exerted incremental effects on the gene expressions related to adipose tissue in animal models of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimya Khaledi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Razi University, P.O. Box. 6714414971, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Rastegar Hoseini
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Razi University, P.O. Box. 6714414971, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Gharzi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
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Coulter AA, Greenway FL, Zhang D, Ghosh S, Coulter CR, James SL, He Y, Cusimano LA, Rebello CJ. Naringenin and β-carotene convert human white adipocytes to a beige phenotype and elevate hormone- stimulated lipolysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1148954. [PMID: 37143734 PMCID: PMC10153092 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1148954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Naringenin, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) activator found in citrus fruits, upregulates markers of thermogenesis and insulin sensitivity in human adipose tissue. Our pharmacokinetics clinical trial demonstrated that naringenin is safe and bioavailable, and our case report showed that naringenin causes weight loss and improves insulin sensitivity. PPARs form heterodimers with retinoic-X-receptors (RXRs) at promoter elements of target genes. Retinoic acid is an RXR ligand metabolized from dietary carotenoids. The carotenoid β-carotene reduces adiposity and insulin resistance in clinical trials. Our goal was to examine if carotenoids strengthen the beneficial effects of naringenin on human adipocyte metabolism. Methods Human preadipocytes from donors with obesity were differentiated in culture and treated with 8µM naringenin + 2µM β-carotene (NRBC) for seven days. Candidate genes involved in thermogenesis and glucose metabolism were measured as well as hormone-stimulated lipolysis. Results We found that β-carotene acts synergistically with naringenin to boost UCP1 and glucose metabolism genes including GLUT4 and adiponectin, compared to naringenin alone. Protein levels of PPARα, PPARγ and PPARγ-coactivator-1α, key modulators of thermogenesis and insulin sensitivity, were also upregulated after treatment with NRBC. Transcriptome sequencing was conducted and the bioinformatics analyses of the data revealed that NRBC induced enzymes for several non-UCP1 pathways for energy expenditure including triglyceride cycling, creatine kinases, and Peptidase M20 Domain Containing 1 (PM20D1). A comprehensive analysis of changes in receptor expression showed that NRBC upregulated eight receptors that have been linked to lipolysis or thermogenesis including the β1-adrenergic receptor and the parathyroid hormone receptor. NRBC increased levels of triglyceride lipases and agonist-stimulated lipolysis in adipocytes. We observed that expression of RXRγ, an isoform of unknown function, was induced ten-fold after treatment with NRBC. We show that RXRγ is a coactivator bound to the immunoprecipitated PPARγ protein complex from white and beige human adipocytes. Discussion There is a need for obesity treatments that can be administered long-term without side effects. NRBC increases the abundance and lipolytic response of multiple receptors for hormones released after exercise and cold exposure. Lipolysis provides the fuel for thermogenesis, and these observations suggest that NRBC has therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann A. Coulter
- Computational Biology, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Frank L. Greenway
- Clinical Trials, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Dachuan Zhang
- Biostatistics, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Adjunct Faculty, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Cathryn R. Coulter
- Computational Biology, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Sarah L. James
- Computational Biology, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Yanlin He
- Brain Glycemic and Metabolism Control, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Luke A. Cusimano
- Cusimano Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Candida J. Rebello
- Nutrition and Chronic Disease, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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Haddish K, Yun JW. Dopaminergic and adrenergic receptors synergistically stimulate browning in 3T3-L1 white adipocytes. J Physiol Biochem 2023; 79:117-131. [PMID: 36342617 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-022-00928-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) has attracted considerable attention in the scientific community as a popular strategy for enhancing energy expenditure to combat obesity. As a part of this strategy, β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) is the most widely studied receptor that mediates thermogenesis. Parenthetically, further studies in search for additional receptors expressed in adipocytes that can mediate thermogenesis has been appearing, and this paper reports that dopaminergic receptor 1 (DRD1) and β3-AR synergistically stimulate browning in 3T3-L1 white adipocytes. qRT-PCR and immunoblot analysis methods were applied to evaluate the effects of DRD1 on the target proteins downstream of β3-AR and other markers involved in lipid metabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis, and browning events. These results show that DRD1 is expressed in epididymal WAT (eWAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT), and inguinal WAT (iWAT) of normal and high-fat-fed mice, and a deficiency of DRD1 downregulates the expression of brown adipocyte-specific proteins. Silencing of DRD1 affected lipid metabolic activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by reducing mitochondrial biogenesis as well as levels of lipolytic and fat oxidative marker proteins in a similar pattern to β3-AR. Moreover, mechanistic studies showed that the depletion of DRD1 downregulates β3-AR and its downstream molecules, suggesting both receptors might synergistically stimulate browning. Parallel to the UCP1-dependent thermogenesis, the depletion of DRD1 also downregulates the expression of core proteins responsible for UCP1-independent thermogenesis. Overall, DRD1 mediates β3-AR-dependent 3T3-L1 browning and UCP1-independent thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiros Haddish
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Won Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38453, Republic of Korea.
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Chu DT, Bui NL, Le NH. Adrenoceptors and SCD1 in adipocytes/adipose tissues: The expression and variation in health and obesity. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 194:311-332. [PMID: 36631196 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, considered a metabolic disorder, is one of the most significant health issues that the community has to cope with today. A rising number of studies have been conducted to find out promising genetic targets for obese treatment. The sympathetic nervous system was proven to possess remarkable roles in energy metabolism, including the stimulation of lipolysis as well as thermogenesis, via distinct adrenoceptors appearing on the membrane of adipocyte. A decrease of β-adrenoceptor expression has been observed in obese individuals, which is related to reducing energy expenditure and developing obesity. While that the deficiency of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1), which is a promising target for treatments of metabolic diseases, decreases oxidation and promotes the synthesis of fatty acids. Here, we emphasized several differences between distinct adrenoceptor subtypes, including their mRNA expression level and function in white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue. We also highlighted SCD1's roles related to the progression of adipocytes and its changing expression under the obese condition in both rodents and humans, and furthermore, tried to figure out the interaction between adrenoceptors and SCD1 in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh-Toi Chu
- Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam; Faculty of Applied Sciences, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Nhat-Le Bui
- Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam; Faculty of Applied Sciences, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ngoc Hoan Le
- Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Rebello CJ, Coulter AA, Reaume AG, Cong W, Cusimano LA, Greenway FL. MLR-1023 Treatment in Mice and Humans Induces a Thermogenic Program, and Menthol Potentiates the Effect. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111196. [PMID: 34832978 PMCID: PMC8625945 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A glucose-lowering medication that acts by a different mechanism than metformin, or other approved diabetes medications, can supplement monotherapies when patients fail to meet blood glucose goals. We examined the actions underlying the effects of an insulin sensitizer, tolimidone (MLR-1023) and investigated its effects on body weight. Diet-induced obesity (CD1/ICR) and type 2 diabetes (db/db) mouse models were used to study the effect of MLR-1023 on metabolic outcomes and to explore its synergy with menthol. We also examined the efficacy of MLR-1023 alone in a clinical trial (NCT02317796), as well as in combination with menthol in human adipocytes. MLR-1023 produced weight loss in humans in four weeks, and in mice fed a high-fat diet it reduced weight gain and fat mass without affecting food intake. In human adipocytes from obese donors, the upregulation of Uncoupling Protein 1, Glucose (UCP)1, adiponectin, Glucose Transporter Type 4 (GLUT4), Adipose Triglyceride Lipase (ATGL), Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 beta (CPT1β), and Transient Receptor Potential Melastin (TRPM8) mRNA expression suggested the induction of thermogenesis. The TRPM8 agonist, menthol, potentiated the effect of MLR-1023 on the upregulation of genes for energy expenditure and insulin sensitivity in human adipocytes, and reduced fasting blood glucose in mice. The amplification of the thermogenic program by MLR-1023 and menthol in the absence of adrenergic activation will likely be well-tolerated, and bears investigation in a clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candida J. Rebello
- Clinical Trials Unit, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA; (C.J.R.); (A.A.C.)
| | - Ann A. Coulter
- Clinical Trials Unit, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA; (C.J.R.); (A.A.C.)
| | - Andrew G. Reaume
- Melior Discovery Inc., 860 Springdale Drive, Exton, PA 19341, USA; (A.G.R.); (W.C.)
| | - Weina Cong
- Melior Discovery Inc., 860 Springdale Drive, Exton, PA 19341, USA; (A.G.R.); (W.C.)
