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An H, Zhou B, Hayakawa K, Durán Laforet V, Park JH, Nakamura Y, Mandeville ET, Liu N, Guo S, Yu Z, Shi J, Wu D, Li W, Lo EH, Ji X. ATF5-Mediated Mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response (UPR mt) Protects Neurons Against Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation and Cerebral Ischemia. Stroke 2024; 55:1904-1913. [PMID: 38913800 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.123.045550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) is an evolutionarily conserved mitochondrial response that is critical for maintaining mitochondrial and energetic homeostasis under cellular stress after tissue injury and disease. Here, we ask whether UPRmt may be a potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke. METHODS We performed the middle cerebral artery occlusion and oxygen-glucose deprivation models to mimic ischemic stroke in vivo and in vitro, respectively. Oligomycin and meclizine were used to trigger the UPRmt. We used 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, behavioral tests, and Nissl staining to evaluate cerebral injury in vivo. The Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and the Calcein AM Assay Kit were conducted to test cerebral injury in vitro. RESULTS Inducing UPRmt with oligomycin protected neuronal cultures against oxygen-glucose deprivation. UPRmt could also be triggered with meclizine, and this Food and Drug Administration-approved drug also protected neurons against oxygen-glucose deprivation. Blocking UPRmt with siRNA against activating transcription factor 5 eliminated the neuroprotective effects of meclizine. In a mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia, pretreatment with meclizine was able to induce UPRmt in vivo, which reduced infarction and improved neurological outcomes. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the UPRmt is important in maintaining the survival of neurons facing ischemic/hypoxic stress. The UPRmt mechanism may provide a new therapeutic avenue for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong An
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, China (H.A.)
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (H.A., K.H., V.D.L., J.-H.P., Y.N., E.T.M., S.G., Z.Y., J.S., D.W., W.L., E.H.L.)
- Cerebrovascular and Neuroscience Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (H.A., J.S., D.W., X.J.)
| | - Bing Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, China (B.Z.)
| | - Kazuhide Hayakawa
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (H.A., K.H., V.D.L., J.-H.P., Y.N., E.T.M., S.G., Z.Y., J.S., D.W., W.L., E.H.L.)
| | - Violeta Durán Laforet
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (H.A., K.H., V.D.L., J.-H.P., Y.N., E.T.M., S.G., Z.Y., J.S., D.W., W.L., E.H.L.)
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Spain (V.D.L.)
| | - Ji-Hyun Park
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (H.A., K.H., V.D.L., J.-H.P., Y.N., E.T.M., S.G., Z.Y., J.S., D.W., W.L., E.H.L.)
| | - Yoshihiko Nakamura
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (H.A., K.H., V.D.L., J.-H.P., Y.N., E.T.M., S.G., Z.Y., J.S., D.W., W.L., E.H.L.)
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, Japan (Y.N.)
| | - Emiri T Mandeville
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (H.A., K.H., V.D.L., J.-H.P., Y.N., E.T.M., S.G., Z.Y., J.S., D.W., W.L., E.H.L.)
| | - Ning Liu
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (N.L.)
| | - Shuzhen Guo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (H.A., K.H., V.D.L., J.-H.P., Y.N., E.T.M., S.G., Z.Y., J.S., D.W., W.L., E.H.L.)
| | - Zhanyang Yu
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (H.A., K.H., V.D.L., J.-H.P., Y.N., E.T.M., S.G., Z.Y., J.S., D.W., W.L., E.H.L.)
| | - Jingfei Shi
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (H.A., K.H., V.D.L., J.-H.P., Y.N., E.T.M., S.G., Z.Y., J.S., D.W., W.L., E.H.L.)
- Cerebrovascular and Neuroscience Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (H.A., J.S., D.W., X.J.)
| | - Di Wu
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (H.A., K.H., V.D.L., J.-H.P., Y.N., E.T.M., S.G., Z.Y., J.S., D.W., W.L., E.H.L.)
- Cerebrovascular and Neuroscience Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (H.A., J.S., D.W., X.J.)
| | - Wenlu Li
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (H.A., K.H., V.D.L., J.-H.P., Y.N., E.T.M., S.G., Z.Y., J.S., D.W., W.L., E.H.L.)
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (H.A., K.H., V.D.L., J.-H.P., Y.N., E.T.M., S.G., Z.Y., J.S., D.W., W.L., E.H.L.)
| | - Xunming Ji
- Cerebrovascular and Neuroscience Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (H.A., J.S., D.W., X.J.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (X.J.)
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Wang ZH, Wang ZJ, Liu HC, Wang CY, Wang YQ, Yue Y, Zhao C, Wang G, Wan JP. Targeting mitochondria for ovarian aging: new insights into mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1417007. [PMID: 38952389 PMCID: PMC11215021 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1417007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovarian aging is a complex process characterized by a decline in oocyte quantity and quality, directly impacting fertility and overall well-being. Recent researches have identified mitochondria as pivotal players in the aging of ovaries, influencing various hallmarks and pathways governing this intricate process. In this review, we discuss the multifaceted role of mitochondria in determining ovarian fate, and outline the pivotal mechanisms through which mitochondria contribute to ovarian aging. Specifically, we emphasize the potential of targeting mitochondrial dysfunction through innovative therapeutic approaches, including antioxidants, metabolic improvement, biogenesis promotion, mitophagy enhancement, mitochondrial transfer, and traditional Chinese medicine. These strategies hold promise as effective means to mitigate age-related fertility decline and preserve ovarian health. Drawing insights from advanced researches in the field, this review provides a deeper understanding of the intricate interplay between mitochondrial function and ovarian aging, offering valuable perspectives for the development of novel therapeutic interventions aimed at preserving fertility and enhancing overall reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Han Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Jinan Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Gynecological Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhen-Jing Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Huai-Chao Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Jinan Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Gynecological Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Chen-Yu Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Jinan Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Gynecological Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yu-Qi Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Jinan Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Gynecological Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yang Yue
- Department of Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Jinan Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Gynecological Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoyun Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Jinan Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Gynecological Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Ji-Peng Wan
- Department of Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Jinan Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Gynecological Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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Sánchez-Fernández C, Del Olmo-Aguado S, Artime E, Barros A, Fernández-Vega Cueto L, Merayo-Lloves J, Alcalde I. Immunocytochemical Analysis of Crocin against Oxidative Stress in Trigeminal Sensory Neurons Innervating the Cornea. Molecules 2024; 29:456. [PMID: 38257369 PMCID: PMC10818698 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Corneal diseases are a major cause of vision loss, often associated with aging, trauma and disease. Damage to corneal sensory innervation leads to discomfort and pain. Environmental stressors, such as short-wavelength light, can induce oxidative stress that alters mitochondrial function and affects cell and tissue homeostasis, including corneal innervation. Cellular antioxidant mechanisms may attenuate oxidative stress. This study investigates crocin, a derivative of saffron, as a potential antioxidant therapy. In vitro rat trigeminal sensory ganglion neurons were exposed to both sodium azide and blue light overexposure as a model of oxidative damage. Crocin was used as a neuroprotective agent. Mitochondrial and cytoskeletal markers were studied by immunofluorescence analysis to determine oxidative damage and neuroprotection. In vivo corneal innervation degeneration was evaluated in cornea whole mount preparations using Sholl analyses. Blue light exposure induces oxidative stress that affects trigeminal neuron mitochondria and alters sensory axon dynamics in vitro, and it also affects corneal sensory innervation in an in vivo model. Our results show that crocin was effective in preserving mitochondrial function and protecting corneal sensory neurons from oxidative stress. Crocin appears to be a promising candidate for the neuroprotection of corneal innervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sánchez-Fernández
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (C.S.-F.); (S.D.O.-A.); (E.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-V.C.); (J.M.-L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Susana Del Olmo-Aguado
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (C.S.-F.); (S.D.O.-A.); (E.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-V.C.); (J.M.-L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Enol Artime
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (C.S.-F.); (S.D.O.-A.); (E.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-V.C.); (J.M.-L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alberto Barros
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (C.S.-F.); (S.D.O.-A.); (E.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-V.C.); (J.M.-L.)
