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Rossmeislová L, Krauzová E, Koc M, Wilhelm M, Šebo V, Varaliová Z, Šrámková V, Schouten M, Šedivý P, Tůma P, Kovář J, Langin D, Gojda J, Šiklová M. Obesity alters adipose tissue response to fasting and refeeding in women: A study on lipolytic and endocrine dynamics and acute insulin resistance. Heliyon 2024; 10:e37875. [PMID: 39328508 PMCID: PMC11425135 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Fasting induces significant shifts in substrate utilization with signs of acute insulin resistance (IR), while obesity is associated with chronic IR. Nonetheless, both states substantially influence adipose tissue (AT) function. Therefore, in this interventional study (NCT04260542), we investigated if excessive adiposity in premenopausal women alters insulin sensitivity and AT metabolic and endocrine activity in response to a 60-h fast and a subsequent 48-h refeeding period. Using physiological methods, lipidomics, and AT explants, we showed that obesity partially modified AT endocrine activity and blunted the dynamics of AT insulin resistance in response to the fasting/refeeding challenge compared to that observed in lean women. AT adapted to its own excess by reducing lipolytic activity/free fatty acids (FFA) flux per mass. This adaptation persisted even after a 60-h fast, resulting in lower ketosis in women with obesity. This could be a protective mechanism that limits the lipotoxic effects of FFA; however, it may ultimately impede desirable weight loss induced by caloric restriction in women with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Rossmeislová
- Department of Pathophysiology, Centre for Research on Nutrition, Metabolism and Diabetes, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague and Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Eva Krauzová
- Department of Pathophysiology, Centre for Research on Nutrition, Metabolism and Diabetes, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Královské Vinohrady University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Koc
- Department of Pathophysiology, Centre for Research on Nutrition, Metabolism and Diabetes, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Wilhelm
- Department of Pathophysiology, Centre for Research on Nutrition, Metabolism and Diabetes, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Šebo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Centre for Research on Nutrition, Metabolism and Diabetes, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Královské Vinohrady University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Varaliová
- Department of Pathophysiology, Centre for Research on Nutrition, Metabolism and Diabetes, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Šrámková
- Department of Pathophysiology, Centre for Research on Nutrition, Metabolism and Diabetes, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague and Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Moniek Schouten
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Petr Šedivý
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Tůma
- Department of Hygiene, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kovář
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dominique Langin
- Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague and Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, I2MC, University of Toulouse, Inserm, Toulouse III University - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Institute Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Jan Gojda
- Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague and Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
- Department of Internal Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Královské Vinohrady University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Šiklová
- Department of Pathophysiology, Centre for Research on Nutrition, Metabolism and Diabetes, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague and Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
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Contreras RE, Gruber T, González-García I, Schriever SC, De Angelis M, Mallet N, Bernecker M, Legutko B, Kabra D, Schmidt M, Tschöp MH, Gutierrez-Aguilar R, Mellor J, García-Cáceres C, Pfluger PT. HDAC5 controls a hypothalamic STAT5b-TH axis, the sympathetic activation of ATP-consuming futile cycles and adult-onset obesity in male mice. Mol Metab 2024; 90:102033. [PMID: 39304061 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.102033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2024] [Revised: 08/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
With age, metabolic perturbations accumulate to elevate our obesity burden. While age-onset obesity is mostly driven by a sedentary lifestyle and high calorie intake, genetic and epigenetic factors also play a role. Among these, members of the large histone deacetylase (HDAC) family are of particular importance as key metabolic determinants for healthy ageing, or metabolic dysfunction. Here, we aimed to interrogate the role of class 2 family member HDAC5 in controlling systemic metabolism and age-related obesity under non-obesogenic conditions. Starting at 6 months of age, we observed adult-onset obesity in chow-fed male global HDAC5-KO mice, that was accompanied by marked reductions in adrenergic-stimulated ATP-consuming futile cycles, including BAT activity and UCP1 levels, WAT-lipolysis, skeletal muscle, WAT and liver futile creatine and calcium cycles, and ultimately energy expenditure. Female mice did not differ between genotypes. The lower peripheral sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity in mature male KO mice was linked to higher dopaminergic neuronal activity within the dorsomedial arcuate nucleus (dmARC) and elevated hypothalamic dopamine levels. Mechanistically, we reveal that hypothalamic HDAC5 acts as co-repressor of STAT5b over the control of Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene transactivation, which ultimately orchestrates the activity of dmARH dopaminergic neurons and energy metabolism in male mice under non-obesogenic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raian E Contreras
- Research Unit NeuroBiology of Diabetes, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Neurobiology of Diabetes, TUM School of Medicine & Health, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Tim Gruber
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Ismael González-García
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sonja C Schriever
- Research Unit NeuroBiology of Diabetes, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Meri De Angelis
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Noemi Mallet
- Research Unit NeuroBiology of Diabetes, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Miriam Bernecker
- Research Unit NeuroBiology of Diabetes, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Neurobiology of Diabetes, TUM School of Medicine & Health, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Beata Legutko
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dhiraj Kabra
- Research Unit NeuroBiology of Diabetes, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Biological Research Pharmacology Department, Sun Pharma Advanced Research Company Ltd., Vadodara, India
| | - Mathias Schmidt
- Neurobiology of Stress Resilience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, TUM School of Medicine & Health, Technical University of München, Munich, Germany; Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ruth Gutierrez-Aguilar
- División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas, Obesidad y Diabetes, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jane Mellor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Chronos Therapeutics, Oxford, UK
| | - Cristina García-Cáceres
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Medical Clinic and Polyclinic IV, Ludwig-Maximilians University of München, Munich, Germany
| | - Paul T Pfluger
- Research Unit NeuroBiology of Diabetes, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Neurobiology of Diabetes, TUM School of Medicine & Health, Technische Universität München, München, Germany.
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3
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Colosimo S, Mitra SK, Chaudhury T, Marchesini G. Insulin resistance and metabolic flexibility as drivers of liver and cardiac disease in T2DM. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2023; 206:111016. [PMID: 37979728 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2023.111016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic flexibility refers to the ability of tissues to adapt their use of energy sources according to substrate availability and energy demands. This review aims to disentangle the emerging mechanisms through which altered metabolic flexibility and insulin resistance promote NAFLD and heart disease progression. Insulin resistance and metabolic inflexibility are central drivers of hepatic and cardiac diseases in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Both play a critical role in the complex interaction between glucose and lipid metabolism. Disruption of metabolic flexibility results in hyperglycemia and abnormal lipid metabolism, leading to increased accumulation of fat in the liver, contributing to the development and progression of NAFLD. Similarly, insulin resistance affects cardiac glucose metabolism, leading to altered utilization of energy substrates and impaired cardiac function, and influence cardiac lipid metabolism, further exacerbating the progression of heart failure. Regular physical activity promotes metabolic flexibility by increasing energy expenditure and enabling efficient switching between different energy substrates. On the contrary, weight loss achieved through calorie restriction ameliorates insulin sensitivity without improving flexibility. Strategies that mimic the effects of physical exercise, such as pharmacological interventions or targeted lifestyle modifications, show promise in effectively treating both diabetes and NAFLD, finally reducing the risk of advanced liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santo Colosimo
- School of Nutrition Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sandip Kumar Mitra
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Apollo Gleneagles Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Tirthankar Chaudhury
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Apollo Gleneagles Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Giulio Marchesini
- IRCCS-Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Policlinico di Sant'Orsola, Bologna, Italy.
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Ren L, Du W, Song D, Lu H, Hamblin MH, Wang C, Du C, Fan GC, Becker RC, Fan Y. Genetic ablation of diabetes-associated gene Ccdc92 reduces obesity and insulin resistance in mice. iScience 2023; 26:105769. [PMID: 36594018 PMCID: PMC9804112 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified specific genetic variants in the coiled-coil domain containing 92 (CCDC92) locus that is associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes in humans. However, the biological function of CCDC92 in obesity and insulin resistance remains to be explored. Utilizing wild-type (WT) and Ccdc92 whole-body knockout (KO) mice, we found that Ccdc92 KO reduced obesity and increased insulin sensitivity under high-fat diet (HFD) conditions. Ccdc92 KO inhibited macrophage infiltration and fibrosis in white adipose tissue (WAT), suggesting Ccdc92 ablation protects against adipose tissue dysfunction. Ccdc92 deletion also increased energy expenditure and further attenuated hepatic steatosis in mice on an HFD. Ccdc92 KO significantly inhibited the inflammatory response and suppressed the NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in WAT. Altogether, we demonstrated the critical role of CCDC92 in metabolism, constituting a potential target for treating obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ren
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Wa Du
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Dan Song
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Haocheng Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Milton H. Hamblin
- Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Chenran Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Chunying Du
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Guo-Chang Fan
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Richard C. Becker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Yanbo Fan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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5
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We are what we eat: The role of lipids in metabolic diseases. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2023. [PMID: 37516463 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lipids play a fundamental role, both structurally and functionally, for the correct functioning of the organism. In the last two decades, they have evolved from molecules involved only in energy storage to compounds that play an important role as components of cell membranes and signaling molecules that regulate cell homeostasis. For this reason, their interest as compounds involved in human health has been gaining weight. Indeed, lipids derived from dietary sources and endogenous biosynthesis are relevant for the pathophysiology of numerous diseases. There exist pathological conditions that are characterized by alterations in lipid metabolism. This is particularly true for metabolic diseases, such as liver steatosis, type 2 diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular diseases. The main issue to be considered is lipid homeostasis. A precise control of fat homeostasis is required for a correct regulation of metabolic pathways and safe and efficient energy storage in adipocytes. When this fails, a deregulation occurs in the maintenance of systemic metabolism. This happens because an increased concentrations of lipids impair cellular homeostasis and disrupt tissue function, giving rise to lipotoxicity. Fat accumulation results in many alterations in the physiology of the affected organs, mainly in metabolic tissues. These alterations include the activation of oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, increased inflammation, accumulation of bioactive molecules and modification of gene expression. In this chapter, we review the main metabolic diseases in which alterations in lipid homeostasis are involved and discuss their pathogenic mechanisms.
