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Wueest S, Scaffidi C, van Krieken PP, Konrad NK, Koch C, Wiedemann MSF, Goergen A, Borsigova M, Lempesis IG, Fullin J, Manolopoulos KN, Böttcher S, Goossens GH, Blüher M, Konrad D. Fas (CD95) expression in adipocytes contributes to diet-induced obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2024; 32:1812-1818. [PMID: 39020501 DOI: 10.1002/oby.24092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Induction of browning in white adipose tissue (WAT) increases energy expenditure and may be an attractive target for the treatment of obesity. Since activation of Fas (CD95) induces pathways known to blunt expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), we hypothesized that Fas expression in adipocytes inhibits WAT browning and thus contributes to the development of obesity. METHODS Adipocyte-specific Fas knockout (FasΔadipo) and control littermate (FasF/F) mice were fed a regular chow diet or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 20 weeks. Energy expenditure was assessed by indirect calorimetry, and browning was determined in subcutaneous WAT. In vitro, UCP1 was analyzed in subcutaneous murine adipocytes treated with or without Fas ligand. Moreover, FAS expression in WAT was correlated to UCP1 and percentage of body fat in human individuals. RESULTS HFD-fed FasΔadipo mice displayed reduced body weight gain and blunted adiposity compared to control littermates. Concomitantly, whole-body energy expenditure and WAT browning were elevated. In cultured adipocytes, Fas ligand treatment blunted isoproterenol-induced UCP1 protein levels. In support of these findings in rodents, FAS expression in WAT correlated negatively with UCP1 but positively with adiposity in human individuals. CONCLUSIONS Fas activation in adipocytes contributes to HFD-associated adiposity in rodents and may be a therapeutic target to reduce obesity and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Wueest
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Scaffidi
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pim P van Krieken
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nils K Konrad
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Koch
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael S F Wiedemann
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anne Goergen
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcela Borsigova
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ioannis G Lempesis
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jonas Fullin
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Konstantinos N Manolopoulos
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Steffen Böttcher
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gijs H Goossens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Konrad
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Scaffidi C, Srdic A, Konrad D, Wueest S. IL-27 increases energy storage in white adipocytes by enhancing glucose uptake and fatty acid esterification. Adipocyte 2023; 12:2276346. [PMID: 37948192 PMCID: PMC10773535 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2023.2276346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin (IL)-27 has been reported to induce thermogenesis in white adipocytes. However, it remains unknown whether IL-27-mediated adipocyte energy dissipation is paralleled by an elevated energy supply from lipids and/or carbohydrates. We hypothesized that IL-27 increases lipolysis and glucose uptake in white adipocytes, thereby providing substrates for thermogenesis. Unexpectedly, we found that treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with IL-27 reduced intra- and extracellular free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations and that phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) was not affected by IL-27. These results were confirmed in subcutaneous white adipocytes. Further, application of IL-27 to 3T3-L1 adipocytes increased intracellular triglyceride (TG) content but not mitochondrial ATP production nor expression of enzymes involved in beta-oxidation indicating that elevated esterification rather than oxidation causes FFA disappearance. In addition, IL-27 significantly increased GLUT1 protein levels, basal glucose uptake as well as glycolytic ATP production, suggesting that increased glycolytic flux due to IL-27 provides the glycerol backbone for TG synthesis. In conclusion, our findings suggest IL-27 increases glucose uptake and TG deposition in white adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Scaffidi
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children’s Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annie Srdic
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children’s Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Konrad
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children’s Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Wueest
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children’s Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Sun C, Holstein DJF, Garcia-Cubero N, Moulla Y, Stroh C, Dietrich A, Schön MR, Gärtner D, Lohmann T, Dressler M, Stumvoll M, Blüher M, Kovacs P, Guiu-Jurado E. The Role of Phosphatidylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase ( PEMT) and Its Waist-Hip-Ratio-Associated Locus rs4646404 in Obesity-Related Metabolic Traits and Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16850. [PMID: 38069170 PMCID: PMC10706059 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS), genetic loci associated with obesity and impaired fat distribution (FD) have been identified. In the present study, we elucidated the role of the PEMT gene, including the waist-hip-ratio-associated single nucleotide polymorphism rs4646404, and its influence on obesity-related metabolic traits. DNA from 2926 metabolically well-characterized subjects was used for genotyping. PEMT expression was analyzed in paired visceral (vis) and subcutaneous (sc) adipose tissue (AT) from a subset of 574 individuals. Additionally, PEMT expression was examined in vis, sc AT and liver tissue in a separate cohort of 64 patients with morbid obesity and liver disease. An in vitro Pemt knockdown was conducted in murine epididymal and inguinal adipocytes. Our findings highlight tissue-specific variations in PEMT mRNA expression across the three studied tissues. Specifically, vis PEMT mRNA levels correlated significantly with T2D and were implicated in the progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), in contrast to liver tissue, where no significant associations were found. Moreover, sc PEMT expression showed significant correlations with several anthropometric- and metabolic-related parameters. The rs4646404 was associated with vis AT PEMT expression and also with diabetes-related traits. Our in vitro experiments supported the influence of PEMT on adipogenesis, emphasizing its role in AT biology. In summary, our data suggest that PEMT plays a role in regulating FD and has implications in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Sun
- Medical Department III—Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - David J. F. Holstein
- Medical Department III—Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Natalia Garcia-Cubero
- Medical Department III—Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yusef Moulla
- Clinic for Visceral, Transplantation and Thorax and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christine Stroh
- Department of General, Abdominal and Pediatric Surgery, Municipal Hospital, 07548 Gera, Germany
| | - Arne Dietrich
- Clinic for Visceral, Transplantation and Thorax and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael R. Schön
- Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, Clinic of Visceral Surgery, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Daniel Gärtner
- Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, Clinic of Visceral Surgery, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tobias Lohmann
- Municipal Clinic Dresden-Neustadt, 01129 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Michael Stumvoll