| | - Luis Fernández-Vega Cueto
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (C.S.-F.); (S.D.O.-A.); (E.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-V.C.); (J.M.-L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jesús Merayo-Lloves
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (C.S.-F.); (S.D.O.-A.); (E.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-V.C.); (J.M.-L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ignacio Alcalde
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (C.S.-F.); (S.D.O.-A.); (E.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-V.C.); (J.M.-L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
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Wagner ML, Ammann A, Piraino G, Wolfe V, O’Connor M, Lahni P, Ziady A, Zingarelli B. PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF HUMANIN-G IN HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK IN FEMALE MICE VIA AMPKα1-INDEPENDENT MECHANISMS. Shock 2023; 60:64-74. [PMID: 37079467 PMCID: PMC10523894 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Despite therapeutic advances in hemorrhagic shock, mortality from multiple organ failure remains high. We previously showed that the α1 subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a crucial regulator of mitochondrial function, exerts a protective role in hemorrhagic shock. Humanin is a mitochondrial peptide with cytoprotective properties against cellular stress. Here, we investigated whether AMPKα1 influences systemic levels of endogenous humanin in hemorrhagic shock and whether treatment with the synthetic analog humanin-G affords beneficial effects. Methods: AMPKα1 wild-type (WT) and knockout (KO) female mice were subjected to hemorrhagic shock followed by resuscitation with blood and lactated Ringer's solution. In short-term studies, mice were treated with humanin-G or vehicle and sacrificed at 3 h after resuscitation; in survival studies, mice were treated with PEGylated humanin-G and monitored for 7 days. Results: Compared with the vehicle WT group, KO mice exhibited severe hypotension, cardiac mitochondrial damage, and higher plasma levels of Th17 cytokines but had similar lung injury and similar plasma elevation of endogenous humanin. Treatment with humanin-G improved lung injury, mean arterial blood pressure, and survival in both WT and KO mice, without affecting systemic cytokine or humanin levels. Humanin-G also ameliorated cardiac mitochondrial damage and increased adenosine triphosphate levels in KO mice. Beneficial effects of humanin-G were associated with lung cytoplasmic and nuclear activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) in AMPKα1-independent manner with marginal or no effects on mitochondrial STAT3 and complex I subunit GRIM-19. Conclusions: Our data indicate that circulating levels of humanin increase during hemorrhagic shock in AMPKα1-independent fashion as a defense mechanism to counteract metabolic derangement and that administration of humanin-G affords beneficial effects through STAT3 activation even in the absence of a functional AMPKα1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L. Wagner
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Ohio, USA
| | - Allison Ammann
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Ohio, USA
| | - Giovanna Piraino
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati Ohio, USA
| | - Vivian Wolfe
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati Ohio, USA
| | - Michael O’Connor
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati Ohio, USA
| | - Patrick Lahni
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati Ohio, USA
| | - Assem Ziady
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation & Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Ohio, USA
| | - Basilia Zingarelli
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Ohio, USA
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5
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Analysis of the Effects of Ninjin’yoeito on Physical Frailty in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911183. [PMID: 36232484 PMCID: PMC9569708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical frailty is an aging-related clinical syndrome involving decreases in body weight, mobility, activity, and walking speed that occurs in individuals with sarcopenia and is accelerated by increased oxidative stress. Ninjin’yoeito, a traditional Japanese Kampo medicine, is used for treating conditions, including anemia and physical weakness. Here, we investigated whether ninjin’yoeito could improve physical frailty by controlling oxidative stress in the senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) model. First, SAMP8 mice were divided into two groups, ninjin’yoeito treated and untreated, with the former consuming a diet containing 3% ninjin’yoeito from 3 months of age. At 7 months of age, body weight, motor function, locomotor activity, and mean walking speed were measured. Subsequently, mice were euthanized and measured for muscle weight, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine levels in muscle and brain, and cleaved caspase-3 expression in brain. The results showed reductions in weight, locomotor function, locomotion, and average walking speed in the untreated group, which were significantly improved by ninjin’yoeito. Furthermore, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine levels were reduced in muscle and brain from ninjin’yoeito-treated mice, compared with the levels in untreated mice; cleaved caspase-3 expression was similarly reduced in brain from the treated mice, indicating reduced apoptosis. Our findings suggest that ninjin’yoeito inhibits sarcopenia-based physical frailty through its antioxidant effects.
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The Relaxin-3 Receptor, RXFP3, Is a Modulator of Aging-Related Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084387. [PMID: 35457203 PMCID: PMC9027355 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the aging process our body becomes less well equipped to deal with cellular stress, resulting in an increase in unrepaired damage. This causes varying degrees of impaired functionality and an increased risk of mortality. One of the most effective anti-aging strategies involves interventions that combine simultaneous glucometabolic support with augmented DNA damage protection/repair. Thus, it seems prudent to develop therapeutic strategies that target this combinatorial approach. Studies have shown that the ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) GTPase activating protein GIT2 (GIT2) acts as a keystone protein in the aging process. GIT2 can control both DNA repair and glucose metabolism. Through in vivo co-regulation analyses it was found that GIT2 forms a close coexpression-based relationship with the relaxin-3 receptor (RXFP3). Cellular RXFP3 expression is directly affected by DNA damage and oxidative stress. Overexpression or stimulation of this receptor, by its endogenous ligand relaxin 3 (RLN3), can regulate the DNA damage response and repair processes. Interestingly, RLN3 is an insulin-like peptide and has been shown to control multiple disease processes linked to aging mechanisms, e.g., anxiety, depression, memory dysfunction, appetite, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. Here we discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying the various roles of RXFP3/RLN3 signaling in aging and age-related disorders.
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Feng J, Xu H, Pan F, Hu J, Wu Y, Lin N, Zhang X, Ji C, Hu Y, Zhong H, Yan L, Zhong T, Cui X. An Integrated Analysis of mRNA and lncRNA Expression Profiles Indicates Their Potential Contribution to Brown Fat Dysfunction With Aging. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:46. [PMID: 32127793 PMCID: PMC7039067 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) can convert fatty acids and glucose into heat, exhibiting the potential to combat obesity and diabetes. The mass and activity of BAT gradually diminishes with aging. As a newly found regulator of gene expression, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) exhibit a wide range of functions in life processes. However, whether long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) involves in BAT dysfunction with aging is still unclear. Here, using RNA-sequencing technology, we identified 3237 messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and 1312 lncRNAs as differentially expressed in BAT of 10-months-old mice compared with 6- to 8-week-old. The protein-protein interaction network and k-score analysis revealed that the core mRNAs were associated with two important aging-related pathways, including cell cycle and p53 signaling pathway. Gene set enrichment analysis indicated that these mRNAs might participate in lipid metabolism and brown fat dysfunction. Functional enrichment analyses demonstrated that dysregulated lncRNAs were associated with mitochondria, regulation of cellular senescence, cell cycle, metabolic and p53 signaling pathways. Moreover, we revealed that two lncRNAs (NONMMUT024512 and n281160) may involve in the regulation of their adjacent gene peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (Pparα), a thermogenesis regulator. Collectively, these results lay a foundation for extensive studies on the role of lncRNAs in age-related thermogenic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Feng
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Nanjing, China
| | - Haoqin Xu
- Jiangsu Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Nanjing, China
| | - Fenghui Pan
- Department of Geriatrics, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaojiao Hu
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yulin Wu
- Jiangsu Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Lin
- Jiangsu Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenbo Ji
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Hu
- Department of Geriatrics, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Zhong
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Linping Yan
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianying Zhong
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Tianying Zhong
| | - Xianwei Cui
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Xianwei Cui
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Klaus S, Ost M. Mitochondrial uncoupling and longevity - A role for mitokines? Exp Gerontol 2019; 130:110796. [PMID: 31786315 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging has been viewed both as a random process due to accumulation of molecular and cellular damage over time and as a programmed process linked to cellular pathway important for growth and maturation. These views converge on mitochondria as both the major producer of damaging reactive oxidant species (ROS) and as signaling organelles. A finite proton leak across the inner mitochondrial membrane leading to a slight uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and respiration is an intrinsic property of all mitochondria and according to the "uncoupling to survive" hypothesis it has evolved to protect against ROS production to minimize oxidative damage. This hypothesis is supported by evidence linking an increased endogenous, uncoupling protein (UCP1) mediated, as well as experimentally induced mitochondrial uncoupling to an increased lifespan in rodents. This is possibly due to the synergistic activation of molecular pathways linked to life extending effects of caloric restriction as well as a mitohormetic response. Mitohormesis is an adaptive stress response through mitonuclear signaling which increases stress resistance resulting in health promoting effects. Part of this response is the induction of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), two stress-induced mitokines which elicit beneficial systemic metabolic effects via endocrine action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Klaus
- German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Mario Ost
- German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
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Abstract
