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Iserhard R, Pilar EFS, de Oliveira FH, Callegari-Jacques SM, Ferst P, Visioli F, Lopes AB, da Costa Lopez PL, Filippi-Chiela EC. Autophagy and nuclear morphometry are associated with histopathologic features in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Mol Med (Berl) 2024; 102:39-52. [PMID: 37878028 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02387-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Less than 15% of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) survive 5 years after diagnosis. A better understanding of the biology of these tumors and the development of clinical biomarkers is needed. Autophagy is a physiological mechanism involved in the turnover of cellular components that plays a key role in cancer. This study evaluated the differential levels of three key regulators of autophagy (SQSTM1, MAP1LC3B, and BECN1) in patients with ESCC, associating autophagy with histopathologic features, including the grade of differentiation, mitotic rate, inflammation score, and the intensity of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Nuclear morphometry of the tumor parenchyma was also assessed, associating it with autophagy and histopathology. All three markers significantly increased in patients with ESCC compared to the control group. Based on the mean expression of each protein in the control group, 57% of patients with ESCC had high levels of all three markers compared to control patients (14%). The most frequent profiles found in ESCC were BECNhigh/MAP1LC3high and BECNhigh/SQSTM1high. According to the TCGA database, we found that the main autophagy genes were upregulated in ESCC. Moreover, high levels of autophagy markers were associated with a poor prognosis. Considering nuclear morphometry, ESCC samples showed a significant reduction in nuclear area, which was strongly negatively correlated with autophagy. Finally, the percentage of normal nuclei was associated with tumor differentiation, while poorly differentiated tumors showed lower SQSTM1 levels. ESCC progression may involve increased autophagy and changes in nuclear structure, associated with clinically relevant histopathological features. KEY MESSAGES: Autophagy markers are co-increased in primary ESCC. Autophagy negatively correlates with nuclear morphometry in ESCC parenchyma. Autophagy and nuclear morphometry are associated with histopathological features. Autophagy is increased in ESCC-TCGA database and associated with poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Iserhard
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Paula Ferst
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Visioli
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dental Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Antonio Barros Lopes
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Luciana da Costa Lopez
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Cremonese Filippi-Chiela
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
- Center for Biotechnology, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
- Department of Morphological Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - Experimental Research Center, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, Porto Alegre, RS, 2350, 90035-903, Brazil.
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Hong J, Maacha S, Pidkovka N, Bates A, Salaria SN, Washington MK, Belkhiri A. AXL Promotes Metformin-Induced Apoptosis Through Mediation of Autophagy by Activating ROS-AMPK-ULK1 Signaling in Human Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:903874. [PMID: 35936716 PMCID: PMC9354051 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.903874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AXL receptor tyrosine kinase promotes an invasive phenotype and chemotherapy resistance in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). AXL has been implicated in the regulation of autophagy, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains poorly understood. Herein, we investigate the mechanistic role of AXL in autophagy as well as metformin-induced effects on the growth and survival of EAC. We demonstrate that AXL mediates autophagic flux through activation of AMPK-ULK1 signaling in a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent mechanism by glucose starvation. AXL positively regulates basal cellular ROS levels without significantly affecting mitochondrial ROS production in EAC cells. Pharmacological inhibition of cellular ROS using Trolox abrogates glucose starvation-induced AMPK signaling and autophagy. We demonstrate that AXL expression is required for metformin-induced apoptosis in EAC cells in vitro. The apoptosis induction by metformin is markedly attenuated by inhibition of autophagy through genetic silencing of Beclin1 or ATG7 autophagy mediators, thereby confirming the requirement of intact autophagy for enhancing metformin-induced apoptosis in EAC cells. Our data indicate that metformin-induced autophagy displays a pro-apoptotic function in EAC cells. We show that the metformin-induced suppression of tumor growth in vivo is highly dependent on AXL expression in a tumor xenograft mouse model of EAC. We demonstrate that AXL promotes metformin-induced apoptosis through activation of autophagy in EAC. AXL may be a valuable biomarker to identify tumors that are sensitive to metformin. Therefore, AXL expression could inform the selection of patients for future clinical trials to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of metformin in EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hong