- Medical Department III—Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Medical Department III—Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Medical Department III—Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Esther Guiu-Jurado
- Medical Department III—Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung e.V., 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Efthymiou V, Ding L, Balaz M, Sun W, Balazova L, Straub LG, Dong H, Simon E, Ghosh A, Perdikari A, Keller S, Ghoshdastider U, Horvath C, Moser C, Hamilton B, Neubauer H, Wolfrum C. Inhibition of AXL receptor tyrosine kinase enhances brown adipose tissue functionality in mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4162. [PMID: 37443109 PMCID: PMC10344962 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39715-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The current obesity epidemic and high prevalence of metabolic diseases necessitate efficacious and safe treatments. Brown adipose tissue in this context is a promising target with the potential to increase energy expenditure, however no pharmacological treatments activating brown adipose tissue are currently available. Here, we identify AXL receptor tyrosine kinase as a regulator of adipose function. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of AXL enhance thermogenic capacity of brown and white adipocytes, in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, these effects are mediated through inhibition of PI3K/AKT/PDE signaling pathway, resulting in induction of nuclear FOXO1 localization and increased intracellular cAMP levels via PDE3/4 inhibition and subsequent stimulation of the PKA-ATF2 pathway. In line with this, both constitutive Axl deletion as well as inducible adipocyte-specific Axl deletion protect animals from diet-induced obesity concomitant with increases in energy expenditure. Based on these data, we propose AXL receptor as a target for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vissarion Efthymiou
- ETH Zürich - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lianggong Ding
- ETH Zürich - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Miroslav Balaz
- ETH Zürich - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Metabolism, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Wenfei Sun
- ETH Zürich - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lucia Balazova
- ETH Zürich - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Metabolism, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Leon G Straub
- ETH Zürich - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
- Institute of Child Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hua Dong
- ETH Zürich - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eric Simon
- Department of Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Adhideb Ghosh
- ETH Zürich - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Aliki Perdikari
- ETH Zürich - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Svenja Keller
- ETH Zürich - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
- Mechanisms of Inherited Kidney Diseases Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Umesh Ghoshdastider
- ETH Zürich - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Carla Horvath
- ETH Zürich - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Moser
- ETH Zürich - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Bradford Hamilton
- Department of CardioMetabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Heike Neubauer
- Department of CardioMetabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Christian Wolfrum
- ETH Zürich - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.
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Sun C, Förster F, Gutsmann B, Moulla Y, Stroh C, Dietrich A, Schön MR, Gärtner D, Lohmann T, Dressler M, Stumvoll M, Blüher M, Kovacs P, Breitfeld J, Guiu-Jurado E. Metabolic Effects of the Waist-To-Hip Ratio Associated Locus GRB14/COBLL1 Are Related to GRB14 Expression in Adipose Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158558. [PMID: 35955692 PMCID: PMC9369072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
GRB14/COBLL1 locus has been shown to be associated with body fat distribution (FD), but neither the causal gene nor its role in metabolic diseases has been elucidated. We hypothesize that GRB14/COBLL1 may act as the causal genes for FD-related SNPs (rs10195252 and rs6738627), and that they may be regulated by SNP to effect obesity-related metabolic traits. We genotyped rs10195252 and rs6738627 in 2860 subjects with metabolic phenotypes. In a subgroup of 560 subjects, we analyzed GRB14/COBLL1 gene expression in paired visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) samples. Mediation analyses were used to determine the causal relationship between SNPs, AT GRB14/COBLL1 mRNA expression, and obesity-related traits. In vitro gene knockdown of Grb14/Cobll1 was used to test their role in adipogenesis. Both gene expressions in AT are correlated with waist circumference. Visceral GRB14 mRNA expression is associated with FPG and HbA1c. Both SNPs are associated with triglycerides, FPG, and leptin levels. Rs10195252 is associated with HbA1c and seems to be mediated by visceral AT GRB14 mRNA expression. Our data support the role of the GRB14/COBLL1 gene expression in body FD and its locus in metabolic sequelae: in particular, lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis, which is likely mediated by AT GRB14 transcript levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Sun
- Medical Department III—Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (C.S.); (F.F.); (B.G.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (P.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Franz Förster
- Medical Department III—Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (C.S.); (F.F.); (B.G.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (P.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Beate Gutsmann
- Medical Department III—Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (C.S.); (F.F.); (B.G.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (P.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Yusef Moulla
- Clinic for Visceral, Transplantation and Thorax and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (Y.M.); (A.D.)
| | - Christine Stroh
- Departement of Obesity and Metabolic Surgery, SRH Wald-Klinikum Gera Str.d. Friedens 122, 07548 Gera, Germany;
| | - Arne Dietrich
- Clinic for Visceral, Transplantation and Thorax and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (Y.M.); (A.D.)
| | - Michael R. Schön
- Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, Clinic of Visceral Surgery, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany; (M.R.S.); (D.G.)
| | - Daniel Gärtner
- Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, Clinic of Visceral Surgery, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany; (M.R.S.); (D.G.)
| | - Tobias Lohmann
- Municipal Clinic Dresden-Neustadt, 01129 Dresden, Germany; (T.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Miriam Dressler
- Municipal Clinic Dresden-Neustadt, 01129 Dresden, Germany; (T.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Medical Department III—Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (C.S.); (F.F.); (B.G.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (P.K.); (J.B.)
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Medical Department III—Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (C.S.); (F.F.); (B.G.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (P.K.); (J.B.)
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Medical Department III—Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (C.S.); (F.F.); (B.G.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (P.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Jana Breitfeld
- Medical Department III—Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (C.S.); (F.F.); (B.G.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (P.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Esther Guiu-Jurado
- Medical Department III—Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (C.S.); (F.F.); (B.G.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (P.K.); (J.B.)