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Valentine JM, Ahmadian M, Keinan O, Abu-Odeh M, Zhao P, Zhou X, Keller MP, Gao H, Yu RT, Liddle C, Downes M, Zhang J, Lusis AJ, Attie AD, Evans RM, Rydén M, Saltiel AR. β3-Adrenergic receptor downregulation leads to adipocyte catecholamine resistance in obesity. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e153357. [PMID: 34847077 PMCID: PMC8759781 DOI: 10.1172/jci153357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of energy homeostasis in obesity involves multihormone resistance. Although leptin and insulin resistance have been well characterized, catecholamine resistance remains largely unexplored. Murine β3-adrenergic receptor expression in adipocytes is orders of magnitude higher compared with that of other isoforms. While resistant to classical desensitization pathways, its mRNA (Adrb3) and protein expression are dramatically downregulated after ligand exposure (homologous desensitization). β3-Adrenergic receptor downregulation also occurs after high-fat diet feeding, concurrent with catecholamine resistance and elevated inflammation. This downregulation is recapitulated in vitro by TNF-α treatment (heterologous desensitization). Both homologous and heterologous desensitization of Adrb3 were triggered by induction of the pseudokinase TRIB1 downstream of the EPAC/RAP2A/PI-PLC pathway. TRIB1 in turn degraded the primary transcriptional activator of Adrb3, CEBPα. EPAC/RAP inhibition enhanced catecholamine-stimulated lipolysis and energy expenditure in obese mice. Moreover, adipose tissue expression of genes in this pathway correlated with body weight extremes in a cohort of genetically diverse mice and with BMI in 2 independent cohorts of humans. These data implicate a signaling axis that may explain reduced hormone-stimulated lipolysis in obesity and resistance to therapeutic interventions with β3-adrenergic receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Bioengineering, Chemistry, and Biochemistry, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Mark P. Keller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ruth T. Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Christopher Liddle
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Sydney School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Bioengineering, Chemistry, and Biochemistry, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Aldons J. Lusis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alan D. Attie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ronald M. Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mikael Rydén
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alan R. Saltiel
- Department of Medicine and
- Department of Pharmacology, Bioengineering, Chemistry, and Biochemistry, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
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Ma Y, Liu S, Jun H, Wu J. CHRNA2: a new paradigm in beige thermoregulation and metabolism. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 32:479-489. [PMID: 34952750 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of thermogenic adipocytes to maintain systemic metabolic homeostasis has been increasingly appreciated in recent years. It is now recognized that different types (e.g., brown, beige) and subtypes of thermogenic adipocytes may arise from various developmental origins. In addition to the adrenergic pathway, other signals can activate thermogenesis, including paracrine communication between immune cells within the adipose tissue niche and thermogenic adipocytes. In this opinion article we highlight the recently discovered beige-selective signaling between acetylcholine from immune cells and cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 2 subunit (CHRNA2) in activated beige adipocytes. We present our current knowledge of how this previously unrecognized adipose non-neuronal cholinergic signaling pathway mediates beige thermoregulation, and discuss its impact on whole-body fitness and its therapeutic potential as a novel target for combating metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxu Ma
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Heejin Jun
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Hoy AJ, Nagarajan SR, Butler LM. Tumour fatty acid metabolism in the context of therapy resistance and obesity. Nat Rev Cancer 2021; 21:753-766. [PMID: 34417571 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-021-00388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid metabolism is known to support tumorigenesis and disease progression as well as treatment resistance through enhanced lipid synthesis, storage and catabolism. More recently, the role of membrane fatty acid composition, for example, ratios of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, in promoting cell survival while limiting lipotoxicity and ferroptosis has been increasingly appreciated. Alongside these insights, it has become clear that tumour cells exhibit plasticity with respect to fatty acid metabolism, responding to extratumoural and systemic metabolic signals, such as obesity and cancer therapeutics, to promote the development of aggressive, treatment-resistant disease. Here, we describe cellular fatty acid metabolic changes that are connected to therapy resistance and contextualize obesity-associated changes in host fatty acid metabolism that likely influence the local tumour microenvironment to further modify cancer cell behaviour while simultaneously creating potential new vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Hoy
- School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Shilpa R Nagarajan
- School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa M Butler
- Adelaide Medical School and Freemasons Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Free fatty acid receptor 1: a ray of hope in the therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:1625-1639. [PMID: 34669065 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00879-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1) is a G-protein coupled receptor with prominent expression on pancreatic beta cells, bones, intestinal cells as well as the nerve cells. This receptor mediates a multitude of functions in the body including release of incretins, secretion of insulin as well as sensation of pain. Since FFAR1 causes secretion of insulin and regulates glucose metabolism, efforts were made to unfold its structure followed by discovering agonists for the receptor and the utilization of these agonists in the therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Development of such functional FFAR1 agonists is a necessity because the currently available therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus has numerous drawbacks, of which, the major one is hypoglycemia. Since the most prominent effect of the FFAR1 agonists is on glucose concentration in the body, so the major research is focused on treating type 2 diabetes mellitus, though the agonists could benefit other metabolic disorders and neurological disorders as well. The agonists developed so far had one major limitation, i.e., hepatotoxicity. Although, the only agonist that could reach phase 3 clinical trials was TAK-875 developed by Takeda Pharmaceuticals but it was also withdrawn due to toxic effects on the liver. Thus, there are numerous agonists for the varied binding sites of the receptor but no drug available yet. There does seem to be a ray of hope in the drugs that target FFAR1 but a lot more efforts towards drug discovery would result in the successful management of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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10
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Isacco L, Ennequin G, Boisseau N. Effect of Fat Mass Localization on Fat Oxidation During Endurance Exercise in Women. Front Physiol 2020; 11:585137. [PMID: 33192597 PMCID: PMC7642265 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.585137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Independent of total body fat mass, predominant upper body fat mass distribution is strongly associated with cardio-metabolic comorbidities. However, the mechanisms underlying fat mass localization are not fully understood. Although a large body of evidence indicates sex-specific fat mass distribution, women are still excluded from many physiological studies and their specific features have been investigated only in few studies. Moreover, endurance exercise is an effective strategy for improving fat oxidation, suggesting that regular endurance exercise could contribute to the management of body composition and metabolic health. However, no firm conclusion has been reached on the effect of fat mass localization on fat oxidation during endurance exercise. By analyzing the available literature, this review wants to determine the effect of fat mass localization on fat oxidation rate during endurance exercise in women, and to identify future research directions to advance our knowledge on this topic. Despite a relatively limited level of evidence, the analyzed studies indicate that fat oxidation during endurance exercise is higher in women with lower upper-to-lower-body fat mass ratio than in women with higher upper-to-lower-body fat mass ratio. Interestingly, obesity may blunt the specific effect of upper and lower body fat mass distribution on fat oxidation observed in women with normal weight during endurance exercise. Studying and understanding the physiological responses of women to exercise are essential to develop appropriate physical activity strategies and ultimately to improve the prevention and treatment of cardio-metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Isacco
- EA3920 Prognostic Markers and Regulatory Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases and Exercise Performance Health Innovation Platform, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,Adaptations Métaboliques à l'Exercice en Conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Gaël Ennequin
- Adaptations Métaboliques à l'Exercice en Conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nathalie Boisseau
- Adaptations Métaboliques à l'Exercice en Conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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11
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Kalupahana NS, Goonapienuwala BL, Moustaid-Moussa N. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Adipose Tissue: Inflammation and Browning. Annu Rev Nutr 2020; 40:25-49. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-122319-034142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) are involved in whole-body energy homeostasis and metabolic regulation. Changes to mass and function of these tissues impact glucose homeostasis and whole-body energy balance during development of obesity, weight loss, and subsequent weight regain. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs), which have known hypotriglyceridemic and cardioprotective effects, can also impact WAT and BAT function. In rodent models, these fatty acids alleviate obesity-associated WAT inflammation, improve energy metabolism, and increase thermogenic markers in BAT. Emerging evidence suggests that ω-3 PUFAs can also modulate gut microbiota impacting WAT function and adiposity. This review discusses molecular mechanisms, implications of these findings, translation to humans, and future work, especially with reference to the potential of these fatty acids in weight loss maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishan Sudheera Kalupahana
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1270, USA;,
| | - Bimba Lakmini Goonapienuwala
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1270, USA;,
| | - Naima Moustaid-Moussa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1270, USA;,
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12
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Jun H, Ma Y, Chen Y, Gong J, Liu S, Wang J, Knights AJ, Qiao X, Emont MP, Xu XZS, Kajimura S, Wu J. Adrenergic-Independent Signaling via CHRNA2 Regulates Beige Fat Activation. Dev Cell 2020; 54:106-116.e5. [PMID: 32533922 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining energy homeostasis upon environmental challenges, such as cold or excess calorie intake, is essential to the fitness and survival of mammals. Drug discovery efforts targeting β-adrenergic signaling have not been fruitful after decades of intensive research. We recently identified a new beige fat regulatory pathway mediated via the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit CHRNA2. Here, we generated fat-specific Chrna2 KO mice and observed thermogenic defects in cold and metabolic dysfunction upon dietary challenges caused by adipocyte-autonomous regulation in vivo. We found that CHRNA2 signaling is activated after acute high fat diet feeding and this effect is manifested through both UCP1- and creatine-mediated mechanisms. Furthermore, our data suggested that CHRNA2 signaling may activate glycolytic beige fat, a subpopulation of beige adipocytes mediated by GABPα emerging in the absence of β-adrenergic signaling. These findings reveal the biological significance of the CHRNA2 pathway in beige fat biogenesis and energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejin Jun
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yingxu Ma
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Cardiology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Yong Chen
- UCSF Diabetes Center, San Francisco, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jianke Gong
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Sciences and Technology, and Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jine Wang
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Xiaona Qiao
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Margo P Emont
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - X Z Shawn Xu
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shingo Kajimura
- UCSF Diabetes Center, San Francisco, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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13