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Selma Maacha
- Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nataliya Pidkovka
- Department of Health Science, South College, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Andreia Bates
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Safia N. Salaria
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Mary K. Washington
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Abbes Belkhiri
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Abbes Belkhiri,
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3
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Li X, Huang Z, Zhu L, Yu F, Feng M, Gu A, Jiang J, Wang G, Huang D. Prognostic Model and Nomogram Construction and Validation With an Autophagy-Related Gene Signature in Low-Grade Gliomas. Front Genet 2022; 13:905751. [PMID: 35923699 PMCID: PMC9342864 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.905751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Autophagy plays a vital role in cancer development. However, the prognostic value of autophagy-related genes (ARGs) in low-grade gliomas (LGG) is unclear. This research aimed to investigate whether ARGs correlated with overall survival (OS) in LGG patients. Methods: RNA-sequencing data were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) TARGET GTEx database. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis of ARGs were performed by the “clusterprofile” R package. Cox regression with the wald χ2 test was employed to identify prognostic significant ARGs. Next, the receiver operator characteristic curves were established to evaluate the feasibility of risk score (riskscore=h0(t)exp(∑j=1nCoefj×Xj)) and other clinical risk factors to predict prognosis. A nomogram was constructed. Correlations between clinical features and ARGs were further verified by a t-test or Kruskal–Wallis test. In addition, the correlations between autophagy and immune cells were assessed through the single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) and tumor immune estimation resource database. Last, the prediction model was verified by LGG data downloaded from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) database. Results: Overall, 35 DE-ARGs were identified. Functional enrichment analysis showed that these genes were mainly related to oxidative stress and regulation of autophagy. Nine ARGs (BAX, BIRC5, CFLAR, DIRAS3, GRID2, MAPK9, MYC, PTK6, and TP53) were significantly associated with OS. Age (Hazard ratio (HR) = 1.063, 95% CI: 1.046–1.080), grade (HR = 3.412, 95% CI: 2.164–5.379), histological type (HR = 0.556, 95% CI: 0.346–0.893), and risk score (HR = 1.135, 95% CI: 1.104–1.167) were independent prognostic risk factors (all p < 0.05). In addition, BIRC5, CFLAR, DIRAS3, TP53, and risk scores were found to correlate significantly with age and tumor grade (all p < 0.05). Immune cell enrichment analysis demonstrated that the types of immune cells and their expression levels in the high-risk group were significantly different from those in the low-risk group (all p < 0.05). A prognostic nomogram was constructed to predict 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival, and the prognostic value of sorted ARGs were verified in the CGGA database and clinical samples. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the 9 DE-ARGs’ risk score model could serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. The prognostic nomograms could be useful for individualized survival prediction and improved treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyuan Huang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minghao Feng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aiqin Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taizhou People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Jianxin Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taizhou People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jianxin Jiang, ; Guangxue Wang, ; Dongya Huang,
| | - Guangxue Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jianxin Jiang, ; Guangxue Wang, ; Dongya Huang,
| | - Dongya Huang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jianxin Jiang, ; Guangxue Wang, ; Dongya Huang,
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Mechanism of Bile Acid-Induced Programmed Cell Death and Drug Discovery against Cancer: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137184. [PMID: 35806184 PMCID: PMC9266679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are major signaling molecules that play a significant role as emulsifiers in the digestion and absorption of dietary lipids. Bile acids are amphiphilic molecules produced by the reaction of enzymes with cholesterol as a substrate, and they are the primary metabolites of cholesterol in the body. Bile acids were initially considered as tumor promoters, but many studies have deemed them to be tumor suppressors. The tumor-suppressive effect of bile acids is associated with programmed cell death. Moreover, based on this fact, several synthetic bile acid derivatives have also been used to induce programmed cell death in several types of human cancers. This review comprehensively summarizes the literature related to bile acid-induced programmed cell death, such as apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis, and the status of drug development using synthetic bile acid derivatives against human cancers. We hope that this review will provide a reference for the future research and development of drugs against cancer.