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung e.V., 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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van Krieken PP, Odermatt TS, Borsigova M, Blüher M, Wueest S, Konrad D. Oncostatin M suppresses browning of white adipocytes via gp130-STAT3 signaling. Mol Metab 2021; 54:101341. [PMID: 34547509 PMCID: PMC8502775 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Obesity is associated with low-grade adipose tissue inflammation and locally elevated levels of several glycoprotein 130 (gp130) cytokines. The conversion of white into brown-like adipocytes (browning) may increase energy expenditure and revert the positive energy balance that underlies obesity. Although different gp130 cytokines and their downstream targets were shown to regulate expression of the key browning marker uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1), it remains largely unknown how this contributes to the development and maintenance of obesity. Herein, we aim to study the role of gp130 cytokine signaling in white adipose tissue (WAT) browning in the obese state. Methods Protein and gene expression levels of UCP1 and other thermogenic markers were assessed in a subcutaneous adipocyte cell line, adipose tissue depots from control or adipocyte-specific gp130 knockout (gp130Δadipo) mice fed either chow or a high-fat diet (HFD), or subcutaneous WAT biopsies from a human cohort of lean and obese subjects. WAT browning was modeled in vitro by exposing mature adipocytes to isoproterenol after stimulation with gp130 cytokines. ERK and JAK-STAT signaling were blocked using the inhibitors U0126 and Tofacitinib, respectively. Results Inguinal WAT of HFD-fed gp130Δadipo mice exhibited significantly elevated levels of UCP1 and other browning markers such as Cidea and Pgc-1α. In vitro, treatment with the gp130 cytokine oncostatin M (OSM) lowered isoproterenol-induced UCP1 protein and gene expression levels in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, OSM mediated the inhibition of Ucp1 via the JAK-STAT but not the ERK pathway. As with mouse data, OSM gene expression in human WAT positively correlated with BMI (r = 0.284, p = 0.021, n = 66) and negatively with UCP1 expression (r = −0.413, p < 0.001, n = 66). Conclusions Our data support the notion that OSM negatively regulates thermogenesis in WAT and thus may be an attractive target for treating obesity. OSM is regulated under obesity and negatively correlates with UCP1 in WAT. OSM suppresses isoproterenol-induced UCP1 in subcutaneous adipocytes. OSM signals through the gp130-STAT3 pathway to lower UCP1 expression. Obese mice lacking gp130 in adipocytes exhibit increased WAT browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim P van Krieken
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, CH-8032, Zurich, Switzerland; Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, CH-8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Timothy S Odermatt
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, CH-8032, Zurich, Switzerland; Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, CH-8032, Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcela Borsigova
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, CH-8032, Zurich, Switzerland; Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, CH-8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Leipzig, D-04103, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Wueest
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, CH-8032, Zurich, Switzerland; Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, CH-8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Konrad
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, CH-8032, Zurich, Switzerland; Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, CH-8032, Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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7
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Wueest S, Lucchini FC, Haim Y, Rudich A, Konrad D. Depletion of ASK1 blunts stress-induced senescence in adipocytes. Adipocyte 2020; 9:535-541. [PMID: 32930631 PMCID: PMC7714422 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2020.1815977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing energy expenditure via induction of browning in white adipose tissue has emerged as a potential strategy to treat obesity and associated metabolic complications. We previously reported that ASK1 inhibition in adipocytes protected from high-fat diet (HFD) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated downregulation of UCP1 both in vitro and in vivo. Conversely, adipocyte-specific ASK1 overexpression attenuated cold-induction of UCP-1 in inguinal fat. Herein, we provide evidence that both TNFα-mediated and HFD-induced activation of p38 MAPK in white adipocytes are ASK1-dependent. Moreover, expression of senescence markers was reduced in HFD-fed adipocyte-specific ASK1 knockout mice. Similarly, LPS-induced upregulation of senescence markers was blunted in ASK1-depleted adipocytes. Thus, our study identifies a previously unknown role for ASK1 in the induction of stress-induced senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Wueest
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children’s Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio C. Lucchini
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children’s Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yulia Haim
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Assaf Rudich
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Daniel Konrad
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children’s Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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8
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ASK1 inhibits browning of white adipose tissue in obesity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1642. [PMID: 32242025 PMCID: PMC7118089 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing energy expenditure via induction of adipose tissue browning has become an appealing strategy to treat obesity and associated metabolic complications. Herein, we identify adipocyte-expressed apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) as regulator of adipose tissue browning. High fat diet-fed adipocyte-specific ASK1 knockout mice reveal increased UCP1 protein levels in inguinal adipose tissue concomitant with elevated energy expenditure, reduced obesity and ameliorated glucose tolerance compared to control littermates. In addition, ASK1-depletion blunts LPS-mediated downregulation of isoproterenol-induced UCP1 in subcutaneous fat both in vitro and in vivo. Conversely, adipocyte-specific ASK1 overexpression in chow-fed mice attenuates cold-induced UCP1 protein levels in inguinal fat. Mechanistically, ASK1 phosphorylates interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) resulting in reduced Ucp1 expression. Taken together, our studies unravel a role of ASK1 in mediating the inhibitory effect of caloric surplus or LPS-treatment on adipose tissue browning. Adipocyte ASK1 might be a pharmacological target to combat obesity and associated morbidities.