All people want to age "successfully," maintaining functional capacity and quality of life as they reach advanced age. Achieving this goal depends on preserving optimal cognitive and brain functioning. Yet, significant individual differences exist in this regard. Some older adults continue to retain most cognitive abilities throughout their lifetime. Others experience declines in cognitive and functional capacity that range from mild decrements in certain cognitive functions over time to severe dementia among those with neurodegenerative diseases. Even among relatively healthy "successful agers," certain cognitive functions are reduced from earlier levels. This is particularly true for cognitive functions that are dependent on cognitive processing speed and efficiency. Working memory and executive and attentional functions tend to be most vulnerable. Learning and memory functions are also usually reduced, although in the absence of neurodegenerative disease learning and retrieval efficiency rather than memory storage are affected. Other functions, such as visual perception, language, semantics, and knowledge, are often well preserved. Structural, functional, and physiologic/metabolic brain changes correspond with age-associated cognitive decline. Physiologic and metabolic mechanisms, such as oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, may contribute to these changes, along with the contribution of comorbidities that secondarily affect the brain of older adults. Cognitive frailty often corresponds with physical frailty, both affected by multiple exogenous and endogenous factors. Neuropsychologic assessment provides a way of measuring the cognitive and functional status of older adults, which is useful for monitoring changes that may be occurring. Neuroimaging is also useful for characterizing age-associated structural, functional, physiologic, and metabolic brain changes, including alterations in cerebral blood flow and metabolite concentrations. Some interventions that may enhance cognitive function, such as cognitive training, neuromodulation, and pharmacologic approaches, exist or are being developed. Yet, preventing, slowing, and reversing the adverse effects of cognitive aging remains a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald A Cohen
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| | - Michael M Marsiske
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Glenn E Smith
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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10
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Genetic Analysis of the Organization, Development, and Plasticity of Corneal Innervation in Mice. J Neurosci 2018; 39:1150-1168. [PMID: 30587537 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1401-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cornea has the densest sensory innervation of the body, originating primarily from neurons in the trigeminal ganglion. The basic principles of cornea nerve patterning have been established many years ago using classic neuroanatomical methods, such as immunocytochemistry and electrophysiology. Our understanding of the morphology and distribution of the sensory nerves in the skin has considerably progressed over the past few years through the generation and analysis of a variety of genetically modified mouse lines. Surprisingly, these lines were not used to study corneal axons. Here, we have screened a collection of transgenic and knockin mice (of both sexes) to select lines allowing the visualization and genetic manipulation of corneal nerves. We identified multiple lines, including some in which different types of corneal axons can be simultaneously observed with fluorescent proteins expressed in a combinatorial manner. We also provide the first description of the morphology and arborization of single corneal axons and identify three main types of branching pattern. We applied this genetic strategy to the analysis of corneal nerve development and plasticity. We provide direct evidence for a progressive reduction of the density of corneal innervation during aging. We also show that the semaphorin receptor neuropilin-1 acts cell-autonomously to control the development of corneal axons and that early axon guidance defects have long-term consequences on corneal innervation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We have screened a collection of transgenic and knockin mice and identify lines allowing the visualization and genetic manipulation of corneal nerves. We provide the first description of the arborization pattern of single corneal axons. We also present applications of this genetic strategy to the analysis of corneal nerve development and remodeling during aging.
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11
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A Mitochondrial Encoded Messenger at the Nucleus. Cells 2018; 7:cells7080105. [PMID: 30104535 PMCID: PMC6115982 DOI: 10.3390/cells7080105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria–nucleus (mitonuclear) retrograde signaling via nuclear import of otherwise mitochondrial targeted factors occurs during mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), a mechanism that counters mitochondrial and cellular stresses. Other than nuclear encoded proteins, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-encoded peptides, such as humanin, are known to have important pro-survival and metabolic regulatory functions. A recent report has indicated that another mtDNA-encoded peptide, the mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c (MOTS-c), could translocate into the nucleus upon stress induction. In the nucleus, MOTS-c binds to DNA and regulates the transcription of stress response genes in concert with other transcription factors. This is the first clear example of a mitochondria-derived peptide (MDP) acting in the nucleus to affect transcriptional responses to stress. Thus, MOTS-c may bear some characteristics of a ‘mitokine’ factor that mediates mitohormesis, influencing cell survival as well as organismal health and longevity.
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12
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Alcalde I, Íñigo-Portugués A, González-González O, Almaraz L, Artime E, Morenilla-Palao C, Gallar J, Viana F, Merayo-Lloves J, Belmonte C. Morphological and functional changes in TRPM8-expressing corneal cold thermoreceptor neurons during aging and their impact on tearing in mice. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:1859-1874. [PMID: 29664111 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Morphological and functional alterations of peripheral somatosensory neurons during the aging process lead to a decline of somatosensory perception. Here, we analyze the changes occurring with aging in trigeminal ganglion (TG), TRPM8-expressing cold thermoreceptor neurons innervating the mouse cornea, which participate in the regulation of basal tearing and blinking and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of dry eye disease (DED). TG cell bodies and axonal branches were examined in a mouse line (TRPM8BAC -EYFP) expressing a fluorescent reporter. In 3 months old animals, about 50% of TG cold thermoreceptor neurons were intensely fluorescent, likely providing strongly fluorescent axons and complex corneal nerve terminals with ongoing activity at 34°C and low-threshold, robust responses to cooling. The remaining TRPM8+ corneal axons were weakly fluorescent with nonbeaded axons, sparsely ramified nerve terminals, and exhibited a low-firing rate at 34°C, responding moderately to cooling pulses as do weakly fluorescent TG neurons. In aged (24 months) mice, the number of weakly fluorescent TG neurons was strikingly high while the morphology of TRPM8+ corneal axons changed drastically; 89% were weakly fluorescent, unbranched, and often ending in the basal epithelium. Functionally, 72.5% of aged cold terminals responded as those of young animals, but 27.5% exhibited very low-background activity and abnormal responsiveness to cooling pulses. These morpho-functional changes develop in parallel with an enhancement of tear's basal flow and osmolarity, suggesting that the aberrant sensory inflow to the brain from impaired peripheral cold thermoreceptors contributes to age-induced abnormal tearing and to the high incidence of DED in elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Alcalde
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo & Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Almudena Íñigo-Portugués
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo & Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Omar González-González
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo & Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Laura Almaraz
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Enol Artime
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo & Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Cruz Morenilla-Palao
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Juana Gallar
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Félix Viana
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Jesús Merayo-Lloves
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo & Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carlos Belmonte
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo & Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
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13
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Shen T, Duan C, Chen B, Li M, Ruan Y, Xu D, Shi D, Yu D, Li J, Wang C. Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide suppresses hydrogen peroxide-triggered injury of human skin fibroblasts via upregulation of SIRT1. Mol Med Rep 2017. [PMID: 28627707 PMCID: PMC5561887 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide (TFPS), which is the extract of Tremella fuciformis Berk, has previously been demonstrated to exhibit potent anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects. However, the mechanisms underlying these protective and therapeutic effects remain to be elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effects of TFPS on hydrogen peroxide-induced injury of human skin fibroblasts and to elucidate the aforementioned underlying mechanisms. A hydrogen peroxide-induced human skin fibroblast injury model was firstly established. MTT and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production assays, in addition to terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, were performed to investigate the protective effects of TFPS. Hydrogen peroxide decreased human skin fibroblast viability with a concurrent increase in ROS generation and cell apoptosis. Treatment with 0–400 µg/ml TFPS alone for up to 48 h did not result in alteration in cell viability. Notably, TFPS pre-treatment reduced oxidative stress and cell apoptosis in hydrogen peroxide-treated skin fibroblasts. In addition, there was profound inhibition of p16, p21, p53 and caspase-3 expression, and activation of extracellular-signal regulated kinase and Akt serine/threonine kinase 1, following TFPS pre-treatment. Furthermore, it was revealed that TFPS additionally protected fibroblasts via the upregulation of SIRT1 expression, and this was abrogated by the SIRT1 inhibitor niacinamide. These results indicated that TFPS alleviated hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in skin fibroblasts via upregulation of SIRT1 expression, indicating that TFPS may act as a potential therapeutic agent for oxidative-stress-associated skin diseases and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Shen
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Chao Duan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business Unversity, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Beidong Chen
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Meng Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business Unversity, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Yang Ruan
- Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Danni Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business Unversity, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Doudou Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business Unversity, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Dan Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business Unversity, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Jian Li
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Changtao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business Unversity, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
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14
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Soysal P, Isik AT, Carvalho AF, Fernandes BS, Solmi M, Schofield P, Veronese N, Stubbs B. Oxidative stress and frailty: A systematic review and synthesis of the best evidence. Maturitas 2017; 99:66-72. [PMID: 28364871 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress (OS) is associated with accelerated aging. Previous studies have suggested a possible relationship between OS and frailty but this association remains unclear. We conducted a systematic review to investigate potential interactions between OS and frailty. METHODS A systematic literature search of original reports providing data on 'OS and antioxidant' parameters and frailty was carried out across major electronic databases from inception until May 2016. Cross-sectional/case control and longitudinal studies reporting data on the association between frailty and anti-oxidants-OS biomarkers were considered for inclusion. Results were summarized with a synthesis based on the best evidence. RESULTS From 1856 hits, 8 studies (cross-sectional/case control) were included (N=6349; mean age of 75±12years; 56.4% females). Overall, there were 588 (=9.3%) frail, 3036 pre-frail (=47.8%), 40 (=0.6%) pre-frail/robust, and 2685 (=42.3%) robust subjects. Six cross-sectional/case control studies demonstrated that frailty was associated with an increase in peripheral OS biomarkers, including lipoprotein phospholipase A2 (1 study), isoprostanes (2 studies), malonaldehyde (2 studies), 8-hydroxy-20-deoxyguanosine (2 studies), derivate of reactive oxygen metabolites (2 studies), oxidized glutathione/glutathione (1 study), 4-hydroxy-2,3-nonenal (1 study), and protein carbonylation levels (1 study). In addition, preliminary evidence points to lower anti-oxidant parameters (vitamin C, E, α-tocopherol, biological anti-oxidant potential, total thiol levels) in frailty. CONCLUSION Frailty and pre-frailty appear to be associated with higher OS and possibly lower anti-oxidant parameters. However, due to the cross-sectional design, it is not possible to disentangle the directionality of the relationships observed. Thus, future high-quality and in particular longitudinal research is required to confirm or refute these relationships and to further elucidate pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Soysal
- Kayseri Education and Research Hospital, Geriatric Center, Kayseri, Turkey; Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London Box SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmet Turan Isik
- Center for Aging Brain and Dementia, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey; Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London Box SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Andre F Carvalho
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London Box SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Brisa S Fernandes
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia; Laboratory of Calcium Binding Proteins in the Central Nervous System, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London Box SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Solmi
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; National Health Care System, Padova Local Unit ULSS 17, Italy; Institute for Clinical Research and Education in Medicine, I.R.E.M., Padua, Italy; Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London Box SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Schofield
- Health, Social Care and Education, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, United Kingdom; Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London Box SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Veronese
- Institute for Clinical Research and Education in Medicine, I.R.E.M., Padua, Italy; Geriatrics Division, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- Health, Social Care and Education, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, United Kingdom; Institute of Clinical Research and Education in Medicine (IREM), Padova, Italy; Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AZ, United Kingdom; Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London Box SE5 8AF, United Kingdom.
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15
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Herst PM, Rowe MR, Carson GM, Berridge MV. Functional Mitochondria in Health and Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:296. [PMID: 29163365 PMCID: PMC5675848 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to rapidly adapt cellular bioenergetic capabilities to meet rapidly changing environmental conditions is mandatory for normal cellular function and for cancer progression. Any loss of this adaptive response has the potential to compromise cellular function and render the cell more susceptible to external stressors such as oxidative stress, radiation, chemotherapeutic drugs, and hypoxia. Mitochondria play a vital role in bioenergetic and biosynthetic pathways and can rapidly adjust to meet the metabolic needs of the cell. Increased demand is met by mitochondrial biogenesis and fusion of individual mitochondria into dynamic networks, whereas a decrease in demand results in the removal of superfluous mitochondria through fission and mitophagy. Effective communication between nucleus and mitochondria (mito-nuclear cross talk), involving the generation of different mitochondrial stress signals as well as the nuclear stress response pathways to deal with these stressors, maintains bioenergetic homeostasis under most conditions. However, when mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations accumulate and mito-nuclear cross talk falters, mitochondria fail to deliver critical functional outputs. Mutations in mtDNA have been implicated in neuromuscular and neurodegenerative mitochondriopathies and complex diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, skin disorders, aging, and cancer. In some cases, drastic measures such as acquisition of new mitochondria from donor cells occurs to ensure cell survival. This review starts with a brief discussion of the evolutionary origin of mitochondria and summarizes how mutations in mtDNA lead to mitochondriopathies and other degenerative diseases. Mito-nuclear cross talk, including various stress signals generated by mitochondria and corresponding stress response pathways activated by the nucleus are summarized. We also introduce and discuss a small family of recently discovered hormone-like mitopeptides that modulate body metabolism. Under conditions of severe mitochondrial stress, mitochondria have been shown to traffic between cells, replacing mitochondria in cells with damaged and malfunctional mtDNA. Understanding the processes involved in cellular bioenergetics and metabolic adaptation has the potential to generate new knowledge that will lead to improved treatment of many of the metabolic, degenerative, and age-related inflammatory diseases that characterize modern societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patries M. Herst
- Cancer Cell Biology, Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- Department of Radiation Therapy, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Patries M. Herst, ; Michael V. Berridge,
| | - Matthew R. Rowe
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Georgia M. Carson
- Cancer Cell Biology, Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Michael V. Berridge
- Cancer Cell Biology, Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Patries M. Herst, ; Michael V. Berridge,
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16
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Popov LD. Mitochondrial networking in diabetic left ventricle cardiomyocytes. Mitochondrion 2016; 34:24-31. [PMID: 28007605 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte mitochondria preserve "the quorum sensing" attribute of their aerobic bacterial ancestors, as shown by the transient physical connectivity and communication not only with each other, but also with other intracellular organelles and with cytosol, ensuing cellular homeostasis. In this review, we present original electron microscopy evidence on mitochondrial networking within diabetic left ventricular cardiomyocytes, focusing on: (i) the inter-mitochondrial communication, allowing electrochemical signals transfer and outer membrane components or matrix proteins exchange, (ii) the interplay between mitochondria and the cardiomyocyte nucleus, nucleolus, sarcoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, and lipid droplets viewed as attributes of mitochondrial "quality control" and "retrograde signaling function", and (iii) the crosstalk between mitochondria and cardiomyocyte cytosol, as part of the adaptive responses that allow cells survival. Confirmation of such interactions in diabetic myocardium and identification of molecules involved are ongoing, foreseeing the alleviation of heart contractile dysfunction in cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia-Doina Popov
- "Nicolae Simionescu" Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology of the Romanian Academy, 8, B.P. Hasdeu Street, Bucharest 050568, Romania.
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17
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Lee C, Kim KH, Cohen P. MOTS-c: A novel mitochondrial-derived peptide regulating muscle and fat metabolism. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 100:182-187. [PMID: 27216708 PMCID: PMC5116416 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are ancient organelles that are thought to have emerged from once free-living α-proto-bacteria. As such, they still possess several bacterial-like qualities, including a semi-autonomous genetic system, complete with an independent genome and a unique genetic code. The bacterial-like circular mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been described to encode 37 genes, including 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs, and 13 mRNAs. Two additional peptides reported to originate from the mtDNA, namely humanin (Hashimoto et al., 2001; Ikone et al., 2003; Guo et al., 2003) [1-3] and MOTS-c (mitochondrial ORF of the twelve S c) (Lee et al., 2015) [4], indicate a larger mitochondrial genetic repertoire (Shokolenko and Alexeyev, 2015) [5]. These mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs) have profound and distinct biological activities and provide a paradigm-shifting concept of active mitochondrial-encoded signals that act at the cellular and organismal level (i.e. mitochondrial hormone) (da Cunha et al., 2015; Quiros et al., 2016) [6,7]. Considering that mitochondria are the single most important metabolic organelle, it is not surprising that these MDPs have metabolic actions. MOTS-c has been shown to target the skeletal muscle and enhance glucose metabolism. As such, MOTS-c has implications in the regulation of obesity, diabetes, exercise, and longevity, representing an entirely novel mitochondrial signaling mechanism to regulate metabolism within and between cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhan Lee
- USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, 3715 McClintock Ave., Suite 103, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States.
| | - Kyung Hwa Kim
- USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, 3715 McClintock Ave., Suite 103, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Pinchas Cohen
- USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, 3715 McClintock Ave., Suite 103, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States.