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Chemosensitization Effect of Seabuckthorn ( Hippophae rhamnoides L.) Pulp Oil via Autophagy and Senescence in NSCLC Cells. Foods 2022; 11:foods11101517. [PMID: 35627086 PMCID: PMC9140501 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The research has demonstrated a synergistic anticancer effect of Seabuckthorn pulp oil (SBO) and the standard chemotherapy regimen Docetaxel (DTX) against two non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines: A549 and H23. The synergizing effect of an SBO and DTX combination was detected utilizing SRB assay and combination index (CI) approaches. Flow cytometry was carried out using fluorescent probes to measure cell cycle analysis by DNA content and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Further, we demonstrated that the synergistic anticancer activity of SBO merged with DTX was achieved by caspase-independent autophagy and senescence induction. These changes were concomitant with increased generation of ROS production and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) protein expression, G1-phase arrest, and enhanced senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining activity. Our data also demonstrated that SBO or DTX treatment groups solely upregulated the phosphorylation of ERK, which coincided with the induction of autophagy vacuoles and was functionally associated with ROS activation. Moreover, endogenous LC3 puncta staining was performed and monitored by confocal microscopy. Overall, these results suggest new mechanisms for the antitumor activity of SBO co-treated with DTX through triggering autophagic cell death and senescence against cancer cells as a result of sustained ERK phosphorylation and intracellular ROS production in NSCLC. In addition, we also highlight SBO as an alternative therapeutic option or adjunct therapeutic strategy in combination with chemotherapeutic agents in lung cancer therapy management.
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Režen T, Rozman D, Kovács T, Kovács P, Sipos A, Bai P, Mikó E. The role of bile acids in carcinogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:243. [PMID: 35429253 PMCID: PMC9013344 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBile acids are soluble derivatives of cholesterol produced in the liver that subsequently undergo bacterial transformation yielding a diverse array of metabolites. The bulk of bile acid synthesis takes place in the liver yielding primary bile acids; however, other tissues have also the capacity to generate bile acids (e.g. ovaries). Hepatic bile acids are then transported to bile and are subsequently released into the intestines. In the large intestine, a fraction of primary bile acids is converted to secondary bile acids by gut bacteria. The majority of the intestinal bile acids undergo reuptake and return to the liver. A small fraction of secondary and primary bile acids remains in the circulation and exert receptor-mediated and pure chemical effects (e.g. acidic bile in oesophageal cancer) on cancer cells. In this review, we assess how changes to bile acid biosynthesis, bile acid flux and local bile acid concentration modulate the behavior of different cancers. Here, we present in-depth the involvement of bile acids in oesophageal, gastric, hepatocellular, pancreatic, colorectal, breast, prostate, ovarian cancer. Previous studies often used bile acids in supraphysiological concentration, sometimes in concentrations 1000 times higher than the highest reported tissue or serum concentrations likely eliciting unspecific effects, a practice that we advocate against in this review. Furthermore, we show that, although bile acids were classically considered as pro-carcinogenic agents (e.g. oesophageal cancer), the dogma that switch, as lower concentrations of bile acids that correspond to their serum or tissue reference concentration possess anticancer activity in a subset of cancers. Differences in the response of cancers to bile acids lie in the differential expression of bile acid receptors between cancers (e.g. FXR vs. TGR5). UDCA, a bile acid that is sold as a generic medication against cholestasis or biliary surge, and its conjugates were identified with almost purely anticancer features suggesting a possibility for drug repurposing. Taken together, bile acids were considered as tumor inducers or tumor promoter molecules; nevertheless, in certain cancers, like breast cancer, bile acids in their reference concentrations may act as tumor suppressors suggesting a Janus-faced nature of bile acids in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeja Režen
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Rozman
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tünde Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Patrik Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Sipos
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Péter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Edit Mikó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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Niu L, Yang W, Duan L, Wang X, Li Y, Zhou W, Chen J, Xu C, Zhang Y, Liu J, Hong L, Fan D. Development of a model to predict the prognosis of esophageal carcinoma based on autophagy-related genes. Future Oncol 2022; 18:701-717. [PMID: 35048740 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2021-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To identify a potential prognostic signature of esophageal carcinoma based on autophagy-related genes (ARGs). Methods: RNA sequencing and clinical data were downloaded from the Cancer Genome Atlas. Significantly different ARGs were identified by Wilcoxon signed-rank test. A prognostic model was established employing Cox regression analysis. The model was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic and Kaplan-Meier curve. Results: A total of 28 significantly different ARGs were identified. Seven ARGs were screened to construct the prognostic model. The efficacy of the model was verified. A nomogram also validated the role of risk score in predicting prognosis. Enrichment analyses showed the possible underlying mechanisms. Conclusion: The seven-ARGs prognostic model was validated to be promising for predicting the prognosis of patients with esophageal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liaoran Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Wanli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Lili Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Yiding Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Junfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Chengchao Xu
