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Bojarczuk A, Egorova ES, Dzitkowska-Zabielska M, Ahmetov II. Genetics of Exercise and Diet-Induced Fat Loss Efficiency: A Systematic Review. J Sports Sci Med 2024; 23:236-257. [PMID: 38455434 PMCID: PMC10915602 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2024.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Physical exercise and dieting are well-known and effective methods for fat loss and improving cardiovascular health. However, different individuals often react differently to the same exercise regimen or dietary plan. While specific individuals may undergo substantial fat loss, others may observe only limited effects. A wide range of inter-individual variability in weight gain and changes in body composition induced by physical exercises and diets led to an investigation into the genetic factors that may contribute to the individual variations in such responses. This systematic review aimed at identifying the genetic markers associated with fat loss resulting from diet or exercise. A search of the current literature was performed using the PubMed database. Forty-seven articles met the inclusion criteria when assessing genetic markers associated with weight loss efficiency in response to different types of exercises and diets. Overall, we identified 30 genetic markers of fat-loss efficiency in response to different kinds of diets and 24 in response to exercise. Most studies (n = 46) used the candidate gene approach. We should aspire to the customized selection of exercise and dietary plans for each individual to prevent and treat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Bojarczuk
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Emiliya S Egorova
- Laboratory of Genetics of Aging and Longevity, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | | | - Ildus I Ahmetov
- Laboratory of Genetics of Aging and Longevity, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
- Sports Genetics Laboratory, St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Center for Phygital Education and Innovative Sports Technologies, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Li S, Guo R, Yu T, Li S, Han T, Yu W. Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training Combined with Blood Flow Restriction at Different Phases on Abdominal Visceral Fat among Obese Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11936. [PMID: 36231251 PMCID: PMC9565218 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191911936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-intensity interval training (HIIT) and blood flow restriction (BFR) represent a critical nonpharmacological strategy to reduce the excess deposition of visceral fat, as well as relevant complications, among obese populations. Applying BFR at diverse phases may have different effects. Therefore, the exercise program of this study combined HIIT with BFR, so as to explore the effect of BFR on abdominal visceral fat area and its mechanism in different periods of HIIT. The aim is to provide a more effective exercise prescription for obese people who want to reduce visceral fat quickly. METHODS This study was a randomized controlled trial involving 72 obese adults. One week before intervention, both regional and whole-body fat masses, abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat areas, variables of blood metabolism, and VO2max were recorded. Additionally, subjects with a matched fat percentage were randomized as a no-training control (C), HIIT (H), HIIT with BFR during interval (I), and HIIT with BFR during exercise (E) groups for 24 sessions within a 12-week period, using a cycle ergometer. During session one, this study recorded blood lactate, specific serum lipolytic hormones, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and exercise heart rate (HR) and compared them among three groups. The baseline tests were repeated at 1 week after intervention. RESULTS There was no significant statistical difference in the indicators of each group at baseline (p > 0.05). The improvement of trunk fat mass and fat percentage of the I and E groups markedly increased relative to the H group (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the I group had improved android fat mass and whole-body fat mass relative to group H (p < 0.05). Those exercise groups had markedly improved indices compared with the C group (p < 0.05). Additionally, the reduction in the I group had remarkably superior abdominal visceral fat areas (AVFA) to the H and E groups (p < 0.05). Immediately and 30 min following exercise, the E and I groups had remarkably increased growth hormone (GH) compared with the H group (p < 0.05). After exercise, the I group showed markedly increased epinephrine (EPI) compared with the H group (p < 0.05). The LA level in the I group evidently increased relative to the E group (p < 0.05), while that in the E group evidently increased compared with the H group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Compared with HIIT alone, HIIT with BFR can better improve the body-fat level and glucose metabolism. HIIT with BFR in the interval phase better reduces the abdominal visceral-fat level than in the exercise phase, which may be due to the increase in lipolytic hormone level caused by the higher physiological load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoqi Li
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Rong Guo
- School of Foreign Languages, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Physical Education, Shandong Weihai Sports Training Center, Weihai 264400, China
| | - Shiming Li
- Department of Physical Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Tenghai Han
- Department of Physical Education, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Wenbing Yu
- Department of Physical Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
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Identification of Potential Biomarkers and Metabolic Pathways of Different Levels of Heat Stress in Beef Calves. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710155. [PMID: 36077553 PMCID: PMC9456105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) damages the global beef industry by reducing growth performance causing high economic losses each year. However, understanding the physiological mechanisms of HS in Hanwoo calves remains elusive. The objective of this study was to identify the potential biomarkers and metabolic pathways involving different levels of heat stress in Hanwoo calves. Data were collected from sixteen Hanwoo bull calves (169.6 ± 4.6 days old, BW of 136.9 ± 6.2 kg), which were maintained at four designated ranges of HS according to the temperature−humidity index (THI) including: threshold (22 to 24 °C, 60%; THI = 70 to 73), mild (26 to 28 °C, 60%; THI = 74 to 76), moderate (29 to 31 °C, 80%; THI = 81 to 83), and severe (32 to 34 °C, 80%; THI = 89 to 91) using climate-controlled chambers. Blood was collected once every three days to analyze metabolomics. Metabolic changes in the serum of calves were measured using GC-TOF-MS, and the obtained data were calculated by multivariate statistical analysis. Five metabolic parameters were upregulated and seven metabolic parameters were downregulated in the high THI level compared with the threshold (p < 0.05). Among the parameters, carbohydrates (ribose, myo-inositol, galactose, and lactose), organic compounds (acetic acid, urea, and butenedioic acid), fatty acid (oleic acid), and amino acids (asparagine and lysine) were remarkably influenced by HS. These novel findings support further in-depth research to elucidate the blood-based changes in metabolic pathways in heat-stressed Hanwoo beef calves at different levels of THI. In conclusion, these results indicate that metabolic parameters may act as biomarkers to explain the HS effects in Hanwoo calves.
