1
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Khan SU, Rayees S, Sharma P, Malik F. Targeting redox regulation and autophagy systems in cancer stem cells. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:1405-1423. [PMID: 36473988 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-022-00955-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a dysregulated cellular level pathological condition that results in tumor formation followed by metastasis. In the heterogeneous tumor architecture, cancer stem cells (CSCs) are essential to push forward the progression of tumors due to their strong pro-tumor properties such as stemness, self-renewal, plasticity, metastasis, and being poorly responsive to radiotherapy and chemotherapeutic agents. Cancer stem cells have the ability to withstand various stress pressures by modulating transcriptional and translational mechanisms, and adaptable metabolic changes. Owing to CSCs heterogeneity and plasticity, these cells display varied metabolic and redox profiles across different types of cancers. It has been established that there is a disparity in the levels of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generated in CSCs vs Non-CSC and these differential levels are detected across different tumors. CSCs have unique metabolic demands and are known to change plasticity during metastasis by passing through the interchangeable epithelial and mesenchymal-like phenotypes. During the metastatic process, tumor cells undergo epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) thus attaining invasive properties while leaving the primary tumor site, similarly during the course of circulation and extravasation at a distant organ, these cells regain their epithelial characteristics through Mesenchymal to Epithelial Transition (MET) to initiate micrometastasis. It has been evidenced that levels of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and associated metabolic activities vary between the epithelial and mesenchymal states of CSCs. Similarly, the levels of oxidative and metabolic states were observed to get altered in CSCs post-drug treatments. As oxidative and metabolic changes guide the onset of autophagy in cells, its role in self-renewal, quiescence, proliferation and response to drug treatment is well established. This review will highlight the molecular mechanisms useful for expanding therapeutic strategies based on modulating redox regulation and autophagy activation to targets. Specifically, we will account for the mounting data that focus on the role of ROS generated by different metabolic pathways and autophagy regulation in eradicating stem-like cells hereafter referred to as cancer stem cells (CSCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Ullah Khan
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar, 190005, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sheikh Rayees
- PK PD Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Pankaj Sharma
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar, 190005, India
| | - Fayaz Malik
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar, 190005, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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2
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Lawson D, Vann C, Schoenfeld BJ, Haun C. Beyond Mechanical Tension: A Review of Resistance Exercise-Induced Lactate Responses & Muscle Hypertrophy. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:jfmk7040081. [PMID: 36278742 PMCID: PMC9590033 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7040081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review aims to explore and discuss recent research relating to the lactate response to resistance training and the potential mechanisms by which lactate may contribute to skeletal muscle hypertrophy or help to prevent muscle atrophy. First, we will discuss foundational information pertaining to lactate including metabolism, measurement, shuttling, and potential (although seemingly elusive) mechanisms for hypertrophy. We will then provide a brief analysis of resistance training protocols and the associated lactate response. Lastly, we will discuss potential shortcomings, resistance training considerations, and future research directions regarding lactate's role as a potential anabolic agent for skeletal muscle hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lawson
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Christopher Vann
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Brad J. Schoenfeld
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, Lehman College of CUNY, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Cody Haun
- Fitomics, LLC, Alabaster, AL 35007, USA
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3
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Kon M, Ebi Y, Nakagaki K. Hormonal, metabolic, and angiogenic responses to all-out sprint interval exercise under systemic hyperoxia. Growth Horm IGF Res 2022; 63:101445. [PMID: 35168036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2022.101445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hyperoxic gas inhalation during exercise may negatively affect all-out sprint interval exercise (SIE)-induced hormonal, metabolic, and angiogenic responses. We investigated the effects of acute all-out SIE under systemic hyperoxia on hormonal, metabolic, and angiogenic responses. DESIGN This was a randomised-crossover trial. Ten healthy males (mean ± standard error of age = 23.1 ± 0.9 years; height = 171.0 ± 1.6 cm; body mass = 66.2 ± 2.0 kg; body mass index = 22.6 ± 0.5 kg/m2) completed the following two experimental regimens: 1) SIE under normoxia and 2) SIE under systemic hyperoxia (FiO2 = 60%). The subjects performed four bouts of 30-s maximal cycling efforts with 4 min recovery between efforts. The circulating levels of hormonal (growth hormone, epinephrine, and norepinephrine), metabolic (glucose, free fatty acid, and lactate), and angiogenic (vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9, and endostatin) markers were measured before and at 0 (immediately after the regimen), 30, and 120 min after both regimens. RESULTS In response to both SIE regimens, the peak and mean power outputs gradually decreased over the intermittent exercise session compared with those in the first bout (p < 0.01) with no significant differences between the regimens. Both regimens significantly increased the circulating concentrations of all hormonal, metabolic, and angiogenic markers (p < 0.01). However, there were no significant differences in the levels of these markers in response to the two regimens at any time point (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that acute systemic hyperoxia does not influence the hormonal, metabolic, and angiogenic responses to all-out SIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Kon
- Department of Health Care and Sports, Faculty of Human Life Design, Toyo University, 1-7-11, Akabanedai, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0053, Japan; Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0056, Japan.
| | - Yoshiko Ebi
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0056, Japan
| | - Kohei Nakagaki
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0056, Japan; Department of Sports Sciences, Yamanashi Gakuin University, 2-4-5 Sakaori, Kofu, Yamanashi 158-8508, Japan
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4
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Takeda R, Nonaka Y, Kakinoki K, Miura S, Kano Y, Hoshino D. Effect of endurance training and PGC-1α overexpression on calculated lactate production volume during exercise based on blood lactate concentration. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1635. [PMID: 35102189 PMCID: PMC8803982 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05593-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactate production is an important clue for understanding metabolic and signal responses to exercise but its measurement is difficult. Therefore, this study aimed (1) to develop a method of calculating lactate production volume during exercise based on blood lactate concentration and compare the effects between endurance exercise training (EX) and PGC-1α overexpression (OE), (2) to elucidate which proteins and enzymes contribute to changes in lactate production due to EX and muscle PGC-1α OE, and (3) to elucidate the relationship between lactate production volume and signaling phosphorylations involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. EX and PGC-1α OE decreased muscle lactate production volume at the absolute same-intensity exercise, but only PGC-1α OE increased lactate production volume at the relative same-intensity exercise. Multiple linear regression revealed that phosphofructokinase, monocarboxylate transporter (MCT)1, MCT4, and citrate synthase equally contribute to the lactate production volume at high-intensity exercise within physiological adaptations, such as EX, not PGC-1α OE. We found that an exercise intensity-dependent increase in the lactate production volume was associated with a decrease in glycogen concentration and an increase in P-AMPK/T-AMPK. This suggested that the calculated lactate production volume was appropriate and reflected metabolic and signal responses but further modifications are needed for the translation to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reo Takeda
- Bioscience and Technology Program, Department of Engineering Science, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Tokyo, 182-8585, Chofu, Japan
| | - Yudai Nonaka
- Bioscience and Technology Program, Department of Engineering Science, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Tokyo, 182-8585, Chofu, Japan
- Institute of Liberal Arts and Science, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | | | - Shinji Miura
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kano
- Bioscience and Technology Program, Department of Engineering Science, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Tokyo, 182-8585, Chofu, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hoshino
- Bioscience and Technology Program, Department of Engineering Science, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Tokyo, 182-8585, Chofu, Japan.