- 94719 Military Hospital, Ji'an, Jiangxi Province 343700, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinqiang Liu
- Cadre's Sanitarium, Henan Military Region of PLA, 67 Nahu Road, 464000, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Liu Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Daiming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
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Wu L, Zheng Y, Ruan X, Wu D, Xu P, Liu J, Wu D, Li X. Long-chain noncoding ribonucleic acids affect the survival and prognosis of patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma through the autophagy pathway: construction of a prognostic model. Anticancer Drugs 2022; 33:e590-e603. [PMID: 34338240 PMCID: PMC8670349 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy-related long-chain noncoding ribonucleic acids play a vital role in the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma. This study aimed to construct a prognostic model of autophagy-related long-chain noncoding ribonucleic acids and identify potential therapeutical targets for esophageal adenocarcinoma. We downloaded 261 long-chain noncoding RNA transcript samples and clinical data of 87 esophageal adenocarcinoma patients from the Cancer Genome Atlas and 307 autophagy-related genes from www.autophagy.com. We performed Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology enrichment analyses and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis to determine risk characteristics and bioinformatics functions of signal transduction pathways. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to determine the correlation between autophagy-related long-chain noncoding ribonucleic acids and independent risk factors. The receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to evaluate the feasibility of the prognostic model. Finally, we performed survival analysis, risk analysis and independent prognostic analysis to verify the prognostic model of esophageal adenocarcinoma. We identified 22 autophagic long-chain noncoding ribonucleic acids that were highly correlated with the overall survival of esophageal adenocarcinoma patients. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (0.941) and the calibration curve were significantly similar. Moreover, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses indicated that autophagy-related long-chain noncoding ribonucleic acids were independent predictors of esophageal adenocarcinoma. We found that autophagy-related long-chain noncoding ribonucleic acids might affect tumor development and prognosis in esophageal adenocarcinoma patients. The findings indicate that the prognostic model of esophageal adenocarcinoma has potential therapeutic applications in patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liusheng Wu
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong
- Department of graduate school, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui
- Department of thoracic surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong
| | - Yuzhen Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Xin Ruan
- Department of thoracic surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dingwang Wu
- Department of thoracic surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong
| | - Pengcheng Xu
- Department of thoracic surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong
| | - Jixian Liu
- Department of thoracic surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong
| | - Da Wu
- Department of thoracic surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong
| | - Xiaoqiang Li
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong
- Department of thoracic surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong
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Cutliffe AL, McKenna SL, Chandrashekar DS, Ng A, Devonshire G, Fitzgerald RC, O’Donovan TR, Mackrill JJ. Alterations in the Ca2+ toolkit in oesophageal adenocarcinoma. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2021; 2:543-575. [PMID: 36046118 PMCID: PMC9400700 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2021.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate alterations in transcription of genes, encoding Ca2+ toolkit proteins, in oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) and to assess associations between gene expression, tumor grade, nodal-metastatic stage, and patient survival. Methods: The expression of 275 transcripts, encoding components of the Ca2+ toolkit, was analyzed in two OAC datasets: the Cancer Genome Atlas [via the University of Alabama Cancer (UALCAN) portal] and the oesophageal-cancer, clinical, and molecular stratification [Oesophageal Cancer Clinical and Molecular Stratification (OCCAMS)] dataset. Effects of differential expression of these genes on patient survival were determined using Kaplan-Meier log-rank tests. OAC grade- and metastatic-stage status was investigated for a subset of genes. Adjustment for the multiplicity of testing was made throughout. Results: Of the 275 Ca2+-toolkit genes analyzed, 75 displayed consistent changes in expression between OAC and normal tissue in both datasets. The channel-encoding genes, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2D (GRIN2D), transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channel classical or canonical 4 (TRPC4), and TRP ion channel melastatin 2 (TRPM2) demonstrated the