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Skattebo Ø, Peci D, Clauss M, Johansen EI, Jensen J. Increased Mass-Specific Maximal Fat Oxidation Rate with Small versus Large Muscle Mass Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:974-983. [PMID: 35576134 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Skeletal muscle perfusion and oxygen (O2) delivery are restricted during whole-body exercise because of a limited cardiac output (Q˙). This study investigated the role of reducing central limitations to exercise on the maximal fat oxidation rate (MFO) by comparing mass-specific MFO (per kilogram of active lean mass) during one-legged (1L) and two-legged (2L) cycling. We hypothesized that the mass-specific MFO would be higher during 1L than 2L cycling. METHODS Twelve male subjects (V̇O2peak, 59.3 ± 8.4 mL·kg-1·min-1; mean ± SD) performed step-incremental 2L- (30%-80% of V̇O2peak) and 1L (50% of 2L power output, i.e., equal power output per leg) cycling (counterbalanced) while steady-state pulmonary gas exchanges, Q˙ (pulse-contour analysis), and skeletal muscle (vastus lateralis) oxygenation (near-infrared spectroscopy) were determined. MFO and the associated power output (FatMax) were calculated from pulmonary gas exchanges and stoichiometric equations. A counterweight (10.9 kg) was added to the contralateral pedal arm during 1L cycling. Leg lean mass was determined by DEXA. RESULTS The absolute MFO was 24% lower (0.31 ± 0.12 vs 0.44 ± 0.20 g·min-1, P = 0.018), whereas mass-specific MFO was 52% higher (28 ± 11 vs 20 ± 10 mg·min-1·kg-1, P = 0.009) during 1L than 2L cycling. FatMax was similar expressed as power output per leg (60 ± 28 vs 58 ± 22 W, P = 0.649). Q˙ increased more from rest to exercise during 1L than 2L cycling when expressed per active leg (ANOVA main effect: P = 0.003). Tissue oxygenation index and Δ[deoxy(Hb + Mb)] were not different between exercise modes (ANOVA main effects: P ≥ 0.587), indicating similar skeletal muscle fractional O2 extraction. CONCLUSIONS Mass-specific MFO is increased by exercising a small muscle mass, potentially explained by increased perfusion and more favorable conditions for O2 delivery than during whole-body exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øyvind Skattebo
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, NORWAY
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Adzavon YM, Xie F, Yi Y, Jiang X, Zhang X, He J, Zhao P, Liu M, Ma S, Ma X. Long-term and daily use of molecular hydrogen induces reprogramming of liver metabolism in rats by modulating NADP/NADPH redox pathways. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3904. [PMID: 35273249 PMCID: PMC8913832 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07710-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular hydrogen (H2) has emerged as a new therapeutic option in several diseases and is widely adopted by healthy people. However, molecular data to support therapeutic functions attributed to the biological activities of H2 remain elusive. Here, using transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches coupled with biochemistry and micro-CT technics, we evaluated the effect of long-term (6 months) and daily use of H2 on liver function. Rats exposed 2 h daily to H2 either by drinking HRW (H2 dissolved in H2O) or by breathing 4% H2 gas showed reduced lipogenesis and enhanced lipolysis in the liver, which was associated with apparent loss of visceral fat and brown adipose tissue together with a reduced level of serum lipids. Both transcripts and metabolites enriched in H2-treated rats revealed alteration of amino acid metabolism pathways and activation of purine nucleotides and carbohydrate biosynthesis pathways. Analysis of the interaction network of genes and metabolites and correlation tests revealed that NADP is the central regulator of H2 induced metabolic alterations in the liver, which was further confirmed by an increase in the level of components of metabolic pathways that require NADP as substrate. Evidence of immune response regulation activity was also observed in response to exposure to H2. This work is the first to provide metabolomic and transcriptomic data to uncover molecular targets for the effect of prolonged molecular hydrogen treatment on liver metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Mawulikplimi Adzavon
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Xie
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yi
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaokang Zhang
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin He
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengxiang Zhao
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyu Liu
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiwen Ma
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Ma
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China.
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China.
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Harris MB, Kuo CH. Scientific Challenges on Theory of Fat Burning by Exercise. Front Physiol 2021; 12:685166. [PMID: 34295263 PMCID: PMC8290478 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.685166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training decreases abdominal fat in an intensity-dependent manner. The fat loss effect of exercise has been intuitively thought to result from increased fat burning during and after exercise, defined by conversion of fatty acid into carbon dioxide in consumption of oxygen. Nevertheless, increasing exercise intensity decreases oxidation of fatty acids derived from adipose tissue despite elevated lipolysis. The unchanged 24-h fatty acid oxidation during and after exercise does not provide support to the causality between fat burning and fat loss. In this review, alternative perspectives to explain the fat loss outcome are discussed. In brief, carbon and nitrogen redistribution to challenged tissues (muscle and lungs) for fuel replenishment and cell regeneration against abdominal adipose tissue seems to be the fundamental mechanism underlying the intensity-dependent fat loss effect of exercise. The magnitude of lipolysis (fatty acid release from adipocytes) and the amount of post-meal carbon and nitrogen returning to abdominal adipose tissue determines the final fat tissue mass. Therefore, meal arrangement at the time when muscle has the greatest reconstruction demand for carbon and nitrogen could decrease abdominal fat accumulation while increasing muscle mass and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brennan Harris
- Department of Health Sciences, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, United States
| | - Chia-Hua Kuo
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, College of Kinesiology, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
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7
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Zhang H, Tong TK, Kong Z, Shi Q, Liu Y, Nie J. Exercise training-induced visceral fat loss in obese women: The role of training intensity and modality. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 31:30-43. [PMID: 32789898 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Visceral fat loss in response to four-cycle ergometer training regimens with explicit differences in exercise intensity and modality was compared. Fifty-nine obese young women (body fat percentage ≥ 30%) were randomized to a 12-week intervention consisting of either all-out sprint interval training (SITall-out , n = 11); supramaximal SIT (SIT120 , 120% V ˙ O2peak , n = 12); high-intensity interval training (HIIT90 , 90% V ˙ O2peak , n = 12), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT, 60% V ˙ O2peak , n = 11), or no training (CON, n = 13). The total work done per training session in SIT120 , HIIT90 , and MICT was confined to 200 kJ, while it was deliberately lower in SITall-out . The abdominal visceral fat area (AVFA) was measured through computed tomography scans. The whole-body and regional fat mass were assessed through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Pre-, post-, and 3-hour post-exercise serum growth hormone (GH), and epinephrine (EPI) were measured during selected training sessions. Following the intervention, similar reductions in whole-body and regional fat mass were found in all intervention groups, while the reductions in AVFA resulting from SITall-out , SIT120 , and HIIT90 (>15 cm2 ) were greater in comparison with MICT (<3.5 cm2 , P < .05). The AVFA reductions among the SITs and HIIT groups were similar, and it was concomitant with the similar exercise-induced releases of serum GH and EPI. CON variables were unchanged. These findings suggest that visceral fat loss induced by interval training at or above 90% V ˙ O2peak appeared unresponsive to the change in training intensity. Nonetheless, SITall-out is still the most time-efficient strategy among the four exercise-training regimes for controlling visceral obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Zhang
- Physical Education College, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Provincial Key Lab of Measurement and Evaluation in Human Movement and Bio-information, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tomas K Tong
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhaowei Kong
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Qingde Shi
