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Moreira LR, Silva AC, da Costa-Oliveira CN, da Silva-Júnior CD, Oliveira KKDS, Torres DJL, Barros MD, Rabello MCDS, de Lorena VMB. Interaction between peripheral blood mononuclear cells and Trypanosoma cruzi-infected adipocytes: implications for treatment failure and induction of immunomodulatory mechanisms in adipose tissue. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1280877. [PMID: 38533504 PMCID: PMC10963431 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1280877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Introduction Adipose tissue (AT) has been highlighted as a promising reservoir of infection for viruses, bacteria and parasites. Among them is Trypanosoma cruzi, which causes Chagas disease. The recommended treatment for the disease in Brazil is Benznidazole (BZ). However, its efficacy may vary according to the stage of the disease, geographical origin, age, immune background of the host and sensitivity of the strains to the drug. In this context, AT may act as an ally for the parasite survival and persistence in the host and a barrier for BZ action. Therefore, we investigated the immunomodulation of T. cruzi-infected human AT in the presence of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) where BZ treatment was added. Methods We performed indirect cultivation between T. cruzi-infected adipocytes, PBMC and the addition of BZ. After 72h of treatment, the supernatant was collected for cytokine, chemokine and adipokine assay. Infected adipocytes were removed to quantify T. cruzi DNA, and PBMC were removed for immunophenotyping. Results Our findings showed elevated secretion of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-2 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) in the AT+PBMC condition compared to the other controls. In contrast, there was a decrease in tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and IL-8/CXCL-8 in the groups with AT. We also found high adipsin secretion in PBMC+AT+T compared to the treated condition (PBMC+AT+T+BZ). Likewise, the expression of CD80+ and HLA-DR+ in CD14+ cells decreased in the presence of T. cruzi. Discussion Thus, our findings indicate that AT promotes up-regulation of inflammatory products such as IL-6, IL-2, and MCP-1/CCL2. However, adipogenic inducers may have triggered the downregulation of TNF and IL-8/CXCL8 through the peroxisome proliferator agonist gamma (PPAR-g) or receptor expression. On the other hand, the administration of BZ only managed to reduce inflammation in the microenvironment by decreasing adipsin in the infected culture conditions. Therefore, given the findings, we can see that AT is an ally of the parasite in evading the host's immune response and the pharmacological action of BZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyllane Rafael Moreira
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Recife, Brazil
| | - Ana Carla Silva
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Claudeir Dias da Silva-Júnior
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Diego José Lira Torres
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Recife, Brazil
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2
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Yazici SE, Gedik ME, Leblebici CB, Kosemehmetoglu K, Gunaydin G, Dogrul AB. Can endocan serve as a molecular "hepatostat" in liver regeneration? Mol Med 2023; 29:29. [PMID: 36849916 PMCID: PMC9972723 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00622-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intriguingly, liver regeneration after injury does not induce uncontrolled growth and the underlying mechanisms of such a "hepatostat" are still not clear. Endocan, a proteoglycan, was implicated in liver regeneration. It can support the function of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor in tissue repair after injury. Endostatin, a 20 kDa C-terminal fragment of collagen XVIII, may modulate the cessation of liver regeneration. eEF2K, a protein kinase that regulates protein synthesis, can regulate angiogenesis. Thus, we investigated the role of endocan, endostatin and eEF2K during normal liver regeneration. METHODS Serum samples and regenerating remnant liver tissues were obtained on various days after partial hepatectomy in rats. mRNA expression levels of Vegf and Pcna were analyzed in addition to immunohistochemical evaluations. Liver tissue protein levels of endostatin, endocan and p-eEF2K/eEF2K were determined with Western blot. Serum levels of endostatin and endocan were assessed with ELISA. RESULTS Pcna expression level in residual liver tissues peaked on day-1, while Vegf expression reached its highest level on days 1-3 after partial hepatectomy (70%). Endocan activity declined gradually on days 1-7. The decrease in liver endocan expression was accompanied by an increase in serum endocan levels. Partial hepatectomy induced a rapid increase in liver endostatin levels. Following its surge on day-1, endostatin expression gradually declined, which was accompanied by a peak in serum endostatin. Finally, partial hepatectomy was shown to regulate eEF2K; thus, increasing protein translation. CONCLUSIONS We revealed possible mechanistic insights into liver regeneration by examining the associations of Pcna, Vegf, endocan, endostatin, eEF2K with hepatic regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Indeed, endocan might serve as a useful biomarker to monitor clinical prognosis in a plethora of conditions such as recovery of donor's remaining liver after living-donor liver transplant. Whether endocan might represent a strategy to optimize liver regeneration when given therapeutically needs to be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Efe Yazici
- Department of General Surgery, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Sihhiye, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Emre Gedik
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Sihhiye, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Can Berk Leblebici
- Department of Pathology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Sihhiye, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kemal Kosemehmetoglu
- Department of Pathology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Sihhiye, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gurcan Gunaydin
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Sihhiye, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Bulent Dogrul
- Department of General Surgery, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Sihhiye, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
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3
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Wang CJ, Noble PB, Elliot JG, James AL, Wang KCW. From Beneath the Skin to the Airway Wall: Understanding the Pathological Role of Adipose Tissue in Comorbid Asthma-Obesity. Compr Physiol 2023; 13:4321-4353. [PMID: 36715283 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This article provides a contemporary report on the role of adipose tissue in respiratory dysfunction. Adipose tissue is distributed throughout the body, accumulating beneath the skin (subcutaneous), around organs (visceral), and importantly in the context of respiratory disease, has recently been shown to accumulate within the airway wall: "airway-associated adipose tissue." Excessive adipose tissue deposition compromises respiratory function and increases the severity of diseases such as asthma. The mechanisms of respiratory impairment are inflammatory, structural, and mechanical in nature, vary depending on the anatomical site of deposition and adipose tissue subtype, and likely contribute to different phenotypes of comorbid asthma-obesity. An understanding of adipose tissue-driven pathophysiology provides an opportunity for diagnostic advancement and patient-specific treatment. As an exemplar, the potential impact of airway-associated adipose tissue is highlighted, and how this may change the management of a patient with asthma who is also obese. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4321-4353, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J Wang
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter B Noble
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - John G Elliot
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, West Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alan L James
- Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, West Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kimberley C W Wang
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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4
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Zhang Y, Wang H, Tu W, Abbas Raza SH, Cao J, Huang J, Wu H, Fan C, Wang S, Zhao Y, Tan Y. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Provides Insight into Spatio-Temporal Expression Characteristics and Genetic Regulatory Network in Postnatal Developing Subcutaneous and Visceral Fat of Bama Pig. Front Genet 2022; 13:844833. [PMID: 35432468 PMCID: PMC9008487 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.844833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The depot differences between Subcutaneous Fat (SAF) and Visceral Fat (VAF) are critical for human well-being and disease processes in regard to energy metabolism and endocrine function. Miniature pigs (Sus scrofa) are ideal biomedical models for human energy metabolism and obesity due to the similarity of their lipid metabolism with that of humans. However, the regulation of differences in fat deposition and development remains unclear. In this study, the development of SAF and VAF was characterized and compared in Bama pig during postnatal development (infancy, puberty and adulthood), using RNA sequencing techniques (RNA-Seq). The transcriptome of SAF and VAF was profiled and isolated from 1-, 3- and 6 months-old pigs and identified 23,636 expressed genes, of which 1,165 genes were differentially expressed between the depots and/or developmental stages. Upregulated genes in SAF showed significant function and pathway enrichment in the central nervous system development, lipid metabolism, oxidation-reduction process and cell adhesion, whereas genes involved in the immune system, actin cytoskeleton organization, male gonad development and the hippo signaling pathway were preferentially expressed in VAF. Miner analysis of short time-series expression demonstrated that differentiation in gene expression patterns between the two depots corresponded to their distinct responses in sexual development, hormone signaling pathways, lipid metabolism and the hippo signaling pathway. Transcriptome analysis of SAF and VAF suggested that the depot differences in adipose tissue are not only related to lipid metabolism and endocrine function, but are closely associated with sexual development and organ size regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yingying Zhang, ; Yongsong Tan,
| | - Hongyang Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai, China
| | - Weilong Tu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Jianguo Cao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Huang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai, China
| | - Huali Wu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun Fan
- Shanghai Laboratory Animal Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Ying Zhao
- Shanghai Laboratory Animal Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongsong Tan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yingying Zhang, ; Yongsong Tan,
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5
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Phillippi DT, Daniel S, Pusadkar V, Youngblood VL, Nguyen KN, Azad RK, McFarlin BK, Lund AK. Inhaled diesel exhaust particles result in microbiome-related systemic inflammation and altered cardiovascular disease biomarkers in C57Bl/6 male mice. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:10. [PMID: 35135577 PMCID: PMC8827295 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00452-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gut microbiota plays a vital role in host homeostasis and is associated with inflammation and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Exposure to particulate matter (PM) is a known mediator of inflammation and CVD and is reported to promote dysbiosis and decreased intestinal integrity. However, the role of inhaled traffic-generated PM on the gut microbiome and its corresponding systemic effects are not well-characterized. Thus, we investigated the hypothesis that exposure to inhaled diesel exhaust particles (DEP) alters the gut microbiome and promotes microbial-related inflammation and CVD biomarkers. 4–6-week-old male C57Bl/6 mice on either a low-fat (LF, 10% fat) or high-fat (HF, 45% fat) diet were exposed via oropharyngeal aspiration to 35 μg DEP suspended in 35 μl saline or saline only (CON) 2x/week for 30 days. To determine whether probiotics could prevent diet or DEP exposure mediated alterations in the gut microbiome or systemic outcomes, a subset of animals on the HF diet were treated orally with 0.3 g/day (~ 7.5 × 108 CFU/day) of Winclove Ecologic® Barrier probiotics throughout the study. Results Our results show that inhaled DEP exposure alters gut microbial profiles, including reducing Actinobacteria and expanding Verrucomicrobia and Proteobacteria. We observed increased circulating LPS, altered circulating cytokines (IL-1α, IL-3, IL-13, IL-15, G-CSF, LIF, MIP-2, and TNF-α), and CVD biomarkers (siCAM, PAI-1, sP-Selectin, thrombomodulin, and PECAM) in DEP-exposed and/or HF diet mice. Furthermore, probiotics attenuated the observed reduction of Actinobacteria and expansion of Proteobacteria in DEP-exposed and HF-diet mice. Probiotics mitigated circulating cytokines (IL-3, IL-13, G-CSF, RANTES, and TNF- α) and CVD biomarkers (siCAM, PAI-1, sP-Selectin, thrombomodulin, and PECAM) in respect to DEP-exposure and/or HF diet. Conclusion Key findings of this study are that inhaled DEP exposure alters small intestinal microbial profiles that play a role in systemic inflammation and early CVD biomarkers. Probiotic treatment in this study was fundamental in understanding the role of inhaled DEP on the microbiome and related systemic inflammatory and CVD biomarkers. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12989-022-00452-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle T Phillippi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, EESAT - 215, 1704 W. Mulberry, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Sarah Daniel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, EESAT - 215, 1704 W. Mulberry, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Vaidehi Pusadkar
- BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Victoria L Youngblood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, EESAT - 215, 1704 W. Mulberry, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Kayla N Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, EESAT - 215, 1704 W. Mulberry, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Rajeev K Azad
- BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA.,Department of Mathematics, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Brian K McFarlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA.,UNT Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Amie K Lund
- Department of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, EESAT - 215, 1704 W. Mulberry, Denton, TX, 76203, USA.