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5
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Brooks GA, Osmond AD, Leija RG, Curl CC, Arevalo JA, Duong JJ, Horning MA. The blood lactate/pyruvate equilibrium affair. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 322:E34-E43. [PMID: 34719944 PMCID: PMC8722269 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00270.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Lactate Shuttle hypothesis is supported by a variety of techniques including mass spectrometry analytics following infusion of carbon-labeled isotopic tracers. However, there has been controversy over whether lactate tracers measure lactate (L) or pyruvate (P) turnover. Here, we review the analytical errors, use of inappropriate tissue and animal models, failure to consider L and P pool sizes in modeling results, inappropriate tracer and blood sampling sites, and failure to anticipate roles of heart and lung parenchyma on L⇔P interactions. With support from magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and immunocytochemistry, we conclude that carbon-labeled lactate tracers can be used to quantitate lactate fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Brooks
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Adam D Osmond
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Robert G Leija
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Casey C Curl
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Jose A Arevalo
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Justin J Duong
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Michael A Horning
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
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6
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Oxygen-enriched air reduces breathing gas consumption over air. Curr Res Physiol 2022; 5:79-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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7
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Möller F, Jacobi E, Hoffmann U, Muth T, Schipke JD. Oxygen-enriched Air Decreases Ventilation during High-intensity Fin-swimming Underwater. Int J Sports Med 2021; 43:230-236. [PMID: 34399427 PMCID: PMC8885326 DOI: 10.1055/a-1554-5093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen-enriched air is commonly used in the sport of SCUBA-diving and might affect ventilation and heart rate, but little work exists for applied diving settings. We hypothesized that ventilation is decreased especially during strenuous underwater fin-swimming when using oxygen-enriched air as breathing gas. Ten physically-fit divers (age: 25±4; 5 females; 67±113 open-water dives) performed incremental underwater fin-swimming until exhaustion at 4 m water depth with either normal air or oxygen-enriched air (40% O
2
) in a double-blind, randomized within-subject design. Heart rate and ventilation were measured throughout the dive and maximum whole blood lactate samples were determined post-exercise. ANOVAs showed a significant effect for the factor breathing gas (F(1, 9)=7.52; P=0.023; η
2p
=0.455), with a lower ventilation for oxygen-enriched air during fin-swimming velocities of 0.6 m·s
−1
(P=0.032) and 0.8 m·s
−1
(P=0.037). Heart rate, lactate, and time to exhaustion showed no significant differences. These findings indicate decreased ventilation by an elevated oxygen fraction in the breathing gas when fin-swimming in shallow-water submersion with high velocity (>0.5 m·s
−1
). Applications are within involuntary underwater exercise or rescue scenarios for all dives with limited gas supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Möller
- Department of Exercise Physiology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elena Jacobi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Uwe Hoffmann
- Department of Exercise Physiology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Muth
- Occupational, Social, Environmental Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-Universitat Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Jochen D Schipke
- Research Group Experimenal Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
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8
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Silva TC, Aidar FJ, Zanona ADF, Matos DG, Pereira DD, Rezende PEN, Ferreira ARP, Junior HA, dos Santos JL, Silva DDS, Barbosa FDS, Thuany M, de Souza RF. The Acute Effect of Hyperoxia on Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation (OBLA) and Performance in Female Runners during the Maximal Treadmill Test. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094546. [PMID: 33922940 PMCID: PMC8123303 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze the acute effect of hyperoxia during the maximal treadmill test (MTT) of runners. Participants included 10 female street runners who performed the MTT under two different conditions: hyperoxia (HYPX), inhaling oxygen (60% O2) every 3 min; and normoxia (NORM), without additional oxygen inhalation. Both groups performed the MTT with increases in the slope of the run every 3 min until voluntary exhaustion. The variables of lactate concentration, the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate (HR), and Borg scale were evaluated. It was verified after the comparison (HYPX vs. NORM) that stage 3 (p = 0.012, Cohen’s d = 1.76) and stage 4 (p < 0.001; Cohen’s d = 5.69) showed a reduction in lactate under the HYPX condition. OBLA under the HYPX condition was identified at a later stage than NORM. There were no differences in Borg scale, SpO2, and HR between the different conditions. It was concluded that the HYPX condition contributed to a reduction in lactate concentration and delayed OBLA in runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thays C. Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil; (T.C.S.); (F.J.A.); (P.E.N.R.); (D.d.S.S.)
| | - Felipe J. Aidar
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil; (T.C.S.); (F.J.A.); (P.E.N.R.); (D.d.S.S.)
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil; (D.G.M.); (D.D.P.)
- Post-Graduation Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil; (J.L.d.S.); (M.T.)
| | | | - Dihogo Gama Matos
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil; (D.G.M.); (D.D.P.)
| | - Danielle D. Pereira
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil; (D.G.M.); (D.D.P.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Paulo Emmanuel Nunes Rezende
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil; (T.C.S.); (F.J.A.); (P.E.N.R.); (D.d.S.S.)
| | | | - Heleno Almeida Junior
- Post Graduate Program in Physiology Sciences, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergi, pe—UFS, São Cristóvão 49100-000, Brazil;
| | - Jymmys Lopes dos Santos
- Post-Graduation Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil; (J.L.d.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Devisson dos Santos Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil; (T.C.S.); (F.J.A.); (P.E.N.R.); (D.d.S.S.)
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil; (D.G.M.); (D.D.P.)
- Post-Graduation Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil; (J.L.d.S.); (M.T.)
| | | | - Mabliny Thuany
- Post-Graduation Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil; (J.L.d.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Raphael F. de Souza
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil; (T.C.S.); (F.J.A.); (P.E.N.R.); (D.d.S.S.)
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil; (D.G.M.); (D.D.P.)
- Post-Graduation Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil; (J.L.d.S.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-79-3194-6537
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9
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Kon M, Taniguchi K, Ebi Y, Nakagaki K. Effects of high-intensity interval exercise under hyperoxia on HSP27 and oxidative stress responses. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2020; 283:103544. [PMID: 32927097 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2020.103544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia in working muscles during exercise may be associated with increased oxidative stress. Inhalation of hyperoxic gas diminishes the hypoxia within working muscles during exercise. Exposure to hyperoxia increases the expression of the antioxidant HSP27. We investigated the effects of acute high-intensity interval exercise (HIE) under hyperoxia on HSP27 levels and oxidative stress responses. Eight male subjects participated in two experiments: 1) normoxic HIE (NHIE) and 2) hyperoxic (60 % oxygen) HIE (HHIE). HIE consisted of four 30-s all-out cycling bouts with 4-min rest between bouts. Levels of serum oxidative stress markers (d-ROMs and LPO), HSP27, BAP, IL-6, and TNF-α significantly increased after both trials. The HIE-induced changes in d-ROMs, LPO, and HSP27 levels were significantly lower in the HHIE trial than in the NHIE trial. These findings suggest that inhaling hyperoxic gas during exercise might diminish oxidative stress induced by all-out HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Kon
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Chukyo University, 101-2 Yagotohonmachi, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8666, Japan; Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 115-0056, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Taniguchi
- Gifu Sports Association, 2675-28 Nagarafukumitsu, Gifu, Gifu, 502-0817, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Ebi
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 115-0056, Japan
| | - Kohei Nakagaki
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 115-0056, Japan; Department of Sports Sciences, Yamanashi Gakuin University, 2-4-5 Sakaori, Kofu, Yamanashi, 158-8508, Japan
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10
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Kojima Y, Fukusaki C, Ishii N. Effects of hyperoxia on dynamic muscular endurance are associated with individual whole-body endurance capacity. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231643. [PMID: 32315330 PMCID: PMC7173853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-intensity training involving high repetitions is recommended to enhance muscular endurance. Hyperoxic conditions could increase the number of repetitions until exhaustion and thereby improve the results of muscular endurance training. This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of hyperoxia on dynamic muscular endurance, and determine individual factors that may be related to these effects. A single-blinded, counterbalanced crossover design was used. Twenty-five young men performed repetitions of the one-arm preacher curl at 30% of their 1-repetition maximum until exhaustion under hyperoxic and normoxic conditions. The maximum number of repetitions was recorded as an index of muscular endurance. Electromyogram (EMG) and near-infrared spectroscopy parameters were measured in the biceps brachii. The maximum number of repetitions was greater (P < 0.001) under hyperoxic conditions (132 ± 59 repetitions) than under normoxic conditions (114 ± 40 repetitions). The root mean square amplitude of EMG and oxygenated hemoglobin concentration for the last five repetitions under normoxic conditions were greater than those under hyperoxic conditions (P = 0.015 and P = 0.003, respectively). The percent change in the maximum number of repetitions between hyperoxic and normoxic conditions had significant positive correlations with individual maximal oxygen uptake measured using an incremental cycle ergometer test (r = 0.562, 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 0.213-0.783, P = 0.003), but not with muscle strength (τ = -0.124, 95% CI = -0.424-0.170, P = 0.387). The 95% CI for the correlation coefficient between the percent change in the maximum number of repetitions and muscular endurance included 0 (τ = 0.284, 95% CI = -0.003-0.565, P = 0.047); this indicated no significant correlation between the two parameters. The results suggest that hyperoxia can acutely enhance dynamic muscular endurance, with delayed elevation of EMG amplitude due to fatigue, and the effects are associated with individual whole-body endurance capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kojima
- Department of Human and Engineered Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chiho Fukusaki
- Research Center for Total Life Health and Sports Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Naokata Ishii
- Research Center for Total Life Health and Sports Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Ibadullaeva SZ, Appazov NO, Tarahovsky YS, Zamyatina EA, Fomkina MG, Kim YA. Amperometric Multi-Enzyme Biosensors: Development and Application, a Short Review. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350919050063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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12