- School of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic Institute, Macao, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Physical Education College, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jinlei Nie
- School of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic Institute, Macao, China
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Mafra FFP, Macedo MM, Orphão JDNP, Lopes AV, Teixeira CDB, Gattai PP, Torres-Silva R, Nascimento FD, Lopes-Martins RÁB. Laser Photobiomodulation 904 nm Promotes Inhibition of Hormone-Sensitive Lipase Activity in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes Differentiated Cells. PHOTOBIOMODULATION PHOTOMEDICINE AND LASER SURGERY 2019; 37:66-69. [PMID: 31050926 DOI: 10.1089/photob.2018.4515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: The lipid metabolism is essential for maintaining the body's energy responses. Laser photobiomodulation triggers many important cellular effects, but these effects on lipid metabolism are not well described. In this study, we analyzed the laser photobiomodulation in the hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) activity, a key enzyme in the triglycerides (TAG) hydrolysis in adipose tissue 3T3-L1. Methods: Cells were submitted to the differentiation protocol in adipose cells, irradiated with 1, 2, and 3J with laser (904 nm-60 mw-laser diode) and incubated for 4 h after irradiation. Results: The response of laser photobiomodulation was able to trigger an inhibition of HSL activity (control = 0.057 ± 0.0008; 1J = 0.050 ± 0.0003; 2J = 0.0477 ± 0.002; 3J = 0.051 ± 0.002; p = 0.0003 against the control), but no modulation was observed in TAG levels into the medium (control = 26.5856 ± 0.52; 1J = 26.5856 ± 0.52; 2J = 27.2372 ± 1.41; 3J = 25.9991 ± 0.1303; p = 0.18). Conclusions: This is the first study of HSL activity modulation with laser radiation, suggesting that photobiomodulation can influence adipose tissue metabolism and open a new field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando F P Mafra
- 1 Technology Research Center, University of Mogi das Cruzes-UMC , Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil
| | - Michel M Macedo
- 1 Technology Research Center, University of Mogi das Cruzes-UMC , Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil
| | - Juliana do N P Orphão
- 1 Technology Research Center, University of Mogi das Cruzes-UMC , Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil
| | - Arthur Vecchi Lopes
- 1 Technology Research Center, University of Mogi das Cruzes-UMC , Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro P Gattai
- 2 Molecular Biology Laboratory, Renal Division, Medicine Department, Federal University of São Paulo-UNIFESP , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Romildo Torres-Silva
- 1 Technology Research Center, University of Mogi das Cruzes-UMC , Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil
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Soria M, Ansón M, Lou-Bonafonte JM, Andrés-Otero MJ, Puente JJ, Escanero J. Fat Oxidation Rate as a Function of Plasma Lipid and Hormone Response in Endurance Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 34:104-113. [PMID: 30707143 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Soria, M, Ansón, M, Lou-Bonafonte, JM, Andrés-Otero, MJ, Puente, JJ, and Escanero, J. Fat oxidation rate as a function of plasma lipid and hormone response in endurance athletes. J Strength Cond Res 34(1): 104-113, 2020-Plasma lipid changes during incremental exercise are not well known. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship among fat oxidation rate, plasma lipids, and hormone concentrations in well-trained athletes. Twenty-six trained triathletes completed a graded cycle ergometer test to exhaustion increasing by 0.5 W·kg every 10 minutes. Fat oxidation rates were determined using indirect calorimetry. For each individual, maximal fat oxidation (MFO), the intensity at which MFO occurred (Fatmax), and the intensity at which fat oxidation became negligible (Fatmin) were determined. Blood samples for lipids and hormones analysis were collected at the end of each stage of the graded exercise test. All variables studied except insulin showed an increase at the end of incremental protocol with respect to basal levels. Free fatty acid reached significant increase at 60%VO2max and maximal levels at 70%VO2max. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides (TG) decreased and showed lowest levels at 60%VO2max and reaching significant increases after 80%VO2max. High-density lipoprotein reached significant increase at 60%VO2max. Adrenaline and noradrenaline increased until the end of the incremental exercise, and significant differences were from 50%VO2max. These results suggest that exercise intensities are related to plasma lipids levels. In the zone when lipids oxidation is maximal, plasma LDL and TG variation differs from other lipids. These results may have application for the more adequate exercise intensity prescription to maximize the beneficial effects of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Soria
- Pharmacology and Physiology Department School of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Miguel Ansón
- Clinical Biochemistry Service, Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Manuel Lou-Bonafonte
- Pharmacology and Physiology Department School of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Institute of Health Research of Aragón-University of Zaragoza, Spain; and.,CIBER of Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan José Puente
- Clinical Biochemistry Service, Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jesús Escanero
- Pharmacology and Physiology Department School of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Dias KA, Ingul CB, Tjønna AE, Keating SE, Gomersall SR, Follestad T, Hosseini MS, Hollekim-Strand SM, Ro TB, Haram M, Huuse EM, Davies PSW, Cain PA, Leong GM, Coombes JS. Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training on Fitness, Fat Mass and Cardiometabolic Biomarkers in Children with Obesity: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Sports Med 2018; 48:733-746. [PMID: 28853029 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0777-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paediatric obesity significantly increases the risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases across the lifespan. Increasing cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) could mitigate this risk. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) improves CRF in clinical adult populations but the evidence in paediatric obesity is inconsistent. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to determine the efficacy of a 12-week, HIIT intervention for increasing CRF and reducing adiposity in children with obesity. METHODS Children with obesity (n = 99, 7-16 years old) were randomised into a 12-week intervention as follows: (1) HIIT [n = 33, 4 × 4-min bouts at 85-95% maximum heart rate (HRmax), interspersed with 3 min of active recovery at 50-70% HRmax, 3 times/week] and nutrition advice; (2) moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) [n = 32, 44 min at 60-70% HRmax, 3 times/week] and nutrition advice; and (3) nutrition advice only (nutrition) [n = 34]. CRF was quantified through a maximal exercise test ([Formula: see text]) while adiposity was assessed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and air-displacement plethysmography. RESULTS HIIT stimulated significant increases in relative [Formula: see text] compared with MICT (+3.6 mL/kg/min, 95% CI 1.1-6.0, P = 0.004) and the nutrition intervention (+5.4 mL/kg/min, 95% CI 2.9-7.9, P = 0.001). However, the intervention had no significant effect on visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue, whole body composition or cardiometabolic biomarkers (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION A 12-week, HIIT intervention was highly effective in increasing cardiorespiratory fitness when compared with MICT and nutrition interventions. While there were no concomitant reductions in adiposity or blood biomarkers, the cardiometabolic health benefit conferred through increased CRF should be noted. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NUMBER Clinicaltrials.gov; NCT01991106.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin A Dias
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Charlotte B Ingul
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Helse Midt-Norge RHF, Strandvegen 1, Stjørdal, Norway
| | - Arnt E Tjønna
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Shelley E Keating
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Sjaan R Gomersall
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Turid Follestad
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mansoureh S Hosseini
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Siri M Hollekim-Strand
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Torstein B Ro
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Pediatrics, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Margrete Haram
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Else Marie Huuse
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Peter S W Davies
- Children's Nutrition Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter A Cain
- Heart Care Partners, The Wesley Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gary M Leong