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Czech MP. Mechanisms of insulin resistance related to white, beige, and brown adipocytes. Mol Metab 2020; 34:27-42. [PMID: 32180558 PMCID: PMC6997501 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diminished glucose lowering effect of insulin in obesity, called "insulin resistance," is associated with glucose intolerance, type 2 diabetes, and other serious maladies. Many publications on this topic have suggested numerous hypotheses on the molecular and cellular disruptions that contribute to the syndrome. However, significant uncertainty remains on the mechanisms of its initiation and long-term maintenance. SCOPE OF REVIEW To simplify insulin resistance analysis, this review focuses on the unifying concept that adipose tissue is a central regulator of systemic glucose homeostasis by controlling liver and skeletal muscle metabolism. Key aspects of adipose function related to insulin resistance reviewed are: 1) the modes by which specific adipose tissues control hepatic glucose output and systemic glucose disposal, 2) recently acquired understanding of the underlying mechanisms of these modes of regulation, and 3) the steps in these pathways adversely affected by obesity that cause insulin resistance. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Adipocyte heterogeneity is required to mediate the multiple pathways that control systemic glucose tolerance. White adipocytes specialize in sequestering triglycerides away from the liver, muscle, and other tissues to limit toxicity. In contrast, brown/beige adipocytes are very active in directly taking up glucose in response to β adrenergic signaling and insulin and enhancing energy expenditure. Nonetheless, white, beige, and brown adipocytes all share the common feature of secreting factors and possibly exosomes that act on distant tissues to control glucose homeostasis. Obesity exerts deleterious effects on each of these adipocyte functions to cause insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Czech
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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14
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Adipose tissue NAD + biosynthesis is required for regulating adaptive thermogenesis and whole-body energy homeostasis in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:23822-23828. [PMID: 31694884 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909917116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a critical coenzyme for cellular energy metabolism. The aim of the present study was to determine the importance of brown and white adipose tissue (BAT and WAT) NAD+ metabolism in regulating whole-body thermogenesis and energy metabolism. Accordingly, we generated and analyzed adipocyte-specific nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) knockout (ANKO) and brown adipocyte-specific Nampt knockout (BANKO) mice because NAMPT is the rate-limiting NAD+ biosynthetic enzyme. We found ANKO mice, which lack NAMPT in both BAT and WAT, had impaired gene programs involved in thermogenesis and mitochondrial function in BAT and a blunted thermogenic (rectal temperature, BAT temperature, and whole-body oxygen consumption) response to acute cold exposure, prolonged fasting, and administration of β-adrenergic agonists (norepinephrine and CL-316243). In addition, the absence of NAMPT in WAT markedly reduced adrenergic-mediated lipolytic activity, likely through inactivation of the NAD+-SIRT1-caveolin-1 axis, which limits an important fuel source fatty acid for BAT thermogenesis. These metabolic abnormalities were rescued by treatment with nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), which bypasses the block in NAD+ synthesis induced by NAMPT deficiency. Although BANKO mice, which lack NAMPT in BAT only, had BAT cellular alterations similar to the ANKO mice, BANKO mice had normal thermogenic and lipolytic responses. We also found NAMPT expression in supraclavicular adipose tissue (where human BAT is localized) obtained from human subjects increased during cold exposure, suggesting our finding in rodents could apply to people. These results demonstrate that adipose NAMPT-mediated NAD+ biosynthesis is essential for regulating adaptive thermogenesis, lipolysis, and whole-body energy metabolism.
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15
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In-vivo metabolic studies of regional adipose tissue. Cardiovasc Endocrinol Metab 2019; 7:75-79. [PMID: 31646288 DOI: 10.1097/xce.0000000000000154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of abdominal adipose tissue has long been associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Paradoxically, increased gluteofemoral adipose tissue, which is predominantly subcutaneous fat, seems to play a protective role. There has been significant scientific interest in understanding how abdominal and gluteofemoral depots confer opposing metabolic risks. However, the study of regional adipose physiology in vivo remains challenging. We discuss some of the methodologies used. We focus specifically on the arteriovenous difference technique and present some insights into gluteofemoral adipose physiology.
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16
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Changes in Plasma Free Fatty Acids Associated with Type-2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092022. [PMID: 31466350 PMCID: PMC6770316 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with increased total plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations and an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease. The exact mechanisms by which the plasma FFA profile of subjects with T2DM changes is unclear, but it is thought that dietary fats and changes to lipid metabolism are likely to contribute. Therefore, establishing the changes in concentrations of specific FFAs in an individual’s plasma is important. Each type of FFA has different effects on physiological processes, including the regulation of lipolysis and lipogenesis in adipose tissue, inflammation, endocrine signalling and the composition and properties of cellular membranes. Alterations in such processes due to altered plasma FFA concentrations/profiles can potentially result in the development of insulin resistance and coagulatory defects. Finally, fibrates and statins, lipid-regulating drugs prescribed to subjects with T2DM, are also thought to exert part of their beneficial effects by impacting on plasma FFA concentrations. Thus, it is also interesting to consider their effects on the concentration of FFAs in plasma. Collectively, we review how FFAs are altered in T2DM and explore the likely downstream physiological and pathological implications of such changes.
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17
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Kasher-Meron M, Youn DY, Zong H, Pessin JE. Lipolysis defect in white adipose tissue and rapid weight regain. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E185-E193. [PMID: 30964706 PMCID: PMC6732460 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00542.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Weight regain after weight loss is a well-described phenomenon in both humans and animal models of obesity. Reduced energy expenditure and increased caloric intake are considered the main drivers of weight regain. We hypothesized that adipose tissue with obesity memory (OM) has a tissue-autonomous lipolytic defect, allowing for increased efficiency of lipid storage. We utilized a mouse model of diet-induced obesity, which was subjected to 60% caloric restriction to achieve lean body weight, followed by a short period of high-fat diet (HFD) rechallenge. Age-matched lean mice fed HFD for the first time were used as the control group. Upon rechallenge with HFD, mice with OM had higher respiratory exchange ratios than lean mice with no OM despite comparable body weight, suggesting higher utilization of glucose over fatty acid oxidation. White adipose tissue explants with OM had comparable lipolytic response after caloric restriction; however, reduced functional lipolytic response to norepinephrine was noted as early as 5 days after rechallenge with HFD and was accompanied by reduction in hormone-sensitive lipase serine phosphorylation. The relative lipolytic defect was associated with increased expression of inflammatory genes and a decrease in adrenergic receptor genes, most notably Adrb3. Taken together, white adipose tissue of lean mice with OM shows increased sensitization to HFD compared with white adipose tissue with no OM, rendering it resistant to catecholamine-induced lipolysis. This relative lipolytic defect is tissue-autonomous and could play a role in the rapid weight regain observed after weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kasher-Meron
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Dou Y Youn
- Department of Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Haihong Zong
- Department of Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Jeffery E Pessin
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Department of Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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18
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Huang HJ, Holub C, Rolzin P, Bilakovics J, Fanjul A, Satomi Y, Plonowski A, Larson CJ, Farrell PJ. MetAP2 inhibition increases energy expenditure through direct action on brown adipocytes. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:9567-9575. [PMID: 31048375 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2) have been shown to reduce body weight in obese mice and humans. The target tissue and cellular mechanism of MetAP2 inhibitors, however, have not been extensively examined. Using compounds with diverse chemical scaffolds, we showed that MetAP2 inhibition decreases body weight and fat mass and increases lean mass in the obese mice but not in the lean mice. Obesity is associated with catecholamine resistance and blunted β-adrenergic receptor signaling activities, which could dampen lipolysis and energy expenditure resulting in weight gain. In the current study, we examined effect of MetAP2 inhibition on brown adipose tissue and brown adipocytes. Norepinephrine increases energy expenditure in brown adipose tissue by providing fatty acid substrate through lipolysis and by increasing expression of uncoupled protein-1 (UCP1). Metabolomic analysis shows that in response to MetAP2 inhibitor treatment, fatty acid metabolites in brown adipose tissue increase transiently and subsequently decrease to basal or below basal levels, suggesting an effect on fatty acid metabolism in this tissue. Treatment of brown adipocytes with MetAP2 inhibitors enhances norepinephrine-induced lipolysis and energy expenditure, and prolongs the activity of norepinephrine to increase ucp1 gene expression and energy expenditure in norepinephrine-desensitized brown adipocytes. In summary, we showed that the anti-obesity activity of MetAP2 inhibitors can be mediated, at least in part, through direct action on brown adipocytes by enhancing β-adrenergic-signaling-stimulated activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Corine Holub
- From Takeda California, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Paul Rolzin
- From Takeda California, San Diego, California 92121
| | | | | | - Yoshinori Satomi
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa 251-0012 Japan, and
| | | | - Christopher J Larson
- From Takeda California, San Diego, California 92121.,Sanford Burham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, San Diego, California 92037
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19
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Li M, Wang M, Liu Y, Huang S, Yi X, Yin C, Wang S, Zhang M, Yu Q, Li P, Xiao Y. TNF-α Upregulates IKKε Expression via the Lin28B/let-7a Pathway to Induce Catecholamine Resistance in Adipocytes. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2019; 27:767-776. [PMID: 30933434 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Overexpression of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon (IKKε) contributes to blunted catecholamine-induced lipolysis. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) upregulates adipose IKKε expression to inhibit stimulated lipolysis, which can be reversed by IKKε inhibitors. This study investigated adipose IKKε expression in children with and without obesity and potential involvement of the Lin28B/let-7a axis in posttranscriptional regulation of TNF-α-stimulated IKKε in adipocytes. METHODS Adipose IKKε was detected in children both with and without obesity. The effects of TNF-α on IKKε expression of adipocytes were investigated. Inhibitor and mimics of microRNA let-7a or short interfering RNA of protein lin-28 homolog B (Lin28B) were used to determine the effect of the Lin28B/let-7a axis on TNF-α-mediated IKKε upregulation. Reporter assays were performed to confirm that let-7a targets the IKKε gene. RESULTS Adipose IKKε expression in children with obesity was upregulated to a greater extent than that in children without obesity and was positively correlated with BMI. TNF-α increased IKKε expression through activation of Lin28B/let-7a and then inhibited isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis in adipocytes. Blocking the Lin28B /let-7a axis rescued inhibition of isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis produced by TNF-α by inhibiting IKKε expression. Reporter assays confirmed that IKKε is a target of let-7a. CONCLUSIONS Adipose IKKε expression in children with obesity is substantially elevated and positively correlated with BMI. TNF-α induces catecholamine resistance via activation of the Lin28B/let-7a/IKKε pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuesheng Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanlong Huang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Yi
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Sisi Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Meizhen Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Yu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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20