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Valenzuela Espinoza ED, Pozo MO, Kanoore Edul VS, Furche M, Motta MF, Risso Vazquez A, Rubatto Birri PN, Dubin A. Effects of short-term hyperoxia on sytemic hemodynamics, oxygen transport, and microcirculation: An observational study in patients with septic shock and healthy volunteers. J Crit Care 2019; 53:62-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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13
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Cardinale DA, Larsen FJ, Lännerström J, Manselin T, Södergård O, Mijwel S, Lindholm P, Ekblom B, Boushel R. Influence of Hyperoxic-Supplemented High-Intensity Interval Training on Hemotological and Muscle Mitochondrial Adaptations in Trained Cyclists. Front Physiol 2019; 10:730. [PMID: 31258485 PMCID: PMC6587061 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hyperoxia (HYPER) increases O2 carrying capacity resulting in a higher O2 delivery to the working muscles during exercise. Several lines of evidence indicate that lactate metabolism, power output, and endurance are improved by HYPER compared to normoxia (NORM). Since HYPER enables a higher exercise power output compared to NORM and considering the O2 delivery limitation at exercise intensities near to maximum, we hypothesized that hyperoxic-supplemented high-intensity interval training (HIIT) would upregulate muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity and enhance endurance cycling performance compared to training in normoxia. Methods: 23 trained cyclists, age 35.3 ± 6.4 years, body mass 75.2 ± 9.6 kg, height 179.8 ± 7.9 m, and VO2max 4.5 ± 0.7 L min-1 performed 6 weeks polarized and periodized endurance training on a cycle ergometer consisting of supervised HIIT sessions 3 days/week and additional low-intensity training 2 days/week. Participants were randomly assigned to either HYPER (FIO2 0.30; n = 12) or NORM (FIO2 0.21; n = 11) breathing condition during HIIT. Mitochondrial respiration in permeabilized fibers and isolated mitochondria together with maximal and submaximal VO2, hematological parameters, and self-paced endurance cycling performance were tested pre- and posttraining intervention. Results: Hyperoxic training led to a small, non-significant change in performance compared to normoxic training (HYPER 6.0 ± 3.7%, NORM 2.4 ± 5.0%; p = 0.073, ES = 0.32). This small, beneficial effect on the self-paced endurance cycling performance was not explained by the change in VO2max (HYPER 1.1 ± 3.8%, NORM 0.0 ± 3.7%; p = 0.55, ES = 0.08), blood volume and hemoglobin mass, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation capacity (permeabilized fibers: HYPER 27.3 ± 46.0%, NORM 16.5 ± 49.1%; p = 0.37, ES = 3.24 and in isolated mitochondria: HYPER 26.1 ± 80.1%, NORM 15.9 ± 73.3%; p = 0.66, ES = 0.51), or markers of mitochondrial content which were similar between groups post intervention. Conclusions: This study showed that 6 weeks hyperoxic-supplemented HIIT led to marginal gain in cycle performance in already trained cyclists without change in VO2max, blood volume, hemoglobin mass, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation capacity, or exercise efficiency. The underlying mechanisms for the potentially meaningful performance effects of hyperoxia training remain unexplained and may raise ethical questions for elite sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Cardinale
- Åstrand Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F J Larsen
- Åstrand Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Lännerström
- Åstrand Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Manselin
- Åstrand Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - O Södergård
- Åstrand Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Mijwel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Lindholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B Ekblom
- Åstrand Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Boushel
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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14
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The Effects of Hyperoxia on Sea-Level Exercise Performance, Training, and Recovery: A Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2018; 48:153-175. [PMID: 28975517 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0791-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute exercise performance can be limited by arterial hypoxemia, such that hyperoxia may be an ergogenic aid by increasing tissue oxygen availability. Hyperoxia during a single bout of exercise performance has been examined using many test modalities, including time trials (TTs), time to exhaustion (TTE), graded exercise tests (GXTs), and dynamic muscle function tests. Hyperoxia has also been used as a long-term training stimulus or a recovery intervention between bouts of exercise. However, due to the methodological differences in fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2), exercise type, training regime, or recovery protocols, a firm consensus on the effectiveness of hyperoxia as an ergogenic aid for exercise training or recovery remains unclear. OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to (1) determine the efficacy of hyperoxia as an ergogenic aid for exercise performance, training stimulus, and recovery before subsequent exercise; and (2) determine if a dose-response exists between FiO2 and exercise performance improvements. DATA SOURCE The PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus databases were searched for original published articles up to and including 8 September 2017, using appropriate first- and second-order search terms. STUDY SELECTION English-language, peer-reviewed, full-text manuscripts using human participants were reviewed using the process identified in the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. DATA EXTRACTION Data for the following variables were obtained by at least two of the authors: FiO2, wash-in time for gas, exercise performance modality, heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, oxygen saturation, arterial and/or capillary lactate, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, arterial pH, arterial oxygen content, arterial partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide, consumption of oxygen and carbon dioxide, minute ventilation, tidal volume, respiratory frequency, ratings of perceived exertion of breathing and exercise, and end-tidal oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressures. DATA GROUPING Data were grouped into type of intervention (acute exercise, recovery, and training), and performance data were grouped into type of exercise (TTs, TTE, GXTs, dynamic muscle function), recovery, and training in hyperoxia. DATA ANALYSIS Hedges' g effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Separate Pearson's correlations were performed comparing the effect size of performance versus FiO2, along with the effect size of arterial content of oxygen, arterial partial pressure of oxygen, and oxygen saturation. RESULTS Fifty-one manuscripts were reviewed. The most common FiO2 for acute exercise was 1.00, with GXTs the most investigated exercise modality. Hyperoxia had a large effect improving TTE (g = 0.89), and small-to-moderate effects increasing TTs (g = 0.56), GXTs (g = 0.40), and dynamic muscle function performance (g = 0.28). An FiO2 ≥ 0.30 was sufficient to increase general exercise performance to a small effect or higher; a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.47-0.63) existed between performance improvement of TTs, TTE, and dynamic muscle function tests and FiO2, but not GXTs (r = 0.06). Exercise training and recovery supplemented with hyperoxia trended towards a large and small ergogenic effect, respectively, but the large variability and limited amount of research on these topics prevented a definitive conclusion. CONCLUSION Acute exercise performance is increased with hyperoxia. An FiO2 ≥ 0.30 appears to be beneficial for performance, with a higher FiO2 being correlated to greater performance improvement in TTs, TTE, and dynamic muscle function tests. Exercise training and recovery supplemented with hyperoxic gas appears to have a beneficial effect on subsequent exercise performance, but small sample size and wide disparity in experimental protocols preclude definitive conclusions.
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15
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Ferguson SAH, Eves ND, Roy BD, Hodges GJ, Cheung SS. Effects of mild whole body hypothermia on self-paced exercise performance. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:479-485. [PMID: 29672229 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01134.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined self-paced, high-intensity exercise during mild hypothermia and whether hyperoxia might offset any potential impairment. Twelve trained males each completed 15-km time trials in three environmental conditions: Neutral (23°C, [Formula: see text] 0.21), Cold (0°C, [Formula: see text] 0.21), and Cold+Hyper (0°C, [Formula: see text] 0.40). Cold and Cold+Hyper trials occurred after a 0.5°C drop in rectal temperature. Rectal temperature was higher ( P ≤ 0.016) throughout Neutral compared with Cold and Cold+Hyper; Cold had a higher ( P ≤ 0.035) rectal temperature than Cold+Hyper from 2.5 to 7.5 km, and hyperoxia did not alter thermal sensation or comfort. Oxyhemoglobin saturation decreased from ~98% to ~94% with Neutral and Cold, but was maintained at ~99% in Cold+Hyper ( P < 0.01). Cerebral tissue oxygenation index (TOI) was higher in Neutral than in Cold throughout the time trial (TT) ( P ≤ 0.001), whereas Cold+Hyper were unchanged ( P ≥ 0.567) from Neutral by 2.5 km. Muscle TOI was maintained in Cold+Hyper compared with Neutral and was higher ( P ≤ 0.046) than Cold throughout the entire TT. Power output during Cold (246 ± 41 W) was lower than Neutral (260 ± 38 W) at all 2.5-km intervals ( P ≤ 0.012) except at 12.5 km. Power output during Cold+Hyper (256 ± 42 W) was unchanged ( P ≥ 0.161) from Neutral throughout the TT, and was higher than Cold from 7.5 km onward. Average cadence was higher in Neutral (93 ± 8 rpm) than in either Cold or Cold+Hyper (Cold: 89 ± 7 and Cold+Hyper: 90 ± 8 rpm, P = 0.031). In conclusion, mild hypothermia reduced self-paced exercise performance; hyperoxia during mild hypothermia restored performance to thermoneutral levels, likely due to maintenance of oxygen availability rather than any thermogenic benefit. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We examined self-paced, high-intensity exercise with 0.5°C rectal temperature decreases in a 0°C ambient environment, along with whether hyperoxia could offset any potential impairment. During a 15-km time trial, power output was lower with hypothermia than with thermoneutral. However, with hypothermia, hyperoxia of [Formula: see text] = 0.40 restored power output despite there being no thermophysiological improvement. Hypothermia impairs exercise performance, whereas hyperoxia likely restored performance due to maintenance of oxygen availability rather than any thermogenic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A H Ferguson
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University , St. Catharines, Ontario , Canada
| | - Neil D Eves
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia , Kelowna, British Columbia , Canada
| | - Brian D Roy
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University , St. Catharines, Ontario , Canada
| | - Gary J Hodges
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University , St. Catharines, Ontario , Canada
| | - Stephen S Cheung
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University , St. Catharines, Ontario , Canada
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Abstract
Hyperoxia results from the inhalation of mixtures of gas containing higher partial pressures of oxygen (O2) than normal air at sea level. Exercise in hyperoxia affects the cardiorespiratory, neural and hormonal systems, as well as energy metabolism in humans. In contrast to short-term exposure to hypoxia (i.e. a reduced partial pressure of oxygen), acute hyperoxia may enhance endurance and sprint interval performance by accelerating recovery processes. This narrative literature review, covering 89 studies published between 1975 and 2016, identifies the acute ergogenic effects and health concerns associated with hyperoxia during exercise; however, long-term adaptation to hyperoxia and exercise remain inconclusive. The complexity of the biological responses to hyperoxia, as well as the variations in (1) experimental designs (e.g. exercise intensity and modality, level of oxygen, number of participants), (2) muscles involved (arms and legs) and (3) training status of the participants may account for the discrepancies.