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jeff S Coombes
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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Keating SE, Johnson NA, Mielke GI, Coombes JS. A systematic review and meta-analysis of interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on body adiposity. Obes Rev 2017; 18:943-964. [PMID: 28513103 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Interval training (including high-intensity interval training [HIIT] and sprint interval training [SIT]) is promoted in both scientific and lay media as being a superior and time-efficient method for fat loss compared with traditional moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). We evaluated the efficacy of HIIT/SIT when directly compared with MICT for the modulation of body adiposity. Databases were searched to 31 August 2016 for studies with exercise training interventions with minimum 4-week duration. Meta-analyses were conducted for within-group and between-group comparisons for total body fat percentage (%) and fat mass (kg). To investigate heterogeneity, we conducted sensitivity and meta-regression analyses. Of the 6,074 studies netted, 31 were included. Within-group analyses demonstrated reductions in total body fat (%) (HIIT/SIT: -1.26 [95% CI: -1.80; -0.72] and MICT: -1.48 [95% CI: -1.89; -1.06]) and fat mass (kg) (HIIT/SIT: -1.38 [95% CI: -1.99; -0.77] and MICT: -0.91 [95% CI: -1.45; -0.37]). There were no differences between HIIT/SIT and MICT for any body fat outcome. Analyses comparing MICT with HIIT/SIT protocols of lower time commitment and/or energy expenditure tended to favour MICT for total body fat reduction (p = 0.09). HIIT/SIT appears to provide similar benefits to MICT for body fat reduction, although not necessarily in a more time-efficient manner. However, neither short-term HIIT/SIT nor MICT produced clinically meaningful reductions in body fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Keating
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - N A Johnson
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - G I Mielke
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - J S Coombes
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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12
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Kurobe K, Kousaka A, Ogita F, Matsumoto N. Metabolic responses to exercise on land and in water following glucose ingestion. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2016; 38:227-232. [PMID: 28025868 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Although aerobic exercise after a meal decreases postprandial blood glucose, the differences in glucose response between land and aquatic exercise are unclear. Thus, we examined the effect of different modes of exercise with same energy expenditure following glucose ingestion on carbohydrate metabolism. Ten healthy sedentary men (age, 22 ± 1 years) participated in this study. All subjects performed each of three exercise modes (cycling, walking and aquatic exercise) for 30 min after ingestion of a 75-g glucose solution with 1-2 weeks between trials. The exercise intensity was set at 40% of the maximum oxygen uptake that occurred during cycling. The velocity during walking and the target heart rate during aquatic exercise were predetermined in a pretest. The plasma glucose concentration at 30 min after exercise was significantly lower with aquatic exercise compared to that with cycling and walking (P<0·05). However, there were no significant differences among the three exercise modes in respiratory exchange ratio. On the other hand, serum free fatty acid concentration with aquatic exercise was significantly higher at 120 min after exercise compared with that after walking (P<0·05). These results suggest that aquatic exercise reduces postprandial blood glucose compared with both cycling and walking with the same energy expenditure. Aquatic exercise shows potential as an exercise prescription to prevent postprandial hyperglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumichi Kurobe
- Faculty of Business, Sports Management Course, Hannan University, Matsubara, Japan
| | - Ayaka Kousaka
- Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Futoshi Ogita
- Department of Sport and Life Sciences, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Matsumoto
- Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto, Japan
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13
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Higgins S, Fedewa MV, Hathaway ED, Schmidt MD, Evans EM. Sprint interval and moderate-intensity cycling training differentially affect adiposity and aerobic capacity in overweight young-adult women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:1177-1183. [PMID: 27806634 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of sprint interval training (SIT) and moderate-intensity continuous cycle training (MICT), with equal estimated energy expenditure during training on body composition and aerobic capacity. Body composition measured via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and aerobic capacity were assessed following 6 weeks of training in previously inactive overweight/obese young women (n = 52; age, 20.4 ± 1.5 years; body mass index, 30.3 ± 4.5 kg·m-2, 67.3% white). Training was performed in a group-exercise format that mimicked cycling classes offered by commercial fitness facilities, and included 3 weekly sessions of either 30-s "all-out" sprints followed by 4 min of active recovery (SIT), or continuous cycling at 60%-70% heart rate reserve to expend a similar amount of energy. Participants were randomized to SIT or MICT, attended a similar number of sessions (15.0 ± 1.5 sessions vs. 15.8 ± 1.9 sessions, P = 0.097) and expended a similar amount of energy (541.8 ± 104.6 kJ·session-1 vs. 553.5 ± 138.1 kJ·session-1, P = 0.250). Without significant changes in body mass (P > 0.05), greater relative reductions occurred in SIT than in MICT in total fat mass (3.6% ± 5.6% vs. 0.6% ± 3.9%, P = 0.007), and android fat mass (6.6% ± 6.9% vs. 0.7% ± 6.5%, P = 0.002). Aerobic capacity (mL·kg-1·min-1) increased significantly following both interventions (P < 0.05), but the relative increase was 2-fold greater in SIT than in MICT (14.09% ± 10.31% vs. 7.06% ± 7.81%, P < 0.001). In conclusion, sprint-interval cycling reduces adiposity and increases aerobic capacity more than continuous moderate-intensity cycling of equal estimated energy expenditure in overweight/obese young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Higgins
- a Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, 330 River Road, Athens, GA 30602-6554, USA
| | - Michael V Fedewa
- a Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, 330 River Road, Athens, GA 30602-6554, USA.,b Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, 2003 Moore Hall, Box 870312, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0231, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Hathaway
- a Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, 330 River Road, Athens, GA 30602-6554, USA
| | - Michael D Schmidt
- a Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, 330 River Road, Athens, GA 30602-6554, USA
| | - Ellen M Evans
- a Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, 330 River Road, Athens, GA 30602-6554, USA
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14
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Giudetti AM, Stanca E, Siculella L, Gnoni GV, Damiano F. Nutritional and Hormonal Regulation of Citrate and Carnitine/Acylcarnitine Transporters: Two Mitochondrial Carriers Involved in Fatty Acid Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060817. [PMID: 27231907 PMCID: PMC4926351 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transport of solutes across the inner mitochondrial membrane is catalyzed by a family of nuclear-encoded membrane-embedded proteins called mitochondrial carriers (MCs). The citrate carrier (CiC) and the carnitine/acylcarnitine transporter (CACT) are two members of the MCs family involved in fatty acid metabolism. By conveying acetyl-coenzyme A, in the form of citrate, from the mitochondria to the cytosol, CiC contributes to fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis; CACT allows fatty acid oxidation, transporting cytosolic fatty acids, in the form of acylcarnitines, into the mitochondrial matrix. Fatty acid synthesis and oxidation are inversely regulated so that when fatty acid synthesis is activated, the catabolism of fatty acids is turned-off. Malonyl-CoA, produced by acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, a key enzyme of cytosolic fatty acid synthesis, represents a regulator of both metabolic pathways. CiC and CACT activity and expression are regulated by different nutritional and hormonal conditions. Defects in the corresponding genes have been directly linked to various human diseases. This review will assess the current understanding of CiC and CACT regulation; underlining their roles in physio-pathological conditions. Emphasis will be placed on the molecular basis of the regulation of CiC and CACT associated with fatty acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Giudetti
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce 73100, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Stanca
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce 73100, Italy.