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Abstract
Alterations at the level of plasma membrane are reported to play an important role in cellular senescence. The present study was undertaken to correlate cellular senescence, membrane transport processes and organismal aging. To achieve this objective activities of membrane linked Na+/K + ATPase (NKA), Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) and correlation with membrane hydrxyperoxide level, sialic acid content and membrane protein oxidation was studied in density-gradient fractionated young and old erythrocytes from 4 and 24 month old Wistar rats. The results reveal that cellular aging within the tissue is associated with significant decrease in activities of NKA and NHE of senescent erythrocytes in comparison to younger cell population of same age group. The result shows that impaired ion homeostasis due to altered membrane transporters including functional and compositional changes may be one of the reasons responsible behind rat erythrocyte aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Singh
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Allahabad , Allahabad , India
| | | | - Syed Ibrahim Rizvi
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Allahabad , Allahabad , India
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19
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Bigler M, Koutsantonis D, Odriozola A, Halm S, Tschanz SA, Zakrzewicz A, Weichert A, Baum O. Morphometry of skeletal muscle capillaries: the relationship between capillary ultrastructure and ageing in humans. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2016; 218:98-111. [PMID: 27174490 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine whether the ultrastructure of the capillary system in human skeletal muscle changes during advancing senescence, we evaluated the compartmental and subcompartmental organization of capillaries from vastus lateralis muscle (VL) biopsies of 41 non-diseased persons aged 23-75 years. METHODS From each VL biopsy, 38-40 randomly selected capillaries were assessed by transmission electron microscopy and subsequent morphometry with a newly established tablet-based image analysis technique. RESULTS Quantification of the compartmental organization revealed most indicators of the capillary ultrastructure to be only non-significantly altered (P > 0.05) over age. However, the peri-capillary basement membrane (BM) was thicker in the older participants than in the younger ones (P ≤ 0.05). Regression analysis revealed a bipartite relationship between the two parameters: a homogenous slight increase in BM thickness up to the age of approximately 50 years was followed by a second phase with more scattered BM thickness values. In 44.5% of the capillary profiles, projections/filopodia of the pericytes (PCs) traversed the BM and invaded endothelial cells (ECs) visible as PC pegs in pale cytoplasm holes (EC sockets). Strikingly, PC pegs were often in proximity to the EC nucleus. In PC profiles, sockets were likewise detected in 14.2% of the capillaries. Within these PC sockets, cellular profiles were frequently seen, which could be assigned to EC filopodia, internal PC curling or PC-PC interactions. Quantification of the occurrence of peg-socket junctions revealed the proportions of empty EC sockets and empty PC sockets to increase (P ≤ 0.05) during ageing. CONCLUSION Our investigation demonstrates advancing senescence to be associated with increase in BM thickness and loss of EC and PC filopodia length in skeletal muscle capillaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Bigler
- Institute of Anatomy; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | | | - A. Odriozola
- Institute of Anatomy; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - S. Halm
- Institute of Anatomy; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - S. A. Tschanz
- Institute of Anatomy; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - A. Zakrzewicz
- Institute of Physiology; CharitéCrossOver (CCO); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - A. Weichert
- Institute of Physiology; CharitéCrossOver (CCO); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Department of Obstetrics; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - O. Baum
- Institute of Physiology; CharitéCrossOver (CCO); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
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20
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Naviaux RK, Naviaux JC, Li K, Bright AT, Alaynick WA, Wang L, Baxter A, Nathan N, Anderson W, Gordon E. Metabolic features of chronic fatigue syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E5472-80. [PMID: 27573827 PMCID: PMC5027464 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1607571113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 2 million people in the United States have myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). We performed targeted, broad-spectrum metabolomics to gain insights into the biology of CFS. We studied a total of 84 subjects using these methods. Forty-five subjects (n = 22 men and 23 women) met diagnostic criteria for ME/CFS by Institute of Medicine, Canadian, and Fukuda criteria. Thirty-nine subjects (n = 18 men and 21 women) were age- and sex-matched normal controls. Males with CFS were 53 (±2.8) y old (mean ± SEM; range, 21-67 y). Females were 52 (±2.5) y old (range, 20-67 y). The Karnofsky performance scores were 62 (±3.2) for males and 54 (±3.3) for females. We targeted 612 metabolites in plasma from 63 biochemical pathways by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, electrospray ionization, and tandem mass spectrometry in a single-injection method. Patients with CFS showed abnormalities in 20 metabolic pathways. Eighty percent of the diagnostic metabolites were decreased, consistent with a hypometabolic syndrome. Pathway abnormalities included sphingolipid, phospholipid, purine, cholesterol, microbiome, pyrroline-5-carboxylate, riboflavin, branch chain amino acid, peroxisomal, and mitochondrial metabolism. Area under the receiver operator characteristic curve analysis showed diagnostic accuracies of 94% [95% confidence interval (CI), 84-100%] in males using eight metabolites and 96% (95% CI, 86-100%) in females using 13 metabolites. Our data show that despite the heterogeneity of factors leading to CFS, the cellular metabolic response in patients was homogeneous, statistically robust, and chemically similar to the evolutionarily conserved persistence response to environmental stress known as dauer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92103-8467; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92103-8467; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92103-8467; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92103-8467;
| | - Jane C Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92103-8467; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92103-8467
| | - Kefeng Li
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92103-8467; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92103-8467
| | - A Taylor Bright
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92103-8467; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92103-8467
| | - William A Alaynick
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92103-8467; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92103-8467
| | - Lin Wang
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92103-8467; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92103-8467
| | - Asha Baxter
- Gordon Medical Associates, Santa Rosa, CA 95403
| | - Neil Nathan
- Gordon Medical Associates, Santa Rosa, CA 95403
| | | | - Eric Gordon
- Gordon Medical Associates, Santa Rosa, CA 95403
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Voigt A, Jelinek HF. Humanin: a mitochondrial signaling peptide as a biomarker for impaired fasting glucose-related oxidative stress. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:e12796. [PMID: 27173674 PMCID: PMC4873641 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial RNR-2 (mt-RNR2, humanin) has been shown to play a role in protecting several types of cells and tissues from the effects of oxidative stress. Humanin (HN) functions through extracellular and intracellular pathways adjusting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production. Addition of HN improved insulin sensitivity in animal models of diabetes mellitus but no clinical studies have been carried out to measure HN levels in humans associated with hyperglycemia. The plasma levels of HN in participants attending a diabetes complications screening clinic were measured. Clinical history and anthropometric data were obtained from all participants. Plasma levels of HN were measured by a commercial ELISA kit. All data were analyzed applying nonparametric statistics and general linear modeling to correct for age and gender. A significant decrease (P = 0.0001) in HN was observed in the impaired fasting glucose (IFG) group (n = 23; 204.84 ± 92.87 pg mL(-1)) compared to control (n = 58; 124.3 ± 83.91 pg mL(-1)) consistent with an adaptive cellular response by HN to a slight increase in BGL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annet Voigt
- Department of Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany School of Community Health and Centre for Research in Complex Systems, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, Australia
| | - Herbert F Jelinek
- School of Community Health and Centre for Research in Complex Systems, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, Australia Division of Cardiology, Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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22
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Stenvinkel P, Kooman JP, Shiels PG. Nutrients and ageing: what can we learn about ageing interactions from animal biology? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2016; 19:19-25. [PMID: 26485336 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Many prevalent clinical conditions, such as chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary, and cardiovascular disease associate with features of premature ageing, such as muscle wasting, hypogonadism, osteoporosis, and arteriosclerosis. Studies on various animal models have shown that caloric restriction prolongs lifespan. Studies of animals with unusual long or short life for their body size may also contribute to better understanding of ageing processes. The aim of the present article is to review what we can learn about nutritional modulations and ageing interactions from animal biology. RECENT FINDINGS Caloric restriction is a powerful intervention that increases longevity in animals ranging from short-lived species, such as worms and flies, to primates. As long-term studies on caloric restriction are not feasible to conduct in humans, much interest has focused on the impact of caloric restriction mimetics, such as resveratrol, on ageing processes. Recent data from studies on the long-lived naked mole rat have provided important novel information on metabolic alterations and antioxidative defense mechanisms that characterize longevity. SUMMARY Better understanding of the biology of exceptionally long-lived animals will contribute to better understanding of ageing processes and novel interventions to extend lifespan also in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Stenvinkel
- aDivision of Renal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital at Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden bDivision of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Maastricht, the Netherlands cInstitute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Translational Research Center, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Relationship between Oxidative Stress, Circadian Rhythms, and AMD. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:7420637. [PMID: 26885250 PMCID: PMC4738726 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7420637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This work reviews concepts regarding oxidative stress and the mechanisms by which endogenous and exogenous factors produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). It also surveys the relationships between oxidative stress, circadian rhythms, and retinal damage in humans, particularly those related to light and photodamage. In the first section, the production of ROS by different cell organelles and biomolecules and the antioxidant mechanisms that antagonize this damage are reviewed. The second section includes a brief review of circadian clocks and their relationship with the cellular redox state. In the third part of this work, the relationship between retinal damage and ROS is described. The last part of this work focuses on retinal degenerative pathology, age-related macular degeneration, and the relationships between this pathology, ROS, and light. Finally, the possible interactions between the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), circadian rhythms, and this pathology are discussed.