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17
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Manselin TA, Södergård O, Larsen FJ, Lindholm P. Aerobic efficiency is associated with the improvement in maximal power output during acute hyperoxia. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/2/e13119. [PMID: 28108650 PMCID: PMC5269415 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between aerobic efficiency during cycling exercise and the increase in physical performance with acute hyperoxic exposure (FiO2 ~31%) (HOX) and also tested the hypothesis that fat oxidation could be increased by acute hyperoxia. Fourteen males and four females were recruited for two sessions, where they exercised for 2 × 10 min at 100 W to determine efficiency. HOX and normoxia (NOX) were administered randomly on both occasions to account for differences in nitrogen exchange. Thereafter, a progressive ramp test was performed to determine VO2max and maximal power output (Wmax). After 30 min rest, workload was set to 80% of maximal power output (Wmax) for a time to exhaustion test (TTE). At 100W gross efficiency was reduced from 19.4% during NOX to 18.9% during HOX (P ≤ 0.0001). HOX increased fat oxidation at 100 W by 52% from 3.41 kcal min-1 to 5.17 kcal min-1 (P ≤ 0.0001) with a corresponding reduction in carbohydrate oxidation. Wmax increased by 2.4% from 388.8 (±82.1) during NOX to 397.8 (±83.5) during HOX (P ≤ 0.0001). SaO2 was higher in HOX both at the end of the maximal exercise test and TTE. Subjects with a high level of efficiency in NOX had a larger improvement in Wmax with HOX, in agreement with the hypothesis that an optimum level of efficiency exists that maximizes power production. No association between mitochondrial excess capacity and endurance performance was found; increases in oxygen supply seemed to increase maximal aerobic power production and maintain/increase endurance capacity at the same relative workload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom A Manselin
- Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Åstrand Laboratory of Work Physiology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olof Södergård
- Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Åstrand Laboratory of Work Physiology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Filip J Larsen
- Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Åstrand Laboratory of Work Physiology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Lindholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Cardinale
- Åstrand Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- Elite Performance Centre, Bosön - Swedish Sports Confederation, Lidingö, Sweden
| | - B. Ekblom
- Åstrand Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Johnson BD, Peinado AB, Ranadive SM, Curry TB, Joyner MJ. Effects of intravenous low-dose dopamine infusion on glucose regulation during prolonged aerobic exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 314:R49-R57. [PMID: 28931543 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00030.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The carotid body chemoreceptors are activated during hypoglycemia and contribute to glucoregulation during prolonged exercise in dogs. Low-dose intravenous infusions of dopamine have been shown to blunt the activation of the carotid body chemoreceptors during hypoxia. Therefore, we tested the hypotheses that dopamine would blunt glucoregulatory responses and attenuate plasma glucose during prolonged aerobic exercise in healthy participants. Twelve healthy participants completed two randomized exercise sessions at 65% peak oxygen consumption for up to 120 min. Saline was infused during one exercise session, and dopamine (2 μg·kg-1·min-1) was infused during the other session. Arterial plasma glucose, growth hormone, glucagon, cortisol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine were measured every 10 min. Exercise duration during dopamine infusion was 107 ± 6 and 119 ± 0.8 min during saline infusion. Glucose area under the curve during exercise was lower during dopamine (9,821 ± 686 vs. 11,194 ± 395 arbitrary units; P = 0.016). The ratio of circulating growth hormone to glucose and the ratio of glucagon to glucose were greater during dopamine ( P = 0.045 and 0.037, respectively). These results indicate that the infusion of dopamine during aerobic exercise impairs glucoregulation. This suggests that the carotid body chemoreceptors contribute to glucoregulation during prolonged exercise in healthy exercise-trained humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair D Johnson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota.,Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Ana B Peinado
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota.,LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | | | - Timothy B Curry
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michael J Joyner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
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20
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Chan D, Barsan MM, Korpan Y, Brett CM. L-lactate selective impedimetric bienzymatic biosensor based on lactate dehydrogenase and pyruvate oxidase. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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21
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Effects of Exercise Training under Hyperbaric Oxygen on Oxidative Stress Markers and Endurance Performance in Young Soccer Players: A Pilot Study. J Nutr Metab 2016; 2016:5647407. [PMID: 28083148 PMCID: PMC5204103 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5647407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of three weeks of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) training on oxidative stress markers and endurance performance in young soccer players. Participants (18.6 ± 1.6 years) were randomized into hyperbaric-hyperoxic (HH) training (n = 6) and normobaric normoxic (NN) training (n = 6) groups. Immediately before and after the 5th, 10th, and 15th training sessions, plasma oxidative stress markers (lipid hydroperoxides and uric acid), plasma antioxidant capacity (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [TROLOX]), arterial blood gases, acid-base balance, bases excess (BE), and blood lactate analyses were performed. Before and after intervention, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and peak power output (PPO) were determined. Neither HH nor NN experienced significant changes on oxidative stress markers or antioxidant capacity during intervention. VO2max and PPO were improved (moderate effect size) after HH training. The results suggest that HBO2 endurance training does not increase oxidative stress markers and improves endurance performance in young soccer players. Our findings warrant future investigation to corroborate that HBO2 endurance training could be a potential training approach for highly competitive young soccer players.
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22
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Sperlich B, Calbet JAL, Boushel R, Holmberg HC. Is the use of hyperoxia in sports effective, safe and ethical? Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 26:1268-1272. [PMID: 27539548 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Sperlich
- Integrative and Experimental Training Science, Institute for Sport Sciences, Julius-Maximilians University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - J A L Calbet
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - R Boushel
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - H-C Holmberg
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.,School of Sport Sciences, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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23
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Rozenberg R, Mankowski RT, van Loon LJC, Langendonk JG, Sijbrands EJG, van den Meiracker AH, Stam HJ, Praet SFE. Hyperoxia increases arterial oxygen pressure during exercise in type 2 diabetes patients: a feasibility study. Eur J Med Res 2016; 21:1. [PMID: 26744210 PMCID: PMC4705628 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-015-0194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The study investigated the feasibility and potential outcome measures during acute hyperoxia in type 2 diabetes patients (DM2). Methods Eleven DM2 patients (7 men and 4 women) were included in the study. The patients cycled (30 min at 20 % Wmax) whilst breathing three different supplemental oxygen flows (SOF, 5, 10, 15 L min−1). During hyperoxic exercise, arterial blood gases and intra-arterial blood pressure measurements were obtained. Results Arterial pO2 levels increased significantly (ANOVA, p < 0.05) with SOF: 13.9 ± 1.2 (0 L min−1); 18.5 ± 1.5 (5 L min−1); 21.7 ± 1.7 (10 L min−1); 24.0 ± 2.3 (15 L min−1). Heart rate (HR) and pH increased significantly after terminating administration of hyperoxic air. Conclusions An SOF of 15 L min−1 appears to be more effective than 5 or 10 L min−1. Moreover, HR, blood pressure, blood lactate and pH are not recommended as primary outcome measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Rozenberg
- Subdivision MOVEFIT-Sports Medicine, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Robert T Mankowski
- Subdivision MOVEFIT-Sports Medicine, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Janneke G Langendonk
- Section of Pharmacology, Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Eric J G Sijbrands
- Section of Pharmacology, Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Anton H van den Meiracker
- Section of Pharmacology, Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Henk J Stam
- Subdivision MOVEFIT-Sports Medicine, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Stephan F E Praet
- Subdivision MOVEFIT-Sports Medicine, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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24
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Deb SK, Swinton PA, Dolan E. Nutritional considerations during prolonged exposure to a confined, hyperbaric, hyperoxic environment: recommendations for saturation divers. EXTREME PHYSIOLOGY & MEDICINE 2016; 5:1. [PMID: 26744625 PMCID: PMC4704397 DOI: 10.1186/s13728-015-0042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Saturation diving is an occupation that involves prolonged exposure to a confined, hyperoxic, hyperbaric environment. The unique and extreme environment is thought to result in disruption to physiological and metabolic homeostasis, which may impact human health and performance. Appropriate nutritional intake has the potential to alleviate and/or support many of these physiological and metabolic concerns, whilst enhancing health and performance in saturation divers. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to identify the physiological and practical challenges of saturation diving and consequently provide evidence-based nutritional recommendations for saturation divers to promote health and performance within this challenging environment. Saturation diving has a high-energy demand, with an energy intake of between 44 and 52 kcal/kg body mass per day recommended, dependent on intensity and duration of underwater activity. The macronutrient composition of dietary intake is in accordance with the current Institute of Medicine guidelines at 45-65 % and 20-35 % of total energy intake for carbohydrate and fat intake, respectively. A minimum daily protein intake of 1.3 g/kg body mass is recommended to facilitate body composition maintenance. Macronutrient intake between individuals should, however, be dictated by personal preference to support the attainment of an energy balance. A varied diet high in fruit and vegetables is highly recommended for the provision of sufficient micronutrients to support physiological processes, such as vitamin B12 and folate intake to facilitate red blood cell production. Antioxidants, such as vitamin C and E, are also recommended to reduce oxidised molecules, e.g. free radicals, whilst selenium and zinc intake may be beneficial to reinforce endogenous antioxidant reserves. In addition, tailored hydration and carbohydrate fueling strategies for underwater work are also advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. K. Deb