greatest increase in expression in OAC in both datasets. Nine genes were consistently upregulated in both datasets and were also associated with improved survival outcomes. The 6 top-ranking genes for the weighted significance of altered expression and survival outcomes were selected for further analysis: voltage-gated Ca2+ channel subunit α 1D (CACNA1D), voltage-gated Ca2+ channel auxiliary subunit α2 δ4 (CACNA2D4), junctophilin 1 (JPH1), acid-sensing ion channel 4 (ACCN4), TRPM5, and secretory pathway Ca2+ ATPase 2 (ATP2C2). CACNA1D, JPH1, and ATP2C2 were also upregulated in advanced OAC tumor grades and nodal-metastatic stages in both datasets. Conclusions: This study has unveiled alterations of the Ca2+ toolkit in OAC, compared to normal tissue. Such Ca2+ signalling findings are consistent with those from studies on other cancers. Genes that were consistently upregulated in both datasets might represent useful markers for patient diagnosis. Genes that were consistently upregulated, and which were associated with improved survival, might be useful markers for patient outcome. These survival-associated genes may also represent targets for the development of novel chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana L. Cutliffe
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, BioSciences Institute, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
| | - Sharon L. McKenna
- Cancer Research, UCC, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland
| | - Darshan S. Chandrashekar
- Department of Pathology, Molecular & Cellular, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Alvin Ng
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, CB2 0RE Cambridge, UK
| | - Ginny Devonshire
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, CB2 0RE Cambridge, UK
| | - Rebecca C. Fitzgerald
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, CB2 0RE Cambridge, UK
| | - Tracey R. O’Donovan
- Cancer Research, UCC, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland
| | - John J. Mackrill
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, BioSciences Institute, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
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10
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Duan L, Cao L, Zhang R, Niu L, Yang W, Feng W, Zhou W, Chen J, Wang X, Li Y, Zhang Y, Liu J, Zhao Q, Fan D, Hong L. Development and validation of a survival model for esophageal adenocarcinoma based on autophagy-associated genes. Bioengineered 2021; 12:3434-3454. [PMID: 34252349 PMCID: PMC8806464 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1946235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved catabolic process which has been implicated in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). We sought to investigate the biological functions and prognostic value of autophagy-related genes (ARGs) in EAC. A total of 21 differentially expressed ARGs were identified between EAC and normal samples. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis were then applied for the differentially expressed ARGs in EAC, and the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was established. Cox survival analysis and Lasso regression analysis were performed to establish a prognostic prediction model based on nine overall survival (OS)-related ARGs (CAPN1, GOPC, TBK1, SIRT1, ARSA, BNIP1, ERBB2, NRG2, PINK1). The 9-gene prognostic signature significantly stratified patient outcomes in The Cancer Genome of Atlas (TCGA)-EAC cohort and was considered as an independently prognostic predictor for EAC patients. Moreover, Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) analyses revealed several important cellular processes and signaling pathways correlated with the high-risk group in EAC. This prognostic prediction model was confirmed in an independent validation cohort (GSE13898) from The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. We also developed a nomogram with a concordance index of 0.78 to predict the survival possibility of EAC patients by integrating the risk signature and clinicopathological features. The calibration curves substantiated favorable concordance between actual observation and nomogram prediction. Last but not least, Erb-B2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 2 (ERBB2), a member of the prognostic gene signature, was identified as a potential therapeutic target for EAC patients. To sum up, we established and verified a novel prognostic prediction model based on ARGs which could optimize the individualized survival prediction in EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Duan
- Division of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lu Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Division of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Liaoran Niu
- Division of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wanli Yang
- Division of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Weibo Feng
- Division of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Division of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Junfeng Chen
- Division of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- Division of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yiding Li
- Division of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Division of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jinqiang Liu
- Division of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Qingchuan Zhao
- Division of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Daiming Fan
- Division of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Liu Hong
- Division of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
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11