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Lane RK, Hilsabeck T, Rea SL. The role of mitochondrial dysfunction in age-related diseases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2015; 1847:1387-400. [PMID: 26050974 PMCID: PMC10481969 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The aging process is accompanied by the onset of disease and a general decline in wellness. Insights into the aging process have revealed a number of cellular hallmarks of aging, among these epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, and stem cell exhaustion. Mitochondrial dysfunction increasingly appears to be a common factor connecting several of these hallmarks, driving the aging process and afflicting tissues throughout the body. Recent research has uncovered a much more complex involvement of mitochondria in the cell than has previously been appreciated and revealed novel ways in which mitochondrial defects feed into disease pathology. In this review we evaluate ways in which problems in mitochondria contribute to disease beyond the well-known mechanisms of oxidative stress and bioenergetic deficits, and we predict the direction that mitochondrial disease research will take in years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Lane
- The Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Tyler Hilsabeck
- The Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA; The University of Texas, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Shane L Rea
- The Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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25
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Zeng Y, Zhang L, Hu Z. Cerebral insulin, insulin signaling pathway, and brain angiogenesis. Neurol Sci 2015; 37:9-16. [PMID: 26442674 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-015-2386-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Insulin performs unique non-metabolic functions within the brain. Broadly speaking, two major areas of these functions are those related to brain endothelial cells and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) function, and those related to behavioral effects, like cognition in disease states (Alzheimer's disease, AD) and in health. Recent studies showed that both these functions are associated with brain angiogenesis. These findings raise interesting questions such as how they are linked to each other and whether modifying brain angiogenesis by targeting certain insulin signaling pathways could be an effective strategy to treat dementia as in AD, or even to help secure healthy longevity. The two canonical downstream pathways involved in mediating the insulin signaling pathway, the phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, in the brain are supposed to be similar to those in the periphery. PI3K and MAPK pathways play important roles in angiogenesis. Both are involved in stimulating hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) in angiogenesis and could be activated by the insulin signaling pathway. This suggests that PI3K and MAPK pathways might act as cross-talk between the insulin signaling pathway and the angiogenesis pathway in brain. But the cerebral insulin, insulin signaling pathway, and the detailed mechanism in the connection of insulin signaling pathway, brain angiogenesis pathway, and healthy aging or dementias are still mostly not clear and need further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zeng
- Department of Geriatrics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
| | - Zhiping Hu
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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26
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Abstract
In the past century, considerable efforts were made to understand the role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations and of oxidative stress in aging. The classic mitochondrial free radical theory of aging, in which mtDNA mutations cause genotoxic oxidative stress, which in turn creates more mutations, has been a central hypothesis in the field for decades. In the past few years, however, new elements have discredited this original theory. The major sources of mitochondrial DNA mutations seem to be replication errors and failure of the repair mechanisms, and the accumulation of these mutations as observed in aged organisms seems to occur by clonal expansion and not to be caused by a reactive oxygen species-dependent vicious cycle. New hypotheses of how age-associated mitochondrial dysfunction may lead to aging are based on the role of reactive oxygen species as signaling molecules and on their role in mediating stress responses to age-dependent damage. Here, we review the changes that mtDNA undergoes during aging and the past and most recent hypotheses linking these changes to the tissue failure observed in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Pinto
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Carlos T Moraes
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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27
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Lismont C, Nordgren M, Van Veldhoven PP, Fransen M. Redox interplay between mitochondria and peroxisomes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:35. [PMID: 26075204 PMCID: PMC4444963 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduction-oxidation or “redox” reactions are an integral part of a broad range of cellular processes such as gene expression, energy metabolism, protein import and folding, and autophagy. As many of these processes are intimately linked with cell fate decisions, transient or chronic changes in cellular redox equilibrium are likely to contribute to the initiation and progression of a plethora of human diseases. Since a long time, it is known that mitochondria are major players in redox regulation and signaling. More recently, it has become clear that also peroxisomes have the capacity to impact redox-linked physiological processes. To serve this function, peroxisomes cooperate with other organelles, including mitochondria. This review provides a comprehensive picture of what is currently known about the redox interplay between mitochondria and peroxisomes in mammals. We first outline the pro- and antioxidant systems of both organelles and how they may function as redox signaling nodes. Next, we critically review and discuss emerging evidence that peroxisomes and mitochondria share an intricate redox-sensitive relationship and cooperate in cell fate decisions. Key issues include possible physiological roles, messengers, and mechanisms. We also provide examples of how data mining of publicly-available datasets from “omics” technologies can be a powerful means to gain additional insights into potential redox signaling pathways between peroxisomes and mitochondria. Finally, we highlight the need for more studies that seek to clarify the mechanisms of how mitochondria may act as dynamic receivers, integrators, and transmitters of peroxisome-derived mediators of oxidative stress. The outcome of such studies may open up exciting new avenues for the community of researchers working on cellular responses to organelle-derived oxidative stress, a research field in which the role of peroxisomes is currently highly underestimated and an issue of discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celien Lismont
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven - University of Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marcus Nordgren
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven - University of Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul P Van Veldhoven
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven - University of Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Fransen
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven - University of Leuven Leuven, Belgium
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28
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Ruetenik A, Barrientos A. Dietary restriction, mitochondrial function and aging: from yeast to humans. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:1434-47. [PMID: 25979234 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) attenuates many detrimental effects of aging and consequently promotes health and increases longevity across organisms. While over the last 15 years extensive research has been devoted towards understanding the biology of aging, the precise mechanistic aspects of DR are yet to be settled. Abundant experimental evidence indicates that the DR effect on stimulating health impinges several metabolic and stress-resistance pathways. Downstream effects of these pathways include a reduction in cellular damage induced by oxidative stress, enhanced efficiency of mitochondrial functions and maintenance of mitochondrial dynamics and quality control, thereby attenuating age-related declines in mitochondrial function. However, the literature also accumulates conflicting evidence regarding how DR ameliorates mitochondrial performance and whether that is enough to slow age-dependent cellular and organismal deterioration. Here, we will summarize the current knowledge about how and to which extent the influence of different DR regimes on mitochondrial biogenesis and function contribute to postpone the detrimental effects of aging on health-span and lifespan. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antoni Barrientos
- Neuroscience Graduate Program; Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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29
