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Sun XL, Lessard SJ, An D, Koh HJ, Esumi H, Hirshman MF, Goodyear LJ. Sucrose nonfermenting AMPK-related kinase (SNARK) regulates exercise-stimulated and ischemia-stimulated glucose transport in the heart. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:685-696. [PMID: 30256437 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The signaling mechanisms mediating myocardial glucose transport are not fully understood. Sucrose nonfermenting AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-related kinase (SNARK) is an AMPK-related protein kinase that is expressed in the heart and has been implicated in contraction-stimulated glucose transport in mouse skeletal muscle. We first determined if SNARK is phosphorylated on Thr208 , a site critical for SNARK activity. Mice were treated with exercise, ischemia, submaximal insulin, or maximal insulin. Treadmill exercise slightly, but significantly increased SNARK Thr208 phosphorylation. Ischemia also increased SNARK Thr208 phosphorylation, but there was no effect of submaximal or maximal insulin. HL1 cardiomyocytes were used to overexpress wild-type (WT) SNARK and to knockdown endogenous SNARK. Overexpression of WT SNARK had no effect on ischemia-stimulated glucose transport; however, SNARK knockdown significantly decreased ischemia-stimulated glucose transport. SNARK overexpression or knockdown did not alter insulin-stimulated glucose transport or glycogen concentrations. To study SNARK function in vivo, SNARK heterozygous knockout mice (SNARK+/- ) and WT littermates performed treadmill exercise. Exercise-stimulated glucose transport was decreased by ~50% in hearts from SNARK+/- mice. In summary, exercise and ischemia increase SNARK Thr208 phosphorylation in the heart and SNARK regulates exercise-stimulated and ischemia-stimulated glucose transport. SNARK is a novel mediator of insulin-independent glucose transport in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Lan Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Integrative Physiology and Metabolism Section, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah J Lessard
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism Section, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ding An
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism Section, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ho-Jin Koh
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism Section, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hiroyasu Esumi
- Cancer Physiology Project, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Michael F Hirshman
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism Section, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism Section, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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2
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Li J, Feng B, Nie Y, Jiao P, Lin X, Huang M, An R, He Q, Zhou HE, Salomon A, Sigrist KS, Wu Z, Liu S, Xu H. Sucrose Nonfermenting-Related Kinase Regulates Both Adipose Inflammation and Energy Homeostasis in Mice and Humans. Diabetes 2018; 67:400-411. [PMID: 29298809 PMCID: PMC5828454 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Sucrose nonfermenting-related kinase (SNRK) is a member of the AMPK-related kinase family, and its physiological role in adipose energy homeostasis and inflammation remains unknown. We previously reported that SNRK is ubiquitously and abundantly expressed in both white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT), but SNRK expression diminishes in adipose tissue in obesity. In this study we report novel experimental findings from both animal models and human genetics. SNRK is essential for survival; SNRK globally deficient pups die within 24 h after birth. Heterozygous mice are characterized by inflamed WAT and less BAT. Adipocyte-specific ablation of SNRK causes inflammation in WAT, ectopic lipid deposition in liver and muscle, and impaired adaptive thermogenesis in BAT. These metabolic disorders subsequently lead to decreased energy expenditure, higher body weight, and insulin resistance. We further confirm the significant association of common variants of the SNRK gene with obesity risk in humans. Through applying a phosphoproteomic approach, we identified eukaryotic elongation factor 1δ and histone deacetylase 1/2 as potential SNRK substrates. Taking these data together, we conclude that SNRK represses WAT inflammation and is essential to maintain BAT thermogenesis, making it a novel therapeutic target for treating obesity and associated metabolic disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Adipocytes, Brown/immunology
- Adipocytes, Brown/metabolism
- Adipocytes, Brown/pathology
- Adipocytes, Brown/ultrastructure
- Adipocytes, White/immunology
- Adipocytes, White/metabolism
- Adipocytes, White/pathology
- Adipocytes, White/ultrastructure
- Animals
- Body Mass Index
- Cells, Cultured
- Crosses, Genetic
- Energy Metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genome-Wide Association Study
- Humans
- Male
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Mitochondria/immunology
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Mitochondria/pathology
- Mitochondria/ultrastructure
- Obesity/genetics
- Obesity/physiopathology
- Panniculitis/etiology
- Panniculitis/immunology
- Panniculitis/metabolism
- Panniculitis/pathology
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- Thermogenesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- National Key Discipline, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI
- Center for Global Cardiometabolic Health, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Bin Feng
- Hallett Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yaohui Nie
- Hallett Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Ping Jiao
- Hallett Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiaochen Lin
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI
- Center for Global Cardiometabolic Health, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Mengna Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI
- Center for Global Cardiometabolic Health, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Ran An
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Analytical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qin He
- Hallett Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | | | - Arthur Salomon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Kirsten S Sigrist
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Zhidan Wu
- Musculoskeletal Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Simin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI
- Center for Global Cardiometabolic Health, Brown University, Providence, RI
- Hallett Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI
- Center for Global Cardiometabolic Health, Brown University, Providence, RI
- Hallett Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
- Merck & Co., Boston, MA
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3
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Boersma GJ, Tamashiro KL, Moran TH, Liang NC. Corticosterone administration in drinking water decreases high-fat diet intake but not preference in male rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R733-43. [PMID: 26818055 PMCID: PMC4867410 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00371.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the mechanisms through which regular exercise contributes to weight maintenance could be by reducing intake and preference for high-fat (HF) diets. Indeed, we previously demonstrated that wheel-running rats robustly reduced HF diet intake and preference. The reduced HF diet preference by wheel running can be so profound that the rats consumed only the chow diet and completely avoided the HF diet. Because previous research indicates that exercise activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and increases circulating levels of corticosterone, this study tested the hypothesis that elevation of circulating corticosterone is involved in wheel running-induced reduction in HF diet preference in rats.Experiment 1 measured plasma corticosterone levels under sedentary and wheel-running conditions in the two-diet-choice (high-carbohydrate chow vs. HF) feeding regimen. The results revealed that plasma corticosterone is significantly increased and positively correlated with the levels of running in wheel-running rats with two-diet choice.Experiments 2 and 3 determined whether elevated corticosterone without wheel running is sufficient to reduce HF diet intake and preference. Corticosterone was elevated by adding it to the drinking water. Compared with controls, corticosterone-drinking rats had reduced HF diet intake and body weight, but the HF diet preference between groups did not differ. The results of this study support a role for elevated corticosterone on the reduced HF diet intake during wheel running. The elevation of corticosterone alone, however, is not sufficient to produce a robust reduction in HF diet preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretha J Boersma
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kellie L Tamashiro
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Timothy H Moran
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Johns Hopkins Global Obesity Prevention Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Nu-Chu Liang
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign, Champaign, Illinois
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4
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Bravo-Nuevo A, Marcy A, Huang M, Kappler F, Mulgrew J, Laury-Kleintop L, Reichman M, Tobia A, Prendergast GC. Meglumine exerts protective effects against features of metabolic syndrome and type II diabetes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90031. [PMID: 24587200 PMCID: PMC3937407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome, diabetes and diabetes complications pose a growing medical challenge worldwide, accentuating the need of safe and effective strategies for their clinical management. Here we present preclinical evidence that the sorbitol derivative meglumine (N-methyl-D-glucamine) can safely protect against several features of metabolic syndrome and diabetes, as well as elicit enhancement in muscle stamina. Meglumine is a compound routinely used as an approved excipient to improve drug absorption that has not been ascribed any direct biological effects in vivo. Normal mice (SV129) administered 18 mM meglumine orally for six weeks did not display any gastrointestinal or other observable adverse effects, but had a marked effect on enhancing muscle stamina and at longer times in limiting weight gain. In the established KK.Cg-Ay/J model of non-insulin dependent diabetes, oral administration of meglumine significantly improved glycemic control and significantly lowered levels of plasma and liver triglycerides. Compared to untreated control animals, meglumine reduced apparent diabetic nephropathy. Sorbitol can improve blood glucose uptake by liver and muscle in a manner associated with upregulation of the AMPK-related enzyme SNARK, but with undesirable gastrointestinal side effects not seen with meglumine. In murine myoblasts, we found that meglumine increased steady-state SNARK levels in a dose-dependent manner more potently than sorbitol. Taken together, these findings provide support for the clinical evaluation of meglumine as a low-cost, safe supplement offering the potential to improve muscle function, limit metabolic syndrome and reduce diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Bravo-Nuevo
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research (LIMR), Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Alice Marcy
- Dynamis Pharmaceuticals Co. Inc., Jenkintown, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Minzhou Huang
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research (LIMR), Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Frank Kappler
- Dynamis Pharmaceuticals Co. Inc., Jenkintown, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Mulgrew
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research (LIMR), Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lisa Laury-Kleintop
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research (LIMR), Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Melvin Reichman
- LIMR Chemical Genomics Center Inc., Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Annette Tobia
- Dynamis Pharmaceuticals Co. Inc., Jenkintown, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - George C. Prendergast
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research (LIMR), Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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5
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Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a critical regulator of cellular and whole-body energy homeostasis. Twelve AMPK-related kinases (ARKs; BRSK1, BRSK2, NUAK1, NUAK2, QIK, QSK, SIK, MARK1, MARK2, MARK3, MARK4, and MELK) have been identified recently. These kinases show a similar structural organization, including an N-terminal catalytic domain, followed by a ubiquitin-associated domain and a C-terminal spacer sequence, which in some cases also contains a kinase-associated domain 1. Eleven of the ARKs are phosphorylated and activated by the master upstream kinase liver kinase B1. However, most of these ARKs are largely unknown, and the NUAK family seems to have different regulations and functions. This review contains a brief discussion of the NUAK family including the specific characteristics of NUAK1 and NUAK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglan Sun