- />School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7QG UK
- />Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edgehill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire UK
| | - P. A. Swinton
- />School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7QG UK
| | - E. Dolan
- />School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7QG UK
- />Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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25
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Bonen A, Hatta H, Holloway GP, Spriet LL, Yoshida Y. Reply from Arend Bonen, Hideo Hatta, Graham P. Holloway, Lawrence L. Spriet and Yuko Yoshida. J Physiol 2015; 584:707-8. [PMID: 26659545 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.143008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arend Bonen
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph Guelph Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada Department of Life Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 1538902, Japan
| | - Hideo Hatta
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph Guelph Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada Department of Life Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 1538902, Japan
| | - Graham P Holloway
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph Guelph Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada Department of Life Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 1538902, Japan
| | - Lawrence L Spriet
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph Guelph Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada Department of Life Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 1538902, Japan
| | - Yuko Yoshida
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph Guelph Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada Department of Life Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 1538902, Japan
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26
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Broxterman RM, Craig JC, Smith JR, Wilcox SL, Jia C, Warren S, Barstow TJ. Influence of blood flow occlusion on the development of peripheral and central fatigue during small muscle mass handgrip exercise. J Physiol 2015; 593:4043-54. [PMID: 26104881 DOI: 10.1113/jp270424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical power represents an important threshold for neuromuscular fatigue development and may, therefore, dictate intensities for which exercise tolerance is determined by the magnitude of fatigue accrued. Peripheral fatigue appears to be constant across O2 delivery conditions for large muscle mass exercise, but this consistency is equivocal for smaller muscle mass exercise. We sought to determine the influence of blood flow occlusion during handgrip exercise on neuromuscular fatigue development and to examine the relationship between neuromuscular fatigue development and W '. Blood flow occlusion influenced the development of both peripheral and central fatigue, thus providing further evidence that the magnitude of peripheral fatigue is not constant across O2 delivery conditions for small muscle mass exercise. W ' appears to be related to the magnitude of fatigue accrued during exercise, which may explain the reported consistency of intramuscular metabolic perturbations and work performed for severe-intensity exercise. The influence of the muscle metabolic milieu on peripheral and central fatigue is currently unclear. Moreover, the relationships between peripheral and central fatigue and the curvature constant (W ') have not been investigated. Six men (age: 25 ± 4 years, body mass: 82 ± 10 kg, height: 179 ± 4 cm) completed four constant power handgrip tests to exhaustion under conditions of control exercise (Con), blood flow occlusion exercise (Occ), Con with 5 min post-exercise blood flow occlusion (Con + Occ), and Occ with 5 min post-exercise blood flow occlusion (Occ + Occ). Neuromuscular fatigue measurements and W ' were obtained for each subject. Each trial resulted in significant peripheral and central fatigue. Significantly greater peripheral (79.7 ± 5.1% vs. 22.7 ± 6.0%) and central (42.6 ± 3.9% vs. 4.9 ± 2.0%) fatigue occurred for Occ than for Con. In addition, significantly greater peripheral (83.0 ± 4.2% vs. 69.0 ± 6.2%) and central (65.5 ± 14.6% vs. 18.6 ± 4.1%) fatigue occurred for Occ + Occ than for Con + Occ. W ' was significantly related to the magnitude of global (r = 0.91) and peripheral (r = 0.83) fatigue. The current findings demonstrate that blood flow occlusion exacerbated the development of both peripheral and central fatigue and that post-exercise blood flow occlusion prevented the recovery of both peripheral and central fatigue. Moreover, the current findings suggest that W ' may be determined by the magnitude of fatigue accrued during exercise.
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Key Words
- %Sat-[Hb + Mb], %Saturation-[haemoglobin + myoglobin]
- CP, critical power
- Con, control exercise
- Con + Occ, control exercise with 5 min post-exercise blood flow occlusion
- EMG, electromyography
- LED, light-emitting diodes
- MVC, maximal voluntary contraction
- MedPF, median power frequency
- NIRS, near infrared spectroscopy
- Occ, blood flow occlusion exercise
- Occ + Occ, blood flow occlusion exercise with 5 min post-exercise blood flow occlusion
- P, power
- PCr, phosphocreatine
- Pi, inorganic phosphate
- Ppeak, peak power
- Qtw, potentiated doublet force
- R, resistance
- Tlim, task failure
- VA, voluntary activation
- W ′, curvature constant
- d, displacement
- deoxy-[Hb + Mb], deoxygenated-[haemoglobin + myoglobin]
- f, contraction frequency
- iEMG, intergrated electromyography
- oxy-[Hb + Mb], oxygenated-[haemoglobin + myoglobin]
- total-[Hb + Mb], total-[haemoglobin + myoglobin]
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Broxterman
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - J C Craig
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - J R Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - S L Wilcox
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - C Jia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - S Warren
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - T J Barstow
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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Christensen PM, Gunnarsson TP, Thomassen M, Wilkerson DP, Nielsen JJ, Bangsbo J. Unchanged content of oxidative enzymes in fast-twitch muscle fibers and V˙O2 kinetics after intensified training in trained cyclists. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/7/e12428. [PMID: 26152692 PMCID: PMC4552518 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined if high intensity training (HIT) could increase the expression of oxidative enzymes in fast-twitch muscle fibers causing a faster oxygen uptake () response during intense (INT), but not moderate (MOD), exercise and reduce the slow component and muscle metabolic perturbation during INT. Pulmonary kinetics was determined in eight trained male cyclists (-max: 59 ± 4 (means ± SD) mL min−1 kg−1) during MOD (205 ± 12 W ∼65% -max) and INT (286 ± 17 W ∼85% -max) exercise before and after a 7-week HIT period (30-sec sprints and 4-min intervals) with a 50% reduction in volume. Both before and after HIT the content in fast-twitch fibers of CS (P < 0.05) and COX-4 (P < 0.01) was lower, whereas PFK was higher (P < 0.001) than in slow-twitch fibers. Content of CS, COX-4, and PFK in homogenate and fast-twitch fibers was unchanged with HIT. Maximal activity (μmol g DW−1 min−1) of CS (56 ± 8 post-HIT vs. 59 ± 10 pre-HIT), HAD (27 ± 6 vs. 29 ± 3) and PFK (340 ± 69 vs. 318 ± 105) and the capillary to fiber ratio (2.30 ± 0.16 vs. 2.38 ± 0.20) was unaltered following HIT. kinetics was unchanged with HIT and the speed of the primary response did not differ between MOD and INT. Muscle creatine phosphate was lower (42 ± 15 vs. 66 ± 17 mmol kg DW−1) and muscle lactate was higher (40 ± 18 vs. 14 ± 5 mmol kg DW−1) at 6 min of INT (P < 0.05) after compared to before HIT. A period of intensified training with a volume reduction did not increase the content of oxidative enzymes in fast-twitch fibers, and did not change kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Christensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Integrated Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Team Danmark (Danish Elite Sport Organization), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas P Gunnarsson
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Integrated Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Thomassen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Integrated Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daryl P Wilkerson
- Sport and Health Sciences, St Luke's Campus University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Jens Jung Nielsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Integrated Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Integrated Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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28
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Lengert N, Drossel B. In silico analysis of exercise intolerance in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Biophys Chem 2015; 202:21-31. [PMID: 25899994 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Post-exertional malaise is commonly observed in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, but its mechanism is not yet well understood. A reduced capacity for mitochondrial ATP synthesis is associated with the pathogenesis of CFS and is suspected to be a major contribution to exercise intolerance in CFS patients. To demonstrate the connection between a reduced mitochondrial capacity and exercise intolerance, we present a model which simulates metabolite dynamics in skeletal muscles during exercise and recovery. CFS simulations exhibit critically low levels of ATP, where an increased rate of cell death would be expected. To stabilize the energy supply at low ATP concentrations the total adenine nucleotide pool is reduced substantially causing a prolonged recovery time even without consideration of other factors, such as immunological dysregulations and oxidative stress. Repeated exercises worsen this situation considerably. Furthermore, CFS simulations exhibited an increased acidosis and lactate accumulation consistent with experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicor Lengert