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9
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Breitfeld J, Kehr S, Müller L, Stadler PF, Böttcher Y, Blüher M, Stumvoll M, Kovacs P. Developmentally Driven Changes in Adipogenesis in Different Fat Depots Are Related to Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:138. [PMID: 32273869 PMCID: PMC7115744 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcutaneous (sc) and visceral (vis) adipose tissue (AT) contribute to the variability in pathophysiological consequences of obesity and adverse fat distribution. To gain insights into the molecular mechanisms distinguishing vis and sc fat, we compared the transcriptome during differentiation of immortalized adipocytes from murine epididymal (epi) and inguinal (ing) AT. RNA was extracted on different days of adipogenesis (-2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8) and analyzed using Clariom™ D mouse assays (Affymetrix) covering >214,900 transcripts in >66,100 genes. Transcript Time Course Analysis revealed 137 differentially expressed genes. The top genes with most divergent expression dynamics included developmental genes like Alx1, Lhx8, Irx1/2, Hoxc10, Hoxa5/10, and Tbx5/15. According to pathway analysis the majority of the genes were enriched in pathways related to AT development. Finally, in paired samples of human vis and sc AT (N = 63), several of these genes exhibited depot-specific variability in expression which correlated closely with body mass index and/or waist-to-hip ratio. In conclusion, intrinsically programmed differences in gene expression patterns during adipogenesis suggest that fat depot specific regulation of adipogenesis contributes to individual risk of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Breitfeld
- University of Leipzig Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jana Breitfeld
| | - Stephanie Kehr
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science and Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Luise Müller
- Medical Department III—Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter F. Stadler
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science and Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad National de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, United States
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yvonne Böttcher
- University of Leipzig Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Akershus Universitetssykehus, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Medical Department III—Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Medical Department III—Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Kovacs
- University of Leipzig Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Medical Department III—Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Peter Kovacs
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10
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Goldstein N, Haim Y, Mattar P, Hadadi-Bechor S, Maixner N, Kovacs P, Blüher M, Rudich A. Leptin stimulates autophagy/lysosome-related degradation of long-lived proteins in adipocytes. Adipocyte 2019; 8:51-60. [PMID: 30676227 PMCID: PMC6768270 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2019.1569447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, a condition most commonly associated with hyper-leptinemia, is also characterized by increased expression of autophagy genes and likely autophagic activity in human adipose tissue (AT). Indeed, circulating leptin levels were previously shown to positively associate with the expression levels of autophagy genes such as Autophagy related gene-5 (ATG5). Here we hypothesized that leptin acts in an autocrine-paracrine manner to increase autophagy in two major AT cell populations, adipocytes and macrophages. We followed the dynamics of autophagosomes following acute leptin administration with or without a leptin receptor antagonist (SMLA) using high-throughput live-cell imaging in murine epididymal adipocyte and macrophage (RAW264.7) cell-lines. In macrophages leptin exerted only a mild effect on autophagy dynamics, tending to attenuate autophagosomes growth rate. In contrast, leptin-treated adipocytes exhibited a moderate, ~20% increase in the rate of autophagosome growth, an effect that was blocked by SMLA. This finding corresponded to mild increases in mRNA and protein expression of key autophagy genes. Interestingly, a long-lived proteins degradation assay uncovered a robust, >2-fold leptin-mediated stimulation of the autophagy/lysosome-related (bafilomycin-inhibited) activity, which was entirely blocked by SMLA. Collectively, leptin regulates autophagy in a cell-type specific manner. In adipocytes, autophagosome dynamics is moderately enhanced, but even more pronounced stimulation is seen in autophagy-related long-lived protein degradation. These findings suggest a causal link between obesity-associated hyperleptinemia and elevated adipocyte and AT autophagy-related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Goldstein
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yulia Haim
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Pamela Mattar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Sapir Hadadi-Bechor
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Nitzan Maixner
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Assaf Rudich
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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11
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ASK1 (MAP3K5) is transcriptionally upregulated by E2F1 in adipose tissue in obesity, molecularly defining a human dys-metabolic obese phenotype. Mol Metab 2017; 6:725-736. [PMID: 28702328 PMCID: PMC5485239 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Obesity variably disrupts human health, but molecular-based patients' health-risk stratification is limited. Adipose tissue (AT) stresses may link obesity with metabolic dysfunction, but how they signal in humans remains poorly-characterized. We hypothesized that a transcriptional AT stress-signaling cascade involving E2F1 and ASK1 (MAP3K5) molecularly defines high-risk obese subtype. Methods ASK1 expression in human AT biopsies was determined by real-time PCR analysis, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) adopted to AT explants was used to evaluate the binding of E2F1 to the ASK1 promoter. Dual luciferase assay was used to measure ASK1 promoter activity in HEK293 cells. Effects of E2F1 knockout/knockdown in adipocytes was assessed utilizing mouse-embryonal-fibroblasts (MEF)-derived adipocyte-like cells from WT and E2F1−/− mice and by siRNA, respectively. ASK1 depletion in adipocytes was studied in MEF-derived adipocyte-like cells from WT and adipose tissue-specific ASK1 knockout mice (ASK1-ATKO). Results Human visceral-AT ASK1 mRNA (N = 436) was associated with parameters of obesity-related cardio-metabolic morbidity. Adjustment for E2F1 expression attenuated the association of ASK1 with fasting glucose, insulin resistance, circulating IL-6, and lipids (triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol), even after adjusting for BMI. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation in human-AT explants revealed BMI-associated increased occupancy of the ASK1 promoter by E2F1 (r2 = 0.847, p < 0.01). In adipocytes, siRNA-mediated E2F1-knockdown, and MEF-derived adipocytes of E2F1-knockout mice, demonstrated decreased ASK1 expression and signaling to JNK. Mutation/truncation of an E2F1 binding site in hASK1 promoter decreased E2F1-induced ASK1 promoter activity, whereas E2F1-mediated sensitization of ASK1 promoter to further activation by TNFα was inhibited by JNK-inhibitor. Finally, MEF-derived adipocytes from adipocyte-specific ASK1-knockout mice exhibited lower leptin and higher adiponectin expression and secretion, and resistance to the effects of TNFα. Conclusions AT E2F1 –ASK1 molecularly defines a metabolically-detrimental obese sub-phenotype. Functionally, it may negatively affect AT endocrine function, linking AT stress to whole-body metabolic dysfunction.