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Guilherme A, Henriques F, Bedard AH, Czech MP. Molecular pathways linking adipose innervation to insulin action in obesity and diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2019; 15:207-225. [PMID: 30733616 PMCID: PMC7073451 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue comprises adipocytes and many other cell types that engage in dynamic crosstalk in a highly innervated and vascularized tissue matrix. Although adipose tissue has been studied for decades, it has been appreciated only in the past 5 years that extensive arborization of nerve fibres has a dominant role in regulating the function of adipose tissue. This Review summarizes the latest literature, which suggests that adipocytes signal to local sensory nerve fibres in response to perturbations in lipolysis and lipogenesis. Such adipocyte signalling to the central nervous system causes sympathetic output to distant adipose depots and potentially other metabolic tissues to regulate systemic glucose homeostasis. Paracrine factors identified in the past few years that mediate such adipocyte-neuron crosstalk are also reviewed. Similarly, immune cells and endothelial cells within adipose tissue communicate with local nerve fibres to modulate neurotransmitter tone, blood flow, adipocyte differentiation and energy expenditure, including adipose browning to produce heat. This understudied field of neurometabolism related to adipose tissue biology has great potential to reveal new mechanistic insights and potential therapeutic strategies for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adilson Guilherme
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Felipe Henriques
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Alexander H Bedard
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Michael P Czech
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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21
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Hong S, Song W, Zushin PJH, Liu B, Jedrychowski MP, Mina AI, Deng Z, Cabarkapa D, Hall JA, Palmer CJ, Aliakbarian H, Szpyt J, Gygi SP, Tavakkoli A, Lynch L, Perrimon N, Banks AS. Phosphorylation of Beta-3 adrenergic receptor at serine 247 by ERK MAP kinase drives lipolysis in obese adipocytes. Mol Metab 2018; 12:25-38. [PMID: 29661693 PMCID: PMC6001906 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The inappropriate release of free fatty acids from obese adipose tissue stores has detrimental effects on metabolism, but key molecular mechanisms controlling FFA release from adipocytes remain undefined. Although obesity promotes systemic inflammation, we find activation of the inflammation-associated Mitogen Activated Protein kinase ERK occurs specifically in adipose tissues of obese mice, and provide evidence that adipocyte ERK activation may explain exaggerated adipose tissue lipolysis observed in obesity. METHODS AND RESULTS We provide genetic and pharmacological evidence that inhibition of the MEK/ERK pathway in human adipose tissue, mice, and flies all effectively limit adipocyte lipolysis. In complementary findings, we show that genetic and obesity-mediated activation of ERK enhances lipolysis, whereas adipose tissue specific knock-out of ERK2, the exclusive ERK1/2 protein in adipocytes, dramatically impairs lipolysis in explanted mouse adipose tissue. In addition, acute inhibition of MEK/ERK signaling also decreases lipolysis in adipose tissue and improves insulin sensitivity in obese mice. Mice with decreased rates of adipose tissue lipolysis in vivo caused by either MEK or ATGL pharmacological inhibition were unable to liberate sufficient White Adipose Tissue (WAT) energy stores to fuel thermogenesis from brown fat during a cold temperature challenge. To identify a molecular mechanism controlling these actions, we performed unbiased phosphoproteomic analysis of obese adipose tissue at different time points following acute pharmacological MEK/ERK inhibition. MEK/ERK inhibition decreased levels of adrenergic signaling and caused de-phosphorylation of the β3-adrenergic receptor (β3AR) on serine 247. To define the functional implications of this phosphorylation, we showed that CRISPR/Cas9 engineered cells expressing wild type β3AR exhibited β3AR phosphorylation by ERK2 and enhanced lipolysis, but this was not seen when serine 247 of β3AR was mutated to alanine. CONCLUSION Taken together, these data suggest that ERK activation in adipocytes and subsequent phosphorylation of the β3AR on S247 are critical regulatory steps in the enhanced adipocyte lipolysis of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangyu Hong
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Peter-James H Zushin
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Bingyang Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Amir I Mina
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Zhaoming Deng
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Dimitrije Cabarkapa
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jessica A Hall
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Colin J Palmer
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hassan Aliakbarian
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - John Szpyt
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ali Tavakkoli
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Lydia Lynch
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alexander S Banks
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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22
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An Y, Reimann M, Masjkur J, Langton K, Peitzsch M, Deutschbein T, Fassnacht M, Rogowski-Lehmann N, Beuschlein F, Fliedner S, Stell A, Prejbisz A, Januszewicz A, Lenders J, Bornstein SR, Eisenhofer G. Adrenomedullary function, obesity and permissive influences of catecholamines on body mass in patients with chromaffin cell tumours. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 43:263-275. [PMID: 29717268 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity-associated activation of sympathetic nervous outflow is well documented, whereas involvement of dysregulated adrenomedullary hormonal function in obesity is less clear. This study assessed relationships of sympathoadrenal function with indices of obesity and influences of circulating catecholamines on body mass. METHODS Anthropometric and clinical data along with plasma and 24-h urine samples were collected from 590 volunteers and 1368 patients tested for phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL), among whom tumours were diagnosed in 210 individuals. RESULTS Among patients tested for PPGL, those with tumours less often had a body mass index (BMI) above 30 kg/m2 (12 vs. 31%) and more often a BMI under 25 kg/m2 (56 vs. 32%) than those without tumours (P < 0.0001). Urinary outputs of catecholamines in patients with PPGL were negatively related to BMI (r = -0.175, P = 0.0133). Post-operative weight gain (P < 0.0001) after resection of PPGL was positively related to presurgical tumoural catecholamine output (r = 0.257, P = 0.0101). Higher BMI in men and women and percent body fat in women of the volunteer group were associated with lower plasma concentrations and urinary outputs of adrenaline and metanephrine, the former indicating obesity-related reduced adrenaline secretion and the latter obesity-related reduced adrenomedullary adrenaline stores. Daytime activity was associated with substantial increases in urinary adrenaline and noradrenaline excretion, with blunted responses in obese subjects. CONCLUSIONS The findings in patients with PPGL support an influence of high circulating catecholamines on body weight. Additional associations of adrenomedullary dysfunction with obesity raise the possibility of a permissive influence of the adrenal medulla on the regulation of body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin An
- Department of Medicine III, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Manja Reimann
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jimmy Masjkur
- Department of Medicine III, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katharina Langton
- Department of Medicine III, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mirko Peitzsch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Timo Deutschbein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Natalie Rogowski-Lehmann
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Beuschlein
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, UnviersitätsSpital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Fliedner
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Anthony Stell
- Department of Computing and Information, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Jacques Lenders
- Department of Medicine III, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Medicine III, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Graeme Eisenhofer
- Department of Medicine III, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany. .,Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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23
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Jayarathne S, Koboziev I, Park OH, Oldewage-Theron W, Shen CL, Moustaid-Moussa N. Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Obesity Properties of Food Bioactive Components: Effects on Adipose Tissue. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2017; 22:251-262. [PMID: 29333376 PMCID: PMC5758087 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2017.22.4.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an epidemic and costly disease affecting 13% of the adult population worldwide. Obesity is associated with adipose tissue hypertrophy and hyperplasia, as well as pathologic endocrine alterations of adipose tissue including local and chronic systemic low-grade inflammation. Moreover, this inflammation is a risk factor for both metabolic syndrome (MetS) and insulin resistance. Basic and clinical studies demonstrate that foods containing bioactive compounds are capable of preventing both obesity and adipose tissue inflammation, improving obesity-associated MetS in human subjects and animal models of obesity. In this review, we discuss the anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory protective effects of some bioactive polyphenols of plant origin and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, available for the customers worldwide from commonly used foods and/or as components of commercial food supplements. We review how these bioactive compounds modulate cell signaling including through the nuclear factor-κB, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, toll-like receptors, and G-protein coupled receptor 120 intracellular signaling pathways and improve the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators secreted by adipose tissue and subsequently lower systemic inflammation and risk for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasika Jayarathne
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409,
USA
- Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409,
USA
- College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409,
USA
| | - Iurii Koboziev
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409,
USA
- Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409,
USA
- College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409,
USA
| | - Oak-Hee Park
- Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409,
USA
- College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409,
USA
| | - Wilna Oldewage-Theron
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409,
USA
- Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409,
USA
- College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409,
USA
| | - Chwan-Li Shen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409,
USA
- Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409,
USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79415,
USA
| | - Naima Moustaid-Moussa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409,
USA
- Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409,
USA
- College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409,
USA
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24
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Abstract
Adipose tissue not only has an important role in the storage of excess nutrients but also senses nutrient status and regulates energy mobilization. An overall positive energy balance is associated with overnutrition and leads to excessive accumulation of fat in adipocytes. These cells respond by initiating an inflammatory response that, although maladaptive in the long run, might initially be a physiological response to the stresses obesity places on adipose tissue. In this Review, we characterize adipose tissue inflammation and review the current knowledge of what triggers obesity-associated inflammation in adipose tissue. We examine the connection between adipose tissue inflammation and the development of insulin resistance and catecholamine resistance and discuss the ensuing state of metabolic inflexibility. Finally, we review the current and potential new anti-inflammatory treatments for obesity-associated metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Reilly
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Alan R Saltiel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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25
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Abstract
The current obesity epidemic has focused a great deal of attention on cellular pathways of energy expenditure. While a crucial part of this process is diet-induced thermogenesis, the underlying mechanisms have remained unexplained. In this issue of Cell Metabolism, Kazak et al. (2017) describe a new thermogenic pathway in adipocytes that responds to diet overload, involving creatine cycling. These data suggest that this pathway might limit weight gain during overnutrition.