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Barbara Drossel
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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29
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Hauser A, Zinner C, Born DP, Wehrlin JP, Sperlich B. Does hyperoxic recovery during cross-country skiing team sprints enhance performance? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 46:787-94. [PMID: 24042304 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the acute responses of breathing oxygen-enriched air during the recovery periods of a simulated 3 × 3-min cross-country skiing team sprint competition at simulated low altitude. METHODS Eight well-trained male endurance athletes performed two 3 × 3-min team sprint simulations on a double-poling ergometer at simulated altitude set at ∼ 1800 m. During the recovery periods between the 3 × 3-min sprints, all the athletes inhaled either hyperoxic (FiO2 = 1.00) or hypoxic (FiO2 ∼ 0.165) air in randomized and single-blind order. The mean total power output (P(mean tot)) and the mean power output of each sprint (P(mean) 1,2,3) were determined. Perceived exertion, capillary oxygen saturation of hemoglobin, partial pressure of oxygen, and blood lactate concentration were measured before and after all the sprints. RESULTS No differences in P(mean tot) were found between hyperoxic (198.4 ± 27.1 W) and hypoxic (200.2 ± 28.0 W) recovery (P = 0.57, effect size [d] = 0.07). P(mean) 1,2,3 (P > 0.90, d = 0.04-0.09) and RPE (P > 0.13, d = 0.02-0.63) did not differ between hyperoxic and hypoxic recovery. The partial pressure of oxygen (P < 0.01, d = 0.06-5.45) and oxygen saturation (P < 0.01, d = 0.15-5.40) during hyperoxic recovery were higher than those during hypoxic recovery. The blood lactate concentration was also lower directly after the third sprint (P = 0.03, d = 0.54) with hyperoxic recovery. CONCLUSION Results indicate that trained endurance athletes who inhale 100% oxygen during recovery periods in a cross-country skiing team sprint at low altitude do not exhibit enhanced performance despite the improvement in the key physiological variables of endurance performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hauser
- 1Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Section for Elite Sport, Magglingen, SWITZERLAND; 2The German Research Centre of Elite Sport, Cologne, GERMANY; and 3University of Wuppertal, Department of Sport Science, Wuppertal, GERMANY
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30
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Kemp GJ, Ahmad RE, Nicolay K, Prompers JJ. Quantification of skeletal muscle mitochondrial function by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques: a quantitative review. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:107-44. [PMID: 24773619 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) can give information about cellular metabolism in vivo which is difficult to obtain in other ways. In skeletal muscle, non-invasive (31) P MRS measurements of the post-exercise recovery kinetics of pH, [PCr], [Pi] and [ADP] contain valuable information about muscle mitochondrial function and cellular pH homeostasis in vivo, but quantitative interpretation depends on understanding the underlying physiology. Here, by giving examples of the analysis of (31) P MRS recovery data, by some simple computational simulation, and by extensively comparing data from published studies using both (31) P MRS and invasive direct measurements of muscle O2 consumption in a common analytical framework, we consider what can be learnt quantitatively about mitochondrial metabolism in skeletal muscle using MRS-based methodology. We explore some technical and conceptual limitations of current methods, and point out some aspects of the physiology which are still incompletely understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. J. Kemp
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, and Magnetic Resonance and Image Analysis Research Centre; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - R. E. Ahmad
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, and Magnetic Resonance and Image Analysis Research Centre; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - K. Nicolay
- Biomedical NMR; Department of Biomedical Engineering; Eindhoven University of Technology; Eindhoven the Netherlands
| | - J. J. Prompers
- Biomedical NMR; Department of Biomedical Engineering; Eindhoven University of Technology; Eindhoven the Netherlands
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31
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Orbegozo Cortés D, Puflea F, Donadello K, Taccone FS, Gottin L, Creteur J, Vincent JL, De Backer D. Normobaric hyperoxia alters the microcirculation in healthy volunteers. Microvasc Res 2014; 98:23-8. [PMID: 25433297 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of high concentrations of inhaled oxygen has been associated with adverse effects but recent data suggest a potential therapeutic role of normobaric hyperoxia (NH) in sepsis and cerebral ischemia. Hyperoxia may induce vasoconstriction and alter endothelial function, so we evaluated its effects on the microcirculation in 40 healthy adult volunteers using side-stream dark field (SDF) video-microscopy on the sublingual area and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) on the thenar eminence. In a first group of volunteers (n=18), measurements were taken every 30 min: at baseline in air, during NH (close to 100% oxygen via a non-rebreathing mask) and during recovery in air. In a second group (n=22), NIRS measurements were taken in NH or ambient air on two separate days to prevent any potential influence of repeated NIRS measurements. NH significantly decreased the proportion of perfused vessels (PPV) from 92% to 66%, perfused vessel density (PVD) from 11.0 to 7.3 vessels/mm, perfused small vessel density (PSVD) from 9.0 to 5.8 vessels/mm and microvascular flow index (MFI) from 2.8 to 2.0, and increased PPV heterogeneity from 7.5% to 30.4%. Thirty minutes after return to air, PPV, PVD, PSVD and MFI remained partially altered. During NH, NIRS descending slope and NIRS muscle oxygen consumption (VO2) decreased from 8.5 to 7.9%/s and 127 to 103 units, respectively, in the first group and from 10.7 to 9.4%/s and 150 to 115 units in the second group. NH, therefore, alters the microcirculation in healthy subjects, decreasing capillary perfusion and VO2 and increasing the heterogeneity of the perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Orbegozo Cortés
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florin Puflea
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Intensive Care Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata (AOUI), Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Katia Donadello
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabio Silvio Taccone
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leonardo Gottin
- Intensive Care Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata (AOUI), Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Jacques Creteur
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Louis Vincent
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniel De Backer
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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32
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Péronnet F, Aguilaniu B. [Physiological significance and interpretation of plasma lactate concentration and pH in clinical exercise testing]. Rev Mal Respir 2014; 31:525-51. [PMID: 25012038 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
According to a widely accepted model, based on the theory of the anaerobic threshold (AT), the increase in plasma lactate concentration which develops after the first ventilatory threshold (VT1, considered as an AT) is due to compensation for insufficient aerobic metabolism by anaerobic glycolysis, with accumulation of lactic acid resulting in a decrease in pH. Bicarbonate is the main buffer of protons (>90%) producing non-metabolic CO2 in muscle and thus increasing the CO2 flux to the lungs. This phenomenon, along with the low pH, triggers hyperventilation. Because of this model, great importance has been placed on plasma lactate and pH. We argue that this importance is excessive and these variables should be used with caution in the interpretation of clinical exercise testing, because the model based on AT is not valid: there is no aerobic failure above VT1 and, thus, there is no evidence of an AT; the increase in plasma lactate does not reflect anaerobiosis but is the marker of the increase in the error signal needed for the stimulation of mitochondrial respiration; bicarbonate is not the main buffer during exercise (these are proteins and phosphocreatine breakdown in the muscle; hemoglobin in the blood); non-metabolic CO2 is not produced in the muscle but in the lung because of the low pH and hyperventilation (the control of which remains unknown); and the flux of CO2 to the lung does not increase at faster rate after than before VT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Péronnet
- Département de kinésiologie, université de Montréal, CP 6128, centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - B Aguilaniu
- Faculté de médecine, université Joseph-Fourrier, domaine de La-Merci, avenue des Maquis-de-Grésivaudan, 38706 La Tronche cedex, France; Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
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33
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Single sodium pyruvate ingestion modifies blood acid-base status and post-exercise lactate concentration in humans. Nutrients 2014; 6:1981-92. [PMID: 24841105 PMCID: PMC4042581 DOI: 10.3390/nu6051981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effect of a single sodium pyruvate ingestion on a blood acid-base status and exercise metabolism markers. Nine active, but non-specifically trained, male subjects participated in the double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. One hour prior to the exercise, subjects ingested either 0.1 g·kg−1 of body mass of a sodium pyruvate or placebo. The capillary blood samples were obtained at rest, 60 min after ingestion, and then three and 15 min after completing the workout protocol to analyze acid-base status and lactate, pyruvate, alanine, glucose concentrations. The pulmonary gas exchange, minute ventilation and the heart rate were measured during the exercise at a constant power output, corresponding to ~90% O2max. The blood pH, bicarbonate and the base excess were significantly higher after sodium pyruvate ingestion than in the placebo trial. The blood lactate concentration was not different after the ingestion, but the post-exercise was significantly higher in the pyruvate trial (12.9 ± 0.9 mM) than in the placebo trial (10.6 ± 0.3 mM, p < 0.05) and remained elevated (nonsignificant) after 15 min of recovery. The blood pyruvate, alanine and glucose concentrations, as well as the overall pulmonary gas exchange during the exercise were not affected by the pyruvate ingestion. In conclusion, the sodium pyruvate ingestion one hour before workout modified the blood acid-base status and the lactate production during the exercise.