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12
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Kohlie R, Perwitz N, Resch J, Schmid SM, Lehnert H, Klein J, Iwen KA. Dopamine directly increases mitochondrial mass and thermogenesis in brown adipocytes. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 58:57-66. [PMID: 27923872 DOI: 10.1530/jme-16-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is key to energy homeostasis. By virtue of its thermogenic potential, it may dissipate excessive energy, regulate body weight and increase insulin sensitivity. Catecholamines are critically involved in the regulation of BAT thermogenesis, yet research has focussed on the effects of noradrenaline and adrenaline. Some evidence suggests a role of dopamine (DA) in BAT thermogenesis, but the cellular mechanisms involved have not been addressed. We employed our extensively characterised murine brown adipocyte cells. D1-like and D2-like receptors were detectable at the protein level. Stimulation with DA caused an increase in cAMP concentrations. Oxygen consumption rates (OCR), mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) levels increased after 24 h of treatment with either DA or a D1-like specific receptor agonist. A D1-like receptor antagonist abolished the DA-mediated effect on OCR, Δψm and UCP1. DA induced the release of fatty acids, which did not additionally alter DA-mediated increases of OCR. Mitochondrial mass (as determined by (i) CCCP- and oligomycin-mediated effects on OCR and (ii) immunoblot analysis of mitochondrial proteins) also increased within 24 h. This was accompanied by an increase in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1 alpha protein levels. Also, DA caused an increase in p38 MAPK phosphorylation and pharmacological inhibition of p38 MAPK abolished the DA-mediated effect on Δψm In summary, our study is the first to reveal direct D1-like receptor and p38 MAPK-mediated increases of thermogenesis and mitochondrial mass in brown adipocytes. These results expand our understanding of catecholaminergic effects on BAT thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Kohlie
- Universität zu LübeckUniversitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Medizinische Klinik I, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Nina Perwitz
- Universität zu LübeckUniversitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Medizinische Klinik I, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Julia Resch
- Universität zu LübeckUniversitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Medizinische Klinik I, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sebastian M Schmid
- Universität zu LübeckUniversitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Medizinische Klinik I, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hendrik Lehnert
- Universität zu LübeckUniversitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Medizinische Klinik I, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Johannes Klein
- Universität zu LübeckUniversitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Medizinische Klinik I, Lübeck, Germany
| | - K Alexander Iwen
- Universität zu LübeckUniversitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Medizinische Klinik I, Lübeck, Germany
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13
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Rosenwald M, Efthymiou V, Opitz L, Wolfrum C. SRF and MKL1 Independently Inhibit Brown Adipogenesis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170643. [PMID: 28125644 PMCID: PMC5268445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Active brown adipose tissue is responsible for non-shivering thermogenesis in mammals which affects energy homeostasis. The molecular mechanisms underlying this activation as well as the formation and activation of brite adipocytes have gained increasing interest in recent years as they might be utilized to regulate systemic metabolism. We show here that the transcriptional regulators SRF and MKL1 both act as repressors of brown adipogenesis. Loss-of-function of these transcription factors leads to a significant induction of brown adipocyte differentiation, increased levels of UCP1 and other thermogenic genes as well as increased respiratory function, while SRF induction exerts the opposite effects. Interestingly, we observed that knockdown of MKL1 does not lead to a reduced expression of typical SRF target genes and that the SRF/MKL1 inhibitor CCG-1423 had no significant effects on brown adipocyte differentiation. Contrary, knockdown of MKL1 induces a significant increase in the transcriptional activity of PPARγ target genes and MKL1 interacts with PPARγ, suggesting that SRF and MKL1 independently inhibit brown adipogenesis and that MKL1 exerts its effect mainly by modulating PPARγ activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Rosenwald
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Vissarion Efthymiou
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Lennart Opitz
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Christian Wolfrum
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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14
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Modica S, Straub LG, Balaz M, Sun W, Varga L, Stefanicka P, Profant M, Simon E, Neubauer H, Ukropcova B, Ukropec J, Wolfrum C. Bmp4 Promotes a Brown to White-like Adipocyte Shift. Cell Rep 2016; 16:2243-2258. [PMID: 27524617 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While Bmp4 has a well-established role in the commitment of mesenchymal stem cells into the adipogenic lineage, its role in brown adipocyte formation and activity is not well defined. Here, we show that Bmp4 has a dual function in adipogenesis by inducing adipocyte commitment while inhibiting the acquisition of a brown phenotype during terminal differentiation. Selective brown adipose tissue overexpression of Bmp4 in mice induces a shift from a brown to a white-like adipocyte phenotype. This effect is mediated by Smad signaling and might be in part due to suppression of lipolysis, via regulation of hormone sensitive lipase expression linked to reduced Ppar activity. Given that we observed a strong correlation between BMP4 levels and adipocyte size, as well as insulin sensitivity in humans, we propose that Bmp4 is an important factor in the context of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Adipocytes, Brown/cytology
- Adipocytes, Brown/drug effects
- Adipocytes, Brown/metabolism
- Adipocytes, White/cytology
- Adipocytes, White/drug effects
- Adipocytes, White/metabolism
- Adipogenesis/drug effects
- Adipogenesis/genetics
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/cytology
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/cytology
- Adipose Tissue, White/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Animals
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4/genetics
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4/metabolism
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4/pharmacology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cyclic AMP/pharmacology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Insulin Resistance
- Male
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/cytology
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/drug effects
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors/genetics
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors/metabolism
- Rosiglitazone
- Signal Transduction
- Smad Proteins/genetics
- Smad Proteins/metabolism
- Sterol Esterase/genetics
- Sterol Esterase/metabolism
- Thiazolidinediones/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Modica
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Health Science, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland
| | - Leon G Straub
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Health Science, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland
| | - Miroslav Balaz
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Health Science, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland
| | - Wenfei Sun
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Health Science, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Varga
- Obesity section of Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center at the Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Comenius University, 811 02 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Patrik Stefanicka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Comenius University, 811 02 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Milan Profant
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Comenius University, 811 02 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eric Simon
- Target Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, 88400 Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | - Heike Neubauer
- CardioMetabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, 88400 Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | - Barbara Ukropcova
- Obesity section of Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center at the Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 02 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Ukropec
- Obesity section of Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center at the Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Christian Wolfrum
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Health Science, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland.