| | - Luke A. Cusimano
- Cusimano Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 5233 Dijon Dr, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA;
| | - Frank L. Greenway
- Clinical Trials Unit, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA; (C.J.R.); (A.A.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(225)-763-2576; Fax: +1-(225)-763-3022
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Cero C, Lea HJ, Zhu KY, Shamsi F, Tseng YH, Cypess AM. β3-Adrenergic receptors regulate human brown/beige adipocyte lipolysis and thermogenesis. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e139160. [PMID: 34100382 PMCID: PMC8262278 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.139160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
β3-Adrenergic receptors (β3-ARs) are the predominant regulators of rodent brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. However, in humans, the physiological relevance of BAT and β3-AR remains controversial. Herein, using primary human adipocytes from supraclavicular neck fat and immortalized brown/beige adipocytes from deep neck fat from 2 subjects, we demonstrate that the β3-AR plays a critical role in regulating lipolysis, glycolysis, and thermogenesis. Silencing of the β3-AR compromised genes essential for thermogenesis, fatty acid metabolism, and mitochondrial mass. Functionally, reduction of β3-AR lowered agonist-mediated increases in intracellular cAMP, lipolysis, and lipolysis-activated, uncoupling protein 1-mediated thermogenic capacity. Furthermore, mirabegron, a selective human β3-AR agonist, stimulated BAT lipolysis and thermogenesis, and both processes were lost after silencing β3-AR expression. This study highlights that β3-ARs in human brown/beige adipocytes are required to maintain multiple components of the lipolytic and thermogenic cellular machinery and that β3-AR agonists could be used to achieve metabolic benefit in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Cero
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hannah J Lea
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenneth Y Zhu
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Farnaz Shamsi
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aaron M Cypess
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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vonderEmbse AN, Elmore SE, Jackson KB, Habecker BA, Manz KE, Pennell KD, Lein PJ, La Merrill MA. Developmental exposure to DDT or DDE alters sympathetic innervation of brown adipose in adult female mice. Environ Health 2021; 20:37. [PMID: 33794904 PMCID: PMC8017793 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-021-00721-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to the bioaccumulative pesticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolite dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) has been associated with increased risk of insulin resistance and obesity in humans and experimental animals. These effects appear to be mediated by reduced brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis, which is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system. Although the neurotoxicity of DDT is well-established, whether DDT alters sympathetic innervation of BAT is unknown. We hypothesized that perinatal exposure to DDT or DDE promotes thermogenic dysfunction by interfering with sympathetic regulation of BAT thermogenesis. METHODS Pregnant C57BL/6 J mice were administered environmentally relevant concentrations of DDTs (p,p'-DDT and o,p'-DDT) or DDE (p,p'-DDE), 1.7 mg/kg and 1.31 mg/kg, respectively, from gestational day 11.5 to postnatal day 5 by oral gavage, and longitudinal body temperature was recorded in male and female offspring. At 4 months of age, metabolic parameters were measured in female offspring via indirect calorimetry with or without the β3 adrenergic receptor agonist, CL 316,243. Immunohistochemical and neurochemical analyses of sympathetic neurons innervating BAT were evaluated. RESULTS We observed persistent thermogenic impairment in adult female, but not male, mice perinatally exposed to DDTs or p,p'-DDE. Perinatal DDTs exposure significantly impaired metabolism in adult female mice, an effect rescued by treatment with CL 316,243 immediately prior to calorimetry experiments. Neither DDTs nor p,p'-DDE significantly altered BAT morphology or the concentrations of norepinephrine and its metabolite DHPG in the BAT of DDTs-exposed mice. However, quantitative immunohistochemistry revealed a 20% decrease in sympathetic axons innervating BAT in adult female mice perinatally exposed to DDTs, but not p,p'-DDE, and 48 and 43% fewer synapses in stellate ganglia of mice exposed to either DDTs or p,p'-DDE, respectively, compared to control. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that perinatal exposure to DDTs or p,p'-DDE impairs thermogenesis by interfering with patterns of connectivity in sympathetic circuits that regulate BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalise N. vonderEmbse
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California-Davis College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Sarah E. Elmore
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California-Davis College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- Present address: Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California EPA, Oakland, CA USA
| | - Kyle B. Jackson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California-Davis College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- Integrative Genetics and Genomics Graduate Group, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Beth A. Habecker
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| | - Katherine E. Manz
- School of Engineering, Brown University, 184 Hope Street, Providence, RI 02912 USA
| | - Kurt D. Pennell
- School of Engineering, Brown University, 184 Hope Street, Providence, RI 02912 USA
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Michele A. La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California-Davis College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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GHS-R in brown fat potentiates differential thermogenic responses under metabolic and thermal stresses. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249420. [PMID: 33793646 PMCID: PMC8016305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to cold or diet, fatty acids are dissipated into heat through uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in brown adipose tissue (BAT). This process is termed non-shivering thermogenesis, which is important for body temperature maintenance and contributes to obesity pathogenesis. Thermogenic enhancement has been considered a promising anti-obesity strategy. Ghrelin and its receptor Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor (GHS-R) have critical roles in energy intake, nutrient sensing, and lipid metabolism. We previously reported that global Ghsr-knockout mice have increased energy expenditure due to enhanced thermogenesis. To determine the site of action for GHS-R mediated thermogenesis, we generated brown adipocyte-specific Ghsr knockout mice (UCP1-CreER/Ghsrf/f) and assessed thermogenic responses under regular diet (RD) fed homeostatic metabolic state or high-fat diet (HFD) fed metabolically-impaired obese state, under normal or cold housing environment. Under a RD-feeding, UCP1-CreER/Ghsrf/f mice showed increased body fat and a slightly elevated core body temperature under cold but not under normal temperature. Consistently, the expression of thermogenic genes in BAT of RD-fed UCP1-CreER/Ghsrf/f mice was increased in reposes to cold. Under HFD feeding, HFD-fed UCP1-CreER/Ghsrf/f mice showed no difference in body fat or body temperature under either normal or cold exposure. Interestingly, the expression of thermogenic genes in BAT of HFD-fed UCP1-CreER/Ghsrf/f mice was upregulated under normal temperature but downregulated under cold exposure. Overall, our data show that GHS-R has cell-autonomous effect in brown adipocytes, and GHS-R regulates BAT thermogenic activity in a temperature- and metabolic state-dependent manner. The thermogenic effect of GHS-R in BAT is more pronounced in cold environment and differentially variable based on metabolic state; under cold exposure, GHS-R inhibition in BAT activates thermogenesis under homeostatic state but suppresses thermogenesis under obese state. Our finding collectively suggests that GHS-R in BAT, acting as a "metabolic thermostat", differentially regulates thermogenesis in response to different metabolic and thermal stimuli.
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Bové M, Monto F, Guillem-Llobat P, Ivorra MD, Noguera MA, Zambrano A, Sirerol-Piquer MS, Requena AC, García-Alonso M, Tejerina T, Real JT, Fariñas I, D’Ocon P. NT3/TrkC Pathway Modulates the Expression of UCP-1 and Adipocyte Size in Human and Rodent Adipose Tissue. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:630097. [PMID: 33815288 PMCID: PMC8015941 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.630097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophin-3 (NT3), through activation of its tropomyosin-related kinase receptor C (TrkC), modulates neuronal survival and neural stem cell differentiation. It is widely distributed in peripheral tissues (especially vessels and pancreas) and this ubiquitous pattern suggests a role for NT3, outside the nervous system and related to metabolic functions. The presence of the NT3/TrkC pathway in the adipose tissue (AT) has never been investigated. Present work studies in human and murine adipose tissue (AT) the presence of elements of the NT3/TrkC pathway and its role on lipolysis and adipocyte differentiation. qRT-PCR and immunoblot indicate that NT3 (encoded by NTF3) was present in human retroperitoneal AT and decreases with age. NT3 was also present in rat isolated adipocytes and retroperitoneal, interscapular, perivascular, and perirenal AT. Histological analysis evidences that NT3 was mainly present in vessels irrigating AT close associated to sympathetic fibers. Similar mRNA levels of TrkC (encoded by NTRK3) and β-adrenoceptors were found in all ATs assayed and in isolated adipocytes. NT3, through TrkC activation, exert a mild effect in lipolysis. Addition of NT3 during the differentiation process of human pre-adipocytes resulted in smaller adipocytes and increased uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) without changes in β-adrenoceptors. Similarly, transgenic mice with reduced expression of NT3 (Ntf3 knock-in lacZ reporter mice) or lacking endothelial NT3 expression (Ntf3flox1/flox2;Tie2-Cre+/0) displayed enlarged white and brown adipocytes and lower UCP-1 expression. Conclusions NT3, mainly released by blood vessels, activates TrkC and regulates adipocyte differentiation and browning. Disruption of NT3/TrkC signaling conducts to hypertrophied white and brown adipocytes with reduced expression of the thermogenesis marker UCP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Bové
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fermi Monto
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Paloma Guillem-Llobat
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Dolores Ivorra
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Antonia Noguera
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrea Zambrano
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Salome Sirerol-Piquer
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Cristina Requena
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mauricio García-Alonso
- Servicio de Cirugía General y Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Tejerina
- Servicio de Cirugía General y Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José T. Real
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Clínico Universitario e INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Fariñas
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar D’Ocon
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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11
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Xiang-Li, Bo-Xing, Xin-Liu, Jiang XW, Lu HY, Xu ZH, Yue-Yang, Qiong-Wu, Dong-Yao, Zhang YS, Zhao QC. Network pharmacology-based research uncovers cold resistance and thermogenesis mechanism of Cinnamomum cassia. Fitoterapia 2021; 149:104824. [PMID: 33388379 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J.Presl (Cinnamon) was known as a kind of hot herb, improved circulation and warmed the body. However, the active components and mechanisms of dispelling cold remain unknown. METHODS The effects of several Chinses herbs on thermogenesis were evaluated on body temperature and activation of brown adipose tissue. After confirming the effect, the components of cinnamon were identified using HPLC-Q-TOF/MS and screened with databases. The targets of components were obtained with TCMSP, SymMap, Swiss and STITCH databases. Thermogenesis genes were predicted with DisGeNET and GeneCards databases. The protein-protein interaction network was constructed with Cytoscape 3.7.1 software. GO enrichment analysis was accomplished with STRING databases. KEGG pathway analysis was established with Omicshare tools. The top 20 targets for four compounds were obtained according to the number of edges of PPI network. In addition, the network results were verified with experimental research for the effects of extracts and major compounds. RESULTS Cinnamon extract significantly upregulated the body temperature during cold exposure.121 components were identified in HPLC-Q-TOF/MS. Among them, 60 compounds were included in the databases. 116 targets were obtained for the compounds, and 41 genes were related to thermogenesis. The network results revealed that 27 active ingredients and 39 target genes. Through the KEGG analysis, the top 3 pathways were PPAR signaling pathway, AMPK signaling pathway, thermogenesis pathway. The thermogenic protein PPARγ, UCP1 and PGC1-α was included in the critical targets of four major compounds. The three major compounds increased the lipid consumption and activated the brown adipocyte. They also upregulated the expression of UCP1, PGC1-α and pHSL, especially 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde was confirmed the effect for the first time. Furthermore, cinnamaldehyde and cinnamon extract activated the expression of TRPA1 on DRG cells. CONCLUSION The mechanisms of cinnamon on cold resistance were investigated with network pharmacology and experiment validation. This work provided research direction to support the traditional applications of thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Li
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110840, China
| | - Bo-Xing
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xin-Liu
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Jiang
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Lu
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zi-Hua Xu
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yue-Yang
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qiong-Wu
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dong-Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110840, China
| | - Ying-Shi Zhang
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qing-Chun Zhao
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110840, China.