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Sierra-Fonseca JA, Hamdan JN, Cohen AA, Cardenas SM, Saucedo S, Lodoza GA, Gosselink KL. Neonatal Maternal Separation Modifies Proteostasis Marker Expression in the Adult Hippocampus. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:661993. [PMID: 34447296 PMCID: PMC8383781 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.661993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to early-life stress (ELS) can persistently modify neuronal circuits and functions, and contribute to the expression of misfolded and aggregated proteins that are hallmarks of several neurodegenerative diseases. The healthy brain is able to clear dysfunctional proteins through the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and the autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP). Accumulating evidence indicates that impairment of these pathways contributes to enhanced protein aggregation and neurodegeneration. While stress is a known precipitant of neurological decline, few specific mechanistic links underlying this relationship have been identified. We hypothesized that neonatal maternal separation (MatSep), a well-established model of ELS, has the ability to alter the levels of UPS and ALP components in the brain, and thus has the potential to disrupt proteostasis. The expression of proteostasis-associated protein markers was evaluated by immunoblotting in the hippocampus and cortex of adult Wistar rats that were previously subjected to MatSep. We observed multiple sex- and MatSep-specific changes in the expression of proteins in the ALP, mitophagy, and UPS pathways, particularly in the hippocampus of adult animals. In contrast, MatSep had limited influence on proteostasis marker expression in the cortex of adult animals. Our results indicate that MatSep can selectively modify the intracellular protein degradation machinery in ways that may impact the development and progression of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Sierra-Fonseca
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Jameel N Hamdan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Alexis A Cohen
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Smith College, Northampton, MA, United States
| | - Sonia M Cardenas
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Sigifredo Saucedo
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Gabriel A Lodoza
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Kristin L Gosselink
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States.,Department of Physiology and Pathology, Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, United States
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12
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Panzitt K, Fickert P, Wagner M. Regulation of autophagy by bile acids and in cholestasis - CholestoPHAGY or CholeSTOPagy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1867:166017. [PMID: 33242590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.166017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway in which the cell self-digests its own components to provide nutrients in harsh environmental conditions. It also represents an opportunity to rid the cell of superfluous and damaged organelles, misfolded proteins or invaded microorganisms. Liver autophagy contributes to basic hepatic functions such as lipid, glycogen and protein turnover. Deregulated hepatic autophagy has been linked to many liver diseases including alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, hepatitis B and C infections, liver fibrosis as well as liver cancer. Recently, bile acids and the bile acid receptor FXR have been implicated in the regulation of hepatic autophagy, which implies a role of autophagy also for cholestatic liver diseases. This review summarizes the current evidence of bile acid mediated effects on autophagy and how this affects cholestatic liver diseases. Although detailed studies are lacking, we suggest a concept that the activity of autophagy in cholestasis depends on the disease stage, where autophagy may be induced at early stages ("cholestophagy") but may be impaired in prolonged cholestatic states ("cholestopagy").
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Panzitt
- Research Unit for Translational Nuclear Receptor Research, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Fickert
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Wagner
- Research Unit for Translational Nuclear Receptor Research, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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13
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Autophagy Activated by Peroxiredoxin of Entamoeba histolytica. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112462. [PMID: 33198056 PMCID: PMC7696310 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved mechanism to remove redundant or dangerous cellular components, plays an important role in innate immunity and defense against pathogens, which, in turn, can regulate autophagy to establish infection within a host. However, for Entamoeba histolytica, an intestinal protozoan parasite causing human amoebic colitis, the interaction with the host cell autophagy mechanism has not been investigated. In this study, we found that E. histolytica peroxiredoxin (Prx), an antioxidant enzyme critical for parasite survival during the invasion of host tissues, could activate autophagy in macrophages. The formation of autophagosomes in macrophages treated with recombinant Prx of E. histolytica for 24 h was revealed by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting in RAW264.7 cells and in mice. Prx was cytotoxic for RAW264.7 macrophages after 48-h treatment, which was partly attributed to autophagy-dependent cell death. RNA interference experiments revealed that Prx induced autophagy mostly through the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-TIR domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferon (TRIF) pathway. The C-terminal part of Prx comprising 100 amino acids was the key functional domain to activate autophagy. These results indicated that Prx of E. histolytica could induce autophagy and cytotoxic effects in macrophages, revealing a new pathogenic mechanism activated by E. histolytica in host cells.