- Department of Endocrinology Central Laboratory, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Taipei City Hospital, Ren-Ai Branch, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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6
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Dixon LM, Hardiman JR, Cooper JJ. The effects of spatial restriction on the behavior of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). J Vet Behav 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Novak CM, Escande C, Burghardt PR, Zhang M, Barbosa MT, Chini EN, Britton SL, Koch LG, Akil H, Levine JA. Spontaneous activity, economy of activity, and resistance to diet-induced obesity in rats bred for high intrinsic aerobic capacity. Horm Behav 2010; 58:355-67. [PMID: 20350549 PMCID: PMC2923555 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Though obesity is common, some people remain resistant to weight gain even in an obesogenic environment. The propensity to remain lean may be partly associated with high endurance capacity along with high spontaneous physical activity and the energy expenditure of activity, called non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT). Previous studies have shown that high-capacity running rats (HCR) are lean compared to low-capacity runners (LCR), which are susceptible to cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. Here, we examine the effect of diet on spontaneous activity and NEAT, as well as potential mechanisms underlying these traits, in rats selectively bred for high or low intrinsic aerobic endurance capacity. Compared to LCR, HCR were resistant to the sizeable increases in body mass and fat mass induced by a high-fat diet; HCR also had lower levels of circulating leptin. HCR were consistently more active than LCR, and had lower fuel economy of activity, regardless of diet. Nonetheless, both HCR and LCR showed a similar decrease in daily activity levels after high-fat feeding, as well as decreases in hypothalamic orexin-A content. The HCR were more sensitive to the NEAT-activating effects of intra-paraventricular orexin-A compared to LCR, especially after high-fat feeding. Lastly, levels of cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-C) in the skeletal muscle of HCR were consistently higher than LCR, and the high-fat diet decreased skeletal muscle PEPCK-C in both groups of rats. Differences in muscle PEPCK were not secondary to the differing amount of activity. This suggests the possibility that intrinsic differences in physical activity levels may originate at the level of the skeletal muscle, which could alter brain responsiveness to neuropeptides and other factors that regulate spontaneous daily activity and NEAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Novak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
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8
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Floor area and the behavior of pet rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). J Vet Behav 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2009.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Rune A, Osler ME, Fritz T, Zierath JR. Regulation of skeletal muscle sucrose, non-fermenting 1/AMP-activated protein kinase-related kinase (SNARK) by metabolic stress and diabetes. Diabetologia 2009; 52:2182-9. [PMID: 19652946 PMCID: PMC2744802 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1465-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Sucrose, non-fermenting 1/AMP-activated protein kinase-related kinase (SNARK) is involved in cellular stress responses linked to obesity and type 2 diabetes. We determined the role of SNARK in response to metabolic stress and insulin action on glucose and lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle. METHODS Vastus lateralis skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained from normal glucose tolerant (n = 35) and type 2 diabetic (n = 31) men and women for SNARK expression studies. Primary myotube cultures were derived from biopsies obtained from normal glucose tolerant individuals for metabolic studies. RESULTS SNARK (also known as NUAK2) mRNA expression was unaltered between normal glucose tolerant individuals and type 2 diabetic patients. SNARK expression was increased in skeletal muscle from obese (BMI >31 kg/m(2)) normal glucose tolerant individuals and type 2 diabetic patients (1.4- and 1.4-fold, respectively, p < 0.05) vs overweight (BMI <28 kg/m(2)) normal glucose tolerant individuals and type 2 diabetic patients. SNARK mRNA was increased in myotubes exposed to palmitate (12-fold; p < 0.01), or TNF-alpha (25-fold, p < 0.05), but not to oleate, glucose or IL-6, whereas expression of the AMP-activated protein kinase alpha2 subunit was unaltered. Small interfering (si)RNA against SNARK reduced mRNA and protein in myotubes by 61% and 60%, respectively (p < 0.05). SNARK siRNA was without effect on basal or insulin-stimulated glucose uptake or lipid oxidation, and insufficient to rescue TNF-alpha- or palmitate-induced insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Skeletal muscle SNARK expression is increased in human obesity, and in response to metabolic stressors, but not type 2 diabetes. Partial SNARK depletion failed to modify either glucose or lipid metabolism, or protect against TNF-alpha- or palmitate-induced insulin resistance in primary human myotubes.
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MESH Headings
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Glucose/pharmacology
- Humans
- Interleukin-6/pharmacology
- Lipid Metabolism/drug effects
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Obesity/metabolism
- Oleic Acid/pharmacology
- Palmitic Acid/pharmacology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/physiology
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/physiology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Rune
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, von Eulers väg 4a, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M. E. Osler
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, von Eulers väg 4a, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T. Fritz
- Center of Family Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - J. R. Zierath
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, von Eulers väg 4a, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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