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de Cavanagh EMV, Inserra F, Ferder L. Angiotensin II blockade: how its molecular targets may signal to mitochondria and slow aging. Coincidences with calorie restriction and mTOR inhibition. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H15-44. [PMID: 25934099 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00459.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR), renin angiotensin system blockade (RAS-bl), and rapamycin-mediated mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition increase survival and retard aging across species. Previously, we have summarized CR and RAS-bl's converging effects, and the mitochondrial function changes associated with their physiological benefits. mTOR inhibition and enhanced sirtuin and KLOTHO signaling contribute to the benefits of CR in aging. mTORC1/mTORC2 complexes contribute to cell growth and metabolic regulation. Prolonged mTORC1 activation may lead to age-related disease progression; thus, rapamycin-mediated mTOR inhibition and CR may extend lifespan and retard aging through mTORC1 interference. Sirtuins by deacetylating histone and transcription-related proteins modulate signaling and survival pathways and mitochondrial functioning. CR regulates several mammalian sirtuins favoring their role in aging regulation. KLOTHO/fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) contribute to control Ca(2+), phosphate, and vitamin D metabolism, and their dysregulation may participate in age-related disease. Here we review how mTOR inhibition extends lifespan, how KLOTHO functions as an aging suppressor, how sirtuins mediate longevity, how vitamin D loss may contribute to age-related disease, and how they relate to mitochondrial function. Also, we discuss how RAS-bl downregulates mTOR and upregulates KLOTHO, sirtuin, and vitamin D receptor expression, suggesting that at least some of RAS-bl benefits in aging are mediated through the modulation of mTOR, KLOTHO, and sirtuin expression and vitamin D signaling, paralleling CR actions in age retardation. Concluding, the available evidence endorses the idea that RAS-bl is among the interventions that may turn out to provide relief to the spreading issue of age-associated chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M V de Cavanagh
- Center of Hypertension, Cardiology Department, Austral University Hospital, Derqui, Argentina; School of Biomedical Sciences, Austral University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Felipe Inserra
- Center of Hypertension, Cardiology Department, Austral University Hospital, Derqui, Argentina; School of Biomedical Sciences, Austral University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - León Ferder
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ponce School of Medicine, Ponce, Puerto Rico
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30
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Lee C, Zeng J, Drew BG, Sallam T, Martin-Montalvo A, Wan J, Kim SJ, Mehta H, Hevener AL, de Cabo R, Cohen P. The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance. Cell Metab 2015; 21:443-54. [PMID: 25738459 PMCID: PMC4350682 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are known to be functional organelles, but their role as a signaling unit is increasingly being appreciated. The identification of a short open reading frame (sORF) in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that encodes a signaling peptide, humanin, suggests the possible existence of additional sORFs in the mtDNA. Here we report a sORF within the mitochondrial 12S rRNA encoding a 16-amino-acid peptide named MOTS-c (mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c) that regulates insulin sensitivity and metabolic homeostasis. Its primary target organ appears to be the skeletal muscle, and its cellular actions inhibit the folate cycle and its tethered de novo purine biosynthesis, leading to AMPK activation. MOTS-c treatment in mice prevented age-dependent and high-fat-diet-induced insulin resistance, as well as diet-induced obesity. These results suggest that mitochondria may actively regulate metabolic homeostasis at the cellular and organismal level via peptides encoded within their genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhan Lee
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Jennifer Zeng
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Brian G Drew
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tamer Sallam
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Junxiang Wan
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Su-Jeong Kim
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Hemal Mehta
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Andrea L Hevener
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Pinchas Cohen
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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31
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Peers C, Boyle JP. Oxidative modulation of K+ channels in the central nervous system in neurodegenerative diseases and aging. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:505-21. [PMID: 25333910 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Oxidative stress and damage are well-established components of neurodegenerative diseases, contributing to neuronal death during disease progression. Here, we consider key K(+) channels as target proteins that can undergo oxidative modulation, describe what is understood about how this influences disease progression, and consider regulation of these channels by gasotransmitters as a means of cellular protection. RECENT ADVANCES Oxidative regulation of the delayed rectifier Kv2.1 and the Ca(2+)- and voltage-sensitive BK channel are established, but recent studies contest how their redox sensitivity contributes to altered excitability, progression of neurodegenerative diseases, and healthy aging. CRITICAL ISSUES Both Kv2.1 and BK channels have recently been established as target proteins for regulation by the gasotransmitters carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide. Establishing the molecular basis of such regulation, and exactly how this influences excitability and vulnerability to apoptotic cell death will determine whether such regulation can be exploited for therapeutic benefit. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Developing a more comprehensive picture of the oxidative modulation of K(+) channels (and, indeed, other ion channels) within the central nervous system in health and disease will enable us to better understand processes associated with healthy aging as well as distinct processes underlying progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Advances in the growing understanding of how gasotransmitters can regulate ion channels, including redox-sensitive K(+) channels, are a research priority for this field, and will establish their usefulness in design of future approaches for the treatment of such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Peers
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds , Leeds, United Kingdom
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32
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Mailloux RJ. Teaching the fundamentals of electron transfer reactions in mitochondria and the production and detection of reactive oxygen species. Redox Biol 2015; 4:381-98. [PMID: 25744690 PMCID: PMC4348434 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria fulfill a number of biological functions which inherently depend on ATP and O2(-•)/H2O2 production. Both ATP and O2(-•)/H2O2 are generated by electron transfer reactions. ATP is the product of oxidative phosphorylation whereas O2(-•) is generated by singlet electron reduction of di-oxygen (O2). O2(-•) is then rapidly dismutated by superoxide dismutase (SOD) producing H2O2. O2(-•)/H2O2 were once viewed as unfortunately by-products of aerobic respiration. This characterization is fitting considering over production of O2(-•)/H2O2 by mitochondria is associated with range of pathological conditions and aging. However, O2(-•)/H2O2 are only dangerous in large quantities. If produced in a controlled fashion and maintained at a low concentration, cells can benefit greatly from the redox properties of O2(-•)/H2O2. Indeed, low rates of O2(-•)/H2O2 production are required for intrinsic mitochondrial signaling (e.g. modulation of mitochondrial processes) and communication with the rest of the cell. O2(-•)/H2O2 levels are kept in check by anti-oxidant defense systems that sequester O2(-•)/H2O2 with extreme efficiency. Given the importance of O2(-•)/H2O2 in cellular function, it is imperative to consider how mitochondria produce O2(-•)/H2O2 and how O2(-•)/H2O2 genesis is regulated in conjunction with fluctuations in nutritional and redox states. Here, I discuss the fundamentals of electron transfer reactions in mitochondria and emerging knowledge on the 11 potential sources of mitochondrial O2(-•)/H2O2 in tandem with their significance in contributing to overall O2(-•)/H2O2 emission in health and disease. The potential for classifying these different sites in isopotential groups, which is essentially defined by the redox properties of electron donator involved in O2(-•)/H2O2 production, as originally suggested by Brand and colleagues is also surveyed in detail. In addition, redox signaling mechanisms that control O2(-•)/H2O2 genesis from these sites are discussed. Finally, the current methodologies utilized for measuring O2(-•)/H2O2 in isolated mitochondria, cell culture and in vivo are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Mailloux
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5.