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14
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Zhu L, Dong L, Feng M, Yang F, Jiang W, Huang Z, Liu F, Wang L, Wang G, Li Q. Profiles of autophagy-related genes in esophageal adenocarcinoma. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:943. [PMID: 32998713 PMCID: PMC7528598 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07416-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies have demonstrated autophagy was involved in the process of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). The aim of this study was to explore autophagy-related genes (ARGs) correlated with overall survival (OS) in EAC patients. Methods Expressions of ARGs in EAC and normal samples were downloaded from TCGA database. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were used to investigate the ARGs bioinformatics functions. Univariate and multivariate cox regressions were performed to identify prognostic ARGs and the independent risk factors. ROC curve was established to evaluate the feasibility to predict the prognosis. Finally, the correlations between ARGs and clinical features were further explored. In addition, significantly different ARGs were verified in EAC specimens and normal esophageal mucosal tissues. Results Thirty significantly different ARGs were selected from EAC and normal tissues. Functional enrichments showed these ARGs were mainly related apoptosis. Multivariate cox regression analyses demonstrated eight ARGs were significantly associated with OS. Among these eight genes, BECN1 (HR = 0.321, P = 0.046), DAPK1 (HR = 0.636, P = 0.025) and CAPN1 (HR = 0.395, P = 0.004) played protective roles in survival. Gender (HR = 0.225, P = 0.032), stage (HR = 5.841, P = 0.008) and risk score (HR = 1.131, P < 0.001) were independent prognostic risk factors. ROC curves showed better efficacy to predict survival using the risk score. Additionally, we found BECN1, DAPK1, VAMP7 and SIRT1 genes were correlated significantly with survival status, gender, primary tumor and tumor stage (all P < 0.05). The experimental results confirmed the BIRC5 was overexpressed and the ITPR1, PRKN were downregulated in the EAC tissues compared with the normal esophageal mucosal tissues (all P < 0.05). Conclusion Our findings suggested that autophagy was involved in the process of EAC. Several ARGs probably could serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and may help facilitate therapeutic targets in EAC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China.,Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Lin Dong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China.,Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Minghao Feng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China.,Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Fugui Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China.,Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Wenhao Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China.,Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Zhiyuan Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China.,Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Fabing Liu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Lingwei Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China.,Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Guangxue Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China.
| | - Qinchuan Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China. .,Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China.
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15
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Hu YJ, Zhong JT, Gong L, Zhang SC, Zhou SH. Autophagy-Related Beclin 1 and Head and Neck Cancers. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:6213-6227. [PMID: 32669852 PMCID: PMC7335767 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s256072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Beclin 1, a positive regulator of autophagy, behaves as a double-edged sword in tumorigenesis. Beclin 1 contributes to tumor suppression by removing defective or damaged organelles and other cellular components; however, its activity can also stimulate cancer initiation and progression. In head and neck cancer, Beclin 1 overexpression promotes autophagy, which limits DNA damage and chromosomal instability and increases necrosis and inflammation by impacting apoptotic and autophagic pathways. This paper reviews the relationship between Beclin 1, carcinogenesis and head and neck cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Jie Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Affiliated Cixi Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Cixi 315300, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang-Tao Zhong
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Gong
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Affiliated Cixi Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Cixi 315300, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Cong Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Affiliated Cixi Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Cixi 315300, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shui-Hong Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, People's Republic of China
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16
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Zhang J, Dong W. Lentiviral-Mediated Beclin-1 Overexpression Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Induces Autophagy of Human Esophageal Carcinoma Eca109 Cell Xenograft in Nude Mice. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2019; 15:70-77. [PMID: 31823702 DOI: 10.2174/1574892814666191211130342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal carcinoma is one of the common malignant tumors in digestive tract. BECLIN-1 is a key gene that regulates autophagy, and its abnormal expression may be related with many human tumors. However, the mechanism of BECLIN-1 in esophageal carcinoma remains unknown. OBJECTIVE In this study, we explored the effect of BECLIN-1 overexpression on tumor growth in mice with esophageal carcinoma and its mechanism. METHODS Recombined lentiviral vector containing BECLIN-1 was used to transfect human esophageal carcinoma Eca109 cells and establish stable cell line. qRT-PCR was used to detect BECLIN-1 mRNA level in the transfected Eca109 cells, CCK-8 assay was used to detect cell proliferation. Beclin-1, P62 and LC3-II protein expression levels in Eca109 cells were detected using Western blot analysis. Subcutaneous xenograft nude mice model of human esophageal carcinoma was established, and the tumor growths in Beclin-1 group, control group and empty vector group were monitored. Beclin-1 protein expression in vivo was detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Beclin-1 mRNA and protein were overexpressed in Eca109 cells. Compared with empty vector group, the growth rate of cells transfected with BECLIN-1 decreased significantly. Compared with the control group and empty vector group, the expression level of P62 protein in beclin-1 group was significantly decreased, while the expression level of LC3-II protein was significantly increased. The tumor growth rate in nude mice of Beclin-1 group was significantly lower than that of the control group and empty vector group, and Beclin-1 protein was mainly expressed in Beclin-1 group in vivo. CONCLUSION BECLIN-1 can induce autophagy in esophageal carcinoma Eca109 cells, and it can significantly inhibit the growth of esophageal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhe Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China.,Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Weihua Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
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17
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Roles for Autophagy in Esophageal Carcinogenesis: Implications for Improving Patient Outcomes. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111697. [PMID: 31683722 PMCID: PMC6895837 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is among the most aggressive forms of human malignancy with five-year survival rates of <20%. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process that degrades and recycles damaged organelles and misfolded proteins to maintain cellular homeostasis. While alterations in autophagy have been associated with carcinogenesis across tissues, cell type- and context-dependent roles for autophagy have been reported. Herein, we review the current knowledge related to autophagy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), the two most common subtypes of esophageal malignancy. We explore roles for autophagy in the development and progression of ESCC and EAC. We then continue to discuss molecular markers of autophagy as they relate to esophageal patient outcomes. Finally, we summarize current literature examining roles for autophagy in ESCC and EAC response to therapy and discuss considerations for the potential use of autophagy inhibitors as experimental therapeutics that may improve patient outcomes in esophageal cancer.