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12
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Onogi Y, Khalil AEMM, Ussar S. Identification and characterization of adipose surface epitopes. Biochem J 2020; 477:2509-2541. [PMID: 32648930 PMCID: PMC7360119 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a central regulator of metabolism and an important pharmacological target to treat the metabolic consequences of obesity, such as insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Among the various cellular compartments, the adipocyte cell surface is especially appealing as a drug target as it contains various proteins that when activated or inhibited promote adipocyte health, change its endocrine function and eventually maintain or restore whole-body insulin sensitivity. In addition, cell surface proteins are readily accessible by various drug classes. However, targeting individual cell surface proteins in adipocytes has been difficult due to important functions of these proteins outside adipose tissue, raising various safety concerns. Thus, one of the biggest challenges is the lack of adipose selective surface proteins and/or targeting reagents. Here, we discuss several receptor families with an important function in adipogenesis and mature adipocytes to highlight the complexity at the cell surface and illustrate the problems with identifying adipose selective proteins. We then discuss that, while no unique adipocyte surface protein might exist, how splicing, posttranslational modifications as well as protein/protein interactions can create enormous diversity at the cell surface that vastly expands the space of potentially unique epitopes and how these selective epitopes can be identified and targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Onogi
- RG Adipocytes and Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ahmed Elagamy Mohamed Mahmoud Khalil
- RG Adipocytes and Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Siegfried Ussar
- RG Adipocytes and Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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13
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Riis-Vestergaard MJ, Richelsen B, Bruun JM, Li W, Hansen JB, Pedersen SB. Beta-1 and Not Beta-3 Adrenergic Receptors May Be the Primary Regulator of Human Brown Adipocyte Metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5684994. [PMID: 31867674 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation in humans has gained interest as a potential target for treatment of obesity and insulin resistance. In rodents, BAT is primarily induced through beta-3 adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) stimulation, whereas the primary beta adrenergic receptors (ADRBs) involved in human BAT activation are debated. We evaluated the importance of different ADRB subtypes for uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) induction in human brown adipocytes. METHODS A human BAT cell model (TERT-hBA) was investigated for subtype-specific ADRB agonists and receptor knockdown on UCP1 mRNA levels and lipolysis (glycerol release). In addition, fresh human BAT biopsies and TERT-hBA were evaluated for expression of ADRB1, ADRB2, and ADRB3 using RT-qPCR. RESULTS The predominant ADRB subtype in TERT-hBA adipocytes and BAT biopsies was ADRB1. In TERT-hBA, UCP1 mRNA expression was stimulated 11.0-fold by dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP), 8.0-fold to 8.4-fold by isoproterenol (ISO; a pan-ADRB agonist), and 6.1-fold to 12.7-fold by dobutamine (ADRB1 agonist), whereas neither procaterol (ADRB2 agonist), CL314.432, or Mirabegron (ADRB3 agonists) affected UCP1. Similarly, dbcAMP, ISO, and dobutamine stimulated glycerol release, whereas lipolysis was unaffected by ADRB2 and ADRB3 agonists. Selective knockdown of ADRB1 significantly attenuated ISO-induced UCP1 expression. CONCLUSION The adrenergic stimulation of UCP1 and lipolysis may mainly be mediated through ADRB1. Moreover, ADRB1 is the predominant ADRB in both TERT-hBA and human BAT biopsies. Thus, UCP1 expression in human BAT may, unlike in rodents, primarily be regulated by ADRB1. These findings may have implications for ADRB agonists as future therapeutic compounds for human BAT activation.
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MESH Headings
- Adipocytes, Brown/cytology
- Adipocytes, Brown/metabolism
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Cells, Cultured
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Lipolysis
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/metabolism
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Ji Riis-Vestergaard
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Richelsen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Jens Meldgaard Bruun
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jacob B Hansen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Steen Bønløkke Pedersen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus N, Denmark
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14
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Lu M, He Y, Gong M, Li Q, Tang Q, Wang X, Wang Y, Yuan M, Yu Z, Xu B. Role of Neuro-Immune Cross-Talk in the Anti-obesity Effect of Electro-Acupuncture. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:151. [PMID: 32180699 PMCID: PMC7059539 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence to show that electro-acupuncture (EA) has a promotive effect on both lipolysis and thermogenesis, and that these mechanisms underlie the anti-obesity effect of EA. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is known to play a role in thermogenesis. Additionally, obesity is characterized by a chronic low-grade inflammatory state. Based on these findings, the aim of the present study is to investigate the potential neuro-immune mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of EA in obesity. In the experiment, we used a high fat diet (HFD) rats model to study the effect of EA in reducing body weight. EA increases the activity of sympathetic nerves in inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT), especially in the HFD group. Compared to HFD rats, EA can decrease sympathetic associated macrophage (SAM) and the level of norepinephrine transporter protein (Slc6a2). The relative uncoupling protein 1 expression shows EA increases thermogenesis in iWAT, and increases β3 receptors. Interestingly, injecting β antagonist in iWAT increases Slc6a2 protein levels. Additionally, the SNS-macrophage cross-talk response to EA showed in iWAT but not in epididymis white adipose tissue. The results of the present study indicate that EA exerts its anti-obesity effect via three mechanisms: (1) inhibition of SAMs and the norepinephrine transporter protein SlC6a2, (2) promoting SNS activity and thermogenesis, and (3) regulating immunologic balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan He
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Meirong Gong
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianqian Tang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengqian Yuan
- The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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15
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Gaudry MJ, Keuper M, Jastroch M. Molecular evolution of thermogenic uncoupling protein 1 and implications for medical intervention of human disease. Mol Aspects Med 2019; 68:6-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Everything You Always Wanted to Know about β 3-AR * (* But Were Afraid to Ask). Cells 2019; 8:cells8040357. [PMID: 30995798 PMCID: PMC6523418 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The beta-3 adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) is by far the least studied isotype of the beta-adrenergic sub-family. Despite its study being long hampered by the lack of suitable animal and cellular models and inter-species differences, a substantial body of literature on the subject has built up in the last three decades and the physiology of β3-AR is unraveling quickly. As will become evident in this work, β3-AR is emerging as an appealing target for novel pharmacological approaches in several clinical areas involving metabolic, cardiovascular, urinary, and ocular disease. In this review, we will discuss the most recent advances regarding β3-AR signaling and function and summarize how these findings translate, or may do so, into current clinical practice highlighting β3-AR’s great potential as a novel therapeutic target in a wide range of human conditions.