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6
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Verdú E, Homs J, Boadas-Vaello P. Physiological Changes and Pathological Pain Associated with Sedentary Lifestyle-Induced Body Systems Fat Accumulation and Their Modulation by Physical Exercise. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182413333. [PMID: 34948944 PMCID: PMC8705491 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A sedentary lifestyle is associated with overweight/obesity, which involves excessive fat body accumulation, triggering structural and functional changes in tissues, organs, and body systems. Research shows that this fat accumulation is responsible for several comorbidities, including cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and metabolic dysfunctions, as well as pathological pain behaviors. These health concerns are related to the crosstalk between adipose tissue and body systems, leading to pathophysiological changes to the latter. To deal with these health issues, it has been suggested that physical exercise may reverse part of these obesity-related pathologies by modulating the cross talk between the adipose tissue and body systems. In this context, this review was carried out to provide knowledge about (i) the structural and functional changes in tissues, organs, and body systems from accumulation of fat in obesity, emphasizing the crosstalk between fat and body tissues; (ii) the crosstalk between fat and body tissues triggering pain; and (iii) the effects of physical exercise on body tissues and organs in obese and non-obese subjects, and their impact on pathological pain. This information may help one to better understand this crosstalk and the factors involved, and it could be useful in designing more specific training interventions (according to the nature of the comorbidity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Verdú
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
- Correspondence: (E.V.); (P.B.-V.)
| | - Judit Homs
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
- Department of Physical Therapy, EUSES-University of Girona, 17190 Salt, Spain
| | - Pere Boadas-Vaello
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
- Correspondence: (E.V.); (P.B.-V.)
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Lee DH, Ku EJ, Oh TK, Jeon HJ. RANTES 59029A/G Polymorphisms Associated with Diabetic Compilations in Korean Patients with Type 2 Diabetes for over 15 Years. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091445. [PMID: 34573427 PMCID: PMC8468929 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Polymorphisms in the RANTES gene are known to be associated with several diseases related to insulin resistance. In this study, we investigated the association between RANTES 59029A/G polymorphisms and the prevalence of diabetic complications relative to obesity in Korean patients who had type 2 diabetes (T2D) for over 15 years. Methods: A single-center, retrospective case-control study was performed. We included 271 patients with a duration of diabetes greater than 15 years. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to analyze RANTES polymorphisms, identifying genotypes as GG, AG, or AA. Obesity was defined using the body mass index with a cutoff value of 25 kg/m2. Both microvascular (retinopathy and nephropathy) and macrovascular (coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular disease) complications were evaluated. Results: The duration of T2D and hemoglobin A1c values at enrollment were 24.4 ± 5.0 years and 7.8 ± 1.6%, respectively, in the non-obese group, and 25.4 ± 6.1 years and 7.7 ± 1.7%, respectively, in the obese group. The prevalence of microvascular complications was significantly higher in the obese group compared with that in the non-obese group (83.5% vs. 72.0%, p = 0.039). Compared to the non-obese group, the obese group showed a higher proportion of the patients with AA or AG genotypes (64.3% vs. 84.5%, p = 0.001). Conclusions: The A allele of the RANTES gene is associated with obesity and may affect diabetic microvascular complications in patients with T2D for over 15 years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hyun-Jeong Jeon
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-43-269-6352; Fax: +82-43-273-3252
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8
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Finch CE, Haghani A. Gene-Environment Interactions and Stochastic Variations in the Gero-Exposome. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 76:1740-1747. [PMID: 33580247 PMCID: PMC8436990 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited heritability of human life spans suggests an important role for gene-environment (G × E) interactions across the life span (T), from gametes to geronts. Multilevel G × E × T interactions of aging phenotypes are conceptualized in the Gero-Exposome as Exogenous and Endogenous domains. Stochastic variations in the Endogenous domain contribute to the diversity of aging phenotypes, shown for the diversity of inbred Caenorhabditis elegans life spans in the same culture environment, and for variegated gene expression of somatic cells in nematodes and mammals. These phenotypic complexities can be analyzed as 3-way interactions of gene, environment, and stochastic variations, the Tripartite Phenotype of Aging. Single-cell analyses provide tools to explore this broadening frontier of biogerontology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb E Finch
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Dornsife College, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Amin Haghani
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
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9
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Bourgeois C, Gorwood J, Olivo A, Le Pelletier L, Capeau J, Lambotte O, Béréziat V, Lagathu C. Contribution of Adipose Tissue to the Chronic Immune Activation and Inflammation Associated With HIV Infection and Its Treatment. Front Immunol 2021; 12:670566. [PMID: 34220817 PMCID: PMC8250865 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.670566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue (AT) contributes significantly to inflammation – especially in the context of obesity. Several of AT’s intrinsic features favor its key role in local and systemic inflammation: (i) large distribution throughout the body, (ii) major endocrine activity, and (iii) presence of metabolic and immune cells in close proximity. In obesity, the concomitant pro-inflammatory signals produced by immune cells, adipocytes and adipose stem cells help to drive local inflammation in a vicious circle. Although the secretion of adipokines by AT is a prime contributor to systemic inflammation, the lipotoxicity associated with AT dysfunction might also be involved and could affect distant organs. In HIV-infected patients, the AT is targeted by both HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART). During the primary phase of infection, the virus targets AT directly (by infecting AT CD4 T cells) and indirectly (via viral protein release, inflammatory signals, and gut disruption). The initiation of ART drastically changes the picture: ART reduces viral load, restores (at least partially) the CD4 T cell count, and dampens inflammatory processes on the whole-body level but also within the AT. However, ART induces AT dysfunction and metabolic side effects, which are highly dependent on the individual molecules and the combination used. First generation thymidine reverse transcriptase inhibitors predominantly target mitochondrial DNA and induce oxidative stress and adipocyte death. Protease inhibitors predominantly affect metabolic pathways (affecting adipogenesis and adipocyte homeostasis) resulting in insulin resistance. Recently marketed integrase strand transfer inhibitors induce both adipocyte adipogenesis, hypertrophy and fibrosis. It is challenging to distinguish between the respective effects of viral persistence, persistent immune defects and ART toxicity on the inflammatory profile present in ART-controlled HIV-infected patients. The host metabolic status, the size of the pre-established viral reservoir, the quality of the immune restoration, and the natural ageing with associated comorbidities may mitigate and/or reinforce the contribution of antiretrovirals (ARVs) toxicity to the development of low-grade inflammation in HIV-infected patients. Protecting AT functions appears highly relevant in ART-controlled HIV-infected patients. It requires lifestyle habits improvement in the absence of effective anti-inflammatory treatment. Besides, reducing ART toxicities remains a crucial therapeutic goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Bourgeois
- CEA - Université Paris Saclay - INSERM U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Jennifer Gorwood
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardio-métabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), FRM EQU201903007868, Paris, France
| | - Anaelle Olivo
- CEA - Université Paris Saclay - INSERM U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Laura Le Pelletier
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardio-métabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), FRM EQU201903007868, Paris, France
| | - Jacqueline Capeau
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardio-métabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), FRM EQU201903007868, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- CEA - Université Paris Saclay - INSERM U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris Saclay, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Véronique Béréziat
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardio-métabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), FRM EQU201903007868, Paris, France
| | - Claire Lagathu
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardio-métabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), FRM EQU201903007868, Paris, France
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10
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The Effect of Intensive Dietary Intervention on the Level of RANTES and CXCL4 Chemokines in Patients with Non-Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease: A Randomised Study. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10020156. [PMID: 33669450 PMCID: PMC7920478 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet contains meals with plenty of vegetables, fruits and low-fat dairy products, as well as whole grains, fish, poultry and nuts. One of the potential mechanisms of the beneficial effects of the DASH diet on the cardiovascular system may be modification of the inflammatory process. In the present study, we assessed the impact of the DASH diet on selected inflammatory markers in patients with atherosclerosis. The study lasted 12 months and involved 79 patients (40 followed the DASH diet, while 39 were in the control group). The results indicate that the DASH diet lowers the level of the inflammatory markers, which may contribute to the inhibition of atherosclerosis. Abstract Background: Inflammation is the key pathophysiological mechanism of the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. The study objective was to assess the effects of a dietary intervention based on the model of the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet on the levels of chemokines RANTES and CXCL4 in patients with non-obstructive coronary artery disease. Methods: As part of Dietary Intervention to Stop Coronary Atherosclerosis in Computed Tomography (DISCO-CT) study, patients were randomised to an intervention group (n = 40), where the DASH diet was introduced along with optimal pharmacotherapy, and to a control group (n = 39), with optimal pharmacotherapy alone. In the DASH group, systematic dietary counselling was provided for the follow-up period. RANTES and CXCL4 levels were determined using ELISA. Results: In the DASH group, the RANTES level insignificantly reduced from 42.70 ± 21.1 ng/mL to 38.09 ± 18.5 ng/mL (p = 0.134), and the CXCL4 concentration significantly reduced from 12.38 ± 4.1 ng/mL to 8.36 ± 2.3 ng/mL (p = 0.0001). At the same time, an increase in the level of both chemokines was observed in the control group: RANTES from 34.69 ± 22.7 to 40.94 ± 20.0 ng/mL (p = 0.06) and CXCL4 from 10.98 ± 3.6 to 13.0 5± 4.8 ng/mL (p = 0.009). The difference between the changes in both groups was significant for both RANTES (p = 0.03) and CXCL4 (p = 0.00001). The RANTES/CXCL4 ratio reduced in the control group (from 3.52 ± 2.8 to 3.35 ± 2.8; p = 0.006), while in the DASH group, an increase was observed (from 3.54 ± 1.7 to 4.77 ± 2.4; p = 0.001). Conclusions: A 12-month-long intensive dietary intervention based on DASH diet guidelines as an addition to optimal pharmacotherapy causes changes in the levels of chemokines CXCL4 and RANTES and their mutual relationship in comparison to conventional treatment.