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34
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Seyfried TN, Flores RE, Poff AM, D'Agostino DP. Cancer as a metabolic disease: implications for novel therapeutics. Carcinogenesis 2013; 35:515-27. [PMID: 24343361 PMCID: PMC3941741 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that cancer is primarily a metabolic disease involving disturbances in energy production through respiration and fermentation. The genomic instability observed in tumor cells and all other recognized hallmarks of cancer are considered downstream epiphenomena of the initial disturbance of cellular energy metabolism. The disturbances in tumor cell energy metabolism can be linked to abnormalities in the structure and function of the mitochondria. When viewed as a mitochondrial metabolic disease, the evolutionary theory of Lamarck can better explain cancer progression than can the evolutionary theory of Darwin. Cancer growth and progression can be managed following a whole body transition from fermentable metabolites, primarily glucose and glutamine, to respiratory metabolites, primarily ketone bodies. As each individual is a unique metabolic entity, personalization of metabolic therapy as a broad-based cancer treatment strategy will require fine-tuning to match the therapy to an individual’s unique physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Seyfried
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA and
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35
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Collins EG, Jelinek C, O'Connell S, Butler J, McBurney C, Gozali C, Reda D, Laghi F. Contrasting breathing retraining and helium-oxygen during pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD: a randomized clinical trial. Respir Med 2013; 108:297-306. [PMID: 24238770 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breathing-retraining and helium-oxygen (heliox) have been used to improve exercise tolerance in COPD. We hypothesized that, in patients with COPD, exercise duration after exercise-training plus breathing-retraining and oxygen would be longer than after exercise-training plus heliox or after exercise-training plus oxygen alone. We also explored the short-term maintenance of gains in exercise duration after using each technique. METHODS Of 192 COPD patients recruited, 103 were randomly assigned to exercise-training plus heliox (n = 33), exercise-training plus breathing-retraining and oxygen (n = 35) and exercise-training and oxygen (n = 35). FiO2 was 0.30 during testing and training in all groups. Patients exercised on a treadmill thrice-weekly for eight weeks. Before, at completion of training, and six-weeks later, patients underwent constant-load treadmill testing. RESULTS At completion of training, improvements in exercise duration in the heliox and breathing-retraining groups were not significantly different. Compared to the exercise-training plus oxygen group, exercise duration improved more in the breathing-retraining group (P = 0.008) but not in the heliox group (P = 0.142). Hyperinflation was reduced with breathing-retraining plus oxygen compared to the other two groups. Six-weeks later, improvements in exercise duration were still greater with breathing-retraining than with exercise-training (P = 0.015). In contrast, improvements in exercise duration with heliox did not differ from those in the other two groups. CONCLUSIONS In moderate-to-severe COPD, exercise-training combined with either heliox or with breathing-retraining yielded not significantly different improvements in exercise duration - with only the latter being superior to exercise-training. Six-weeks after training, these improvements were still greater after exercise-training plus breathing-retraining than after exercise-training. TRIAL REGISTRY ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT00123422.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen G Collins
- Center for Management of Complex Chronic Care, Physical Performance Laboratory, Research & Development Service, Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, USA; Department of Biobehavioral Health Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Christine Jelinek
- Center for Management of Complex Chronic Care, Physical Performance Laboratory, Research & Development Service, Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Susan O'Connell
- Center for Management of Complex Chronic Care, Physical Performance Laboratory, Research & Development Service, Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Jolene Butler
- Center for Management of Complex Chronic Care, Physical Performance Laboratory, Research & Development Service, Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Conor McBurney
- Center for Management of Complex Chronic Care, Physical Performance Laboratory, Research & Development Service, Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Christopher Gozali
- Center for Management of Complex Chronic Care, Physical Performance Laboratory, Research & Development Service, Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Domenic Reda
- VA Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, USA; School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Franco Laghi
- Center for Management of Complex Chronic Care, Physical Performance Laboratory, Research & Development Service, Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, USA; Loyola University, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
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Nesakumar N, Sethuraman S, Krishnan UM, Rayappan JBB. Fabrication of lactate biosensor based on lactate dehydrogenase immobilized on cerium oxide nanoparticles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 410:158-64. [PMID: 24034216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical biosensor was developed to determine lactate that plays an important role in clinical diagnosis, fermentation and food quality analysis. Abnormal concentration of lactate has been related to diseases such as hypoxia, acute heart disorders, lactic acidosis, muscle fatigue and meningitis. Also, lactate concentration in blood helps to evaluate the athletic performance in sports. The main aim of the work is to fabricate NADH/LDH/Nano-CeO2/GCE bio-electrode for sensing lactate in human blood samples. Toward this, CeO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by a hydroxide mediated approach using cerium nitrate hexahydrate (Ce(NO3)3·6H2O) and NaOH as precursors. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) studies were carried out to determine the structural and morphological characteristics of CeO2 nanoparticles. XRD pattern indicated the formation of highly crystalline CeO2 nanoparticles with face centered cubic structure. The FE-SEM studies revealed the formation of nanospherical particles of size 29.73±2.59 nm. The working electrode was fabricated by immobilizing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) on GCE surface with CeO2 nanoparticles as an interface. Electrochemical studies were carried out through cyclic voltammetry using a three electrode system with NADH/LDH/NanoCeO2/GCE as a working electrode, Ag/AgCl saturated with 0.1M KCl as a reference electrode and Pt wire as a counter electrode. From the amperometric study, the linearity was found to be in the range of 0.2-2 mM with the response time of less than 4s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Nesakumar
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India; School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
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Christensen PM, Nyberg M, Mortensen SP, Nielsen JJ, Secher NH, Damsgaard R, Hellsten Y, Bangsbo J. Leg oxygen uptake in the initial phase of intense exercise is slowed by a marked reduction in oxygen delivery. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R313-21. [PMID: 23720134 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00048.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined whether a marked reduction in oxygen delivery, unlike findings in moderate-intensity exercise, would slow leg oxygen uptake (Vo2) kinetics during intense exercise (86 ± 3% of incremental test peak power). Seven healthy males (26 ± 1 years, means ± SE) performed one-legged knee-extensor exercise (60 ± 3 W) for 4 min in a control setting (CON) and with arterial infusion of N(G)-monomethyl-l-arginine and indomethacin in the working leg to reduce blood flow by inhibiting formation of nitric oxide and prostanoids (double blockade; DB). In DB leg blood flow (LBF) and oxygen delivery during the first minute of exercise were 25-50% lower (P < 0.01) compared with CON (LBF after 10 s: 1.1 ± 0.2 vs. 2.5 ± 0.3 l/min and 45 s: 2.7 ± 0.2 vs. 3.8 ± 0.4 l/min) and 15% lower (P < 0.05) after 2 min of exercise. Leg Vo2 in DB was attenuated (P < 0.05) during the first 2 min of exercise (10 s: 161 ± 26 vs. 288 ± 34 ml/min and 45 s: 459 ± 48 vs. 566 ± 81 ml/min) despite a higher (P < 0.01) oxygen extraction in DB. Net leg lactate release was the same in DB and CON. The present study shows that a marked reduction in oxygen delivery can limit the rise in Vo2 during the initial part of intense exercise. This is in contrast to previous observations during moderate-intensity exercise using the same DB procedure, which suggests that fast-twitch muscle fibers are more sensitive to a reduction in oxygen delivery than slow-twitch fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Christensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Integrated Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Pupiš M, Sližik M, Bartík P. The use of hyperoxia as a way to accelerate recovery after a karate and judo match. JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT AND EXERCISE 2013. [DOI: 10.4100/jhse.2013.8.proc3.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Quintero P, González-Muniesa P, García-Díaz DF, Martínez JA. Effects of hyperoxia exposure on metabolic markers and gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Physiol Biochem 2012; 68:663-9. [PMID: 22535284 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-012-0169-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue often becomes poorly oxygenated in obese subjects. This feature may provide cellular mechanisms involving chronic inflammation processes such as the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and macrophage infiltration. In this context, the purpose of the present study was to determine whether a hyperoxia exposure on mature adipocytes may influence the expression of some adipokines and involve favorable changes in specific metabolic variables. Thus, 3T3-L1 adipocytes (14 days differentiated) were treated with 95 % oxygen for 24 h. Cell viability, intra and extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, glucose uptake, as well as lactate and glycerol concentrations were measured in the culture media. Also, mRNA levels of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, leptin, interleukin (IL)-6, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ, adiponectin, and angiopoietin-related protein (ANGPTL)4 were analyzed. Hyperoxia treatment increased intra and extracellular ROS content, reduced glucose uptake and lactate release and increased glycerol release. Additionally, a higher oxygen tension led to an upregulation of the expression of IL-6, MCP-1, and PPAR-γ, while ANGPTL4 was downregulated in the hyperoxia group with respect to control. The present data shows that hyperoxia treatment seems to produce an inflammatory response due to the release of ROS and the upregulation of pro-inflammatory adipokines, such as IL-6 and MCP-1. On the other hand, hyperoxia may have an indirect effect on insulin sensitivity due to the upregulation of PPAR-γ signaling as well as a possible modulation of both glucose and lipid metabolic markers. To our knowledge, this is the first study analyzing the effect of hyperoxia in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Quintero