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Naviaux JC, Wang L, Li K, Bright AT, Alaynick WA, Williams KR, Powell SB, Naviaux RK. Antipurinergic therapy corrects the autism-like features in the Fragile X (Fmr1 knockout) mouse model. Mol Autism 2015; 6:1. [PMID: 25705365 PMCID: PMC4334917 DOI: 10.1186/2040-2392-6-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study was designed to test a new approach to drug treatment of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in the Fragile X (Fmr1) knockout mouse model. Methods We used behavioral analysis, mass spectrometry, metabolomics, electron microscopy, and western analysis to test the hypothesis that the disturbances in social behavior, novelty preference, metabolism, and synapse structure are treatable with antipurinergic therapy (APT). Results Weekly treatment with the purinergic antagonist suramin (20 mg/kg intraperitoneally), started at 9 weeks of age, restored normal social behavior, and improved metabolism, and brain synaptosomal structure. Abnormalities in synaptosomal glutamate, endocannabinoid, purinergic, and IP3 receptor expression, complement C1q, TDP43, and amyloid β precursor protein (APP) were corrected. Comprehensive metabolomic analysis identified 20 biochemical pathways associated with symptom improvements. Seventeen pathways were shared with human ASD, and 11 were shared with the maternal immune activation (MIA) model of ASD. These metabolic pathways were previously identified as functionally related mediators of the evolutionarily conserved cell danger response (CDR). Conclusions The data show that antipurinergic therapy improves the multisystem, ASD-like features of both the environmental MIA, and the genetic Fragile X models. These abnormalities appeared to be traceable to mitochondria and regulated by purinergic signaling. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2040-2392-6-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane C Naviaux
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102, San Diego, CA 92103-8467 USA
| | - Lin Wang
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102, San Diego, CA 92103-8467 USA ; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102, San Diego, CA 92103-8467 USA
| | - Kefeng Li
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102, San Diego, CA 92103-8467 USA ; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102, San Diego, CA 92103-8467 USA
| | - A Taylor Bright
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102, San Diego, CA 92103-8467 USA ; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102, San Diego, CA 92103-8467 USA
| | - William A Alaynick
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102, San Diego, CA 92103-8467 USA ; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102, San Diego, CA 92103-8467 USA
| | - Kenneth R Williams
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102, San Diego, CA 92103-8467 USA ; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102, San Diego, CA 92103-8467 USA ; General Atomics, Inc, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Susan B Powell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102, San Diego, CA 92103-8467 USA ; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Robert K Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102, San Diego, CA 92103-8467 USA ; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102, San Diego, CA 92103-8467 USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102, San Diego, CA 92103-8467 USA ; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102, San Diego, CA 92103-8467 USA ; Veterans Affairs Center for Excellence in Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), La Jolla, CA USA
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Ren J, Anversa P. The insulin-like growth factor I system: physiological and pathophysiological implication in cardiovascular diseases associated with metabolic syndrome. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 93:409-17. [PMID: 25541285 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors including obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance. A number of theories have been speculated for the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome including impaired glucose and lipid metabolism, lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, interrupted neurohormonal regulation and compromised intracellular Ca(2+) handling. Recent evidence has revealed that adults with severe growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) deficiency such as Laron syndrome display increased risk of stroke and cardiovascular diseases. IGF-1 signaling may regulate contractility, metabolism, hypertrophy, apoptosis, autophagy, stem cell regeneration and senescence in the heart to maintain cardiac homeostasis. An inverse relationship between plasma IGF-1 levels and prevalence of metabolic syndrome as well as associated cardiovascular complications has been identified, suggesting the clinical promises of IGF-1 analogues or IGF-1 receptor activation in the management of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. However, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms between IGF-1 and metabolic syndrome are still poorly understood. This mini-review will discuss the role of IGF-1 signaling cascade in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in particular the susceptibility to overnutrition and sedentary life style-induced obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and other features of metabolic syndrome. Special attention will be dedicated in IGF-1-associated changes in cardiac responses in various metabolic syndrome components such as insulin resistance, obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia. The potential risk of IGF-1 and IGF-1R stimulation such as tumorigenesis is discussed. Therapeutic promises of IGF-1 and IGF-1 analogues including mecasermin, mecasermin rinfabate and PEGylated IGF-1 will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ren
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
| | - Piero Anversa
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Cheng J, Zhou ZW, Sheng HP, He LJ, Fan XW, He ZX, Sun T, Zhang X, Zhao RJ, Gu L, Cao C, Zhou SF. An evidence-based update on the pharmacological activities and possible molecular targets of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2014; 9:33-78. [PMID: 25552899 PMCID: PMC4277126 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s72892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lycium barbarum berries, also named wolfberry, Fructus lycii, and Goji berries, have been used in the People’s Republic of China and other Asian countries for more than 2,000 years as a traditional medicinal herb and food supplement. L. barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) are the primary active components of L. barbarum berries and have been reported to possess a wide array of pharmacological activities. Herein, we update our knowledge on the main pharmacological activities and possible molecular targets of LBPs. Several clinical studies in healthy subjects show that consumption of wolfberry juice improves general wellbeing and immune functions. LBPs are reported to have antioxidative and antiaging properties in different models. LBPs show antitumor activities against various types of cancer cells and inhibit tumor growth in nude mice through induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. LBPs may potentiate the efficacy of lymphokine activated killer/interleukin-2 combination therapy in cancer patients. LBPs exhibit significant hypoglycemic effects and insulin-sensitizing activity by increasing glucose metabolism and insulin secretion and promoting pancreatic β-cell proliferation. They protect retinal ganglion cells in experimental models of glaucoma. LBPs protect the liver from injuries due to exposure to toxic chemicals or other insults. They also show potent immunoenhancing activities in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, LBPs protect against neuronal injury and loss induced by β-amyloid peptide, glutamate excitotoxicity, ischemic/reperfusion, and other neurotoxic insults. LBPs ameliorate the symptoms of mice with Alzheimer’s disease and enhance neurogenesis in the hippocampus and subventricular zone, improving learning and memory abilities. They reduce irradiation- or chemotherapy-induced organ toxicities. LBPs are beneficial to male reproduction by increasing the quality, quantity, and motility of sperm, improving sexual performance, and protecting the testis against toxic insults. Moreover, LBPs exhibit hypolipidemic, cardioprotective, antiviral, and antiinflammatory activities. There is increasing evidence from preclinical and clinical studies supporting the therapeutic and health-promoting effects of LBPs, but further mechanistic and clinical studies are warranted to establish the dose–response relationships and safety profiles of LBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Cheng
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China ; Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Hui-Ping Sheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan-Jie He
- Department of Endocrinology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Wen Fan
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Xu He
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center and Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruan Jin Zhao
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | - Ling Gu
- School of Biology and Chemistry, University of Pu'er, Pu'er, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanhai Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA ; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center and Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
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Ng F, Tang BL. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) export from the mitochondrial matrix. Mol Membr Biol 2014; 31:207-10. [DOI: 10.3109/09687688.2014.987183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Jenwitheesuk A, Nopparat C, Mukda S, Wongchitrat P, Govitrapong P. Melatonin regulates aging and neurodegeneration through energy metabolism, epigenetics, autophagy and circadian rhythm pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:16848-84. [PMID: 25247581 PMCID: PMC4200827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150916848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain aging is linked to certain types of neurodegenerative diseases and identifying new therapeutic targets has become critical. Melatonin, a pineal hormone, associates with molecules and signaling pathways that sense and influence energy metabolism, autophagy, and circadian rhythms, including insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), Forkhead box O (FoxOs), sirtuins and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways. This review summarizes the current understanding of how melatonin, together with molecular, cellular and systemic energy metabolisms, regulates epigenetic processes in the neurons. This information will lead to a greater understanding of molecular epigenetic aging of the brain and anti-aging mechanisms to increase lifespan under healthy conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anorut Jenwitheesuk
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakornpathom 73170, Thailand.
| | - Chutikorn Nopparat
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakornpathom 73170, Thailand.
| | - Sujira Mukda
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakornpathom 73170, Thailand.
| | - Prapimpun Wongchitrat
- Center for Innovation Development and Technology Transfer, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakornpathom 73170, Thailand.
| | - Piyarat Govitrapong
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakornpathom 73170, Thailand.
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Copper: toxicological relevance and mechanisms. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:1929-38. [PMID: 25199685 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1355-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is a vital mineral essential for many biological processes. The vast majority of all Cu in healthy humans is associated with enzyme prosthetic groups or bound to proteins. Cu homeostasis is tightly regulated through a complex system of Cu transporters and chaperone proteins. Excess or toxicity of Cu, which is associated with the pathogenesis of hepatic disorder, neurodegenerative changes and other disease conditions, can occur when Cu homeostasis is disrupted. The capacity to initiate oxidative damage is most commonly attributed to Cu-induced cellular toxicity. Recently, altered cellular events, including lipid metabolism, gene expression, alpha-synuclein aggregation, activation of acidic sphingomyelinase and release of ceramide, and temporal and spatial distribution of Cu in hepatocytes, as well as Cu-protein interaction in the nerve system, have been suggested to play a role in Cu toxicity. However, whether these changes are independent of, or secondary to, an altered cellular redox state of Cu remain to be elucidated.
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Remaud S, Gothié JD, Morvan-Dubois G, Demeneix BA. Thyroid hormone signaling and adult neurogenesis in mammals. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:62. [PMID: 24808891 PMCID: PMC4009442 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The vital roles of thyroid hormone in multiple aspects of perinatal brain development have been known for over a century. In the last decades, the molecular mechanisms underlying effects of thyroid hormone on proliferation, differentiation, migration, synaptogenesis, and myelination in the developing nervous system have been gradually dissected. However, recent data reveal that thyroid signaling influences neuronal development throughout life, from early embryogenesis to the neurogenesis in the adult brain. This review deals with the latter phase and analyses current knowledge on the role of T3, the active form of thyroid hormone, and its receptors in regulating neural stem cell function in the hippocampus and the subventricular zone, the two principal sites harboring neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain. In particular, we discuss the critical roles of T3 and TRα1 in commitment to a neuronal phenotype, a process that entails the repression of a number of genes notably that encoding the pluripotency factor, Sox2. Furthermore, the question of the relevance of thyroid hormone control of adult neurogenesis is considered in the context of brain aging, cognitive decline, and neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Remaud
- UMR CNRS 7221, Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Jean-David Gothié
- UMR CNRS 7221, Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Ghislaine Morvan-Dubois
- UMR CNRS 7221, Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Barbara A. Demeneix
- UMR CNRS 7221, Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Barbara A. Demeneix, UMR CNRS 7221, Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris 75231, France e-mail:
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