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Azzu V, Vacca M, Virtue S, Allison M, Vidal-Puig A. Adipose Tissue-Liver Cross Talk in the Control of Whole-Body Metabolism: Implications in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Gastroenterology 2020; 158:1899-1912. [PMID: 32061598 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue and the liver play significant roles in the regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis, but they have not evolved to cope with the continuous, chronic, nutrient surplus seen in obesity. In this review, we detail how prolonged metabolic stress leads to adipose tissue dysfunction, inflammation, and adipokine release that results in increased lipid flux to the liver. Overall, the upshot of hepatic fat accumulation alongside an insulin-resistant state is that hepatic lipid enzymatic pathways are modulated and overwhelmed, resulting in the selective buildup of toxic lipid species, which worsens the pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic shift observed in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vian Azzu
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital; The Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge.
| | - Michele Vacca
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital
| | - Samuel Virtue
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital
| | - Michael Allison
- The Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
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12
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Rakotoarivelo V, Variya B, Langlois MF, Ramanathan S. Chemokines in human obesity. Cytokine 2019; 127:154953. [PMID: 31865065 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes have been shown to be associated with chronic inflammation. Despite extensive evidence for inflammatory mediators in the obese patients and multiple clinical trials, the outcome has been disappointing. In murine models recruitment of immune cells during inflammation has been shown to contribute to the chronic inflammation. Clearcut evidence for the differential expression of chemokines that mediate this recruitment is not available. In this short review we discuss the observations on CCL2 and CCL5 in human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bhavesh Variya
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-France Langlois
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Sheela Ramanathan
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Bourgeois C, Gorwood J, Barrail-Tran A, Lagathu C, Capeau J, Desjardins D, Le Grand R, Damouche A, Béréziat V, Lambotte O. Specific Biological Features of Adipose Tissue, and Their Impact on HIV Persistence. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2837. [PMID: 31921023 PMCID: PMC6927940 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although white AT can contribute to anti-infectious immune responses, it can also be targeted and perturbed by pathogens. The AT's immune involvement is primarily due to strong pro-inflammatory responses (with both local and paracrine effects), and the large number of fat-resident macrophages. Adipocytes also exert direct antimicrobial responses. In recent years, it has been found that memory T cells accumulate in AT, where they provide efficient secondary responses against viral pathogens. These observations have prompted researchers to re-evaluate the links between obesity and susceptibility to infections. In contrast, AT serves as a reservoir for several persistence pathogens, such as human adenovirus Ad-36, Trypanosoma gondii, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, influenza A virus, and cytomegalovirus (CMV). The presence and persistence of bacterial DNA in AT has led to the concept of a tissue-specific microbiota. The unexpected coexistence of immune cells and pathogens within the specific AT environment is intriguing, and its impact on anti-infectious immune responses requires further evaluation. AT has been recently identified as a site of HIV persistence. In the context of HIV infection, AT is targeted by both the virus and the antiretroviral drugs. AT's intrinsic metabolic features, large overall mass, and wide distribution make it a major tissue reservoir, and one that may contribute to the pathophysiology of chronic HIV infections. Here, we review the immune, metabolic, viral, and pharmacological aspects that contribute to HIV persistence in AT. We also evaluate the respective impacts of both intrinsic and HIV-induced factors on AT's involvement as a viral reservoir. Lastly, we examine the potential consequences of HIV persistence on the metabolic and immune activities of AT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Bourgeois
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Jennifer Gorwood
- INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardio-Métabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Barrail-Tran
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Hôpital Bicêtre, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Claire Lagathu
- INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardio-Métabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jacqueline Capeau
- INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardio-Métabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Desjardins
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Abderaouf Damouche
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Véronique Béréziat
- INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardio-Métabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Hôpital Bicêtre, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Trumble BC, Finch CE. THE EXPOSOME IN HUMAN EVOLUTION: FROM DUST TO DIESEL. THE QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2019; 94:333-394. [PMID: 32269391 PMCID: PMC7141577 DOI: 10.1086/706768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Global exposures to air pollution and cigarette smoke are novel in human evolutionary history and are associated with about 16 million premature deaths per year. We investigate the history of the human exposome for relationships between novel environmental toxins and genetic changes during human evolution in six phases. Phase I: With increased walking on savannas, early human ancestors inhaled crustal dust, fecal aerosols, and spores; carrion scavenging introduced new infectious pathogens. Phase II: Domestic fire exposed early Homo to novel toxins from smoke and cooking. Phases III and IV: Neolithic to preindustrial Homo sapiens incurred infectious pathogens from domestic animals and dense communities with limited sanitation. Phase V: Industrialization introduced novel toxins from fossil fuels, industrial chemicals, and tobacco at the same time infectious pathogens were diminishing. Thereby, pathogen-driven causes of mortality were replaced by chronic diseases driven by sterile inflammogens, exogenous and endogenous. Phase VI: Considers future health during global warming with increased air pollution and infections. We hypothesize that adaptation to some ancient toxins persists in genetic variations associated with inflammation and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Trumble
- School of Human Evolution & Social Change and Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona 85287 USA
| | - Caleb E Finch
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology and Dornsife College, University of Southern California Los Angeles, California 90089-0191 USA
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15
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Validation of reference genes in human epicardial adipose tissue and left ventricular myocardium in heart failure. Biologia (Bratisl) 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-019-00303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Raees A, Bakhamis A, Mohamed-Ali V, Bashah M, Al-Jaber M, Abraham D, Clapp LH, Orie NN. Altered cyclooxygenase-1 and enhanced thromboxane receptor activities underlie attenuated endothelial dilatory capacity of omental arteries in obesity. Life Sci 2019; 239:117039. [PMID: 31704447 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Obesity is a risk factor for endothelial dysfunction, the severity of which is likely to vary depending on extent and impact of adiposity on the vasculature. This study investigates the roles of cyclooxygenase isoforms and thromboxane receptor activities in the differential endothelial dilatory capacities of arteries derived from omental and subcutaneous adipose tissues in obesity. MAIN METHODS Small arteries were isolated from omental and subcutaneous adipose tissues obtained from consented morbidly obese patients (n = 65, BMI 45 ± 6 kg m-2 [Mean ± SD]) undergoing bariatric surgery. Relaxation to acetylcholine was studied by wire myography in the absence or presence of indomethacin (10 μM, cyclooxygenase inhibitor), FR122047 (1 μM, cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitor), Celecoxib (4 μM, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor), Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 100 μM, nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) or combination of apamin (0.5 μM) and charybdotoxin (0.1 μM) that together inhibit endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF). Contractions to U46619 (thromboxane A2 mimetic) were also studied. KEY FINDINGS Acetylcholine relaxation was significantly attenuated in omental compared with subcutaneous arteries from same patients (p < 0.01). Indomethacin (p < 0.01) and FR122047 (p < 0.001) but not Celecoxib significantly improved the omental arteriolar relaxation. Cyclooxygenase-1 mRNA and U46619 contractions were both increased in omental compared with subcutaneous arteries (p < 0.05). L-NAME comparably inhibited acetylcholine relaxation in both arteries, while apamin+charybdotoxin were less effective in omental compared with subcutaneous arteries. SIGNIFICANCE The results show that the depot-specific reduction in endothelial dilatory capacity of omental compared with subcutaneous arteries in obesity is in large part due to altered cyclooxygenase-1 and enhanced thromboxane receptor activities, which cause EDHF deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Raees
- Qatar Analytics and BioResearch Lab, Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Qatar
| | - Aysha Bakhamis
- Qatar Analytics and BioResearch Lab, Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Qatar
| | | | - Moataz Bashah
- Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mashael Al-Jaber
- Qatar Analytics and BioResearch Lab, Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Qatar
| | - David Abraham
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Division of Medicine, University College London, UK
| | - Lucie H Clapp
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, UK
| | - Nelson N Orie
- Qatar Analytics and BioResearch Lab, Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Qatar.