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17
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Evans BA, Merlin J, Bengtsson T, Hutchinson DS. Adrenoceptors in white, brown, and brite adipocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:2416-2432. [PMID: 30801689 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenoceptors play an important role in adipose tissue biology and physiology that includes regulating the synthesis and storage of triglycerides (lipogenesis), the breakdown of stored triglycerides (lipolysis), thermogenesis (heat production), glucose metabolism, and the secretion of adipocyte-derived hormones that can control whole-body energy homeostasis. These processes are regulated by the sympathetic nervous system through actions at different adrenoceptor subtypes expressed in adipose tissue depots. In this review, we have highlighted the role of adrenoceptor subtypes in white, brown, and brite adipocytes in both rodents and humans and have included detailed analysis of adrenoceptor expression in human adipose tissue and clonally derived adipocytes. We discuss important considerations when investigating adrenoceptor function in adipose tissue or adipocytes. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Adrenoceptors-New Roles for Old Players. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn A Evans
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jon Merlin
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tore Bengtsson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dana S Hutchinson
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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18
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Evaluation of Glucose Uptake and Uncoupling Protein 1 Activity in Adipose Tissue of Diabetic Mice upon β-Adrenergic Stimulation. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 21:249-256. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-018-1251-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Emont MP, Kim DI, Wu J. Development, activation, and therapeutic potential of thermogenic adipocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:13-19. [PMID: 29763732 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, significant progress has been made in understanding adipocytes with a particular focus on thermogenic fat cells, which effectively convert chemical energy into heat in addition to their other metabolic functions. It has been increasingly recognized that different types and subtypes of adipocytes exist and the developmental origins of various types of fat cells are being intensively investigated. Previous work using immortalized fat cell lines has established an intricate transcriptional network that regulates adipocyte function. Recent work has illustrated how these key transcriptional components mediate thermogenic activation in fat cells. Last but not least, cumulative evidence supports an incontestable role of thermogenic fat in influencing systemic metabolism in humans. Here we summarize the exciting advancements in our understanding of thermogenic fat, discuss the advantages and limitations of the experimental tools currently available, and explore the future directions of this fast-evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margo P Emont
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dong-Il Kim
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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20
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Steensels S, Ersoy BA. Fatty acid activation in thermogenic adipose tissue. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:79-90. [PMID: 29793055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Channeling carbohydrates and fatty acids to thermogenic tissues, including brown and beige adipocytes, have garnered interest as an approach for the management of obesity-related metabolic disorders. Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (β-oxidation) is crucial for the maintenance of thermogenesis. Upon cellular fatty acid uptake or following lipolysis from triglycerides (TG), fatty acids are esterified to coenzyme A (CoA) to form active acyl-CoA molecules. This enzymatic reaction is essential for their utilization in β-oxidation and thermogenesis. The activation and deactivation of fatty acids are regulated by two sets of enzymes called acyl-CoA synthetases (ACS) and acyl-CoA thioesterases (ACOT), respectively. The expression levels of ACS and ACOT family members in thermogenic tissues will determine the substrate availability for β-oxidation, and consequently the thermogenic capacity. Although the role of the majority of ACS and ACOT family members in thermogenesis remains unclear, recent proceedings link the enzymatic activities of ACS and ACOT family members to metabolic disorders and thermogenesis. Elucidating the contributions of specific ACS and ACOT family members to trafficking of fatty acids towards thermogenesis may reveal novel targets for modulating thermogenic capacity and treating metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Steensels
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Baran A Ersoy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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21
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Ancestry and different rates of suicide and homicide in European countries: A study with population-level data. J Affect Disord 2018; 232:152-162. [PMID: 29494899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are large differences in suicide rates across Europe. The current study investigated the relationship of suicide and homicide rates in different countries of Europe with ancestry as it is defined with the haplotype frequencies of Y-DNA and mtDNA. MATERIAL AND METHODS The mortality data were retrieved from the WHO online database. The genetic data were retrieved from http://www.eupedia.com. The statistical analysis included Forward Stepwise Multiple Linear Regression analysis and Pearson Correlation Coefficient (R). RESULTS In males, N and R1a Y-DNA haplotypes were positively related to both homicidal and suicidal behaviors while I1 was negatively related. The Q was positively related to the homicidal rate. Overall, 60-75% of the observed variance was explained. L, J and X mtDNA haplogroups were negatively related with suicide in females alone, with 82-85% of the observed variance described. DISCUSSION The current study should not be considered as a study of genetic markers but rather a study of human ancestry. Its results could mean that research on suicidality has a strong biological but locally restricted component and could be limited by the study population; generalizability of the results at an international level might not be possible. Further research with patient-level data are needed to verify whether these haplotypes could serve as biological markers to identify persons at risk to commit suicide or homicide and whether biologically-determined ancestry could serve as an intermediate grouping method or even as an endophenotype in suicide research.
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You Y, Han X, Guo J, Guo Y, Yin M, Liu G, Huang W, Zhan J. Cyanidin-3-glucoside attenuates high-fat and high-fructose diet-induced obesity by promoting the thermogenic capacity of brown adipose tissue. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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23
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Lv YF, Yu J, Sheng YL, Huang M, Kong XC, Di WJ, Liu J, Zhou H, Liang H, Ding GX. Glucocorticoids Suppress the Browning of Adipose Tissue via miR-19b in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2018; 159:310-322. [PMID: 29077919 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Physiological levels of glucocorticoids (GCs) are required for proper metabolic control, and excessive GC action has been linked to a variety of pandemic metabolic diseases. MicroRNA (miRNA)-19b plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of GC-induced metabolic diseases. This study explored the potential of miRNA-based therapeutics targeting adipose tissue. Our results showed that overexpressed miR-19b in stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells derived from subcutaneous adipose tissue had the same effects as dexamethasone (DEX) treatment on the inhibition of adipose browning and oxygen consumption rate. The inhibition of miR-19b blocked DEX-mediated suppression of the expression of browning marker genes as well as the oxygen consumption rate in differentiated SVF cells derived from subcutaneous and brown adipose tissue. Overexpressed miR-19b in SVF cells derived from brown adipose tissue had the same effects as DEX treatment on the inhibition of brown adipose differentiation and energy expenditure. Glucocorticoids transcriptionally regulate the expression of miR-19b via a GC receptor-mediated direct DNA binding mechanism. This study confirmed that miR-19b is an essential target for GC-mediated control of adipose tissue browning. It is hoped that the plasticity of the adipose organ can be exploited in the next generation of therapeutic strategies to combat the increasing incidence of metabolic diseases, including obesity and diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- 3T3-L1 Cells
- Adipogenesis/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/cytology
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/cytology
- Adipose Tissue, White/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Energy Metabolism/drug effects
- Glucocorticoids/metabolism
- Glucocorticoids/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- MicroRNAs/antagonists & inhibitors
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Mutation
- Oxygen Consumption/drug effects
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- RNA/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA/metabolism
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/agonists
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism
- Stromal Cells/cytology
- Stromal Cells/drug effects
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
- Subcutaneous Fat/cytology
- Subcutaneous Fat/drug effects
- Subcutaneous Fat/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Lv
- Department of Gerontology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Gerontology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Lu Sheng
- Department of Gerontology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Gerontology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Cen Kong
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenj-Juan Di
- Department of Gerontology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Gerontology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hui Liang
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Xian Ding
- Department of Gerontology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Hosokawa K, Su F, Taccone FS, Post EH, Pereira AJ, Herpain A, Creteur J, Vincent JL. Esmolol Administration to Control Tachycardia in an Ovine Model of Peritonitis. Anesth Analg 2017; 125:1952-1959. [PMID: 28708664 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000002196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive adrenergic signaling may be harmful in sepsis. Using β-blockers to reduce sympathetic overactivity may modulate sepsis-induced cardiovascular, metabolic, immunologic, and coagulation alterations. Using a randomized ovine fecal peritonitis model, we investigated whether administration of a short-acting β-blocker, esmolol, could control tachycardia without deleterious effects on hemodynamics, renal perfusion, cerebral perfusion, cerebral metabolism, or outcome. METHODS After induction of fecal peritonitis, 14 anesthetized, mechanically ventilated, and hemodynamically monitored adult female sheep were randomly assigned to receive a continuous intravenous infusion of esmolol to control heart rate between 80 and 100 bpm (n = 7) or a saline infusion (control group, n = 7). Esmolol was discontinued when the mean arterial pressure decreased below 60 mm Hg. Fluid resuscitation was titrated to maintain pulmonary artery occlusion pressure at baseline values. Left renal blood flow and cerebral cortex perfusion and metabolism were monitored in addition to standard hemodynamic variables. RESULTS Esmolol was infused for 11 (9-14) hours; the target heart rate (80-100 bpm) was achieved between 3 and 8 hours after feces injection. In the first 5 hours after the start of the infusion, the decrease in heart rate was compensated by an increase in stroke volume index; later, stroke volume index was not statistically significantly different in the 2 groups, so that the cardiac work index was lower in the esmolol than in the control group. Hypotension (mean arterial pressure <60 mm Hg) occurred earlier (10 [8-12] vs 14 [11-20] hours; P= .01) in the esmolol group than in the control animals. Renal blood flow decreased earlier in the esmolol group, but there were no differences in urine output, cerebral cortex perfusion, metabolism, or survival between the groups. CONCLUSIONS In this ovine model of abdominal sepsis, early control of tachycardia by esmolol was associated with a transient increase in stroke volume, followed by earlier hypotension. There were no significant effects of esmolol on cerebral perfusion, metabolism, urine output, or survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Hosokawa
- From the Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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25
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Douris N, Desai BN, Fisher FM, Cisu T, Fowler AJ, Zarebidaki E, Nguyen NLT, Morgan DA, Bartness TJ, Rahmouni K, Flier JS, Maratos-Flier E. Beta-adrenergic receptors are critical for weight loss but not for other metabolic adaptations to the consumption of a ketogenic diet in male mice. Mol Metab 2017; 6:854-862. [PMID: 28752049 PMCID: PMC5518722 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have previously shown that the consumption of a low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (KD) by mice leads to a distinct physiologic state associated with weight loss, increased metabolic rate, and improved insulin sensitivity [1]. Furthermore, we identified fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) as a necessary mediator of the changes, as mice lacking FGF21 fed KD gain rather than lose weight [2]. FGF21 activates the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) [3], which is a key regulator of metabolic rate. Thus, we considered that the SNS may play a role in mediating the metabolic adaption to ketosis. METHODS To test this hypothesis, we measured the response of mice lacking all three β-adrenergic receptors (β-less mice) to KD feeding. RESULTS In contrast to wild-type (WT) controls, β-less mice gained weight, increased adipose tissue depots mass, and did not increase energy expenditure when consuming KD. Remarkably, despite weight-gain, β-less mice were insulin sensitive. KD-induced changes in hepatic gene expression of β-less mice were similar to those seen in WT controls eating KD. Expression of FGF21 mRNA rose over 60-fold in both WT and β-less mice fed KD, and corresponding circulating FGF21 levels were 12.5 ng/ml in KD-fed wild type controls and 35.5 ng/ml in KD-fed β-less mice. CONCLUSIONS The response of β-less mice distinguishes at least two distinct categories of physiologic effects in mice consuming KD. In the liver, KD regulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα)-dependent pathways through an action of FGF21 independent of the SNS and beta-adrenergic receptors. In sharp contrast, induction of interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) and increased energy expenditure absolutely require SNS signals involving action on one or more β-adrenergic receptors. In this way, the key metabolic actions of FGF21 in response to KD have diverse effector mechanisms.