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26
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Snook LA, Trottier SK, Worndl EA, Bombardier E, Tupling AR, MacPherson REK. Prior Endurance Training Enhances Beta-Adrenergic Signaling in Epidydimal Adipose from Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:1699-1706. [PMID: 28857453 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adipose tissue beta-adrenergic signaling is attenuated in obesity and insulin resistance. It has been previously demonstrated that prior exercise training protects against short-term, high-fat diet (HFD)-induced weight gain and glucose intolerance. This study aimed to determine whether prior exercise training results in altered beta-adrenergic and lipolytic signaling in adipose tissue when challenged with a HFD. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice underwent 4 weeks of treadmill training (1 h/d, 5 d/wk). Twenty-four hours after the final bout of exercise, mice were fed a HFD (60% kcal lard) for 4 days. RESULTS Serum fatty acids, beta-adrenergic signaling (phosphorylated ERK, hormone-sensitive lipase, and p38), and perilipin 1 content were greater in epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) from previously trained mice. These changes were not evident in eWAT from trained mice prior to the HFD and were not secondary to alterations in insulin responsiveness or catecholamine concentrations. CL 316,243-mediated increases in hormone-sensitive lipase phosphorylation and fatty acid accumulation in the media were greater in adipose tissue explants from previously trained mice fed a HFD. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that previous training increases adipose tissue beta-adrenergic responsiveness to a short-term HFD. This may help to explain the protective effect of prior exercise training against the deleterious effects of a HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laelie A Snook
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah K Trottier
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A Worndl
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Bombardier
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Russell Tupling
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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27
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Oral EA, Reilly SM, Gomez AV, Meral R, Butz L, Ajluni N, Chenevert TL, Korytnaya E, Neidert AH, Hench R, Rus D, Horowitz JF, Poirier B, Zhao P, Lehmann K, Jain M, Yu R, Liddle C, Ahmadian M, Downes M, Evans RM, Saltiel AR. Inhibition of IKKɛ and TBK1 Improves Glucose Control in a Subset of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Cell Metab 2017; 26:157-170.e7. [PMID: 28683283 PMCID: PMC5663294 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies indicate an inflammatory link between obesity and type 2 diabetes. The inflammatory kinases IKKɛ and TBK1 are elevated in obesity; their inhibition in obese mice reduces weight, insulin resistance, fatty liver and inflammation. Here we studied amlexanox, an inhibitor of IKKɛ and TBK1, in a proof-of-concept randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 42 obese patients with type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Treatment of patients with amlexanox produced a statistically significant reduction in Hemoglobin A1c and fructosamine. Interestingly, a subset of drug responders also exhibited improvements in insulin sensitivity and hepatic steatosis. This subgroup was characterized by a distinct inflammatory gene expression signature from biopsied subcutaneous fat at baseline. They also exhibited a unique pattern of gene expression changes in response to amlexanox, consistent with increased energy expenditure. Together, these data suggest that dual-specificity inhibitors of IKKɛ and TBK1 may be effective therapies for metabolic disease in an identifiable subset of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif A Oral
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, and Brehm Center for Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
| | - Shannon M Reilly
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew V Gomez
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rasimcan Meral
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, and Brehm Center for Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Laura Butz
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, and Brehm Center for Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Nevin Ajluni
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, and Brehm Center for Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Thomas L Chenevert
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Evgenia Korytnaya
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, and Brehm Center for Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Adam H Neidert
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, and Brehm Center for Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Rita Hench
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, and Brehm Center for Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Diana Rus
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, and Brehm Center for Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | | | - BreAnne Poirier
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Peng Zhao
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kim Lehmann
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mohit Jain
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ruth Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christopher Liddle
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Maryam Ahmadian
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alan R Saltiel
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Institute of Diabetes and Metabolic Health, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0757, USA.
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28
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Shin AC, Filatova N, Lindtner C, Chi T, Degann S, Oberlin D, Buettner C. Insulin Receptor Signaling in POMC, but Not AgRP, Neurons Controls Adipose Tissue Insulin Action. Diabetes 2017; 66:1560-1571. [PMID: 28385803 PMCID: PMC5440019 DOI: 10.2337/db16-1238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Insulin is a key regulator of adipose tissue lipolysis, and impaired adipose tissue insulin action results in unrestrained lipolysis and lipotoxicity, which are hallmarks of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Insulin regulates adipose tissue metabolism through direct effects on adipocytes and through signaling in the central nervous system by dampening sympathetic outflow to the adipose tissue. Here we examined the role of insulin signaling in agouti-related protein (AgRP) and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in regulating hepatic and adipose tissue insulin action. Mice lacking the insulin receptor in AgRP neurons (AgRP IR KO) exhibited impaired hepatic insulin action because the ability of insulin to suppress hepatic glucose production (hGP) was reduced, but the ability of insulin to suppress lipolysis was unaltered. To the contrary, in POMC IR KO mice, insulin lowered hGP but failed to suppress adipose tissue lipolysis. High-fat diet equally worsened glucose tolerance in AgRP and POMC IR KO mice and their respective controls but increased hepatic triglyceride levels only in POMC IR KO mice, consistent with impaired lipolytic regulation resulting in fatty liver. These data suggest that although insulin signaling in AgRP neurons is important in regulating glucose metabolism, insulin signaling in POMC neurons controls adipose tissue lipolysis and prevents high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Shin
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Nika Filatova
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Claudia Lindtner
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Tiffany Chi
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Seta Degann
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Douglas Oberlin
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Christoph Buettner
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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de Sá RDCDC, Crisma AR, Cruz MM, Martins AR, Masi LN, do Amaral CL, Curi R, Alonso-Vale MIC. Fish oil prevents changes induced by a high-fat diet on metabolism and adipokine secretion in mice subcutaneous and visceral adipocytes. J Physiol 2016; 594:6301-6317. [PMID: 27558442 DOI: 10.1113/jp272541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Fish oil (FO), rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, has beneficial effects on changes induced by obesity and partially prevents associated comorbidities. The effects of FO on adipocytes from different adipose tissue depots in high-fat (HF) diet induced obese mice have not been uninvestigated. This is the first study to examine the effects of FO on changes in metabolism and adipokine production in adipocytes from s.c. (inguinal; ING) or visceral (retroperitoneal; RP) white adipose depots in a HF diet-induced obese mice. Unlike most studies performed previously, FO supplementation was initiated 4 weeks before the induction of obesity. HF diet caused marked changes in ING (glucose uptake and secretion of adiponectin, tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in ING) and RP (lipolysis, de novo lipogenesis and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines) adipose depots. Previous and concomitant FO administration prevented the changes in ING and RP adipocytes induced by the HF diet. ABSTRACT In the present study, we investigated the effect of fish oil (FO) on metabolism and adipokine production by adipocytes from s.c. (inguinal; ING) and visceral (retroperitoneal; RP) white adipose depots in high-fat (HF) diet-induced obese mice. Mice were divided into CO (control diet), CO+FO, HF and HF+FO groups. The HF group presented higher body weight, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, higher plasma total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and greater weights of ING and RP adipose depots accompanied by hypertrophy of the adipocytes. FO exerted anti-obesogenic effects associated with beneficial effects on dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance in mice fed a HF diet (HF+FO group). HF raised RP adipocyte lipolysis and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduced de novo synthesis of fatty acids, whereas, in ING adipocytes, it decreased glucose uptake and adiponectin secretion but did not change lipolysis. Therefore, the adipose depots play different roles in HF diet-induced insulin resistance according to their location in the body. Concerning cytokine secretion, adipocytes per se in addition to white adopise tissue infiltrated leukocytes have to be considered in the aetiology of the comorbidities associated with obesity. Evidence is presented showing that previous and concomitant administration of FO can prevent changes in metabolism and the secretion of hormones and cytokines in ING and RP adipocytes induced by HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta D C da Cunha de Sá
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Chemical and Pharmaceutical, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Amanda R Crisma
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maysa M Cruz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Chemical and Pharmaceutical, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Amanda R Martins
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laureane N Masi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Catia L do Amaral
- Campus of Exact Science and Technology, State University of Goias, Anapolis, Brazil
| | - R Curi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria I C Alonso-Vale
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Chemical and Pharmaceutical, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil.