| | - Luisa Siculella
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce 73100, Italy.
| | - Gabriele V Gnoni
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce 73100, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Damiano
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce 73100, Italy.
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15
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Kim SS, Ju SB, Park GD. Changes in stress hormone levels with the application of vibrations before resistance exercises at different intensities. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:2845-7. [PMID: 26504307 PMCID: PMC4616108 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.2845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of the present study was to determine whether vibrations should be
applied before resistance exercises by examining changes in stress hormone levels with
vibrations applied before different exercise intensities. [Subjects] Eighteen male
subjects in their 20s were included, and were randomly divided into one-repetition maximum
(1RM) 50% group (50% RMG, n = 6), 1RM 70% group (70%RMG, n = 6), and 1RM 90% group (90%
RMG, n = 6). [Methods] Three sets of Smith squats were performed at 1RM 50%, 70%, and 90%
according to resistance intensities, and vibrations were applied for 1 min at a fixed
frequency of 30 Hz before each set. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine stress
hormone levels were analyzed. [Results] Epinephrine levels were significantly higher
immediately after exercise than at rest in the 50%RMG; however, no significant changes
were noted in the 70%RMG and 90%RMG. Norepinephrine levels were significantly higher
immediately after exercise than at rest in all three groups. However, no significant
changes in dopamine levels were noted in the three groups. [Conclusion] The application of
vibrations at a frequency of 30 Hz before 70%RM and 90%RM resistance exercises suppressed
increases in the stress hormone epinephrine levels immediately after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Soo Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Keimyung University, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Bum Ju
- Department of Sport & Health Care, Namseoul University, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Duck Park
- Department of Leisure & Sports, Kyungpook National University, Republic of Korea
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16
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Kurobe K, Nakao S, Nishiwaki M, Matsumoto N. Combined effect of coffee ingestion and repeated bouts of low-intensity exercise on fat oxidation. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2015; 37:148-154. [PMID: 26189608 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of the combination of coffee ingestion and repeated bouts of low-intensity exercise on fat oxidation. Subjects were seven young, healthy male adults. They performed four trials: a single 30-min bout of exercise following ingestion of plain hot water (WS) or coffee (CS); a trial with three 10-min bouts of exercise separated by 10-min periods of rest following ingestion of plain hot water (WR) or coffee (CR). The coffee contained 5 mg kg-1 of caffeine. All trials were performed on a cycle ergometer at 40% maximal oxygen uptake for each subject an hour after beverage ingestion. Oxygen uptake in the CS and CR trials was higher compared with the WS and WR trials at 90 min after exercise (P<0·05). Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) in the CS and CR trials was decreased during the whole recovery period compared with baseline (P<0·05), whereas no significant decreases were observed in either the WS or WR trials. Moreover, RER was significantly lower at 30 min after exercise in the CR trial than in either the WS or WR trials (P<0·05 each). Similarly, it is notable that fat oxidation rate in the CR trial was significantly higher at 30 min after exercise compared to that in the WS and WR trials (P<0·05). These results suggest that the combination of coffee intake and repeated bouts of low-intensity exercise enhances fat oxidation in the period after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumichi Kurobe
- Faculty of Business, Sports Management Course, Hannan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Saori Nakao
- Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masato Nishiwaki
- Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Matsumoto
- Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto, Japan
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17
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Abstract
Skeletal muscle has the capacity to increase energy turnover by ∼1000 times its resting rate when contracting at the maximum force/power output. Since ATP is not stored in any appreciable quantity, the muscle requires a coordinated metabolic response to maintain an adequate supply of ATP to sustain contractile activity. The integration of intracellular metabolic pathways is dependent upon the cross-bridge cycling rate of myosin and actin, substrate availability and the accumulation of metabolic byproducts, all of which can influence the maintenance of contractile activity or result in the onset of fatigue. In addition, the mobilisation of extracellular substrates is dependent upon the integration of both the autonomic nervous system and endocrine systems to coordinate an increase in both carbohydrate and fat availability. The current review examines the evidence for skeletal muscle to generate power over short and long durations and discusses the metabolic response to sustain these processes. The review also considers the endocrine response from the perspective of the sympathoadrenal system to integrate extracellular substrate availability with the increased energy demands made by contracting skeletal muscle. Finally, the review briefly discusses the evidence that muscle acts in an endocrine manner during exercise and what role this might play in mobilising extracellular substrates to augment the effects of the sympathoadrenal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Ball
- School of Life SciencesHeriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
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18
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Tuazon MA, McConnell TR, Wilson GJ, Anthony TG, Henderson GC. Intensity-dependent and sex-specific alterations in hepatic triglyceride metabolism in mice following acute exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118:61-70. [PMID: 25257878 PMCID: PMC6195669 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00440.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise regulation of hepatic triglyceride (TG) metabolism and secretion is critical for health, and exercise could play a significant role. We compared one session of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) vs. continuous exercise (CE) on hepatic TG metabolism. Female and male mice were assigned to CE, HIIE, or sedentary control (CON). HIIE was a 30-min session of 30-s running intervals (30 m/min) interspersed with 60-s walking periods (5 m/min). CE was a distance- and duration-matched run at 13.8 m/min. Hepatic content of TG and TG secretion rates, as well as expression of relevant genes/proteins, were measured at 3 h (day 1) and 28 h (day 2) postexercise. On day 1, hepatic [TG] in CE and HIIE were both elevated vs. CON in both sexes with an approximately twofold greater elevation in HIIE vs. CE in females. In both sexes, hepatic perilipin 2 (PLIN2) protein on day 1 was increased significantly by both exercise types with a significantly greater increase with HIIE than CE, whereas the increase in mRNA reached significance only after HIIE. On day 2 in both sexes the increases in hepatic TG and PLIN2 with exercise declined toward CON levels. Only HIIE on day 2 resulted in reduced hepatic TG secretion by ∼20% in females with no effect in males. Neither exercise modality altered AMPK signaling or microsomal triglyceride transfer protein expression. Females exhibited higher hepatic TG secretion than males in association with different expression levels of related metabolic enzymes. These intensity-dependent and sex-specific alterations following exercise may have implications for sex-based exercise prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Tuazon