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15
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Haim Y, Blüher M, Slutsky N, Goldstein N, Klöting N, Harman-Boehm I, Kirshtein B, Ginsberg D, Gericke M, Guiu Jurado E, Kovsan J, Tarnovscki T, Kachko L, Bashan N, Gepner Y, Shai I, Rudich A. Elevated autophagy gene expression in adipose tissue of obese humans: A potential non-cell-cycle-dependent function of E2F1. Autophagy 2015; 11:2074-2088. [PMID: 26391754 PMCID: PMC4824599 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1094597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy genes' expression is upregulated in visceral fat in human obesity, associating with obesity-related cardio-metabolic risk. E2F1 (E2F transcription factor 1) was shown in cancer cells to transcriptionally regulate autophagy. We hypothesize that E2F1 regulates adipocyte autophagy in obesity, associating with endocrine/metabolic dysfunction, thereby, representing non-cell-cycle function of this transcription factor. E2F1 protein (N=69) and mRNA (N=437) were elevated in visceral fat of obese humans, correlating with increased expression of ATG5 (autophagy-related 5), MAP1LC3B/LC3B (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 β), but not with proliferation/cell-cycle markers. Elevated E2F1 mainly characterized the adipocyte fraction, whereas MKI67 (marker of proliferation Ki-67) was elevated in the stromal-vascular fraction of adipose tissue. In human visceral fat explants, chromatin-immunoprecipitation revealed body mass index (BMI)-correlated increase in E2F1 binding to the promoter of MAP1LC3B, but not to the classical cell cycle E2F1 target, CCND1 (cyclin D1). Clinically, omental fat E2F1 expression correlated with insulin resistance, circulating free-fatty-acids (FFA), and with decreased circulating ADIPOQ/adiponectin, associations attenuated by adjustment for autophagy genes. Overexpression of E2F1 in HEK293 cells enhanced promoter activity of several autophagy genes and autophagic flux, and sensitized to further activation of autophagy by TNF. Conversely, mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF)-derived adipocytes from e2f1 knockout mice (e2f1−/−) exhibited lower autophagy gene expression and flux, were more insulin sensitive, and secreted more ADIPOQ. Furthermore, e2f1−/− MEF-derived adipocytes, and autophagy-deficient (by Atg7 siRNA) adipocytes were resistant to cytokines-induced decrease in ADIPOQ secretion. Jointly, upregulated E2F1 sensitizes adipose tissue autophagy to inflammatory stimuli, linking visceral obesity to adipose and systemic metabolic-endocrine dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Haim
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology ; Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ; Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - Matthias Blüher
- b Department of Medicine ; University of Leipzig ; Leipzig , Germany
| | - Noa Slutsky
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology ; Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ; Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - Nir Goldstein
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology ; Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ; Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - Nora Klöting
- b Department of Medicine ; University of Leipzig ; Leipzig , Germany
| | - Ilana Harman-Boehm
- c Soroka Academic Medical Center and Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ; Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - Boris Kirshtein
- c Soroka Academic Medical Center and Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ; Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - Doron Ginsberg
- d The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Science; Bar-Ilan University ; Ramat Gan , Israel
| | - Martin Gericke
- e Institute of Anatomy; University of Leipzig ; Leipzig , Germany
| | | | - Julia Kovsan
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology ; Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ; Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - Tanya Tarnovscki
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology ; Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ; Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - Leonid Kachko
- c Soroka Academic Medical Center and Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ; Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - Nava Bashan
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology ; Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ; Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - Yiftach Gepner
- f Department of Epidemiology ; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ; Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - Iris Shai
- f Department of Epidemiology ; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ; Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - Assaf Rudich
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology ; Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ; Beer-Sheva , Israel.,g National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ; Beer-Sheva , Israel
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Ismail WIW, King JA, Anwar K, Pillay TS. Indinavir and nelfinavir inhibit proximal insulin receptor signaling and salicylate abrogates inhibition: potential role of the NFkappa B pathway. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:1729-37. [PMID: 23386514 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The molecular basis of insulin resistance induced by HIV protease inhibitors (HPIs) remains unclear. In this study, Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with high levels of human insulin receptor (CHO-IR) and 3T3-L1 adipocytes were used to elucidate the mechanism of this side effect. Indinavir and nelfinavir induced a significant decrease in tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor β-subunit. Indinavir caused a significant increase in the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) on serine 307 (S307) in both CHO-IR cells and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Nelfinavir also inhibited phosphorylation of Map/ERK kinase without affecting insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation. Concomitantly, levels of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), suppressor of cytokines signaling-1 and -3 (SOCS-1 and -3), Src homology 2B (SH2B) and adapter protein with a pleckstrin homology domain and an SH2 domain (APS) were not altered significantly. When CHO-IR cells were pre-treated with sodium salicylate (NaSal), the effects of indinavir on tyrosine phosphorylation of the IR β-subunit and phosphorylation of IRS-1 at S307 were abrogated. These data suggest a potential role for the NFκB pathway in insulin resistance induced by HPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Iryani W Ismail
- Division of Chemical Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
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17
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Differences in gene expression and cytokine release profiles highlight the heterogeneity of distinct subsets of adipose tissue-derived stem cells in the subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue in humans. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57892. [PMID: 23526958 PMCID: PMC3589487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in the inherent properties of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASC) may contribute to the biological specificity of the subcutaneous (Sc) and visceral (V) adipose tissue depots. In this study, three distinct subpopulations of ASC, i.e. ASCSVF, ASCBottom, and ASCCeiling, were isolated from Sc and V fat biopsies of non-obese subjects, and their gene expression and functional characteristics were investigated. Genome-wide mRNA expression profiles of ASCSVF, ASCBottom and ASCCeiling from Sc fat were significantly different as compared to their homologous subsets of V-ASCs. Furthermore, ASCSVF, ASCCeiling and ASCBottom from the same fat depot were also distinct from each other. In this respect, both principal component analysis and hierarchical clusters analysis showed that ASCCeiling and ASCSVF shared a similar pattern of closely related genes, which was highly different when compared to that of ASCBottom. However, larger variations in gene expression were found in inter-depot than in intra-depot comparisons. The analysis of connectivity of genes differently expressed in each ASC subset demonstrated that, although there was some overlap, there was also a clear distinction between each Sc-ASC and their corresponding V-ASC subsets, and among ASCSVF, ASCBottom, and ASCCeiling of Sc or V fat depots in regard to networks associated with regulation of cell cycle, cell organization and development, inflammation and metabolic responses. Finally, the release of several cytokines and growth factors in the ASC cultured medium also showed both inter- and intra-depot differences. Thus, ASCCeiling and ASCBottom can be identified as two genetically and functionally heterogeneous ASC populations in addition to the ASCSVF, with ASCBottom showing the highest degree of unmatched gene expression. On the other hand, inter-depot seem to prevail over intra-depot differences in the ASC gene expression assets and network functions, contributing to the high degree of specificity of Sc and V adipose tissue in humans.