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30
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Chen N, Lei T, Xin L, Zhou L, Cheng J, Qin L, Han S, Wan Z. Depot-specific effects of treadmill running and rutin on white adipose tissue function in diet-induced obese mice. J Physiol Biochem 2016; 72:453-67. [PMID: 27192989 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-016-0493-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) is a critical organ involved in regulating metabolic homeostasis under obese condition. Strategies that could positively affect WAT function would hold promise for fighting against obesity and its complications. The aim of the present study is to explore the effects of treadmill exercise training and rutin intervention on adipose tissue function from diet-induced obese (DIO) mice and whether fat depot-specific effects existed. In epididymal adipose tissue, high-fat diet (HFD) resulted in reduction in adiponectin mRNA expression, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR)-γ and DsbA-L protein expression, elevation in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers including 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP-78), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and p-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis and insulin stimulated Akt phosphorylation ex vivo were blunted from HFD group. The combination of rutin with exercise (HRE) completely restored GRP78 and p-JNK protein expression to normal levels, as well as blunted signaling ex vivo. In inguinal adipose tissue, HFD led to increased adiponectin mRNA expression, PPAR-γ, GRP78, and p-JNK protein expression, and reduction in DsbA-L. HRE is effective for restoring p-JNK, PPAR-γ, and DsbA-L. In conclusion, depot-specific effects may exist in regard to the effects of rutin and exercise on key molecules involved in regulating adipose tissue function (i.e., ER stress markers, PPAR-γ and DsbA-L, adiponectin expression, and secretion, ex vivo catecholamine stimulated lipolysis and insulin stimulated Akt phosphorylation) from DIO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Lei
- Suzhou Industrial Park Center Disease Control & Prevention, 58 Suqian Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Xin
- Department of Labor Hygiene and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingmei Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinbo Cheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Qin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Shufen Han
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongxiao Wan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Liu Y, Luo B, Shi R, Wang J, Liu Z, Liu W, Wang S, Zhang Z. Nonerythropoietic Erythropoietin-Derived Peptide Suppresses Adipogenesis, Inflammation, Obesity and Insulin Resistance. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15134. [PMID: 26459940 PMCID: PMC4602313 DOI: 10.1038/srep15134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) has been identified as being crucial for obesity modulation; however, its erythropoietic activity may limit its clinical application. EPO-derived Helix B-surface peptide (pHBSP) is nonerythrogenic but has been reported to retain other functions of EPO. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects and potential mechanisms of pHBSP in obesity modulation. We found that pHBSP suppressed adipogenesis, adipokine expression and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) levels during 3T3-L1 preadipocyte maturation through the EPO receptor (EPOR). In addition, also through EPOR, pHBSP attenuated macrophage inflammatory activation and promoted PPARγ expression. Furthermore, PPARγ deficiency partly ablated the anti-inflammatory activity of pHBSP in macrophages. Correspondingly, pHBSP administration to high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice significantly improved obesity, insulin resistance (IR) and adipose tissue inflammation without stimulating hematopoiesis. Therefore, pHBSP can significantly protect against obesity and IR partly by inhibiting adipogenesis and inflammation. These findings have therapeutic implications for metabolic disorders, such as obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Liu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Main Street, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Bangwei Luo
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Main Street, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongchen Shi
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Main Street, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinsong Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Main Street, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongwei Liu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Main Street, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Main Street, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Shufeng Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Main Street, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiren Zhang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Main Street, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
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Sears B, Perry M. The role of fatty acids in insulin resistance. Lipids Health Dis 2015; 14:121. [PMID: 26415887 PMCID: PMC4587882 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-015-0123-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a multi-faceted disruption of the communication between insulin and the interior of a target cell. The underlying cause of insulin resistance appears to be inflammation that can either be increased or decreased by the fatty acid composition of the diet. However, the molecular basis for insulin resistance can be quite different in various organs. This review deals with various types of inflammatory inputs mediated by fatty acids, which affect the extent of insulin resistance in various organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Sears
- Inflammation Research Foundation, 200 Corporate Place, Peabody, MA, 01960, USA.
| | - Mary Perry
- Inflammation Research Foundation, 200 Corporate Place, Peabody, MA, 01960, USA.
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Agacayak E, Tunc SY, Sak S, Basaranoglu S, Yüksel H, Turgut A, Gul T. Levels of Neopterin and other Inflammatory Markers in Obese and Non-Obese Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:2446-55. [PMID: 26292090 PMCID: PMC4548699 DOI: 10.12659/msm.894368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to measure the levels of inflammatory markers and neopterin in obese and non-obese patients with PCOS by using 2 separate control groups with matching body mass index (BMI). Material/Methods A total of 60 women of reproductive age with (n=30) and without (n=30) PCOS were included in this study. Based on their BMI, patients with PCOS were divided into 2 groups as obese (n=15) and non-obese (n=15) PCOS groups. In addition, 2 BMI-matched control groups were formed. Neopterin, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (N/L ratio), and vitamin B12 were assessed by complete blood count. Results No significant difference was found between patients with PCOS and control subjects in neopterin, IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP levels. However, N/L ratio levels were significantly higher (p 0.045) and vitamin B12 levels were significantly lower (p 0.033) in patients with PCOS compared to control subjects. No statistically significant difference was found between obese and non-obese patients with PCOS and control subjects in neopterin, IL-6, TNF-α, and N/L ratio levels. However, CRP levels were significantly higher in obese patients with PCOS compared to obese control subjects (p 0.007). Conclusions It can be concluded that inflammatory activity is increased in patients with PCOS, can lead to an increased risk for atherosclerosis, and this increase is not caused by obesity but rather by the polycystic ovary syndrome itself. However, studies with larger sample sizes are needed in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Agacayak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dicle University School of Medicine, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Senem Yaman Tunc
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dicle University School of Medicine, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Sibel Sak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İdil State Hospital, Sirnak, Turkey
| | - Serdar Basaranoglu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sedef Medical Center, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Hatice Yüksel
- Department of Biochemistry, Dicle University School of Medicine, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Abdulkadir Turgut
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dicle University School of Medicine, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Talip Gul
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dicle University School of Medicine, Diyarbakir, Turkey
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Okamura T, Nakajima Y, Satoh T, Hashimoto K, Sapkota S, Yamada E, Okada S, Fukuda J, Higuchi T, Tsushima Y, Yamada M. Changes in visceral and subcutaneous fat mass in patients with pheochromocytoma. Metabolism 2015; 64:706-12. [PMID: 25819736 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Overproduction of catecholamine induces not only hypertension but also glucose intolerance and hyperlipidemia. However, little is known about its effect on visceral and subcutaneous fat. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to investigate changes of metabolic factors including visceral and subcutaneous fat areas in patients with pheochromocytoma (Pheo). DESIGN AND PATIENTS This was a cross-sectional and longitudinal follow-up study of cases collected from Gunma University Hospital between 2002 and 2013. Forty-two patients with Pheo and 23 with non-functioning adrenal adenoma (NFA) were analyzed before and after adrenalectomy. RESULTS Multivariate logistic-regression analysis adjusted by age and gender revealed that glucose intolerance was more common in patients with Pheo than in patients with NFA (21/42, 51% vs. 4/23, 17%, p<0.05). Abdominal visceral fat area (VFA) and subcutaneous fat area (SFA) were significantly lower in patients with Pheo than in those with NFA (80.2±38.7 vs. 124.3±61.8cm(2), p<0.05; 114.6±58.9 vs. 164.3±40.3cm(2), p<0.05, respectively). Significant correlations were observed between fractionated urine noradrenaline level and serum HDL-cholesterol level (r = 0.36, p<0.05), urine normetanephrine level and tumor size (r=0.57, p<0.01), and urine adrenaline level and systolic blood pressure (r=0.35, p<0.05) in Pheo. However, there were no significant correlations between adrenaline and noradrenaline levels and other parameters, including serum LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and HbA1c. Furthermore, both VFA and SFA, body weight, and BMI were significantly increased, and serum HbA1c as well as HDL-cholesterol levels were decreased after adrenalectomy in Pheo. CONCLUSION These findings suggest for the first time that catecholamines might regulate the serum HDL-cholesterol level and both abdominal visceral and subcutaneous fat mass in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Okamura
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yasuyo Nakajima
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Tetsurou Satoh
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Koshi Hashimoto
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Santosh Sapkota
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Eijiro Yamada
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Shuichi Okada
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Junya Fukuda
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higuchi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshito Tsushima
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Masanobu Yamada
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
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Abstract
The obesity epidemic continues rising as a global health challenge, despite the increasing public awareness and the use of lifestyle and medical interventions. The biomedical community is urged to develop new treatments to obesity. Excess energy is stored as fat in white adipose tissue (WAT), dysfunction of which lies at the core of obesity and associated metabolic disorders. By contrast, brown adipose tissue (BAT) burns fat and dissipates chemical energy as heat. The development and activation of "brown-like" adipocytes, also known as beige cells, result in WAT browning and thermogenesis. The recent discovery of brown and beige adipocytes in adult humans has sparked the exploration of the development, regulation, and function of these thermogenic adipocytes. The central nervous system drives the sympathetic nerve activity in BAT and WAT to control heat production and energy homeostasis. This review provides an overview of the integration of thermal, hormonal, and nutritional information on hypothalamic circuits in thermoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Yang
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- *Correspondence: Xiaoyong Yang, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208016, New Haven, CT 06520-8016, USA,
| | - Hai-Bin Ruan
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Abstract
The concept of bioreactors in biochemical engineering is a well-established process; however, the idea of applying bioreactor technology to biomedical and tissue engineering issues is relatively novel and has been rapidly accepted as a culture model. Tissue engineers have developed and adapted various types of bioreactors in which to culture many different cell types and therapies addressing several diseases, including diabetes mellitus types 1 and 2. With a rising world of bioreactor development and an ever increasing diagnosis rate of diabetes, this review aims to highlight bioreactor history and emerging bioreactor technologies used for diabetes-related cell culture and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Minteer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jorg C Gerlach