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Schinzari F, Tesauro M, Bertoli A, Valentini A, Veneziani A, Campia U, Cardillo C. Calcification biomarkers and vascular dysfunction in obesity and type 2 diabetes: influence of oral hypoglycemic agents. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E658-E666. [PMID: 31408377 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00204.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vascular aging in obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with progressive vascular calcification, an independent predictor of morbidity and mortality. Pathways for vascular calcification modulate bone matrix deposition, thus regulating calcium deposits. We investigated the association between biomarkers of vascular calcification and vasodilator function in obesity or T2D, and whether antidiabetic therapies favorably impact those markers. Circulating levels of proteins involved in vascular calcification, such as osteopontin (OPN), osteoprotegerin (OPG), regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and fetuin-A were measured in lean subjects, individuals with metabolically healthy obesity (MHO), and patients with metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO) or T2D. Vasodilator function was assessed by infusion of ACh and sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Circulating levels of OPN were higher in the MUO/T2D group than in lean subjects (P < 0.05); OPG and RANTES were higher in MUO/T2D group than in the other groups (both P < 0.001); fetuin-A was not different between groups (P > 0.05); vasodilator responses to either ACh or SNP were impaired in both MUO/T2D and MHO compared with lean subjects (all P < 0.001). In patients with T2D who were enrolled in the intervention trial, antidiabetic treatment with glyburide, metformin, or pioglitazone resulted in a significant reduction of circulating OPG (P = 0.001), without changes in the other biomarkers and vasodilator responses (all P > 0.05). In conclusion, obese patients with MUO/T2D have elevated circulating OPN, OPG, and RANTES; in these patients, antidiabetic treatment reduces only circulating OPG. Further study is needed to better understand the mechanisms of vascular calcifications in obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Schinzari
- Internal Medicine, Policlinico A. Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Manfredi Tesauro
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Bertoli
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Umberto Campia
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Brigham and Women Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carmine Cardillo
- Internal Medicine, Policlinico A. Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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18
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Finch CE, Kulminski AM. The Alzheimer's Disease Exposome. Alzheimers Dement 2019; 15:1123-1132. [PMID: 31519494 PMCID: PMC6788638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.06.3914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Environmental factors are poorly understood in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias. The importance of environmental factors in gene environment interactions (GxE) is suggested by wide individual differences in cognitive loss, even for carriers of AD-risk genetic variants. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION We propose the "AD exposome" to comprehensively assess the modifiable environmental factors relevant to genetic underpinnings of cognitive aging and AD. Analysis of endogenous and exogenous environmental factors requires multi-generational consideration of these interactions over age and time (GxExT). New computational approaches to the multi-level complexities may identify accessible interventions for individual brain aging. International collaborations on diverse populations are needed to identify the most relevant exposures over the life course for GxE interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb E Finch
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Alexander M Kulminski
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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19
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Hilton C, Neville MJ, Wittemans LBL, Todorcevic M, Pinnick KE, Pulit SL, Luan J, Kulyté A, Dahlman I, Wareham NJ, Lotta LA, Arner P, Lindgren CM, Langenberg C, Karpe F. MicroRNA-196a links human body fat distribution to adipose tissue extracellular matrix composition. EBioMedicine 2019; 44:467-475. [PMID: 31151930 PMCID: PMC6607082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal fat mass is associated with metabolic risk whilst gluteal femoral fat is paradoxically protective. MicroRNAs are known to be necessary for adipose tissue formation and function but their role in regulating human fat distribution remains largely unexplored. METHODS An initial microarray screen of abdominal subcutaneous and gluteal adipose tissue, with validatory qPCR, identified microRNA-196a as being strongly differentially expressed between gluteal and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue. FINDINGS We found that rs11614913, a SNP within pre-miR-196a-2 at the HOXC locus, is an eQTL for miR-196a expression in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (ASAT). Observations in large cohorts showed that rs11614913 increased waist-to-hip ratio, which was driven specifically by an expansion in ASAT. In further experiments, rs11614913 was associated with adipocyte size. Functional studies and transcriptomic profiling of miR-196a knock-down pre-adipocytes revealed a role for miR-196a in regulating pre-adipocyte proliferation and extracellular matrix pathways. INTERPRETATION These data identify a role for miR-196a in regulating human body fat distribution. FUND: This work was supported by the Medical Research Council and Novo Nordisk UK Research Foundation (G1001959) and Swedish Research Council. We acknowledge the OBB-NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the British Heart Foundation (BHF) (RG/17/1/32663). Work performed at the MRC Epidemiology Unit was funded by the United Kingdom's Medical Research Council through grants MC_UU_12015/1, MC_PC_13046, MC_PC_13048 and MR/L00002/1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona Hilton
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Matt J Neville
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, OUH Trust, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.
| | - Laura B L Wittemans
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Marijana Todorcevic
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Katherine E Pinnick
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Sara L Pulit
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jian'an Luan
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Agné Kulyté
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital - Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Dahlman
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital - Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Luca A Lotta
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Peter Arner
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital - Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, OUH Trust, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.
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Cho SO, Kim MH, Kim H. β-Carotene Inhibits Activation of NF-κB, Activator Protein-1, and STAT3 and Regulates Abnormal Expression of Some Adipokines in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. J Cancer Prev 2018; 23:37-43. [PMID: 29629347 PMCID: PMC5886493 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2018.23.1.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress occurs in white adipose tissue and dysregulates the expression of adipokines secreted from adipocytes. Since adipokines influence inflammation, supplementation with antioxidants might be beneficial for preventing oxidative stress-mediated inflammation in adipocytes and inflammation-associated complications. β-Carotene is the most prominent antioxidant carotenoid and scavenges reactive oxygen species in various tissues. The purpose of this study was to determine whether β-carotene regulates the expression of adipokines, such as adiponectin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with glucose/glucose oxidase (G/GO). Methods 3T3-L1 adipocytes were cultured with or without β-carotene and treated with G/GO, which produces H2O2. mRNA and protein levels in the medium were determined by a real-time PCR and an ELISA. DNA binding activities of transcription factors were assessed using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Results G/GO treatment increased DNA binding affinities of redox-sensitive transcription factors, such as NF-κB, activator protein-1 (AP-1), and STAT3. G/GO treatment reduced the expression of adiponectin and increased the expression of MCP-1 and RANTES. G/GO-induced activations of NF-κB, AP-1, and STAT3 were inhibited by β-carotene. G/GO-induced dysregulation of adiponectin, MCP-1, and RANTES were significantly recovered by treatment with β-carotene. Conclusions β-Carotene inhibits oxidative stress-induced inflammation by suppressing pro-inflammatory adipokines MCP-1 and RANTES, and by enhancing adiponectin in adipocytes. β-Carotene may be beneficial for preventing oxidative stress-mediated inflammation, which is related to adipokine dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Ok Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Hyun Kim
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hyeyoung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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21
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Sarr O, Strohm RJ, MacDonald TL, Gaudio N, Reed JK, Foute-Nelong J, Dyck DJ, Mutch DM. Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipose Tissue Secretions from Extremely Obese Men and Women both Acutely Suppress Muscle Insulin Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18050959. [PMID: 28468326 PMCID: PMC5454872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue plays a key role in the development of type-2 diabetes via the secretion of adipokines. The current study investigated if secretion media derived from intact visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissues from extremely obese men and women differently suppressed insulin signaling in human skeletal myotubes derived from a healthy, non-diabetic male and female donor, respectively. Adipose tissue samples were collected from men and women during laparoscopic bariatric surgery. In general, secretion media collected from both SAT and VAT depots caused impaired insulin signaling in myotubes, independent of sex. In females, this was true regardless of the protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation site (Akt Thr308 and Akt Ser473) assessed (p < 0.01). In males, both SAT and VAT secretion media reduced Akt Thr308 activation in insulin-stimulated myotubes compared to controls (p < 0.001); however, only the VAT secretion media impaired Akt Ser473 phosphorylation. Independent of sex, 13 out of 18 detected cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors were more abundant in VAT versus SAT secretion media (p < 0.01). Both SAT and VAT secretion media from obese men and women acutely suppress insulin signaling in myotubes, despite different secretion profiles. We propose that this crosstalk model will help to extend our understanding of the interplay between adipose and muscle, as well as the pathogenesis of type-2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ousseynou Sarr
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Rachel Joyce Strohm
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Tara Lynn MacDonald
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Nicholas Gaudio
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | | | | | - David James Dyck
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - David Michael Mutch
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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22
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Almuraikhy S, Kafienah W, Bashah M, Diboun I, Jaganjac M, Al-Khelaifi F, Abdesselem H, Mazloum NA, Alsayrafi M, Mohamed-Ali V, Elrayess MA. Interleukin-6 induces impairment in human subcutaneous adipogenesis in obesity-associated insulin resistance. Diabetologia 2016; 59:2406-2416. [PMID: 27342408 PMCID: PMC5506102 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-4031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS A subset of obese individuals remains insulin sensitive by mechanisms as yet unclear. The hypothesis that maintenance of normal subcutaneous (SC) adipogenesis accounts, at least partially, for this protective phenotype and whether it can be abrogated by chronic exposure to IL-6 was investigated. METHODS Adipose tissue biopsies were collected from insulin-sensitive (IS) and insulin-resistant (IR) individuals undergoing weight-reduction surgery. Adipocyte size, pre-adipocyte proportion of stromal vascular fraction (SVF)-derived cells, adipogenic capacity and gene expression profiles of isolated pre-adipocytes were determined, along with local in vitro IL-6 secretion. Adipogenic capacity was further assessed in response to exogenous IL-6 application. RESULTS Despite being equally obese, IR individuals had significantly lower plasma leptin and adiponectin levels and higher IL-6 levels compared with age-matched IS counterparts. Elevated systemic IL-6 in IR individuals was associated with hyperplasia of adipose tissue-derived SVF cells, despite higher frequency of hypertrophied adipocytes. SC pre-adipocytes from these tissues exhibited lower adipogenic capacity accompanied by downregulation of PPARγ (also known as PPARG) and CEBPα (also known as CEBPA) and upregulation of GATA3 expression. Impaired adipogenesis in IR individuals was further associated with increased adipose secretion of IL-6. Treatment of IS-derived SC pre-adipocytes with IL-6 reduced their adipogenic capacity to levels of the IR group. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Obesity-associated insulin resistance is marked by impaired SC adipogenesis, mediated, at least in a subset of individuals, by elevated local levels of IL-6. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying reduced adipogenic capacity in IR individuals could help target appropriate therapeutic strategies aimed at those at greatest risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamma Almuraikhy
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Sports City Road, P.O. Box 27775, Doha, Qatar
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Wael Kafienah
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Moataz Bashah
- Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ilhame Diboun
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Morana Jaganjac
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Sports City Road, P.O. Box 27775, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Houari Abdesselem
- Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nayef A Mazloum
- Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Vidya Mohamed-Ali
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Sports City Road, P.O. Box 27775, Doha, Qatar
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23
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Vacca M, Di Eusanio M, Cariello M, Graziano G, D'Amore S, Petridis FD, D'orazio A, Salvatore L, Tamburro A, Folesani G, Rutigliano D, Pellegrini F, Sabbà C, Palasciano G, Di Bartolomeo R, Moschetta A. Integrative miRNA and whole-genome analyses of epicardial adipose tissue in patients with coronary atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 109:228-39. [PMID: 26645979 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is an atypical fat depot surrounding the heart with a putative role in the development of atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS We profiled genes and miRNAs in perivascular EAT and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) of metabolically healthy patients without coronary artery disease (CAD) vs. metabolic patients with CAD. Compared with SAT, a specific tuning of miRNAs and genes points to EAT as a tissue characterized by a metabolically active and pro-inflammatory profile. Then, we depicted both miRNA and gene signatures of EAT in CAD, featuring a down-regulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism, mitochondrial function, nuclear receptor transcriptional activity, and an up-regulation of those involved in antigen presentation, chemokine signalling, and inflammation. Finally, we identified miR-103-3p as candidate modulator of CCL13 in EAT, and a potential biomarker role for the chemokine CCL13 in CAD. CONCLUSION EAT in CAD is characterized by changes in the regulation of metabolism and inflammation with miR-103-3p/CCL13 pair as novel putative actors in EAT function and CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Vacca
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy Fondazione Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro (CH), Italy Ageing Research Center (CeSI), 'G. d'Annunzio' University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Di Eusanio
- Cardiovascular Department, 'S.Orsola Malpighi' Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marica Cariello
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy National Cancer Research Center IRCCS 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | - Giusi Graziano
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy National Cancer Research Center IRCCS 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | - Simona D'Amore
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy Fondazione Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro (CH), Italy National Cancer Research Center IRCCS 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Gianluca Folesani
- Cardiovascular Department, 'S.Orsola Malpighi' Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Carlo Sabbà
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Palasciano
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Di Bartolomeo
- Cardiovascular Department, 'S.Orsola Malpighi' Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy Fondazione Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro (CH), Italy National Cancer Research Center IRCCS 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
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24
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Damouche A, Lazure T, Avettand-Fènoël V, Huot N, Dejucq-Rainsford N, Satie AP, Mélard A, David L, Gommet C, Ghosn J, Noel N, Pourcher G, Martinez V, Benoist S, Béréziat V, Cosma A, Favier B, Vaslin B, Rouzioux C, Capeau J, Müller-Trutwin M, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Le Grand R, Lambotte O, Bourgeois C. Adipose Tissue Is a Neglected Viral Reservoir and an Inflammatory Site during Chronic HIV and SIV Infection. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005153. [PMID: 26402858 PMCID: PMC4581628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two of the crucial aspects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are (i) viral persistence in reservoirs (precluding viral eradication) and (ii) chronic inflammation (directly associated with all-cause morbidities in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-controlled HIV-infected patients). The objective of the present study was to assess the potential involvement of adipose tissue in these two aspects. Adipose tissue is composed of adipocytes and the stromal vascular fraction (SVF); the latter comprises immune cells such as CD4+ T cells and macrophages (both of which are important target cells for HIV). The inflammatory potential of adipose tissue has been extensively described in the context of obesity. During HIV infection, the inflammatory profile of adipose tissue has been revealed by the occurrence of lipodystrophies (primarily related to ART). Data on the impact of HIV on the SVF (especially in individuals not receiving ART) are scarce. We first analyzed the impact of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection on abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues in SIVmac251 infected macaques and found that both adipocytes and adipose tissue immune cells were affected. The adipocyte density was elevated, and adipose tissue immune cells presented enhanced immune activation and/or inflammatory profiles. We detected cell-associated SIV DNA and RNA in the SVF and in sorted CD4+ T cells and macrophages from adipose tissue. We demonstrated that SVF cells (including CD4+ T cells) are infected in ART-controlled HIV-infected patients. Importantly, the production of HIV RNA was detected by in situ hybridization, and after the in vitro reactivation of sorted CD4+ T cells from adipose tissue. We thus identified adipose tissue as a crucial cofactor in both viral persistence and chronic immune activation/inflammation during HIV infection. These observations open up new therapeutic strategies for limiting the size of the viral reservoir and decreasing low-grade chronic inflammation via the modulation of adipose tissue-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderaouf Damouche
- Université Paris Sud, UMR 1184, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- CEA, DSV/iMETI, IDMIT, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- INSERM, U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Thierry Lazure
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d’anatomo-pathologie, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Véronique Avettand-Fènoël
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, EA 7327, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Huot
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | | | - Anne-Pascale Satie
- INSERM, U1085-IRSET, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | - Adeline Mélard
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, EA 7327, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Ludivine David
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, EA 7327, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | | | - Jade Ghosn
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, EA 7327, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Noel
- Université Paris Sud, UMR 1184, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- CEA, DSV/iMETI, IDMIT, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- INSERM, U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie clinique, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Guillaume Pourcher
- Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Béclère, Service de Chirurgie Viscérale Minimale invasive, Clamart, France
- INSERM U972, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
| | - Valérie Martinez
- Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie clinique, Clamart, France
| | - Stéphane Benoist
- Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service de Chirurgie générale et digestive, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Véronique Béréziat
- INSERM UMR S938, CDR Saint-Antoine; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Biochimie et Hormonologie; ICAN, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France
| | - Antonio Cosma
- Université Paris Sud, UMR 1184, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- CEA, DSV/iMETI, IDMIT, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- INSERM, U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Benoit Favier
- Université Paris Sud, UMR 1184, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- CEA, DSV/iMETI, IDMIT, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- INSERM, U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Bruno Vaslin
- Université Paris Sud, UMR 1184, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- CEA, DSV/iMETI, IDMIT, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- INSERM, U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Christine Rouzioux
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, EA 7327, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Jacqueline Capeau
- INSERM UMR S938, CDR Saint-Antoine; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Biochimie et Hormonologie; ICAN, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France
| | | | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- Université Paris Sud, UMR 1184, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- CEA, DSV/iMETI, IDMIT, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- INSERM, U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris Sud, UMR 1184, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- CEA, DSV/iMETI, IDMIT, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- INSERM, U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- Université Paris Sud, UMR 1184, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- CEA, DSV/iMETI, IDMIT, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- INSERM, U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie clinique, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Christine Bourgeois
- Université Paris Sud, UMR 1184, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- CEA, DSV/iMETI, IDMIT, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- INSERM, U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- * E-mail:
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25
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Pinnick KE, Nicholson G, Manolopoulos KN, McQuaid SE, Valet P, Frayn KN, Denton N, Min JL, Zondervan KT, Fleckner J, McCarthy MI, Holmes CC, Karpe F. Distinct developmental profile of lower-body adipose tissue defines resistance against obesity-associated metabolic complications. Diabetes 2014; 63:3785-97. [PMID: 24947352 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Upper- and lower-body fat depots exhibit opposing associations with obesity-related metabolic disease. We defined the relationship between DEXA-quantified fat depots and diabetes/cardiovascular risk factors in a healthy population-based cohort (n = 3,399). Gynoid fat mass correlated negatively with insulin resistance after total fat mass adjustment, whereas the opposite was seen for abdominal fat. Paired transcriptomic analysis of gluteal subcutaneous adipose tissue (GSAT) and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (ASAT) was performed across the BMI spectrum (n = 49; 21.4-45.5 kg/m(2)). In both depots, energy-generating metabolic genes were negatively associated and inflammatory genes were positively associated with obesity. However, associations were significantly weaker in GSAT. At the systemic level, arteriovenous release of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (n = 34) was lower from GSAT than ASAT. Isolated preadipocytes retained a depot-specific transcriptional "memory" of embryonic developmental genes and exhibited differential promoter DNA methylation of selected genes (HOTAIR, TBX5) between GSAT and ASAT. Short hairpin RNA-mediated silencing identified TBX5 as a regulator of preadipocyte proliferation and adipogenic differentiation in ASAT. In conclusion, intrinsic differences in the expression of developmental genes in regional adipocytes provide a mechanistic basis for diversity in adipose tissue (AT) function. The less inflammatory nature of lower-body AT offers insight into the opposing metabolic disease risk associations between upper- and lower-body obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Pinnick
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.
| | - George Nicholson
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. Medical Research Council Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, U.K
| | | | - Siobhán E McQuaid
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Philippe Valet
- Institut des Maladies Metaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM-Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Keith N Frayn
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Nathan Denton
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Josine L Min
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Krina T Zondervan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Jan Fleckner
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, Gentofte, Denmark
| | | | - Mark I McCarthy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. National Institute for Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, U.K
| | - Chris C Holmes
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. National Institute for Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, U.K
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Physical exercise reduces the expression of RANTES and its CCR5 receptor in the adipose tissue of obese humans. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:627150. [PMID: 24895488 PMCID: PMC4016945 DOI: 10.1155/2014/627150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
RANTES and its CCR5 receptor trigger inflammation and its progression to insulin resistance in obese. In the present study, we investigated for the first time the effect of physical exercise on the expression of RANTES and CCR5 in obese humans. Fifty-seven adult nondiabetic subjects (17 lean and 40 obese) were enrolled in a 3-month supervised physical exercise. RANTES and CCR5 expressions were measured in PBMCs and subcutaneous adipose tissue before and after exercise. Circulating plasma levels of RANTES were also investigated. There was a significant increase in RANTES and CCR5 expression in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese compared to lean. In PBMCs, however, while the levels of RANTES mRNA and protein were comparable between both groups, CCR5 mRNA was downregulated in obese subjects (P < 0.05). Physical exercise significantly reduced the expression of both RANTES and CCR5 (P < 0.05) in the adipose tissue of obese individuals with a concomitant decrease in the levels of the inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-6, and P-JNK. Circulating RANTES correlated negatively with anti-inflammatory IL-1ra (P = 0.001) and positively with proinflammatory IP-10 and TBARS levels (P < 0.05). Therefore, physical exercise may provide an effective approach for combating the deleterious effects associated with obesity through RANTES signaling in the adipose tissue.