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Shapiro H, Pecht T, Shaco-Levy R, Harman-Boehm I, Kirshtein B, Kuperman Y, Chen A, Blüher M, Shai I, Rudich A. Adipose tissue foam cells are present in human obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:1173-81. [PMID: 23372170 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-2745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) are thought to engulf the remains of dead adipocytes in obesity, potentially resulting in increased intracellular neutral lipid content. Lipid-laden macrophages (foam cells [FCs]) have been described in atherosclerotic lesions and have been proposed to contribute to vascular pathophysiology, which is enhanced in obesity. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine whether a subclass of lipid-laden ATMs (adipose FCs) develop in obesity and to assess whether they may uniquely contribute to obesity-associated morbidity. SETTING AND PATIENTS Patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery from the Beer-Sheva (N = 94) and the Leipzig (N = 40) complementary cohorts were recruited. Paired abdominal subcutaneous (SC) and omental (Om) fat biopsy samples were collected and analyzed by histological and flow cytometry-based methods. Functional studies in mice included coculture of ATMs or FCs with adipose tissue. RESULTS ATM lipid content was increased 3-fold in Om compared with SC fat, particularly in obese persons. FCs could be identified in some patients and were most abundant in Om fat of obese persons, particularly those with intra-abdominal fat distribution. Stepwise multivariate models demonstrated depot differential associations: fasting glucose with SC FCs (β = 0.667, P < .001) and fasting insulin (β = 0.413, P = .006) and total ATM count (β = 0.310, P = .034) with Om FCs in models including age, body mass index, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. When cocultured with adipose explants from lean mice, FCs induced attenuated insulin responsiveness compared with adipose explants cocultured with control ATMs with low lipid content. CONCLUSIONS FCs can be identified as an ATM subclass in human SC and Om adipose tissues in 2 independent cohorts, with distinct depot-related associations with clinical parameters. Once formed, they may engage in local cross-talk with adipocytes, contributing to adipose insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagit Shapiro
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84103, Israel
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19
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Shoham N, Gefen A. The influence of mechanical stretching on mitosis, growth, and adipose conversion in adipocyte cultures. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2012; 11:1029-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-011-0371-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Lin L, Saha PK, Ma X, Henshaw IO, Shao L, Chang BHJ, Buras ED, Tong Q, Chan L, McGuinness OP, Sun Y. Ablation of ghrelin receptor reduces adiposity and improves insulin sensitivity during aging by regulating fat metabolism in white and brown adipose tissues. Aging Cell 2011; 10:996-1010. [PMID: 21895961 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2011.00740.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with increased adiposity in white adipose tissues and impaired thermogenesis in brown adipose tissues; both contribute to increased incidences of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Ghrelin is the only known circulating orexigenic hormone that promotes adiposity. In this study, we show that ablation of the ghrelin receptor (growth hormone secretagogue receptor, GHS-R) improves insulin sensitivity during aging. Compared to wild-type (WT) mice, old Ghsr(-/-) mice have reduced fat and preserve a healthier lipid profile. Old Ghsr(-/-) mice also exhibit elevated energy expenditure and resting metabolic rate, yet have similar food intake and locomotor activity. While GHS-R expression in white and brown adipose tissues was below the detectable level in the young mice, GHS-R expression was readily detectable in visceral white fat and interscapular brown fat of the old mice. Gene expression profiles reveal that Ghsr ablation reduced glucose/lipid uptake and lipogenesis in white adipose tissues but increased thermogenic capacity in brown adipose tissues. Ghsr ablation prevents age-associated decline in thermogenic gene expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Cell culture studies in brown adipocytes further demonstrate that ghrelin suppresses the expression of adipogenic and thermogenic genes, while GHS-R antagonist abolishes ghrelin's effects and increases UCP1 expression. Hence, GHS-R plays an important role in thermogenic impairment during aging. Ghsr ablation improves aging-associated obesity and insulin resistance by reducing adiposity and increasing thermogenesis. Growth hormone secretagogue receptor antagonists may be a new means of combating obesity by shifting the energy balance from obesogenesis to thermogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Adiposity/genetics
- Aging/genetics
- Animals
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/prevention & control
- Eating/physiology
- Energy Metabolism/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Ghrelin/genetics
- Ghrelin/metabolism
- Humans
- Insulin Resistance/genetics
- Ion Channels/genetics
- Ion Channels/metabolism
- Lipid Metabolism/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics
- Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism
- Obesity/complications
- Obesity/genetics
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/prevention & control
- Receptors, Ghrelin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Ghrelin/deficiency
- Receptors, Ghrelin/genetics
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Thermogenesis/physiology
- Uncoupling Protein 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligen Lin
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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21
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Ovadia H, Haim Y, Nov O, Almog O, Kovsan J, Bashan N, Benhar M, Rudich A. Increased adipocyte S-nitrosylation targets anti-lipolytic action of insulin: relevance to adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:30433-30443. [PMID: 21724851 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.235945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein S-nitrosylation is a reversible protein modification implicated in both physiological and pathophysiological regulation of protein function. In obesity, skeletal muscle insulin resistance is associated with increased S-nitrosylation of insulin-signaling proteins. However, whether adipose tissue is similarly affected in obesity and, if so, what are the causes and functional consequences of increased S-nitrosylation in this tissue are unknown. Total protein S-nitrosylation was increased in intra-abdominal adipose tissue of obese humans and in high fat-fed or leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. Both the insulin receptor β-subunit and Akt were S-nitrosylated, correlating with body weight. Elevated protein and mRNA expression of inducible NO synthase and decreased protein levels of thioredoxin reductase were associated with increased adipose tissue S-nitrosylation. Cultured differentiated pre-adipocyte cell lines exposed to the NO donors S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) or S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine exhibited diminished insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt but not of GSK3 nor of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Yet the anti-lipolytic action of insulin was markedly impaired in both cultured adipocytes and in mice injected with GSNO prior to administration of insulin. In cells, impaired ability of insulin to diminish phosphorylated PKA substrates in response to isoproterenol suggested impaired insulin-induced activation of PDE3B. Consistently, increased S-nitrosylation of PDE3B was detected in adipose tissue of high fat-fed obese mice. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that Cys-768 and Cys-1040, two putative sites for S-nitrosylation adjacent to the substrate-binding site of PDE3B, accounted for ∼50% of its GSNO-induced S-nitrosylation. Collectively, PDE3B and the anti-lipolytic action of insulin may constitute novel targets for increased S-nitrosylation of adipose tissue in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilla Ovadia
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84103
| | - Yulia Haim
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84103
| | - Ori Nov
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84103
| | - Orna Almog
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84103
| | - Julia Kovsan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84103
| | - Nava Bashan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84103
| | - Moran Benhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096
| | - Assaf Rudich
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84103; National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84103, Israel.