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Key Words
- BAT, brown adipose tissue
- EE, energy expenditure
- FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 21
- IP, intraperitoneal
- ITT, insulin tolerance test
- IWAT, inguinal white adipose tissue
- KD, ketogenic diet
- Ketogenic diet
- PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
- SEM, standard error of the mean
- SNA, sympathetic nerve activity
- SNS, sympathetic nervous system
- Sympathetic nervous system
- UCP1, uncoupling protein 1
- Weight loss
- β-Adrenergic receptors
- β-less, lacking β1, β2, β3 adrenergic receptors
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Douris
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Bhavna N Desai
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ffolliott M Fisher
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Theodore Cisu
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alan J Fowler
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Eleen Zarebidaki
- Department of Biology and Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA
| | - Ngoc Ly T Nguyen
- Department of Biology and Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA
| | - Donald A Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Timothy J Bartness
- Department of Biology and Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Flier
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Eleftheria Maratos-Flier
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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26
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Shen W, McIntosh MK. Nutrient Regulation: Conjugated Linoleic Acid's Inflammatory and Browning Properties in Adipose Tissue. Annu Rev Nutr 2017; 36:183-210. [PMID: 27431366 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-050924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is the most widespread nutritional disease in the United States. Developing effective and safe strategies to manage excess body weight is therefore of paramount importance. One potential strategy to reduce obesity is to consume conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplements containing isomers cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12, or trans-10, cis-12 alone. Proposed antiobesity mechanisms of CLA include regulation of (a) adipogenesis, (b) lipid metabolism, (c) inflammation, (d) adipocyte apoptosis, (e) browning or beiging of adipose tissue, and (f) energy metabolism. However, causality of CLA-mediated responses to body fat loss, particularly the linkage between inflammation, thermogenesis, and energy metabolism, is unclear. This review examines whether CLA's antiobesity properties are due to inflammatory signaling and considers CLA's linkage with lipogenesis, lipolysis, thermogenesis, and browning of white and brown adipose tissue. We propose a series of questions and studies to interrogate the role of the sympathetic nervous system in mediating CLA's antiobesity properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Shen
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402; ,
| | - Michael K McIntosh
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402; ,
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27
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de Jong JMA, Wouters RTF, Boulet N, Cannon B, Nedergaard J, Petrovic N. The β 3-adrenergic receptor is dispensable for browning of adipose tissues. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 312:E508-E518. [PMID: 28223294 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00437.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Brown and brite/beige adipocytes are attractive therapeutic targets to treat metabolic diseases. To maximally utilize their functional potential, further understanding is required about their identities and their functional differences. Recent studies with β3-adrenergic receptor knockout mice reported that brite/beige adipocytes, but not classical brown adipocytes, require the β3-adrenergic receptor for cold-induced transcriptional activation of thermogenic genes. We aimed to further characterize this requirement of the β3-adrenergic receptor as a functional distinction between classical brown and brite/beige adipocytes. However, when comparing wild-type and β3-adrenergic receptor knockout mice, we observed no differences in cold-induced thermogenic gene expression (Ucp1, Pgc1a, Dio2, and Cidea) in brown or white (brite/beige) adipose tissues. Irrespective of the duration of the cold exposure or the sex of the mice, we observed no effect of the absence of the β3-adrenergic receptor. Experiments with the β3-adrenergic receptor agonist CL-316,243 verified the functional absence of β3-adrenergic signaling in these knockout mice. The β3-adrenergic receptor knockout model in the present study was maintained on a FVB/N background, whereas earlier reports used C57BL/6 and 129Sv mice. Thus our data imply background-dependent differences in adrenergic signaling mechanisms in response to cold exposure. Nonetheless, the present data indicate that the β3-adrenergic receptor is dispensable for cold-induced transcriptional activation in both classical brown and, as opposed to earlier studies, brite/beige cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adipogenesis/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, Beige/cytology
- Adipose Tissue, Beige/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, Beige/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/cytology
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adrenergic beta-3 Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cold-Shock Response/drug effects
- Dioxoles/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Intra-Abdominal Fat/cytology
- Intra-Abdominal Fat/drug effects
- Intra-Abdominal Fat/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/chemistry
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/metabolism
- Reproducibility of Results
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Species Specificity
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper M A de Jong
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - René T F Wouters
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nathalie Boulet
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natasa Petrovic
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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28
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Choung JS, Lee YS, Jun HS. Exendin-4 increases oxygen consumption and thermogenic gene expression in muscle cells. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 58:79-90. [PMID: 27872157 DOI: 10.1530/jme-16-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) has many anti-diabetic actions and also increases energy expenditure in vivo As skeletal muscle is a major organ controlling energy metabolism, we investigated whether GLP1 can affect energy metabolism in muscle. We found that treatment of differentiated C2C12 cells with exendin-4 (Ex-4), a GLP1 receptor agonist, reduced oleate:palmitate-induced lipid accumulation and triglyceride content compared with cells without Ex-4 treatment. When we examined the oxygen consumption rate (OCR), not only the basal OCR but also the OCR induced by oleate:palmitate addition was significantly increased in Ex-4-treated differentiated C2C12 cells, and this was inhibited by exendin-9, a GLP1 receptor antagonist. The expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), β3-adrenergic receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor a (PPARa) and farnesoid X receptor mRNA was significantly upregulated in Ex-4-treated differentiated C2C12 cells, and the upregulation of these mRNA was abolished by treatment with adenylate cyclase inhibitor (2'5'-dideoxyadenosine) or PKA inhibitor (H-89). As well, intramuscular injection of Ex-4 into diet-induced obese mice significantly increased the expression of UCP1, PPARa and p-AMPK in muscle. We suggest that exposure to GLP1 increases energy expenditure in muscle through the upregulation of fat oxidation and thermogenic gene expression, which may contribute to reducing obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Seung Choung
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical ScienceGachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes InstituteGachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sun Lee
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes InstituteGachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sook Jun
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical ScienceGachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes InstituteGachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Gachon Medical Research InstituteGil Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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29
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Mukaida S, Evans BA, Bengtsson T, Hutchinson DS, Sato M. Adrenoceptors promote glucose uptake into adipocytes and muscle by an insulin-independent signaling pathway involving mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2. Pharmacol Res 2016; 116:87-92. [PMID: 28025104 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Uptake of glucose into skeletal muscle and adipose tissue plays a vital role in metabolism and energy balance. Insulin released from β-islet cells of the pancreas promotes glucose uptake in these target tissues by stimulating translocation of GLUT4 transporters to the cell surface. This process is complex, involving signaling proteins including the mechanistic (or mammalian) target of rapamycin (mTOR) and Akt that intersect with multiple pathways controlling cell survival, growth and proliferation. mTOR exists in two forms, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2). mTORC1 has been intensively studied, acting as a key regulator of protein and lipid synthesis that integrates cellular nutrient availability and energy balance. Studies on mTORC2 have focused largely on its capacity to activate Akt by phosphorylation at Ser473, however recent findings demonstrate a novel role for mTORC2 in cellular glucose uptake. For example, agonists acting at β2-adrenoceptors (ARs) in skeletal muscle or β3-ARs in brown adipose tissue increase glucose uptake in vitro and in vivo via mechanisms dependent on mTORC2 but not Akt. In this review, we will focus on the signaling pathways downstream of β-ARs that promote glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and brown adipocytes, and will highlight how the insulin and adrenergic pathways converge and interact in these cells. The identification of insulin-independent mechanisms that promote glucose uptake should facilitate novel treatment strategies for metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Mukaida
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Bronwyn A Evans
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Tore Bengtsson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dana S Hutchinson
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Masaaki Sato
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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30
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Preite NZ, Nascimento BPPD, Muller CR, Américo ALV, Higa TS, Evangelista FS, Lancellotti CL, Henriques FDS, Batista ML, Bianco AC, Ribeiro MO. Disruption of beta3 adrenergic receptor increases susceptibility to DIO in mouse. J Endocrinol 2016; 231:259-269. [PMID: 27672060 PMCID: PMC5609459 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The brown adipose tissue (BAT) mediates adaptive changes in metabolic rate by responding to the sympathetic nervous system through β-adrenergic receptors (AR). Here, we wished to define the role played by the ARβ3 isoform in this process. This study focused on the ARβ3 knockout mice (ARβ3KO), including responsiveness to cold exposure, diet-induced obesity, intolerance to glucose, dyslipidaemia and lipolysis in white adipose tissue (WAT). ARβ3KO mice defend core temperature during cold exposure (4°C for 5 h), with faster BAT thermal response to norepinephrine (NE) infusion when compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Despite normal BAT thermogenesis, ARβ3KO mice kept on a high-fat diet (HFD; 40% fat) for 8 weeks exhibited greater susceptibility to diet-induced obesity, markedly increased epididymal adipocyte area with clear signs of inflammation. The HFD-induced glucose intolerance was similar in both groups but serum hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia were less intense in ARβ3KO animals when compared with WT controls. Isoproterenol-induced lipolysis in isolated white adipocytes as assessed by glycerol release was significantly impaired in ARβ3KO animals despite normal expression of key proteins involved in lipid metabolism. In conclusion, ARβ3 inactivation does not affect BAT thermogenesis but increases susceptibility to diet-induced obesity by dampening WAT lipolytic response to adrenergic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nailliw Z Preite
- Center of Biological and Health SciencesMackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Translational MedicineEPM, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna P P do Nascimento
- Center of Biological and Health SciencesMackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Translational MedicineEPM, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cynthia R Muller
- Experimental Pathophysiology DepartmentFaculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Anna Laura V Américo
- Experimental Pathophysiology DepartmentFaculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Talita S Higa
- School of ArtsSciences and Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiana S Evangelista
- School of ArtsSciences and Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carmen L Lancellotti
- Department of PathologySchool of Medical Sciences, Santa Casa, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe dos Santos Henriques
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue BiologyIntegrated Group of Biotechnology, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil
| | - Miguel Luiz Batista
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue BiologyIntegrated Group of Biotechnology, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Bianco