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science, Physiology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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Fordy GR, Marshall JM. Breathing 40% O2can attenuate postcontraction hyperaemia or muscle fatigue caused by static forearm contraction, depending on timing. Exp Physiol 2012; 97:362-74. [DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2011.060632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Scorsone D, Bartolini S, Saporiti R, Braido F, Baroffio M, Pellegrino R, Brusasco V, Crimi E. Does a Low-Density Gas Mixture or Oxygen Supplementation Improve Exercise Training in COPD? Chest 2010; 138:1133-9. [DOI: 10.1378/chest.10-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Vanhatalo A, Fulford J, DiMenna FJ, Jones AM. Influence of hyperoxia on muscle metabolic responses and the power-duration relationship during severe-intensity exercise in humans: a 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Exp Physiol 2009; 95:528-40. [PMID: 20028850 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2009.050500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Severe-intensity constant-work-rate exercise results in the attainment of maximal oxygen uptake, but the muscle metabolic milieu at the limit of tolerance (T(lim)) for such exercise remains to be elucidated. We hypothesized that T(lim) during severe-intensity exercise would be associated with the attainment of consistently low values of intramuscular phosphocreatine ([PCr]) and pH, as determined using (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy, irrespective of the work rate and the inspired O(2) fraction. We also hypothesized that hyperoxia would increase the asymptote of the hyperbolic power-duration relationship (the critical power, CP) without altering the curvature constant (W). Seven subjects (mean +/- s.d., age 30 +/- 9 years) completed four constant-work-rate knee-extension exercise bouts to the limit of tolerance (range, 3-10 min) both in normoxia (N) and in hyperoxia (H; 70% O(2)) inside the bore of 1.5 T superconducting magnet. The [PCr] (approximately 5-10% of resting baseline) and pH (approximately 6.65) at the limit of tolerance during each of the four trials was not significantly different either in normoxia or in hyperoxia. At the same fixed work rate, the overall rate at which [PCr] fell with time was attenuated in hyperoxia (mean response time: N, 59 +/- 20 versus H, 116 +/- 46 s; P < 0.05). The CP was higher (N, 16.1 +/- 2.6 versus H, 18.0 +/- 2.3 W; P < 0.05) and the W was lower (N, 1.92 +/- 0.70 versus H, 1.48 +/- 0.31 kJ; P < 0.05) in hyperoxia compared with normoxia. These data indicate that T(lim) during severe-intensity exercise is associated with the attainment of consistently low values of muscle [PCr] and pH. The CP and W parameters of the power-duration relationship were both sensitive to the inspiration of hyperoxic gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Vanhatalo
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
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Owerkowicz T, Elsey RM, Hicks JW. Atmospheric oxygen level affects growth trajectory, cardiopulmonary allometry and metabolic rate in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 212:1237-47. [PMID: 19376944 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.023945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent palaeoatmospheric models suggest large-scale fluctuations in ambient oxygen level over the past 550 million years. To better understand how global hypoxia and hyperoxia might have affected the growth and physiology of contemporary vertebrates, we incubated eggs and raised hatchlings of the American alligator. Crocodilians are one of few vertebrate taxa that survived these global changes with distinctly conservative morphology. We maintained animals at 30 degrees C under chronic hypoxia (12% O(2)), normoxia (21% O(2)) or hyperoxia (30% O(2)). At hatching, hypoxic animals were significantly smaller than their normoxic and hyperoxic siblings. Over the course of 3 months, post-hatching growth was fastest under hyperoxia and slowest under hypoxia. Hypoxia, but not hyperoxia, caused distinct scaling of major visceral organs-reduction of liver mass, enlargement of the heart and accelerated growth of lungs. When absorptive and post-absorptive metabolic rates were measured in juvenile alligators, the increase in oxygen consumption rate due to digestion/absorption of food was greatest in hyperoxic alligators and smallest in hypoxic ones. Hyperoxic alligators exhibited the lowest breathing rate and highest oxygen consumption per breath. We suggest that, despite compensatory cardiopulmonary remodelling, growth of hypoxic alligators is constrained by low atmospheric oxygen supply, which may limit their food utilisation capacity. Conversely, the combination of elevated metabolism and low cost of breathing in hyperoxic alligators allows for a greater proportion of metabolised energy to be available for growth. This suggests that growth and metabolic patterns of extinct vertebrates would have been significantly affected by changes in the atmospheric oxygen level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Owerkowicz
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Böning D, Maassen N. Point:Counterpoint: Lactic acid is/is not the only physicochemical contributor to the acidosis of exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 105:358-9. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00162.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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HASHIMOTO TAKESHI, BROOKS GEORGEA. Mitochondrial Lactate Oxidation Complex and an Adaptive Role for Lactate Production. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008; 40:486-94. [PMID: 18379211 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31815fcb04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Brooks GA, Hashimoto T. Investigation of the lactate shuttle in skeletal muscle mitochondria. J Physiol 2007; 584:705-6;author reply 707-8. [PMID: 17702806 PMCID: PMC2277175 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.142992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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Stellingwerff T, Heigenhauser GJF, Spriet LL. Reply to letter "Pyruvate metabolism in working human skeletal muscle" by Henderson et al. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 292:E1238-9. [PMID: 17401139 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00060.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Trenell MI, Sue CM, Thompson CH, Kemp GJ. Supplemental oxygen and muscle metabolism in mitochondrial myopathy patients. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007; 99:541-7. [PMID: 17219172 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-006-0372-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Patients with mitochondrial myopathy (MM) have a reduced capacity to perform exercise due to a reduced oxidative capacity. We undertook this study to determine whether skeletal muscle metabolism could be improved with oxygen therapy in patients with MM. Six patients with MM and six controls, matched for age, gender and physical activity, underwent (31)P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((31)P-MRS) examination. (31)P-MR spectra were collected at rest and in series during exercise and recovery whilst breathing normoxic (0.21 O(2)) or hyperoxic (1.0 O(2)) air. At rest, MM showed an elevated [ADP] (18 +/- 3 micromol/l) and pH (7.03 +/- 0.01) in comparison to the control group (12 +/- 1 micromol/l, 7.01 +/- 0.01) (P < 0.05) consistent with mitochondrial dysfunction. Oxygen supplementation did not change resting metabolites in either MM or the control group (P > 0.05). Inferred maximal ATP synthesis rate improved by 33% with oxygen in MM (21 +/- 3 vs. 28 +/- 5 mmol/(l min), P < 0.05) but only improved by 5% in controls (40 +/- 3 vs. 42 +/- 3 mmol/(l min), P > 0.05). We conclude that oxygen therapy is associated with significant improvements in muscle metabolism in patients with MM. These data suggest that patients with MM could benefit from therapies which improve the provision of oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Trenell
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.
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Henderson GC, Horning MA, Wallis GA, Brooks GA. Pyruvate metabolism in working human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 292:E366. [PMID: 16926378 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00363.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Perry CGR, Talanian JL, Heigenhauser GJF, Spriet LL. The effects of training in hyperoxia vs. normoxia on skeletal muscle enzyme activities and exercise performance. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2006; 102:1022-7. [PMID: 17170202 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01215.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inspiring a hyperoxic (H) gas permits subjects to exercise at higher power outputs while training, but there is controversy as to whether this improves skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, maximal O(2) consumption (Vo(2 max)), and endurance performance to a greater extent than training in normoxia (N). To determine whether the higher power output during H training leads to a greater increase in these parameters, nine recreationally active subjects were randomly assigned in a single-blind fashion to train in H (60% O(2)) or N for 6 wk (3 sessions/wk of 10 x 4 min at 90% Vo(2 max)). Training heart rate (HR) was maintained during the study by increasing power output. After at least 6 wk of detraining, a second 6-wk training protocol was completed with the other breathing condition. Vo(2 max) and cycle time to exhaustion at 90% of pretraining Vo(2 max) were tested in room air pre- and posttraining. Muscle biopsies were sampled pre- and posttraining for citrate synthase (CS), beta-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (beta-HAD), and mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase (m-AsAT) activity measurements. Training power outputs were 8% higher (17 W) in H vs. N. However, both conditions produced similar improvements in Vo(2 max) (11-12%); time to exhaustion (approximately 100%); and CS (H, 30%; N, 32%), beta-HAD (H, 23%; N, 21%), and m-AsAT (H, 21%; N, 26%) activities. We conclude that the additional training stimulus provided by training in H was not sufficient to produce greater increases in the aerobic capacity of skeletal muscle and whole body Vo(2 max) and exercise performance compared with training in N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G R Perry
- Dept. of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
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