- Department of Exercise Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Taylor R McConnell
- Department of Exercise Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Gabriel J Wilson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey; and Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Tracy G Anthony
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey; and Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Gregory C Henderson
- Department of Exercise Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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19
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Fernandes AL, Lopes-Silva JP, Bertuzzi R, Casarini DE, Arita DY, Bishop DJ, Lima-Silva AE. Effect of time of day on performance, hormonal and metabolic response during a 1000-M cycling time trial. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109954. [PMID: 25289885 PMCID: PMC4188634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of time of day on performance, pacing, and hormonal and metabolic responses during a 1000-m cycling time-trial. Nine male, recreational cyclists visited the laboratory four times. During the 1st visit the participants performed an incremental test and during the 2nd visit they performed a 1000-m cycling familiarization trial. On the 3rd and 4th visits, the participants performed a 1000-m TT at either 8 am or 6 pm, in randomized, repeated-measures, crossover design. The time to complete the time trial was lower in the evening than in the morning (88.2±8.7 versus 94.7±10.9 s, respectively, p<0.05), but there was no significant different in pacing. However, oxygen uptake and aerobic mechanical power output at 600 and 1000 m tended to be higher in the evening (p<0.07 and 0.09, respectively). There was also a main effect of time of day for insulin, cortisol, and total and free testosterone concentration, which were all higher in the morning (+60%, +26%, +31% and +22%, respectively, p<0.05). The growth hormone, was twofold higher in the evening (p<0.05). The plasma glucose was ∼11% lower in the morning (p<0.05). Glucagon, norepinephrine, epinephrine and lactate were similar for the morning and evening trials (p>0.05), but the norepinephrine response to the exercise was increased in the morning (+46%, p<0.05), and it was accompanied by a 5-fold increase in the response of glucose. Muscle recruitment, as measured by electromyography, was similar between morning and evening trials (p>0.05). Our findings suggest that performance was improved in the evening, and it was accompanied by an improved hormonal and metabolic milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Lins Fernandes
- Sports Science Research Group, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil, and Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, CAV, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Lopes-Silva
- Sports Science Research Group, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil, and Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, CAV, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Rômulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Performance Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dulce Elena Casarini
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danielle Yuri Arita
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David John Bishop
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adriano Eduardo Lima-Silva
- Sports Science Research Group, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil, and Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, CAV, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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20
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Takagi S, Sakamoto S, Midorikawa T, Konishi M, Katsumura T. Determination of the exercise intensity that elicits maximal fat oxidation in short-time testing. J Sports Sci 2013; 32:175-82. [PMID: 24015928 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2013.815360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Maximal fat oxidation (MFO) rate and the exercise intensity that elicits MFO (FATmax-intensity) were designed to evaluate fat metabolism capacity and to provide individuals with a target exercise intensity during prolonged exercise. However, the previous methods of determining FATmax-intensity were time-consuming. The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of FATmax-intensity determined by short-time testing. Nine healthy young men performed ramp exercise, in a short-time test, until exhaustion and 5 constant-load exercises of 60 min each at individual FATmax-intensity determined by ramp protocol (FATmax-intensity(R)), FATmax-intensity(R) ± 5% of peak oxygen uptake (VO₂peak) and FATmax-intensity(R) ± 10%VO₂peak. FATmax-intensity was determined among 5 trials at points of early exercise (10 min) and prolonged exercise (60 min) to evaluate the validity of FATmax-intensity(R). Ten minutes after starting constant-load exercise, FATmax-intensity(R) showed the highest fat oxidation among 5 trials, even though MFO by ramp protocol was overestimated. Therefore, it may be useful for evaluation of fat metabolism to include the measurement of the FATmax-intensity in a routine ramp test. However, because FATmax-intensity(R) did not elicit the highest fat oxidation among 5 trials of 60 min each after starting constant-load exercise, FATmax-intensity(R) may not be effective for prolonged exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Takagi
- a Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion , Tokyo Medical University , Shinjuku , Japan
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21
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Hodgson AB, Randell RK, Jeukendrup AE. The effect of green tea extract on fat oxidation at rest and during exercise: evidence of efficacy and proposed mechanisms. Adv Nutr 2013; 4:129-40. [PMID: 23493529 PMCID: PMC3649093 DOI: 10.3945/an.112.003269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Green tea is made from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis L plant, which is rich in polyphenol catechins and caffeine. There is increasing interest in the potential role of green tea extract (GTE) in fat metabolism and its influence on health and exercise performance. A number of studies have observed positive effects of GTE on fat metabolism at rest and during exercise, following both shorter and longer term intake. However, overall, the literature is inconclusive. The fact that not all studies observed effects may be related to differences in study designs, GTE bioavailability, and variation of the measurement (fat oxidation). In addition, the precise mechanisms of GTE in the human body that increase fat oxidation are unclear. The often-cited in vitro catechol-O-methyltransferase mechanism is used to explain the changes in substrate metabolism with little in vivo evidence to support it. Also, changes in expression of fat metabolism genes with longer term GTE intake have been implicated at rest and with exercise training, including the upregulation of fat metabolism enzyme gene expression in the skeletal muscle and downregulation of adipogenic genes in the liver. The exact molecular signaling that activates changes to fat metabolism gene expression is unclear but may be driven by PPAR-γ coactivator 1-α and PPARs. However, to date, evidence from human studies to support these adaptations is lacking. Clearly, more studies have to be performed to elucidate the effects of GTE on fat metabolism as well as improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms.