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27
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Svensson H, Odén B, Edén S, Lönn M. Adiponectin, chemerin, cytokines, and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 are released from human adipose tissue in a depot-dependent manner: an in vitro system including human serum albumin. BMC Endocr Disord 2014; 14:7. [PMID: 24447654 PMCID: PMC3909312 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6823-14-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose tissue (AT) contributes to metabolic dysfunction through imbalanced production of adipokines, including cytokines. Visceral AT in particular is associated with metabolic disorders, indicating a specific secretory status. The relative significance of different human AT depots in adipokine release is not fully known. Further, previous in vitro systems usually included medium containing bovine serum albumin (BSA), which may induce cytokine release. Our aim was to compare release of a number of adipokines/cytokines - all implicated in insulin resistance - from human subcutaneous and visceral AT in a short-term incubation system minimizing cytokine induction and including repeated measurements during 24 h. A prerequisite was to evaluate a potential alternative to BSA in the incubation medium. METHODS Subcutaneous and/or visceral AT from 17 patients (age 20-68 years; BMI 22.6-56.7 kg/m2) undergoing elective surgery was incubated for 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 h in medium with or without 1% BSA or human serum albumin (HSA). Medium concentrations of adiponectin, chemerin, nine cytokines, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), and omentin were analyzed by multiplex immunoassay or ELISA. Adipocyte size, AT macrophage density, and medium concentrations of endotoxin were determined. RESULTS Cytokine release was induced by BSA but not by HSA. In evaluation of the final incubation protocol including 1% HSA, and as expected, adiponectin release was higher from subcutaneous biopsies of nonobese than of obese subjects and inversely associated with adipocyte size; omentin was released almost exclusively from visceral AT. Exploratory incubations revealed more abundant release of chemerin, cytokines (except IL-6), and DPP4 from the visceral depot, while adiponectin release was higher from subcutaneous than visceral AT. Release was linear for a maximum of 2-6 h. Macrophage density was higher in visceral than subcutaneous AT. Levels of endotoxin in the medium were negligible. CONCLUSIONS Adiponectin, chemerin, many cytokines, and DPP4 are released from human AT in a depot-dependent manner. These results highlight functional differences between visceral and subcutaneous AT, and a mechanistic link between regional fat accumulation and metabolic disorders. Supplementation of human AT incubation medium with HSA rather than BSA is recommended to minimize induction of cytokine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Svensson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Odén
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Staffan Edén
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Malin Lönn
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Bruna stråket 16, S-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
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28
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Gender differences in fat distribution and inflammatory markers among Arabs. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:497324. [PMID: 24227909 PMCID: PMC3818915 DOI: 10.1155/2013/497324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies from the Gulf region suggest that compared to men, women have a greater risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MeS). Objective. To investigate gender differences in body composition, adipokines, inflammatory markers, and aerobic fitness in a cohort of healthy Qatari adults. Participants. Healthy Qatari (n = 58) were matched for age, gender, and body mass index. Methods. Body composition and regional fat distribution were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and computerized tomography. Laboratory assessments included serum levels of fasting glucose, insulin, lipid profile analysis, adipokines, and inflammatory markers. Subjects were also evaluated for aerobic fitness. Results. Women had more adipose tissue in the total abdominal (P = 0.04) and abdominal subcutaneous (P = 0.07) regions compared to men. Waist circumference and indices of insulin sensitivity were similar; however, women had a more favourable lipid profile than men. Serum adiponectin and leptin levels were significantly higher in women, whereas inflammatory profiles were not different between men and women. Aerobic fitness was lower in women and was associated with abdominal fat accumulation. Conclusion. In premenopausal women, higher levels of adiponectin may support maintenance of insulin sensitivity and normolipidemia despite greater adiposity. However, poor aerobic fitness combined with abdominal fat accumulation may explain their greater future risk of MeS compared with men.
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Tchkonia T, Thomou T, Zhu Y, Karagiannides I, Pothoulakis C, Jensen MD, Kirkland JL. Mechanisms and metabolic implications of regional differences among fat depots. Cell Metab 2013; 17:644-656. [PMID: 23583168 PMCID: PMC3942783 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fat distribution is closely linked to metabolic disease risk. Distribution varies with sex, genetic background, disease state, certain drugs and hormones, development, and aging. Preadipocyte replication and differentiation, developmental gene expression, susceptibility to apoptosis and cellular senescence, vascularity, inflammatory cell infiltration, and adipokine secretion vary among depots, as do fatty-acid handling and mechanisms of enlargement with positive-energy and loss with negative-energy balance. How interdepot differences in these molecular, cellular, and pathophysiological properties are related is incompletely understood. Whether fat redistribution causes metabolic disease or whether it is a marker of underlying processes that are primarily responsible is an open question.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Thomou
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yi Zhu
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging
| | - Iordanes Karagiannides
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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30
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Shu CJ, Benoist C, Mathis D. The immune system's involvement in obesity-driven type 2 diabetes. Semin Immunol 2013; 24:436-42. [PMID: 23333525 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is now a worldwide epidemic, strongly correlated with an elevated incidence of obesity. Obesity-associated adipose tissue inflammation is a major cause of the decreased insulin sensitivity seen in type 2 diabetes. Recent studies have shed light on the cross-talk between the immune system and organismal metabolism. This review discusses the connection between inflammation in adipose tissue and systemic insulin resistance, focusing on the roles of innate and adaptive immune cell subsets in the pathogenesis of this metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyi Jenny Shu
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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31
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Piya MK, McTernan PG, Kumar S. Adipokine inflammation and insulin resistance: the role of glucose, lipids and endotoxin. J Endocrinol 2013; 216:T1-T15. [PMID: 23160966 DOI: 10.1530/joe-12-0498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is an active endocrine organ, and our knowledge of this secretory tissue, in recent years, has led us to completely rethink how our body functions and becomes dysregulated with weight gain. Human adipose tissue appears to act as a multifunctional secretory organ with the capacity to control energy homoeostasis through peripheral and central regulation of energy homoeostasis. It also plays an important role in innate immunity. However, the capability to more than double its original mass to cope with positive energy balance in obesity leads to many pathogenic changes. These changes arise within the adipose tissue as well as inducing secondary detrimental effects on other organs like muscle and liver, including chronic low-grade inflammation mediated by adipocytokines (adipokine inflammation). This inflammation is modulated by dietary factors and nutrients including glucose and lipids, as well as gut bacteria in the form of endotoxin or LPS. The aim of this current review is to consider the impact of nutrients such as glucose and lipids on inflammatory pathways, specifically within adipose tissue. Furthermore, how nutrients such as these can influence adipokine inflammation and consequently insulin resistance directly through their effects on secretion of adipocytokines (TNFα, IL6 and resistin) as well as indirectly through increases in endotoxin is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Piya
- Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University Hospital Site, University of Warwick, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK.
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32
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Adipose tissue heterogeneity: implication of depot differences in adipose tissue for obesity complications. Mol Aspects Med 2012; 34:1-11. [PMID: 23068073 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 526] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, defined as excess fat mass, increases risks for multiple metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and several types of cancer. Over and above fat mass per se, the pattern of fat distribution, android or truncal as compared to gynoid or peripheral, has a profound influence on systemic metabolism and hence risk for metabolic diseases. Increases in upper body adipose tissue (visceral and abdominal subcutaneous) confer an independent risk, while the quantity of gluteofemoral adipose tissue is protective. Variations in the capacity of different depots to store and release fatty acids and to produce adipokines are important determinants of fat distribution and its metabolic consequences. Depot differences in cellular composition and physiology, including innervation and blood flow, likely influence their phenotypic properties. A number of lines of evidence also support the idea that adipocytes from different anatomical depots are intrinsically different as a result of genetic or developmental events. In this chapter, we will review the phenotypic characteristics of different adipose depots and mechanisms that link their depot-specific biology to metabolic complications in men and women.
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Huang CL, Lamb J, Chindelevitch L, Kostrowicki J, Guinney J, DeLisi C, Ziemek D. Correlation set analysis: detecting active regulators in disease populations using prior causal knowledge. BMC Bioinformatics 2012; 13:46. [PMID: 22443377 PMCID: PMC3382432 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-13-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of active causal regulators is a crucial problem in understanding mechanism of diseases or finding drug targets. Methods that infer causal regulators directly from primary data have been proposed and successfully validated in some cases. These methods necessarily require very large sample sizes or a mix of different data types. Recent studies have shown that prior biological knowledge can successfully boost a method's ability to find regulators. RESULTS We present a simple data-driven method, Correlation Set Analysis (CSA), for comprehensively detecting active regulators in disease populations by integrating co-expression analysis and a specific type of literature-derived causal relationships. Instead of investigating the co-expression level between regulators and their regulatees, we focus on coherence of regulatees of a regulator. Using simulated datasets we show that our method performs very well at recovering even weak regulatory relationships with a low false discovery rate. Using three separate real biological datasets we were able to recover well known and as yet undescribed, active regulators for each disease population. The results are represented as a rank-ordered list of regulators, and reveals both single and higher-order regulatory relationships. CONCLUSIONS CSA is an intuitive data-driven way of selecting directed perturbation experiments that are relevant to a disease population of interest and represent a starting point for further investigation. Our findings demonstrate that combining co-expression analysis on regulatee sets with a literature-derived network can successfully identify causal regulators and help develop possible hypothesis to explain disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ling Huang
- Bioinformatics Graduate Program, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - John Lamb
- Oncology Research Unit, Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer, 10646 Science center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Leonid Chindelevitch
- Computational Sciences Center of Emphasis, Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer, 35 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - Jarek Kostrowicki
- Oncology Research Unit, Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer, 10646 Science center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Justin Guinney
- Sage Bionetworks, 1100 Fairview Ave North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Charles DeLisi
- Bioinformatics Graduate Program, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Daniel Ziemek
- Computational Sciences Center of Emphasis, Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer, 35 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