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kacey G Marra
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Pellegrinelli V, Heuvingh J, du Roure O, Rouault C, Devulder A, Klein C, Lacasa M, Clément E, Lacasa D, Clément K. Human adipocyte function is impacted by mechanical cues. J Pathol 2014; 233:183-95. [PMID: 24623048 DOI: 10.1002/path.4347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a hallmark of human white adipose tissue (WAT) during obesity-induced chronic inflammation. The functional impact of increased interstitial fibrosis (peri-adipocyte fibrosis) on adjacent adipocytes remains unknown. Here we developed a novel in vitro 3D culture system in which human adipocytes and decellularized material of adipose tissue (dMAT) from obese subjects are embedded in a peptide hydrogel. When cultured with dMAT, adipocytes showed decreased lipolysis and adipokine secretion and increased expression/production of cytokines (IL-6, G-CSF) and fibrotic mediators (LOXL2 and the matricellular proteins THSB2 and CTGF). Moreover, some alterations including lipolytic activity and fibro-inflammation also occurred when the adipocyte/hydrogel culture was mechanically compressed. Notably, CTGF expression levels correlated with the amount of peri-adipocyte fibrosis in WAT from obese individuals. Moreover, dMAT-dependent CTGF promoter activity, which depends on β1-integrin/cytoskeleton pathways, was enhanced in the presence of YAP, a mechanosensitive co-activator of TEAD transcription factors. Mutation of TEAD binding sites abolished the dMAT-induced promoter activity. In conclusion, fibrosis may negatively affect human adipocyte function via mechanosensitive molecules, in part stimulated by cell deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pellegrinelli
- INSERM, UMR S 1166, Nutriomics Team, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, UMR S 1166, ICAN, Paris, France
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Mc Auley MT, Mooney KM. Lipid metabolism and hormonal interactions: impact on cardiovascular disease and healthy aging. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2014; 9:357-367. [PMID: 30763995 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2014.921569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Populations in developed nations are aging gradually; it is predicted that by 2050 almost a quarter of the world's population will be over 60 years old, more than twice the figure at the turn of the 20th century. Although we are living longer, this does not mean the extra years will be spent in good health. Cardiovascular diseases are the primary cause of ill health and their prevalence increases with age. Traditionally, lipid biomarkers have been utilized to stratify disease risk and predict the onset of cardiovascular events. However, recent evidence suggests that hormonal interplay with lipid metabolism could have a significant role to play in modulating cardiovascular disease risk. This review will explore recent findings which have investigated the role hormones have on the dynamics of lipid metabolism. The aim is to offer an insight into potential avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Mc Auley
- a School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Taggart Avenue, Liverpool, L16 1JD, UK
| | - Kathleen M Mooney
- b Faculty of Health and Social Care, Edge Hill University, St Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4QP, UK
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Jung UJ, Choi MS. Obesity and its metabolic complications: the role of adipokines and the relationship between obesity, inflammation, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:6184-223. [PMID: 24733068 PMCID: PMC4013623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15046184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1213] [Impact Index Per Article: 121.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that obesity is closely associated with an increased risk of metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Obesity results from an imbalance between food intake and energy expenditure, which leads to an excessive accumulation of adipose tissue. Adipose tissue is now recognized not only as a main site of storage of excess energy derived from food intake but also as an endocrine organ. The expansion of adipose tissue produces a number of bioactive substances, known as adipocytokines or adipokines, which trigger chronic low-grade inflammation and interact with a range of processes in many different organs. Although the precise mechanisms are still unclear, dysregulated production or secretion of these adipokines caused by excess adipose tissue and adipose tissue dysfunction can contribute to the development of obesity-related metabolic diseases. In this review, we focus on the role of several adipokines associated with obesity and the potential impact on obesity-related metabolic diseases. Multiple lines evidence provides valuable insights into the roles of adipokines in the development of obesity and its metabolic complications. Further research is still required to fully understand the mechanisms underlying the metabolic actions of a few newly identified adipokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Un Ju Jung
- Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics Research, Kyungpook National University, 1370 Sankyuk Dong Puk-ku, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
| | - Myung-Sook Choi
- Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics Research, Kyungpook National University, 1370 Sankyuk Dong Puk-ku, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
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Ji B, Middleton JL, Ernest B, Saxton AM, Lamont SJ, Campagna SR, Voy BH. Molecular and metabolic profiles suggest that increased lipid catabolism in adipose tissue contributes to leanness in domestic chickens. Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:315-27. [PMID: 24550212 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00163.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic broiler chickens rapidly accumulate fat and are naturally hyperglycemic and insulin resistant, making them an attractive model for studies of human obesity. We previously demonstrated that short-term (5 h) fasting rapidly upregulates pathways of fatty acid oxidation in broiler chickens and proposed that activation of these pathways may promote leanness. The objective of the current study was to characterize adipose tissue from relatively lean and fatty lines of chickens and determine if heritable leanness in chickens is associated with activation of some of the same pathways induced by fasting. We compared adipose gene expression and metabolite profiles in white adipose tissue of lean Leghorn and Fayoumi breeds to those of fattier commercial broiler chickens. Both lipolysis and expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation were upregulated in lean chickens compared with broilers. Although there were strong similarities between the lean lines compared with broilers, distinct expression signatures were also found between Fayoumi and Leghorn, including differences in adipogenic genes. Similarities between genetically lean and fasted chickens suggest that fatty acid oxidation in white adipose tissue is adaptively coupled to lipolysis and plays a role in heritable differences in fatness. Unique signatures of leanness in Fayoumi and Leghorn lines highlight distinct pathways that may provide insight into the basis for leanness in humans. Collectively, our results provide a number of future directions through which to fully exploit chickens as unique models for the study of human obesity and adipose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ji
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
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Pellegrinelli V, Rouault C, Veyrie N, Clément K, Lacasa D. Endothelial cells from visceral adipose tissue disrupt adipocyte functions in a three-dimensional setting: partial rescue by angiopoietin-1. Diabetes 2014; 63:535-49. [PMID: 24130331 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
During obesity, chronic inflammation of human white adipose tissue (WAT) is associated with metabolic and vascular alterations. Endothelial cells from visceral WAT (VAT-ECs) exhibit a proinflammatory and senescent phenotype and could alter adipocyte functions. We aimed to determine the contribution of VAT-ECs to adipocyte dysfunction related to inflammation and to rescue these alterations by anti-inflammatory strategies. We developed an original three-dimensional setting allowing maintenance of unilocular adipocyte functions. Coculture experiments demonstrated that VAT-ECs provoked a decrease in the lipolytic activity, adipokine secretion, and insulin sensitivity of adipocytes from obese subjects, as well as an increased production of several inflammatory molecules. Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β were identified as potential actors in these adipocyte alterations. The inflammatory burst was not observed in cocultured cells from lean subjects. Interestingly, pericytes, in functional interactions with ECs, exhibited a proinflammatory phenotype with diminished angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) secretion in WAT from obese subjects. Using the anti-inflammatory Ang-1, we corrected some deleterious effects of WAT-ECs on adipocytes, improving lipolytic activity and insulin sensitivity and reducing the secretion of proinflammatory molecules. In conclusion, we identified a negative impact of VAT-ECs on adipocyte functions during human obesity. Therapeutic options targeting EC inflammation could prevent adipocyte alterations that contribute to obesity comorbidities.
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Mowers J, Uhm M, Reilly SM, Simon J, Leto D, Chiang SH, Chang L, Saltiel AR. Inflammation produces catecholamine resistance in obesity via activation of PDE3B by the protein kinases IKKε and TBK1. eLife 2013; 2:e01119. [PMID: 24368730 PMCID: PMC3869376 DOI: 10.7554/elife.01119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity produces a chronic inflammatory state involving the NFκB pathway, resulting in persistent elevation of the noncanonical IκB kinases IKKε and TBK1. In this study, we report that these kinases attenuate β-adrenergic signaling in white adipose tissue. Treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with specific inhibitors of these kinases restored β-adrenergic signaling and lipolysis attenuated by TNFα and Poly (I:C). Conversely, overexpression of the kinases reduced induction of Ucp1, lipolysis, cAMP levels, and phosphorylation of hormone sensitive lipase in response to isoproterenol or forskolin. Noncanonical IKKs reduce catecholamine sensitivity by phosphorylating and activating the major adipocyte phosphodiesterase PDE3B. In vivo inhibition of these kinases by treatment of obese mice with the drug amlexanox reversed obesity-induced catecholamine resistance, and restored PKA signaling in response to injection of a β-3 adrenergic agonist. These studies suggest that by reducing production of cAMP in adipocytes, IKKε and TBK1 may contribute to the repression of energy expenditure during obesity. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01119.001 Obesity is a complex metabolic disorder that is caused by increased food intake and decreased expenditure of energy. Obesity also increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, heart disease, stroke, arthritis, and certain cancers. There is considerable evidence to suggest that adipose tissue becomes less sensitive to catecholamines such as adrenaline in states of obesity, and that this reduced sensitivity in turn reduces energy expenditure. However, the details of this process are not fully understood. It is well established that obesity generates a state of chronic, low-grade inflammation in liver and adipose tissue, accompanied by the secretion of signaling proteins that prevent fat cells from responding to insulin, which leads to type 2 diabetes. Activation of the NFκB pathway is thought to have a central role in causing this inflammation. Now Mowers et al. have investigated whether inflammation caused by activation of the NFκB pathway also has a role in producing catecholamine resistance in fat cells. Obesity-dependent activation of the NFκB pathway increases the levels of a pair of enzymes, IKKε and TBK1. Mowers et al. found that elevated levels of these two enzymes reduced the ability of certain receptors (called β-adrenergic receptors) in the fat cells of obese mice to respond to catecholamines. High levels of the two enzymes also resulted in lower levels of a second messenger molecule called cAMP, which increases energy expenditure by elevating fat burning. However, treating the fat cells with drugs that interfere with the two enzymes restored sensitivity to catecholamine, allowing the fat cells to burn energy. Mowers et al. also treated obese mice with amlexanox, a drug that inhibits these enzymes, and found that this treatment made the mice sensitive to a synthetic catecholamine that triggered the release of energy from fat. Mowers et al. suggest, therefore, that IKKε and TBK1 respond to inflammation in the body by reducing catecholamine signaling, thus preventing energy expenditure. Drugs targeting these enzymes may be useful for treating conditions like obesity or type 2 diabetes. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01119.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Mowers
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