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22
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Abstract
The early pioneers in the field of metabolism during exercise such as Lindhard and Krogh understood the importance of fat as a fuel for muscle contraction. But they could not have understood the details of the pathways involved, as neither the metabolic role of adipose tissue nor the transport role of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in the plasma was clearly understood at the time. We now recognize that the onset of muscular contraction coincides with an increase in the delivery of NEFA from adipose tissue, probably coordinated by the sympatho-adrenal system. During light exercise, adipose tissue-derived NEFA make up the majority of the oxidative fuel used by muscle. As exercise is prolonged, the importance of NEFA increases. The onset of exercise is marked by an increased proportion of NEFAs entering beta-oxidation rather than re-esterification and recycling. At moderate intensities of exercise, other sources of fat, potentially plasma- and intramyocellular-triacylglycerol, supplement the supply of plasma NEFA. The delivery of NEFA is augmented by increased adipose tissue blood flow and by other stimuli such as atrial natriuretic peptide. Only during high-intensity exercise is there a failure of adipose tissue to deliver sufficient fatty acids for muscle (which is coupled with an inability of muscle to use them, even when fatty acids are supplied artificially). This limitation of adipose tissue NEFA delivery may reflect some feedback inhibition of lipolysis, perhaps via lactate, or possibly alpha-adrenergic inhibition of lipolysis at very high catecholamine concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Frayn
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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23
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Abstract
Management of many chronic diseases now includes regular exercise as part of a viable treatment plan. Exercise in the form of prolonged, submaximal, continuous exercise (SUBEX; i.e., approximately 30 min to 1 h, approximately 40-70% of maximal oxygen uptake) is often prescribed due to its relatively low risk, the willingness of patients to undertake, its efficacy, its affordability, and its ease of prescription. Specifically, patients who are insulin resistant or that have type 2 diabetes mellitus may benefit from regular exercise of this type. During this type of exercise, muscles dramatically increase glucose uptake as the liver increases both glycogenolysis and gluco-neogenesis. While a redundancy of mechanisms is at work to maintain blood glucose concentration ([glucose]) during this type of exercise, the major regulator of blood glucose is the insulin/glucagon response. At exercise onset, blood [glucose] transiently rises before beginning to decline after approximately 30 min, causing a subsequent decline in blood [insulin] and rise in blood glucagon. This leads to many downstream effects, including an increase in glucose output from the liver to maintain adequate glucose in the blood to fuel both the muscles and the brain. Finally, when analyzing blood [glucose], consideration should be given to nutritional status (postabsorptive versus postprandial) as well as both what the analyzer measures and the type of sample used (plasma versus whole blood). In view of both prescribing exercise to patients as well as designing studies that perturb glucose homeostasis, it is imperative that clinicians and researchers alike understand the controls of blood glucose homeostasis during SUBEX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Goodwin
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York 10021 , USA.
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24
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Kang J, Rashti SL, Tranchina CP, Ratamess NA, Faigenbaum AD, Hoffman JR. Effect of preceding resistance exercise on metabolism during subsequent aerobic session. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 107:43-50. [PMID: 19504118 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1100-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the acute effect of prior resistance training of varying intensities on energy expenditure and substrate utilization during subsequent aerobic exercise. Eleven males and 21 females completed three experimental trials consisting of (1) aerobic exercise only (C), (2) aerobic exercise preceded by a high-intensity resistance training (HI), and (3) aerobic exercise preceded by a low-intensity resistance training (LO). Resistance training produced an equal volume between HI and LO and consisted of six exercises with each performed for three sets of eight repetitions at 90% of 8-RM in HI and three sets of 12 repetitions at 60% of 8-RM in LO. Aerobic exercise was performed on a cycle ergometer at 50% VO(2)peak for 20 min in all trials. Oxygen uptake (VO2), and carbohydrate and fat oxidation were determined throughout each aerobic exercise session. Fat oxidation rate was higher (P < 0.05) in HI than either LO or C in both males and females. VO2 was also higher (P < 0.05) in HI than either LO or C in females. In males, although between-trial differences in VO2 did not reach statistical significance, they were consistent with the trend seen in females. No differences in carbohydrate oxidation rates were observed across the three trials in either gender group. It appears that in training that combines both aerobic and resistance exercises, performing a comparatively higher intensity resistance exercise first would augment fat utilization and energy expenditure during subsequent aerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Kang
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, 222 Packer Hall, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA.
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Trapp EG, Chisholm DJ, Boutcher SH. Metabolic response of trained and untrained women during high-intensity intermittent cycle exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 293:R2370-5. [PMID: 17898114 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00780.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic response to two different forms of high-intensity intermittent cycle exercise was investigated in young women. Subjects (8 trained and 8 untrained) performed two bouts of high-intensity intermittent exercise: short sprint (SS) (8-s sprint, 12-s recovery) and long sprint (LS) (24-s sprint, 36-s recovery) for 20 min on two separate occasions. Both workload and oxygen uptake were greater in the trained subjects but were not significantly different for SS and LS. Plasma glycerol concentrations significantly increased during exercise. Lactate concentrations rose over the 20 min and were higher for the trained women. Catecholamine concentration was also higher postexercise compared with preexercise for both groups. Both SS and LS produced similar metabolic response although both lactate and catecholamines were higher after the 24-s sprint. In conclusion, these results show that high-intensity intermittent exercise resulted in significant elevations in catecholamines that appear to be related to increased venous glycerol concentrations. The trained compared with the untrained women tended to show an earlier increase in plasma glycerol concentrations during high-intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gail Trapp
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Univ. of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
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Coyle EF. Fat oxidation during whole body exercise appears to be a good example of regulation by the interaction of physiological systems. J Physiol 2007; 581:886. [PMID: 17478527 PMCID: PMC2170838 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.134890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Edward F Coyle
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, University of Texas at Austin 78712, USA.