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Taube A, Schlich R, Sell H, Eckardt K, Eckel J. Inflammation and metabolic dysfunction: links to cardiovascular diseases. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 302:H2148-65. [PMID: 22447947 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00907.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abdominal obesity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and recent studies highlight a key role of adipose tissue dysfunction, inflammation, and aberrant adipokine release in this process. An increased demand for lipid storage results in both hyperplasia and hypertrophy, finally leading to chronic inflammation, hypoxia, and a phenotypic change of the cellular components of adipose tissue, collectively leading to a substantially altered secretory output of adipose tissue. In this review we have assessed the adipo-vascular axis, and an overview of adipokines associated with cardiovascular disease is provided. This resulted in a first list of more than 30 adipokines. A deeper analysis only considered adipokines that have been reported to impact on inflammation and NF-κB activation in the vasculature. Out of these, the most prominent link to cardiovascular disease was found for leptin, TNF-α, adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein, interleukins, and several novel adipokines such as lipocalin-2 and pigment epithelium-derived factor. Future work will need to address the potential role of these molecules as biomarkers and/or drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Taube
- Paul Langerhans Group, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany
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van der Weerd K, Dik WA, Schrijver B, Schweitzer DH, Langerak AW, Drexhage HA, Kiewiet RM, van Aken MO, van Huisstede A, van Dongen JJ, van der Lelij AJ, Staal FJ, van Hagen PM. Morbidly obese human subjects have increased peripheral blood CD4+ T cells with skewing toward a Treg- and Th2-dominated phenotype. Diabetes 2012; 61:401-8. [PMID: 22228716 PMCID: PMC3266399 DOI: 10.2337/db11-1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with local T-cell abnormalities in adipose tissue. Systemic obesity-related abnormalities in the peripheral blood T-cell compartment are not well defined. In this study, we investigated the peripheral blood T-cell compartment of morbidly obese and lean subjects. We determined all major T-cell subpopulations via six-color flow cytometry, including CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, CD4+ T-helper (Th) subpopulations, and natural CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T-regulatory (Treg) cells. Moreover, molecular analyses to assess thymic output, T-cell proliferation (T-cell receptor excision circle analysis), and T-cell receptor-β (TCRB) repertoire (GeneScan analysis) were performed. In addition, we determined plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines and cytokines associated with Th subpopulations and T-cell proliferation. Morbidly obese subjects had a selective increase in peripheral blood CD4+ naive, memory, natural CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg, and Th2 T cells, whereas CD8+ T cells were normal. CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell proliferation was increased, whereas the TCRB repertoire was not significantly altered. Plasma levels of cytokines CCL5 and IL-7 were elevated. CD4+ T-cell numbers correlated positively with fasting insulin levels. The peripheral blood T-cell compartment of morbidly obese subjects is characterized by increased homeostatic T-cell proliferation to which cytokines IL-7 and CCL5, among others, might contribute. This is associated with increased CD4+ T cells, with skewing toward a Treg- and Th2-dominated phenotype, suggesting a more anti-inflammatory set point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim van der Weerd
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Willem A. Dik
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Schrijver
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dave H. Schweitzer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reinier de Graaf Group of Hospitals, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Anton W. Langerak
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hemmo A. Drexhage
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rosalie M. Kiewiet
- Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Aart-Jan van der Lelij
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank J.T. Staal
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - P. Martin van Hagen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Corresponding author: P. Martin van Hagen,
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Gao X, Mi S, Zhang F, Gong F, Lai Y, Gao F, Zhang X, Wang L, Tao H. Association of chemerin mRNA expression in human epicardial adipose tissue with coronary atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2011; 10:87. [PMID: 21981776 PMCID: PMC3198902 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-10-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Growing evidence suggests that epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) may play a key role in the pathogenesis and development of coronary artery disease (CAD) by producing several inflammatory adipokines. Chemerin, a novel adipokine, has been reported to be involved in regulating immune responses and glucolipid metabolism. Given these properties, chemerin may provide an interesting link between obesity, inflammation and atherosclerosis. In this study, we sought to determine the relationship of chemerin expression in EAT and the severity of coronary atherosclerosis in Han Chinese patients. Methods Serums and adipose tissue biopsies (epicardial and thoracic subcutaneous) were obtained from CAD (n = 37) and NCAD (n = 16) patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. Gensini score was used to assess the severity of CAD. Serum levels of chemerin, adiponectin and insulin were measured by ELISA. Chemerin protein expression in adipose tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry. The mRNA levels of chemerin, chemR23, adiponectin and TNF-alpha in adipose tissue were detected by RT-PCR. Results We found that EAT of CAD group showed significantly higher levels of chemerin and TNF-alpha mRNA, and significantly lower level of adiponectin mRNA than that of NCAD patients. In CAD group, significantly higher levels of chemerin mRNA and protein were observed in EAT than in paired subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), whereas such significant difference was not found in NCAD group. Chemerin mRNA expression in EAT was positively correlated with Gensini score (r = 0.365, P < 0.05), moreover, this correlation remained statistically significant (r = 0.357, P < 0.05) after adjusting for age, gender, BMI and waist circumference. Chemerin mRNA expression in EAT was also positively correlated with BMI (r = 0.305, P < 0.05), waist circumference (r = 0.384, P < 0.01), fasting blood glucose (r = 0.334, P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with adiponectin mRNA expression in EAT (r = -0.322, P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the serum levels of chemerin or adiponectin between the two groups. Likewise, neither serum chemerin nor serum adiponectin was associated with Gensini score (P > 0.05). Conclusions The expressions of chemerin mRNA and protein are significantly higher in EAT from patients with CAD in Han Chinese patients. Furthermore, the severity of coronary atherosclerosis is positive correlated with the level of chemerin mRNA in EAT rather than its circulating level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuying Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100029, China
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37
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Miller NE, Michel CC, Nanjee MN, Olszewski WL, Miller IP, Hazell M, Olivecrona G, Sutton P, Humphreys SM, Frayn KN. Secretion of adipokines by human adipose tissue in vivo: partitioning between capillary and lymphatic transport. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 301:E659-67. [PMID: 21750269 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00058.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Peptides secreted by adipose tissue (adipokines) may enter blood via capillaries or lymph. The relative importance of these pathways for a given adipokine might influence its biological effects. Because this has not been studied in any species, we measured the concentrations of seven adipokines and eight nonsecreted proteins in afferent peripheral lymph and venous plasma from 12 healthy men. Data for nonsecreted proteins were used to derive indices of microvascular permeability, which in conjunction with the molecular radii of the adipokines were used to estimate the amounts leaving the tissue via capillaries. Transport rates via lymph were estimated from the lymph adipokine concentrations and lymph flow rates and total transport (secretion) as the sum of this and capillary transport. Concentrations of nonsecreted proteins were always lower in lymph than in plasma. With the exception of adiponectin, adipokine concentrations were always higher in lymph (P < 0.01). Leptin and MCP-1 were secreted at the highest rates (means: 43 μg/h or 2.7 nmol/h and 32 μg/h or 2.4 nmol/h, respectively). IL-6 and MCP-1 secretion rates varied greatly between subjects. The proportion of an adipokine transported via lymph was directly related to its molecular radius (r(s) = +0.94, P = 0.025, n = 6), increasing from 14 to 100% as the radius increased from 1.18 (IL-8) to 3.24 nm (TNFα). We conclude that the lymph/capillary partitioning of adipokines is a function of molecular size, which may affect both their regional and systemic effects in vivo. This finding may have implications for the physiology of peptides secreted by other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman E Miller
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, UK
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38
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Divoux A, Clément K. Architecture and the extracellular matrix: the still unappreciated components of the adipose tissue. Obes Rev 2011; 12:e494-503. [PMID: 21366833 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2010.00811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is usually characterized by the modification of both the amount and composition of a wide panel of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. In the liver, pancreas, kidney and lung the accumulation of fibrosis disrupts cellular processes and appears detrimental for organ function. This review highlights the available evidence supporting an important ECM remodelling in adipose tissue (AT) and, in particular, during the development of obesity. The modifications and occurrence of new adipose ECM components leads to an abnormal accumulation of fibrosis in this tissue. This phenomenon was well described in rodent models and evidence is beginning to emerge in humans; however, the origin and potential impact of these depots in AT biology are unclear. Two animal models with disruptions in ECM components (secreted proteins acidic in nature rich in cysteine null mice and ob/ob collagen VI null mice) suggest that fibrosis limits adipocyte hypertrophy and may cause the metabolic disorders associated with obesity. Over-expression of Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 leading to an increase in collagen expression suggests a role for hypoxia in fibrosis development. We conclude this review with possible hypotheses regarding the cellular and molecular contributors of fibrosis initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Divoux
- INSERM, U872, Nutriomique (Team 7), Paris, France.
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39
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Protective effect of epicardial adiponectin on atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2011; 39:228-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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40
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Kaminski DA, Randall TD. Adaptive immunity and adipose tissue biology. Trends Immunol 2010; 31:384-90. [PMID: 20817556 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Studies of immunity typically focus on understanding how hematopoietic cells interact within conventional secondary lymphoid tissues. However, immune reactions and their regulation occur in various environments within the body. Adipose tissue is one tissue that can influence and be influenced by adjacent and embedded lymphocytes. Despite the abundance and wide distribution of such tissue, and despite a growing obesity epidemic, studies of these interactions have been only marginally appreciated in the past. Here, we review advances in understanding of lymphoid structures within adipose tissue, the relationship between adipose tissue and adaptive immune function, and evidence for how this relationship contributes to obesity-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise A Kaminski
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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41
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Kirovski G, Gäbele E, Dorn C, Moleda L, Niessen C, Weiss TS, Wobser H, Schacherer D, Buechler C, Wasmuth HE, Hellerbrand C. Hepatic steatosis causes induction of the chemokine RANTES in the absence of significant hepatic inflammation. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2010. [PMID: 20830238 DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1246351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a spectrum ranging from simple steatosis to cirrhosis. Hepatocellular lipid accumulation is a hallmark of both nonalcoholic steatosis and steatohepatitis (NASH). The latter develops upon pro-inflammatory cell infiltration and is widely considered as the first relevant pathophysiological step in NAFLD-progression. The chemokine CCL5/RANTES plays an important role in the progression of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. We here aimed to investigate its expression in NAFLD. Incubation of primary human hepatocytes with palmitic acid induced a dose-dependent lipid accumulation, and corresponding dose-dependent RANTES induction in vitro. Furthermore, we observed significantly elevated hepatic RANTES expression in a dietary model of NAFLD, in which mice were fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. This diet induced significant hepatic steatosis but only minimal inflammation. In contrast to the liver, RANTES expression was not induced in visceral adipose tissue of the group fed with high-fat diet. Finally, RANTES serum levels were elevated in patients with ultrasound-diagnosed NAFLD. In conclusion, our data indicate hepatocytes as cellular source of elevated hepatic as well as circulating RANTES levels in response to hepatic steatosis. Noteworthy, upregulation of RANTES in response to lipid accumulation occurs in the absence of relevant inflammation, which further indicates that hepatic steatosis per se has pathophysiological relevance and should not be considered as benign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi Kirovski