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22
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Abstract
HIV-1/highly active antiretroviral therapy-associated lipodystrophy syndrome (HALS) is an adipose tissue redistribution disorder characterized by subcutaneous adipose tissue lipoatrophy, sometimes including visceral adipose tissue hypertrophy and accumulation of dorsocervical fat ('buffalo hump'). The pathophysiology of HALS appears to be multifactorial and several key pathophysiological factors associated with HALS have been identified. These include mitochondrial dysfunction, adipocyte differentiation disturbances, high adipocyte lipolysis, and adipocyte apoptosis. These alterations in adipose tissue biology expand to involve systemic metabolism through alterations in endocrine functions of adipose tissue (via disturbed adipokine release), enhanced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and excessive free fatty-acid release due to lipolysis. The deleterious action of some antiretroviral drugs is an important factor in eliciting these alterations in adipose tissue. However, HIV-1 infection-related events and HIV-1-encoded proteins also contribute directly to the complex development of HALS through effects on adipocyte biology, or indirectly through the promotion of local inflammation in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Giralt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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23
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Abstract
HIV-associated lipodystrophy is clinically characterized by body fat changes including subcutaneous fat loss (lipoatrophy) with or without truncal fat accumulation (lipohypertrophy). Thymidine nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, stavudine and to a lesser extent zidovudine, are major contributors for lipoatrophy. Drug factors are not clear for lipohypertrophy. Restoration to health with effective viral suppression and weight gain may be factors playing significant roles in lipohypertrophy. Mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation in subcutaneous adipose tissue are key factors in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated lipoatrophy. The pathogenesis of lipohypertrophy is less well understood. Switching from thymidine nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors restores subcutaneous fat in patients with HIV-associated lipoatrophy, but improvement is slow and limited. Surgical filling cosmetically improves facial lipoatrophy. Exercise and diet may reduce increased visceral adipose tissue. Liposuction may be useful to remove superficial, localized fat accumuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Martínez
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigaciones Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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24
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Leroyer S, Vatier C, Kadiri S, Quette J, Chapron C, Capeau J, Antoine B. Glyceroneogenesis is inhibited through HIV protease inhibitor-induced inflammation in human subcutaneous but not visceral adipose tissue. J Lipid Res 2010; 52:207-20. [PMID: 21068005 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m000869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyceroneogenesis, a metabolic pathway that participates during lipolysis in the recycling of free fatty acids to triglycerides into adipocytes, contributes to the lipid-buffering function of adipose tissue. We investigated whether glyceroneogenesis could be affected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors (PIs) responsible or not for dyslipidemia in HIV-infected patients. We treated explants obtained from subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) depots from lean individuals. We observed that the dyslipidemic PIs nelfinavir, lopinavir and ritonavir, but not the lipid-neutral PI atazanavir, increased lipolysis and decreased glyceroneogenesis, leading to an increased release of fatty acids from SAT but not from VAT. At the same time, dyslipidemic PIs decreased the amount of perilipin and increased interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) secretion in SAT but not in VAT. Parthenolide, an inhibitor of the NFκB pathway, counteracted PI-induced increased inflammation and decreased glyceroneogenesis. IL-6 (100 ng) inhibited the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, the key enzyme of glyceroneogenesis, in SAT but not in VAT. Our data show that dyslipidemic but not lipid-neutral PIs decreased glyceroneogenesis as a consequence of PI-induced increased inflammation in SAT that could have an affect on adipocytes and/or macrophages. These results add a new link between fat inflammation and increased fatty acids release and suggest a greater sensitivity of SAT than VAT to PI-induced inflammation.
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25
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Caron-Debarle M, Lagathu C, Boccara F, Vigouroux C, Capeau J. HIV-associated lipodystrophy: from fat injury to premature aging. Trends Mol Med 2010; 16:218-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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26
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Fretz JA, Nelson T, Xi Y, Adams DJ, Rosen CJ, Horowitz MC. Altered metabolism and lipodystrophy in the early B-cell factor 1-deficient mouse. Endocrinology 2010; 151:1611-21. [PMID: 20172967 PMCID: PMC2850234 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that mice deficient for the transcription factor early B-cell factor (Ebf1) exhibit markedly increased numbers of osteoblasts, bone formation rate, and serum osteocalcin, but the bone marrow of Ebf1(-/-) mice is also striking in its increased marrow adiposity. The purpose of this work was to analyze the metabolic phenotype that accompanies the altered bone morphology of Ebf1(-/-) mice. Whereas marrow adiposity was increased, deposition of white adipose tissue in other regions of the body was severely reduced (sc 40-50%, abdominally 80-85%). Brown adipose exhibited decreased lipid deposition. Subcutaneous and perigonadal white adipose tissue showed a decrease in mRNA transcripts for peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-beta in Ebf1(-/-) tissue compared with wild type. Circulating levels of leptin were decreased in Ebf1(-/-) animals compared with their littermate controls (down 65-95%), whereas adiponectin remained comparable after 2 wk of age. Serum analysis also found the Ebf1(-/-) animals were hypoglycemic and hypotriglyceridemic. After ip injection of insulin, the serum glucose levels in Ebf1(-/-) mice took longer to recover, and after a glucose challenge the Ebf1(-/-) animals reached serum glucose levels almost twice that of their wild-type counterparts. Measurement of circulating pancreatic hormones revealed normal or reduced insulin levels in the Ebf1(-/-) mice, whereas glucagon was significantly increased (up 1.7- to 8.5-fold). Metabolically the Ebf1(-/-) mice had increased O(2) consumption, CO(2) production, food and water intake, and activity. Markers for gluconeogenesis, however, were decreased in the Ebf1(-/-) mice compared with controls. In conclusion, the Ebf1-deficient animals exhibit defects in adipose tissue deposition with increased marrow adiposity and impaired glucose mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie A Fretz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208071, TMP 516, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8071.
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27
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Villarroya F, Domingo P, Giralt M. Drug-induced lipotoxicity: Lipodystrophy associated with HIV-1 infection and antiretroviral treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2010; 1801:392-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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28
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Kim A, Park T. Diet-induced obesity regulates the galanin-mediated signaling cascade in the adipose tissue of mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54:1361-70. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Tichon A, Gowda BK, Slavin S, Gazit A, Priel E. Telomerase activity and expression in adult human mesenchymal stem cells derived from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis individuals. Cytotherapy 2009; 11:837-48. [DOI: 10.3109/14653240903136979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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