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal Medicine, Rush University and Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Miriam O Ribeiro
- Center of Biological and Health SciencesMackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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31
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Thuzar M, Ho KKY. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Brown adipose tissue in humans: regulation and metabolic significance. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 175:R11-25. [PMID: 27220620 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The recent discovery that functional brown adipose tissue (BAT) persists in adult humans has enkindled a renaissance in metabolic research, with a view of harnessing its thermogenic capacity to combat obesity. This review focuses on the advances in the regulation and the metabolic significance of BAT in humans. BAT activity in humans is stimulated by cold exposure and by several factors such as diet and metabolic hormones. BAT function is regulated at two levels: an acute process involving the stimulation of the intrinsic thermogenic activity of brown adipocytes and a chronic process of growth involving the proliferation of pre-existing brown adipocytes or differentiation to brown adipocytes of adipocytes from specific white adipose tissue depots. BAT activity is reduced in the obese, and its stimulation by cold exposure increases insulin sensitivity and reduces body fat. These observations provide strong evidence that BAT plays a significant role in energy balance in humans and has the potential to be harnessed as a therapeutic target for the management of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Thuzar
- Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesPrincess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, AustraliaSchool of MedicineUniversity of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesPrincess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, AustraliaSchool of MedicineUniversity of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Ken K Y Ho
- Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesPrincess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, AustraliaSchool of MedicineUniversity of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesPrincess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, AustraliaSchool of MedicineUniversity of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
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32
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis, for which hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor, is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Western society, and new therapeutic strategies are highly warranted. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is metabolically active in human adults. Although positron emission tomography-computed tomography using a glucose tracer is the golden standard to visualize and quantify the volume and activity of BAT, it has become clear that activated BAT combusts fatty acids rather than glucose. Here, we review the role of brown and beige adipocytes in lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis, with evidence derived from both animal and human studies. On the basis of mainly data from animal models, we propose a model in which activated brown adipocytes use their intracellular triglyceride stores to generate fatty acids for combustion. BAT rapidly replenishes these stores by internalizing primarily lipoprotein triglyceride-derived fatty acids, generated by lipoprotein lipase-mediated hydrolysis of triglycerides, rather than by holoparticle uptake. As a consequence, BAT activation leads to the generation of lipoprotein remnants that are subsequently cleared via the liver provided that an intact apoE-low-density lipoprotein receptor pathway is present. Through these mechanisms, BAT activation reduces plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels and attenuates diet-induced atherosclerosis development. Initial studies suggest that BAT activation in humans may also reduce triglyceride and cholesterol levels, but potential antiatherogenic effects should be assessed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geerte Hoeke
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jimmy F P Berbée
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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33
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Ravnskjaer K, Madiraju A, Montminy M. Role of the cAMP Pathway in Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2016; 233:29-49. [PMID: 26721678 DOI: 10.1007/164_2015_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
3'-5'-Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP or cAMP) was first described in 1957 as an intracellular second messenger mediating the effects of glucagon and epinephrine on hepatic glycogenolysis (Berthet et al., J Biol Chem 224(1):463-475, 1957). Since this initial characterization, cAMP has been firmly established as a versatile molecular signal involved in both central and peripheral regulation of energy homeostasis and nutrient partitioning. Many of these effects appear to be mediated at the transcriptional level, in part through the activation of the transcription factor CREB and its coactivators. Here we review current understanding of the mechanisms by which the cAMP signaling pathway triggers metabolic programs in insulin-responsive tissues.
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34
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Brown adipose tissue: a potential target in the fight against obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 129:933-49. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20150339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BAT (brown adipose tissue) is the main site of thermogenesis in mammals. It is essential to ensure thermoregulation in newborns. It is also found in (some) adult humans. Its capacity to oxidize fatty acids and glucose without ATP production contributes to energy expenditure and glucose homoeostasis. Brown fat activation has thus emerged as an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. In the present review, we integrate the recent advances on the metabolic role of BAT and its relation with other tissues as well as its potential contribution to fighting obesity and the metabolic syndrome.
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35
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Merlin J, Evans BA, Dehvari N, Sato M, Bengtsson T, Hutchinson DS. Could burning fat start with a brite spark? Pharmacological and nutritional ways to promote thermogenesis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Merlin
- Drug Discovery Biology; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Monash University; Parkville Australia
| | - Bronwyn A. Evans
- Drug Discovery Biology; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Monash University; Parkville Australia
| | - Nodi Dehvari
- Department of Molecular Biosciences; The Wenner-Gren Institute; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Masaaki Sato
- Drug Discovery Biology; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Monash University; Parkville Australia
- Department of Pharmacology; Monash University; Clayton Australia
| | - Tore Bengtsson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences; The Wenner-Gren Institute; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Dana S. Hutchinson
- Drug Discovery Biology; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Monash University; Parkville Australia
- Department of Pharmacology; Monash University; Clayton Australia
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36
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Spaethling JM, Sanchez-Alavez M, Lee J, Xia FC, Dueck H, Wang W, Fisher SA, Sul JY, Seale P, Kim J, Bartfai T, Eberwine J. Single-cell transcriptomics and functional target validation of brown adipocytes show their complex roles in metabolic homeostasis. FASEB J 2015; 30:81-92. [PMID: 26304220 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-273797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipocytes (BAs) are specialized for adaptive thermogenesis and, upon sympathetic stimulation, activate mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UCP)-1 and oxidize fatty acids to generate heat. The capacity for brown adipose tissue (BAT) to protect against obesity and metabolic disease is recognized, yet information about which signals activate BA, besides β3-adrenergic receptor stimulation, is limited. Using single-cell transcriptomics, we confirmed the presence of mRNAs encoding traditional BAT markers (i.e., UCP1, expressed in 100% of BAs Adrb3, expressed in <50% of BAs) in mouse and have shown single-cell variability (>1000-fold) in their expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. We further identified mRNAs encoding novel markers, orphan GPCRs, and many receptors that bind the classic neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, chemokines, cytokines, and hormones. The transcriptome variability between BAs suggests a much larger range of responsiveness of BAT than previously recognized and that not all BAs function identically. We examined the in vivo functional expression of 12 selected receptors by microinjecting agonists into live mouse BAT and analyzing the metabolic response. In this manner, we expanded the number of known receptors on BAs at least 25-fold, while showing that the expression of classic BA markers is more complex and variable than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Spaethling
- *Department of Pharmacology, Department of Genomics and Computational Biology, and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, and Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Manuel Sanchez-Alavez
- *Department of Pharmacology, Department of Genomics and Computational Biology, and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, and Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - JaeHee Lee
- *Department of Pharmacology, Department of Genomics and Computational Biology, and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, and Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Feng C Xia
- *Department of Pharmacology, Department of Genomics and Computational Biology, and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, and Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Hannah Dueck
- *Department of Pharmacology, Department of Genomics and Computational Biology, and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, and Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Wenshan Wang
- *Department of Pharmacology, Department of Genomics and Computational Biology, and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, and Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Stephen A Fisher
- *Department of Pharmacology, Department of Genomics and Computational Biology, and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, and Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jai-Yoon Sul
- *Department of Pharmacology, Department of Genomics and Computational Biology, and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, and Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Patrick Seale
- *Department of Pharmacology, Department of Genomics and Computational Biology, and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, and Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Junhyong Kim
- *Department of Pharmacology, Department of Genomics and Computational Biology, and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, and Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Tamas Bartfai
- *Department of Pharmacology, Department of Genomics and Computational Biology, and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, and Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - James Eberwine
- *Department of Pharmacology, Department of Genomics and Computational Biology, and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, and Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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Unser AM, Tian Y, Xie Y. Opportunities and challenges in three-dimensional brown adipogenesis of stem cells. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:962-79. [PMID: 26231586 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The formation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) via brown adipogenesis has become a notable process due to its ability to expend energy as heat with implications in the treatment of metabolic disorders and obesity. With the advent of complexity within white adipose tissue (WAT) along with inducible brown adipocytes (also known as brite and beige), there has been a surge in deciphering adipocyte biology as well as in vivo adipogenic microenvironments. A therapeutic outcome would benefit from understanding early events in brown adipogenesis, which can be accomplished by studying cellular differentiation. Pluripotent stem cells are an efficient model for differentiation and have been directed towards both white adipogenic and brown adipogenic lineages. The stem cell microenvironment greatly contributes to terminal cell fate and as such, has been mimicked extensively by various polymers including those that can form 3D hydrogel constructs capable of biochemical and/or mechanical modifications and modulations. Using bioengineering approaches towards the creation of 3D cell culture arrangements is more beneficial than traditional 2D culture in that it better recapitulates the native tissue biochemically and biomechanically. In addition, such an approach could potentially protect the tissue formed from necrosis and allow for more efficient implantation. In this review, we highlight the promise of brown adipocytes with a focus on brown adipogenic differentiation of stem cells using bioengineering approaches, along with potential challenges and opportunities that arise when considering the energy expenditure of BAT for prospective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Unser
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Yangzi Tian
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Yubing Xie
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road Albany, NY 12203, USA.