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Moest H, Frei AP, Bhattacharya I, Geiger M, Wollscheid B, Wolfrum C. Malfunctioning of adipocytes in obesity is linked to quantitative surfaceome changes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:1208-16. [PMID: 24046861 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Increased triglyceride accumulation in adipocytes caused by a misbalance between energy intake and energy consumption, results in increased adipocyte size, excess adipose tissue, increased body weight and ultimately, obesity. It is well established that enlarged adipocytes exhibit malfunctions that contribute to whole body insulin resistance, a key factor for the development of type 2 diabetes. However, the underlying molecular cause for dysfunctional adipocyte behavior and signaling is poorly understood. Since the adipocyte cell surface proteome, or surfaceome, represents the cellular signaling gateway to the microenvironment, we studied the contribution of this subproteome to adipocyte malfunctions in obesity. By using the chemoproteomic Cell Surface Capture (CSC) technology, we established surfaceome maps of primary adipocytes derived from different mouse models for metabolic disorders. Relative quantitative comparison between these surfaceome maps revealed a set of cell surface glycoproteins with modulated location-specific abundance levels. RNAi mediated targeting of a subset of the detected obesity modulated cell surface glycoproteins in an in vitro model system provided functional evidence for their role in adiponectin secretion and the lipolytic activity of adipocytes. Thus, we conclude that the identified cell surface glycoproteins which exhibit obesity induced abundance changes and impact adipocyte function at the same time contribute to adipocyte malfunction in obesity. The regulation of their concerted activities could improve adipocyte function in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansjoerg Moest
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
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Kowalski GM, Carey AL, Selathurai A, Kingwell BA, Bruce CR. Plasma sphingosine-1-phosphate is elevated in obesity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72449. [PMID: 24039766 PMCID: PMC3765451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dysfunctional lipid metabolism is a hallmark of obesity and insulin resistance and a risk factor for various cardiovascular and metabolic complications. In addition to the well known increase in plasma triglycerides and free fatty acids, recent work in humans and rodents has shown that obesity is associated with elevations in the bioactive class of sphingolipids known as ceramides. However, in obesity little is known about the plasma concentrations of sphinogsine-1-phosphate (S1P), the breakdown product of ceramide, which is an important signaling molecule in mammalian biology. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the impact of obesity on circulating S1P concentration and its relationship with markers of glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Methodology/Principal Findings Plasma S1P levels were determined in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced and genetically obese (ob/ob) mice along with obese humans. Circulating S1P was elevated in both obese mouse models and in obese humans compared with lean healthy controls. Furthermore, in humans, plasma S1P positively correlated with total body fat percentage, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, HbA1c (%), total and LDL cholesterol. In addition, fasting increased plasma S1P levels in lean healthy mice. Conclusion We show that elevations in plasma S1P are a feature of both human and rodent obesity and correlate with metabolic abnormalities such as adiposity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg M. Kowalski
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrew L. Carey
- Metabolic and Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ahrathy Selathurai
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bronwyn A. Kingwell
- Metabolic and Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Clinton R. Bruce
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Chai JT, Choudhury RP. Cardiometabolic interventions - focus on transcriptional regulators. THE EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2013; 2:212-218. [PMID: 24040490 PMCID: PMC3769682 DOI: 10.5083/ejcm.20424884.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the largest healthcare burden in the Western world; and the increasing prevalence of type II diabetes mellitus, at least partially driven by a trend in lifestyle changes associated with global economic development, is likely to fuel this CVD burden worldwide. Over the past two decades, there has been an increased awareness of the convergence of risk factors contributing to both cardiovascular disease and diabetes leading to the concept of the metabolic syndrome, and the realisation of the opportunity to intervene at this intersection to simultaneously target CVD and metabolic dysfunction. This brings together the fields of cardiovascular medicine, diabetology, and increasingly clinical immunology for a unified and concerted effort to reduce risk for both conditions simultaneously. The discovery of the targeted pathways of drugs already in clinical use such as fibrates and thiazolidinediones (TZD) has led to accelerated basic and clinical research into selective and dual PPAR-α and PPAR-γ agonists, which can theoretically target glucose, lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, as well as potentially exerting inhibitoryeffects in vascular inflammation, all of which might be predicted to reduce atherosclerosis. In this article, we will discuss the basic science as well as recent clinical development in the pursuit of optimal cardiometabolic intervention along with insight into strategies for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Chai
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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White UA, Tchoukalova YD. Sex dimorphism and depot differences in adipose tissue function. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1842:377-92. [PMID: 23684841 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, characterized by excessive adiposity, is a risk factor for many metabolic pathologies, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Numerous studies have shown that adipose tissue distribution may be a greater predictor of metabolic health. Upper-body fat (visceral and subcutaneous abdominal) is commonly associated with the unfavorable complications of obesity, while lower-body fat (gluteal-femoral) may be protective. Current research investigations are focused on analyzing the metabolic properties of adipose tissue, in order to better understand the mechanisms that regulate fat distribution in both men and women. This review will highlight the adipose tissue depot- and sex-dependent differences in white adipose tissue function, including adipogenesis, adipose tissue developmental patterning, the storage and release of fatty acids, and secretory function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Modulation of Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula A White
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Yourka D Tchoukalova
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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Low-grade inflammation and spinal cord injury: exercise as therapy? Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:971841. [PMID: 23533315 PMCID: PMC3603299 DOI: 10.1155/2013/971841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in the prevalence of obesity in people with spinal cord injury can contribute to low-grade chronic inflammation and increase the risk of infection in this population. A decrease in sympathetic activity contributes to immunosuppression due to the lower activation of immune cells in the blood. The effects of physical exercise on inflammatory parameters in individuals with spinal cord injury have not been well described. We conducted a review of the literature published from 1974 to 2012. This review explored the relationships between low-grade inflammation, spinal cord injury, and exercise to discuss a novel mechanism that might explain the beneficial effects of exercise involving an increase in catecholamines and cytokines in people with spinal cord injury.
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Manolopoulos KN, Karpe F, Frayn KN. Marked resistance of femoral adipose tissue blood flow and lipolysis to adrenaline in vivo. Diabetologia 2012; 55:3029-37. [PMID: 22898765 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2676-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Fatty acid entrapment in femoral adipose tissue has been proposed to prevent ectopic fat deposition and visceral fat accumulation, resulting in protection from insulin resistance. Our objective was to test the hypothesis of femoral, compared with abdominal, adipose tissue resistance to adrenergic stimulation in vivo as a possible mechanism. METHODS Regional fatty acid trafficking, along with the measurement of adipose tissue blood flow (ATBF) with (133)Xe washout, was studied with the arteriovenous difference technique and stable isotope tracers in healthy volunteers. Adrenergic agonists (isoprenaline, adrenaline [epinephrine]) were infused either locally by microinfusion or systemically. Local microinfusion of adrenoceptor antagonists (propranolol, phentolamine) was used to characterise specific adrenoceptor subtype effects in vivo. RESULTS Femoral adipose tissue NEFA release and ATBF were lower during adrenaline stimulation than in abdominal tissue (p < 0.001). Mechanistically, femoral adipose tissue displayed a dominant α-adrenergic response during adrenaline stimulation. The α-adrenoceptor blocker, phentolamine, resulted in the 'disinhibition' of the femoral ATBF response to adrenaline (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Fatty acids, once stored in femoral adipose tissue, are not readily released upon adrenergic stimulation. Femoral adipose tissue resistance to adrenaline may contribute to the prevention of ectopic fatty acid deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Manolopoulos
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Peterson LR, McKenzie CR, Schaffer JE. Diabetic cardiovascular disease: getting to the heart of the matter. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2012; 5:436-45. [PMID: 22639341 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-012-9374-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a major risk factor for heart disease, and heart disease is responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality among people living with diabetes. The diabetic metabolic milieu predisposes to aggressive obstructive coronary artery disease that causes heart attacks, heart failure, and death. Furthermore, diabetes can be associated with heart failure, independent of underlying coronary artery disease, hypertension, or valve abnormalities. The pathogenesis of the vascular and myocardial complications of diabetes is, as yet, incompletely understood. Although a number of medical and surgical approaches can improve outcomes in diabetic patients with cardiovascular disease, much remains to be learned in order to optimize approaches to these critical complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda R Peterson
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Koppo K, Siklová-Vitková M, Klimcáková E, Polák J, Marques MA, Berlan M, Van de Voorde J, Bulow J, Langin D, de Glisezinski I, Stich V. Catecholamine and insulin control of lipolysis in subcutaneous adipose tissue during long-term diet-induced weight loss in obese women. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E226-32. [PMID: 22028414 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00240.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the evolution of the adrenergic and insulin-mediated regulation of lipolysis during different phases of a 6-mo dietary intervention. Eight obese women underwent a 6-mo dietary intervention consisting of a 1-mo very low-calorie diet (VLCD) followed by a 2-mo low-calorie diet (LCD) and 3-mo weight maintenance (WM) diet. At each phase of the dietary intervention, microdialysis of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) was performed at rest and during a 3-h hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. Responses of dialysate glycerol concentration (DGC) were determined at baseline and during local perfusions with adrenaline or adrenaline and phentolamine before and during the last 30 min of the clamp. Dietary intervention induced a body weight reduction and an improved insulin sensitivity. DGC progressively decreased during the clamp, and this decrease was similar during the different phases of the diet. The adrenaline-induced increase in DGC was higher at VLCD and LCD compared with baseline condition and returned to prediet levels at WM. In the probe with adrenaline and phentolamine, the increase in DGC was higher than that in the adrenaline probe at baseline and WM, but it was not different at VLCD and LCD. The results suggest that the responsiveness of SCAT to adrenaline-stimulated lipolysis increases during the calorie-restricted phases due to a reduction of the α(2)-adrenoceptor-mediated antilipolytic action of adrenaline. At WM, adrenaline-stimulated lipolysis returned to the prediet levels. Furthermore, no direct relationship between insulin sensitivity and the diet-induced changes in the regulation of lipolysis was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Koppo
- Department of Sports Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University of Prague, Ruska 87, Prague 10, Czech Republic.
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