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Karastergiou K, Evans I, Ogston N, Miheisi N, Nair D, Kaski JC, Jahangiri M, Mohamed-Ali V. Epicardial Adipokines in Obesity and Coronary Artery Disease Induce Atherogenic Changes in Monocytes and Endothelial Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:1340-6. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.204719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kalypso Karastergiou
- From the Adipokines and Metabolism Research Group, Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medicine (K.K., N.O., N.M., and V.M.-A.), University College London, London, England; the Department of Cardiac and Vascular Sciences (K.K., J.-C.K., and M.J.), St George’s University of London, London; the Centre for Cardiovascular Biology, Division of Medicine (I.E.), University College London; and the Department of Clinical Chemistry (D.N.), Royal Free Hospital, London
| | - Ian Evans
- From the Adipokines and Metabolism Research Group, Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medicine (K.K., N.O., N.M., and V.M.-A.), University College London, London, England; the Department of Cardiac and Vascular Sciences (K.K., J.-C.K., and M.J.), St George’s University of London, London; the Centre for Cardiovascular Biology, Division of Medicine (I.E.), University College London; and the Department of Clinical Chemistry (D.N.), Royal Free Hospital, London
| | - Nicola Ogston
- From the Adipokines and Metabolism Research Group, Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medicine (K.K., N.O., N.M., and V.M.-A.), University College London, London, England; the Department of Cardiac and Vascular Sciences (K.K., J.-C.K., and M.J.), St George’s University of London, London; the Centre for Cardiovascular Biology, Division of Medicine (I.E.), University College London; and the Department of Clinical Chemistry (D.N.), Royal Free Hospital, London
| | - Nazar Miheisi
- From the Adipokines and Metabolism Research Group, Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medicine (K.K., N.O., N.M., and V.M.-A.), University College London, London, England; the Department of Cardiac and Vascular Sciences (K.K., J.-C.K., and M.J.), St George’s University of London, London; the Centre for Cardiovascular Biology, Division of Medicine (I.E.), University College London; and the Department of Clinical Chemistry (D.N.), Royal Free Hospital, London
| | - Devaki Nair
- From the Adipokines and Metabolism Research Group, Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medicine (K.K., N.O., N.M., and V.M.-A.), University College London, London, England; the Department of Cardiac and Vascular Sciences (K.K., J.-C.K., and M.J.), St George’s University of London, London; the Centre for Cardiovascular Biology, Division of Medicine (I.E.), University College London; and the Department of Clinical Chemistry (D.N.), Royal Free Hospital, London
| | - Juan-Carlos Kaski
- From the Adipokines and Metabolism Research Group, Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medicine (K.K., N.O., N.M., and V.M.-A.), University College London, London, England; the Department of Cardiac and Vascular Sciences (K.K., J.-C.K., and M.J.), St George’s University of London, London; the Centre for Cardiovascular Biology, Division of Medicine (I.E.), University College London; and the Department of Clinical Chemistry (D.N.), Royal Free Hospital, London
| | - Marjan Jahangiri
- From the Adipokines and Metabolism Research Group, Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medicine (K.K., N.O., N.M., and V.M.-A.), University College London, London, England; the Department of Cardiac and Vascular Sciences (K.K., J.-C.K., and M.J.), St George’s University of London, London; the Centre for Cardiovascular Biology, Division of Medicine (I.E.), University College London; and the Department of Clinical Chemistry (D.N.), Royal Free Hospital, London
| | - Vidya Mohamed-Ali
- From the Adipokines and Metabolism Research Group, Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medicine (K.K., N.O., N.M., and V.M.-A.), University College London, London, England; the Department of Cardiac and Vascular Sciences (K.K., J.-C.K., and M.J.), St George’s University of London, London; the Centre for Cardiovascular Biology, Division of Medicine (I.E.), University College London; and the Department of Clinical Chemistry (D.N.), Royal Free Hospital, London
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Release of inflammatory mediators by human adipose tissue is enhanced in obesity and primarily by the nonfat cells: a review. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:513948. [PMID: 20508843 PMCID: PMC2874930 DOI: 10.1155/2010/513948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper considers the role of putative adipokines that might be involved in the enhanced inflammatory response of human adipose tissue seen in obesity. Inflammatory adipokines [IL-6, IL-10, ACE, TGFbeta1, TNFalpha, IL-1beta, PAI-1, and IL-8] plus one anti-inflammatory [IL-10] adipokine were identified whose circulating levels as well as in vitro release by fat are enhanced in obesity and are primarily released by the nonfat cells of human adipose tissue. In contrast, the circulating levels of leptin and FABP-4 are also enhanced in obesity and they are primarily released by fat cells of human adipose tissue. The relative expression of adipokines and other proteins in human omental as compared to subcutaneous adipose tissue as well as their expression in the nonfat as compared to the fat cells of human omental adipose tissue is also reviewed. The conclusion is that the release of many inflammatory adipokines by adipose tissue is enhanced in obese humans.
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Karastergiou K, Mohamed-Ali V. The autocrine and paracrine roles of adipokines. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 318:69-78. [PMID: 19948207 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, defined by an excess of adipose tissue, is often associated with the development of various metabolic diseases. The increased and inappropriate deposition of this tissue contributes to hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction and chronic inflammation. Recent evidence suggests that factors expressed and secreted by the adipose tissue, adipokines, may contribute to the development of these abnormalities by mechanisms including inhibition of adipogenesis, adipocyte hypertrophy and death, immune cell infiltration and disruption of tissue metabolism. The presence of adipokine receptors in adipocytes renders these cells available to autocrine and paracrine effects of adipokines. In this review the reported local effects of adipokines on adipose tissue structure, inflammation and regulation of metabolic functions, in the face of over-nutrition and consequent obesity, are outlined. Elucidating the local regulation of white adipocyte development and function could help in the design of effective, tissue-specific therapies for obesity-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalypso Karastergiou
- Adipokines and Metabolism Research Group, Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medicine, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
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Mukesh M, Bionaz M, Graugnard DE, Drackley JK, Loor JJ. Adipose tissue depots of Holstein cows are immune responsive: inflammatory gene expression in vitro. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2010; 38:168-78. [PMID: 19914024 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 09/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional response of adipose tissue depots with respect to their immune responsiveness in dairy cows remains largely unknown. Thus, we examined mRNA expression and responsiveness of subcutaneous (SUB) and mesenteric (MES) adipose tissue from nonpregnant dairy cows to a short-term (2 h), in vitro lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge (20 microg/mL in physiological saline). Abundance of mRNA for tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFA), interleukin-6 (IL6), serum amyloid A3 (SAA3), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2), and RANTES/chemokine C-C motif ligand 5 (CCL5) were analyzed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from tissue samples collected at slaughter from 5 nonpregnant/nonlactating Holstein cows. Prior to LPS challenge, SAA3 mRNA abundance was greater in MES than SUB tissue. Regardless of depot site, LPS led to greater mRNA abundance of TNFA and IL6 and was more pronounced for IL6 in MES. We also observed a marked increased in expression of CCL2, CCL5, TLR4, IL6, and TNFA in both MES and SUB during the 2-h incubation with saline alone (ie, the control). Because mRNA expression of the apoptotic markers B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (BCL2) and tumor protein p53 (TP53) did not differ during the 2-h incubation, it is less likely that the response to saline was a result of increased rate of cell death during incubation. Analysis using semiquantitative PCR of the 16s rRNA gene in cDNA from tissue explants revealed the presence of bacteria likely arising from contamination during sample collection. Furthermore, surfactant medium from about 50% of explant cultures had viable aerobic bacteria without differences between treatments or tissue samples. Thus, the presence of bacteria could partly explain the large increase in inflammatory-related genes after 2-h incubation with saline. The higher SAA3 expression in MES suggests that this acute-phase protein has a role in lipid metabolism and/or transport during an immune challenge. Overall, results provided evidence that adipose depots of dairy cows are capable of synthesizing chemokines and are immune responsive when exposed to inflammatory conditions that can arise from a pathogenic insult or during and soon after parturition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mukesh
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Surmi BK, Hasty AH. The role of chemokines in recruitment of immune cells to the artery wall and adipose tissue. Vascul Pharmacol 2009; 52:27-36. [PMID: 20026286 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The role of the immune system is to recognize pathogens, tumor cells or dead cells and to react with a very specific and localized response. By taking advantage of a highly sophisticated system of chemokines and chemokine receptors, leukocytes such as neutrophils, macrophages, and T-lymphocytes are targeted to the precise location of inflammation. While this is a beneficial process for acute infection and inflammation, recruitment of immune cells to sites of chronic inflammation can be detrimental. It is becoming clear that these inflammatory cells play a significant role in the initiation and progression of metabolic disorders such as atherosclerosis and insulin resistance by infiltrating the artery wall and adipose tissue (AT), respectively. Data from human studies indicate that elevated plasma levels of chemokines are correlated with these metabolic diseases. Recruitment of macrophages to the artery wall is well known to be one of the first steps in early atherosclerotic lesion formation. Likewise, recruitment of macrophages to AT is thought to contribute to insulin resistance associated with obesity. Based on this knowledge, much recent work in these areas has focused on the role of chemokines in attracting immune cells (monocytes/macrophages in particular) to these 2 sites. Thus, understanding the potential for chemokines to contribute to metabolic disease can help direct studies of chemokines as therapeutic targets. In this article, we will review current literature regarding the role of chemokines in atherosclerosis and obesity-related insulin resistance. We will focus on novel work showing that chemokine secretion from endothelial cells, platelets, and adipocytes can contribute to immune cell recruitment, with a diagram showing the time course of chemokine expression and leukocyte recruitment to AT. We will also highlight a few of the less-commonly known chemokine-chemokine receptor pairs. Finally, we will discuss the potential for chemokines as therapeutic targets for treatment of atherosclerosis and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie K Surmi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Chemotactic cytokines, obesity and type 2 diabetes:in vivoandin vitroevidence for a possible causal correlation? Proc Nutr Soc 2009; 68:378-84. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665109990218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A strong causal link between increased adipose tissue mass and insulin resistance in tissues such as liver and skeletal muscle exists in obesity-related disorders such as type 2 diabetes. Increased adipose tissue mass in obese patients and patients with diabetes is associated with altered secretion of adipokines, which also includes chemotactic proteins. Adipose tissue releases a wide range of chemotactic proteins including many chemokines and chemerin, which are interesting targets for adipose tissue biology and for biomedical research in obesity and obesity-related diseases. This class of adipokines may be directly linked to a chronic state of low-grade inflammation and macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue, a concept intensively studied in adipose tissue biology in recent years. The inflammatory state of adipose tissue in obese patients may be the most important factor linking increased adipose tissue mass to insulin resistance. Furthermore, chemoattractant adipokines may play an important role in this situation, as many of these proteins possess biological activity beyond the recruitment of immune cells including effects on adipogenesis and glucose homeostasis in insulin-sensitive tissues. The present review provides a summary of experimental evidence of the role of adipose tissue-derived chemotactic cytokines and their function in insulin resistancein vivoandin vitro.
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