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38
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Ebrahimzadeh Attari V, Asghari Jafarabadi M, Zemestani M, Ostadrahimi A. Effect of Zingiber officinale Supplementation on Obesity Management with Respect to the Uncoupling Protein 1 -3826A>G and ß3-adrenergic Receptor Trp64Arg Polymorphism. Phytother Res 2015; 29:1032-9. [PMID: 25899896 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) supplementation on some obesity-associated parameters, with nutrigenetics approach. Accordingly, 80 eligible obese women (aged 18-45 years) were randomly assigned to receive either ginger (2-g ginger rhizomes powder as two 1-g tablets per day) or placebo supplements (corn starch with the same amount) for 12 weeks. Subjects were tested for changes in body weight, body mass index, waist and hip circumferences, body composition, appetite score, and dietary intake. Moreover, participants were genotyped for the -3826A>G and Trp64Arg polymorphisms of uncoupling protein 1 and ß3-adrenergic receptor genes, respectively. Over 12 weeks, ginger supplementation resulted in a slight but statistically significant decrease in all anthropometric measurements and total appetite score as compared with placebo group, which were more pronounced in subjects with the AA genotype for uncoupling protein 1 and Trp64Trp genotype for ß3-adrenergic receptor gene. However, there was no significant difference in changes of body composition and total energy and macronutrients intake between groups. In conclusion, our findings suggest that ginger consumption has potential in managing obesity, accompanying with an intervention-genotype interaction effect. However, further clinical trials need to explore ginger's efficacy as an anti-obesity agent in the form of powder, extract, or its active components.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maryam Zemestani
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Ostadrahimi
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Downey J, Lauzier D, Kloen P, Klarskov K, Richter M, Hamdy R, Faucheux N, Scimè A, Balg F, Grenier G. Prospective heterotopic ossification progenitors in adult human skeletal muscle. Bone 2015; 71:164-70. [PMID: 25445454 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has strong regenerative capabilities. However, failed regeneration can lead to complications where aberrant tissue forms as is the case with heterotopic ossification (HO), in which chondrocytes, osteoblasts and white and brown adipocytes can arise following severe trauma. In humans, the various HO cell types likely originate from multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in skeletal muscle, which have not been identified in humans until now. In the present study, adherent cells from freshly digested skeletal muscle tissue were expanded in defined culture medium and were FACS-enriched for the CD73(+)CD105(+)CD90(-) population, which displayed robust multilineage potential. Clonal differentiation assays confirmed that all three lineages originated from a single multipotent progenitor. In addition to differentiating into typical HO lineages, human muscle resident MSCs (hmrMSCs) also differentiated into brown adipocytes expressing uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Characterizing this novel multipotent hmrMSC population with a brown adipocyte differentiation capacity has enhanced our understanding of the contribution of non-myogenic progenitor cells to regeneration and aberrant tissue formation in human skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Downey
- CHUS Clinical Research Centre, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | | | - Peter Kloen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klaus Klarskov
- CHUS Clinical Research Centre, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Richter
- CHUS Clinical Research Centre, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Reggie Hamdy
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Surgery, Orthopedic Surgery Division, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Faucheux
- CHUS Clinical Research Centre, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Anthony Scimè
- Stem Cell Research Group, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Frédéric Balg
- CHUS Clinical Research Centre, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Guillaume Grenier
- CHUS Clinical Research Centre, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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40
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Abstract
Brown adipose tissue is specialised for the generation of heat by non-shivering mechanisms. In rodents, the tissue plays a role in energy balance and the development of obesity, as well as in thermoregulation. Studies using fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), together with the identification of uncoupling protein-1, have provided definitive evidence that brown adipose tissue is present in adult humans. Brown fat activity is stimulated by cold exposure, declines with age and is inversely proportional to BMI. This has led to renewed interest in the tissue as a therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity. Brown adipose tissue also plays a role in glucose disposal and triglyceride clearance, implicating it in the metabolic syndrome. A potential mechanism for increasing thermogenesis is by the 'browning' of white adipose depots through the recruitment of the recently identified third type of adipocyte - the brite (or beige) fat cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Trayhurn
- Clore Laboratory, Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham, Hunter Street, Buckingham, MK18 1EG, UK.
- Obesity Biology Research Unit, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Diseases, University of Liverpool, Duncan Building, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK.
- College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jonathan R S Arch
- Clore Laboratory, Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham, Hunter Street, Buckingham, MK18 1EG, UK
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41
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Contreras GA, Lee YH, Mottillo EP, Granneman JG. Inducible brown adipocytes in subcutaneous inguinal white fat: the role of continuous sympathetic stimulation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E793-9. [PMID: 25184993 PMCID: PMC4216946 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00033.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipocytes (BA) generate heat in response to sympathetic activation and are the main site of nonshivering thermogenesis in mammals. Although most BA are located in classic brown adipose tissue depots, BA are also abundant in the inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) before weaning. The number of BA is correlated with the density of sympathetic innervation in iWAT; however, the role of continuous sympathetic tone in the establishment and maintenance of BA in WAT has not been investigated. BA marker expression in iWAT was abundant in weaning mice but was greatly reduced by 8 wk of age. Nonetheless, BA phenotype could be rapidly reinstated by acute β₃-adrenergic stimulation with CL-316,243 (CL). Genetic tagging of adipocytes with adiponectin-CreER(T2) demonstrated that CL reinstates uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression in adipocytes that were present before weaning. Chronic surgical denervation dramatically reduced the ability of CL to induce the expression of UCP1 and other BA markers in the tissue as a whole, and this loss of responsiveness was prevented by concurrent treatment with CL. These results indicate that ongoing sympathetic activity is critical to preserve the ability of iWAT fat cells to express a BA phenotype upon adrenergic stimulation.
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MESH Headings
- Adipocytes, Brown/cytology
- Adipocytes, Brown/metabolism
- Adipogenesis
- Adrenergic beta-3 Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Aging
- Animals
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Crosses, Genetic
- Denervation/adverse effects
- Dioxoles/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Groin
- Immunohistochemistry
- Ion Channels/agonists
- Ion Channels/metabolism
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mitochondrial Proteins/agonists
- Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism
- Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal/cytology
- Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal/growth & development
- Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal/innervation
- Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal/metabolism
- Sympathetic Nervous System/drug effects
- Sympathetic Nervous System/growth & development
- Sympathetic Nervous System/metabolism
- Synaptic Transmission/drug effects
- Uncoupling Protein 1
- Weaning
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Affiliation(s)
- G Andres Contreras
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Yun-Hee Lee
- Center for Integrative Metabolic and Endocrine Research, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; and
| | - Emilio P Mottillo
- Center for Integrative Metabolic and Endocrine Research, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; and
| | - James G Granneman
- Center for Integrative Metabolic and Endocrine Research, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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42
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Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis: β3-adrenoreceptors as a potential target for the treatment of obesity in humans. Cardiol Rev 2014; 21:265-9. [PMID: 23707990 DOI: 10.1097/crd.0b013e31829cabff] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown in rodents and newborn babies that brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays an important role in the generation of heat for maintenance of core body temperature. BAT is responsible for the process of adaptive thermogenesis, which involves heat generation in response to a drop in the environment's temperature or to high energy intake from diet. In rodents, the process of BAT thermogenesis is controlled by activation of the β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR), which has a protective effect against development of obesity. Previously, it was generally thought that in humans, BAT dissipated after childhood and adopted an insignificant role in human physiology. However, over the past few years, it has been discovered that adult humans still possess fully functional BAT. Through imaging with F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography scans, it has been determined that not only does human BAT exist, but also it is still responsive to stimuli, such as a drop in the environment's temperature. Although some evidence exists for β3-AR control of BAT thermogenesis in humans, this fact remains unclear due to a lack of highly selective β3-AR agonists and antagonists which have an effect on the human body. With further investigation on thermogenesis receptor control and effect of BAT metabolism on whole body energy expenditure, BAT may serve as a potential target for the treatment and prevention of obesity and other metabolic conditions in humans.