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Horton TJ, Grunwald GK, Lavely J, Donahoo WT. Glucose kinetics differ between women and men, during and after exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2006; 100:1883-94. [PMID: 16714415 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01431.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As exercise can improve the regulation of glucose and carbohydrate metabolism, it is important to establish biological factors, such as sex, that may influence these outcomes. Glucose kinetics, therefore, were compared between women and men at rest, during exercise, and postexercise. It was hypothesized that glucose flux would be significantly lower in women than men during both the exercise and postexercise periods. Subjects included normal weight, healthy, eumenorrehic women and men, matched for habitual activity level and maximal oxygen uptake per kilogram lean body mass. Testing occurred following 3 days of diet control, with no exercise the day before. Subjects were tested in the overnight-fasted condition with women studied in the midluteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Resting (120 min), exercise (85% lactate threshold, 90 min), and postexercise (180 min) measurements of glucose flux and substrate metabolism were made. During exercise, women had a significantly lower rate of glucose appearance (Ra) (P<0.001) and disappearance (Rd) (P<0.002) compared with men. Maximal values were achieved at 90 min of exercise for both glucose Ra (mean+/-SE: 22.8+/-1.12 micromol.kg body wt-1.min-1 women and 33.6+/-1.79 micromol.kg body wt-1.min-1 men) and glucose Rd (23.2+/-1.26 and 34.1+/-1.71 micromol.kg body wt-1.min-1, respectively). Exercise epinephrine concentration was significantly lower in women compared with men (P<0.02), as was the increment in glucagon from rest to exercise (P<0.04). During the postexercise period, glucose Ra and Rd were also significantly lower in women vs. men (P<0.001), with differences diminishing over time. In conclusion, circulating blood glucose flux was significantly lower during 90 min of moderate exercise, and immediately postexercise, in women compared with men. Sex differences in the glucagon increase to exercise, and/or the epinephrine levels during exercise, may play a role in determining these sex differences in exercise glucose turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy J Horton
- Section of Nutrition, Box C225, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East 9th Ave., and Department of Preventive Medicine, Kaiser Permanente, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
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West SJ, Goedecke JH, van Niekerk L, Collins M, St Clair Gibson A, Macdonald IA, Noakes TD, Lambert EV. Effects of elevated plasma adrenaline levels on substrate metabolism, effort perception and muscle activation during low-to-moderate intensity exercise. Pflugers Arch 2005; 451:727-37. [PMID: 16215769 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-005-1516-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Accepted: 09/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to differentiate the role of raised plasma adrenaline (Adr) concentrations from sympathoadrenal activation associated with moderate-intensity exercise, on muscle activation, cardiopulmonary responses, fuel metabolism, and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during low-intensity exercise. Two groups of subjects (MOD, n=6; LOW, n=7) cycled on two occasions for 90 min. MOD cycled at 68% VO(2max) with saline infusion, and at 34% VO(2max) with Adr infusion. LOW cycled twice at 34% VO(2max), with either Adr or saline infusion. Infusions (0.015 g Adr/kg/min) started at 15 min and increased plasma [Adr] somewhat higher than during exercise at 68% VO(2max) (approximately 1.9 vs. 1.4 nM, at 75 min). Mean plasma glucose and lactate concentrations during LOW were significantly higher with Adr than saline infusion (5.1+/-0.6 vs. 4.4+/-0.3 mmol/l, P<0.01 and 2.1+/-0.8 vs. 1.3+/-0.5 mmol/l, P<0.01, respectively). Elevated [Adr], without increased exercise intensity, did not alter glycogenolysis. There were also no effects of Adr infusion at 34% VO(2max) on heart rate, oxygen consumption, [FFA], respiratory exchange ratio, intramuscular triglyceride utilization, muscle activation or RPE. In conclusion, elevated [Adr] similar to those found during moderate-intensity exercise increased plasma glucose and lactate availability, but did not alter intramuscular fuel utilization, effort perception or muscle activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha J West
- Department of Human Biology, UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, P.O. Box 115, 7725 Newlands, South Africa
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Lambert EV, St Clair Gibson A, Noakes TD. Complex systems model of fatigue: integrative homoeostatic control of peripheral physiological systems during exercise in humans. Br J Sports Med 2005; 39:52-62. [PMID: 15618343 PMCID: PMC1725023 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2003.011247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Fatigue is hypothesised as being the result of the complex interaction of multiple peripheral physiological systems and the brain. In this new model, all changes in peripheral physiological systems such as substrate depletion or metabolite accumulation act as afferent signallers which modulate control processes in the brain in a dynamic, non-linear, integrative manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Lambert
- University of Cape Town, Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Sports Science of South Africa, P O Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa.
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Dyck DJ, Steinberg G, Bonen A. Insulin increases FA uptake and esterification but reduces lipid utilization in isolated contracting muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001; 281:E600-7. [PMID: 11500316 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.3.e600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effect of insulin on the synthesis and degradation of muscle lipid pools [phospholipid (PL), diacylglycerol (DG), triacylglycerol (TG)] and palmitate oxidation in isolated resting and contracting (20 tetani/min) soleus muscles. Lipid metabolism was monitored using the previously defined pulse-chase procedure. At rest, insulin significantly increased total palmitate uptake into soleus muscle (+49%, P < 0.05), corresponding to enhanced DG (+60%, P < 0.05) and TG (+61%, P < 0.05) esterification, but blunted palmitate oxidation (-38%, P < 0.05) and TG hydrolysis (-34%, P < 0.05). During muscle contraction, when total palmitate uptake was increased, insulin further enhanced uptake (+21%, P < 0.05) and esterification of fatty acids (FA) to PL (+73%, P < 0.05), DG (+19%, P < 0.05), and TG (+161%, P < 0.01). Despite a profound shift in the relative partitioning of FA away from esterification and toward oxidation during contraction, the increase in palmitate oxidation and TG hydrolysis was significantly blunted by insulin [oxidation, -24% (P = 0.05); hydrolysis, -83% (P < 0.01)]. The effects of insulin on FA esterification (stimulation) and oxidation (inhibition) during contraction were reduced in the presence of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY-294002. In summary, the effects of insulin and contraction on palmitate uptake and esterification are additive, while insulin opposes the stimulatory effect of contraction on FA oxidation and TG hydrolysis. Insulin's modulatory effects on muscle FA metabolism during contraction are mediated at least in part through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Dyck
- Department of Human Biology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
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Mora-Rodriguez R, Hodgkinson BJ, Byerley LO, Coyle EF. Effects of beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation and blockade on substrate metabolism during submaximal exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001; 280:E752-60. [PMID: 11287358 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.5.e752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We used beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation and blockade as a tool to study substrate metabolism during exercise. Eight moderately trained subjects cycled for 60 min at 45% of VO(2 peak) 1) during a control trial (CON); 2) while epinephrine was intravenously infused at 0.015 microg. kg(-1) x min(-1) (beta-STIM); 3) after ingesting 80 mg of propranolol (beta-BLOCK); and 4) combining beta-BLOCK with intravenous infusion of Intralipid-heparin to restore plasma fatty acid (FFA) levels (beta-BLOCK+LIPID). beta-BLOCK suppressed lipolysis (i.e., glycerol rate of appearance) and fat oxidation while elevating carbohydrate oxidation above CON (135 +/- 11 vs. 113 +/- 10 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1); P < 0.05) primarily by increasing rate of disappearance (R(d)) of glucose (36 +/- 2 vs. 22 +/- 2 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1); P < 0.05). Plasma FFA restoration (beta-BLOCK+LIPID) attenuated the increase in R(d) glucose by more than one-half (28 +/- 3 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1); P < 0.05), suggesting that part of the compensatory increase in muscle glucose uptake is due to reduced energy from fatty acids. On the other hand, beta-STIM markedly increased glycogen oxidation and reduced glucose clearance and fat oxidation despite elevating plasma FFA. Therefore, reduced plasma FFA availability with beta-BLOCK increased R(d) glucose, whereas beta-STIM increased glycogen oxidation, which reduced fat oxidation and glucose clearance. In summary, compared with control exercise at 45% VO(2 peak) (CON), both beta-BLOCK and beta-STIM reduced fat and increased carbohydrate oxidation, albeit through different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mora-Rodriguez
- The Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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