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43
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Sugatani J, Sadamitsu S, Yamaguchi M, Yamazaki Y, Higa R, Hattori Y, Uchida T, Ikari A, Sugiyama W, Watanabe T, Ishii S, Miwa M, Shimizu T. Antiobese function of platelet‐activating factor: increased adiposity in platelet‐activating factor receptor‐deficient mice with age. FASEB J 2013; 28:440-52. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-233262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junko Sugatani
- Department of Pharmaco‐BiochemistrySchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SurugakuShizuoka CityJapan
- Global Center of Excellence for Innovation in Human Health SciencesSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSurugakuShizuoka CityJapan
| | - Satoshi Sadamitsu
- Department of Pharmaco‐BiochemistrySchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SurugakuShizuoka CityJapan
| | - Masahiko Yamaguchi
- Department of Pharmaco‐BiochemistrySchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SurugakuShizuoka CityJapan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamazaki
- Department of Pharmaco‐BiochemistrySchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SurugakuShizuoka CityJapan
| | - Ryoko Higa
- Department of Pharmaco‐BiochemistrySchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SurugakuShizuoka CityJapan
| | - Yoshiki Hattori
- Department of Pharmaco‐BiochemistrySchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SurugakuShizuoka CityJapan
| | - Takahiro Uchida
- Department of Pharmaco‐BiochemistrySchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SurugakuShizuoka CityJapan
| | - Akira Ikari
- Department of Pharmaco‐BiochemistrySchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SurugakuShizuoka CityJapan
| | - Wataru Sugiyama
- School of Food and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of ShizuokaSurugakuShizuoka CityJapan
| | - Tatsuo Watanabe
- Global Center of Excellence for Innovation in Human Health SciencesSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSurugakuShizuoka CityJapan
- School of Food and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of ShizuokaSurugakuShizuoka CityJapan
| | - Satoshi Ishii
- Department of ImmunologyGraduate School of MedicineAkita UniversityAkita CityJapan
| | - Masao Miwa
- Department of Pharmaco‐BiochemistrySchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SurugakuShizuoka CityJapan
| | - Takao Shimizu
- Department of Lipid SignalingNational Center for Global Health and MedicineTokyoJapan
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44
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Beranger GE, Karbiener M, Barquissau V, Pisani DF, Scheideler M, Langin D, Amri EZ. In vitro brown and “brite”/“beige” adipogenesis: Human cellular models and molecular aspects. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:905-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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Fealey RD. Interoception and autonomic nervous system reflexes thermoregulation. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2013; 117:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53491-0.00007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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46
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Vosselman MJ, van der Lans AAJJ, Brans B, Wierts R, van Baak MA, Schrauwen P, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Systemic β-adrenergic stimulation of thermogenesis is not accompanied by brown adipose tissue activity in humans. Diabetes 2012; 61:3106-13. [PMID: 22872233 PMCID: PMC3501890 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is currently considered as a target to combat obesity and diabetes in humans. BAT is densely innervated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and can be stimulated by β-adrenergic agonists, at least in animals. However, the exact role of the β-adrenergic part of the SNS in BAT activation in humans is not known yet. In this study, we measured BAT activity by 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-d-glucose ([(18)F]FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging in 10 lean men during systemic infusion of the nonselective β-agonist isoprenaline (ISO) and compared this with cold-activated BAT activity. ISO successfully mimicked sympathetic stimulation as shown by increased cardiovascular and metabolic activity. Energy expenditure increased to similar levels as during cold exposure. Surprisingly, BAT was not activated during β-adrenergic stimulation. We next examined whether the high plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels induced by ISO competed with glucose ([(18)F]FDG) uptake in BAT locations by blocking lipolysis with acipimox (ACI). ACI successfully lowered plasma FFA, but did not increase [(18)F]FDG-uptake in BAT. We therefore conclude that systemic nonselective β-adrenergic stimulation by ISO at concentrations that increase energy expenditure to the same extent as cold exposure does not activate BAT in humans, indicating that other tissues are responsible for the increased β-adrenergic thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten J Vosselman
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Mirbolooki MR, Constantinescu CC, Pan ML, Mukherjee J. Targeting presynaptic norepinephrine transporter in brown adipose tissue: a novel imaging approach and potential treatment for diabetes and obesity. Synapse 2012; 67:79-93. [PMID: 23080264 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a significant role in metabolism. In this study, we report the use of atomoxetine (a clinically applicable norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor) for (18)F-FDG PET imaging of BAT and its effects on heat production and blood glucose concentration. Fasted-male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered with intravenous (18)F-FDG. The same rats were treated with atomoxetine (0.1 mg/kg, i.v.) 30 min before (18)F-FDG administration. To confirm the β-adrenergic effects, propranolol (β-adrenergic inhibitor) 5 mg/kg was given intraperitoneally 30 min prior to atomoxetine administration. The effect of atomoxetine on BAT metabolism was assessed in fasted and non-fasted rats and on BAT temperature and blood glucose in fasted rats. In (18)F-FDG PET/CT images, interscapular BAT (IBAT) and other areas of BAT were clearly visualized. When rats were fasted, atomoxetine (0.1 mg/kg) increased the (18)F-FDG uptake of IBAT by factor of 24 within 30 min. Propranolol reduced the average (18)F-FDG uptake of IBAT significantly. Autoradiography of IBAT and white adipose tissue confirmed the data obtained by PET. When rats were not fasted, atomoxetine-induced increase of (18)F-FDG uptake in IBAT was delayed and occurred in 120 min. For comparison, direct stimulation of β(3)-adrenreceptors in non-fasted rats with CL-316, 243 occurred within 30 min. Atomoxetine-induced IBAT activation was associated with higher IBAT temperature and lower blood glucose. This was mediated by inhibition of norepinephrine reuptake transporters in IBAT leading to increased norepinephrine concentration in the synapse. Increased synaptic norepinephrine activates β(3)-adrenreceptors resulting in BAT hypermetabolism that is visible and quantifiable by (18)F-FDG PET/CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reza Mirbolooki
- Preclinical Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-5000, USA.
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Birerdinc A, Jarrar M, Stotish T, Randhawa M, Baranova A. Manipulating molecular switches in brown adipocytes and their precursors: a therapeutic potential. Prog Lipid Res 2012; 52:51-61. [PMID: 22960032 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipocytes constitute a metabolically active tissue responsible for non-shivering thermogenesis and the depletion of excess calories. Differentiation of brown fat adipocytes de novo or stimulation of pre-existing brown adipocytes within white adipose depots could provide a novel method for reducing the obesity and alleviating the consequences of type II diabetes worldwide. In this review, we addressed several molecular mechanisms involved in the control of brown fat activity, namely, the β₃-adrenergic stimulation of thermogenesis during exposure to cold or by catecholamines; the augmentation of thyroid function; the modulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), transcription factors of the C/EBP family, and the PPARγ co-activator PRDM16; the COX-2-driven expression of UCP1; the stimulation of the vanilloid subfamily receptor TRPV1 by capsaicin and monoacylglycerols; the effects of BMP7 or its analogs; the cannabinoid receptor antagonists and melanogenesis modulating agents. Manipulating one or more of these pathways may provide a solution to the problem of harnessing brown fat's thermogenic potential. However, a better understanding of their interplay and other homeostatic mechanisms is required for the development of novel therapies for millions of obese and/or diabetic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aybike Birerdinc
- Center for the Study of Chronic Metabolic Diseases, School of Systems Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
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Boss O, Farmer SR. Recruitment of brown adipose tissue as a therapy for obesity-associated diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:14. [PMID: 22654854 PMCID: PMC3356088 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been recognized for more than 20 years to play a key role in cold-induced non-shivering thermogenesis (CIT, NST), and body weight homeostasis in animals. BAT is a flexible tissue that can be recruited by stimuli (including small molecules in animals), and atrophies in the absence of a stimulus. In fact, the contribution of BAT (and UCP1) to resting metabolic rate and healthy body weight homeostasis in animals (rodents) is now well established. Many investigations have shown that resistance to obesity and associated disorders in various rodent models is due to increased BAT mass and the number of brown adipocytes or UCP1 expression in various depots. The recent discovery of active BAT in adult humans has rekindled the notion that BAT is a therapeutic target for combating obesity-related metabolic disorders. In this review, we highlight investigations performed in rodents that support the contention that activation of BAT formation and/or function in obese individuals is therapeutically powerful. We also propose that enhancement of brown adipocyte functions in white adipose tissue (WAT) will also regulate energy balance as well as reduce insulin resistance in obesity-associated inflammation in WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Boss
- Energesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephen R. Farmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of MedicineBoston, MA, USA
- *Correspondence: Stephen R. Farmer, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA. e-mail:
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Townsend K, Tseng YH. Brown adipose tissue: Recent insights into development, metabolic function and therapeutic potential. Adipocyte 2012; 1:13-24. [PMID: 23700507 PMCID: PMC3661118 DOI: 10.4161/adip.18951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is currently a global pandemic, and is associated with increased mortality and co-morbidities including many metabolic diseases. Obesity is characterized by an increase in adipose mass due to increased energy intake, decreased energy expenditure, or both. While white adipose tissue is specialized for energy storage, brown adipose tissue has a high concentration of mitochondria and uniquely expresses uncoupling protein 1, enabling it to be specialized for energy expenditure and thermogenesis. Although brown fat was once considered only necessary in babies, recent morphological and imaging studies have provided evidence that, contrary to prior belief, this tissue is present and active in adult humans. In recent years, the topic of brown adipose tissue has been reinvigorated with many new studies regarding brown adipose tissue differentiation, function and therapeutic promise. This review summarizes the recent advances, discusses the emerging questions and offers perspective on the potential therapeutic applications targeting this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy Townsend
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute; Harvard University; Cambridge, MA USA
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