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18
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Saldin LT, Patel S, Zhang L, Huleihel L, Hussey GS, Nascari DG, Quijano LM, Li X, Raghu D, Bajwa AK, Smith NG, Chung CC, Omstead AN, Kosovec JE, Jobe BA, Turner NJ, Zaidi AH, Badylak SF. Extracellular Matrix Degradation Products Downregulate Neoplastic Esophageal Cell Phenotype. Tissue Eng Part A 2019; 25:487-498. [PMID: 30259795 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Extracellular matrix (ECM) biomaterials were used to treat esophageal cancer patients after cancer resection and promoted regrowth of normal mucosa without recurrence of cancer. The present study investigates the mechanisms by which these materials were successful to prevent the cancerous phenotype. ECM downregulated neoplastic esophageal cell function (proliferation, metabolism), but normal esophageal epithelial cells were unaffected in vitro, and suggests a molecular basis (downregulation of PI3K-Akt, cell cycle) for the promising clinical results. The therapeutic effect appeared to be enhanced using homologous esophageal ECM. This study suggests that ECM can be further investigated to treat cancer patients after resection or in combination with targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey T Saldin
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Shil Patel
- 2 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Li Zhang
- 2 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Luai Huleihel
- 2 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - George S Hussey
- 2 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David G Nascari
- 2 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lina M Quijano
- 2 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Xue Li
- 2 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Divya Raghu
- 2 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Anant K Bajwa
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicholas G Smith
- 2 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher C Chung
- 2 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ashten N Omstead
- 3 Esophageal and Lung Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Juliann E Kosovec
- 3 Esophageal and Lung Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Blair A Jobe
- 3 Esophageal and Lung Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Neill J Turner
- 2 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,4 Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ali H Zaidi
- 3 Esophageal and Lung Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen F Badylak
- 2 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,4 Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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19
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Novel Derivatives of Deoxycholic Acid Bearing Linear Aliphatic Diamine and Aminoalcohol Moieties and their Cyclic Analogs at the C3 Position: Synthesis and Evaluation of Their In Vitro Antitumor Potential. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24142644. [PMID: 31330911 PMCID: PMC6681416 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of novel deoxycholic acid (DCA) derivatives containing aliphatic diamine and aminoalcohol or morpholine moieties at the C3 position were synthesized by 3,26-epoxide ring-opening reactions. These compounds were investigated for their cytotoxicity in four human tumor cell lines and murine macrophages and for inhibitory activity against macrophage-mediated NO synthesis in vitro. Obtained data revealed that: (i) all amine-containing substituents significantly increased the cytotoxicity of the novel compounds (IC502–10 = 1.0–36.0 μM) in comparison with DCA (IC50DCA ≥ 82.9 μM); (ii) aminoalcohol moieties were more preferable than diamine moieties due to the fact they imparted better selectivity for tumor cells of the novel derivatives; (iii) the susceptibility of tested cell lines to derivatives diminished in the following order: HuTu-80 (duodenal carcinoma) ≈ HepG2 (hepatocarcinoma) > KB-3-1 (cervical carcinoma) > RAW264.7 (macrophages) > A549 (lung carcinoma); (iv) compounds 8 and 9, bearing aminoethanol and aminopropanol moieties, respectively, exhibited high cytotoxic selectivity indexes (SIHuTu-80 = 7.9 and 8.3, respectively) and good drug-likeness parameters; (v) the novel compounds do not display anti-NO activity. Mechanistic study revealed that compound 9 induces ROS-dependent cell death by activation of intrinsic caspase-dependent apoptosis and cytodestructive autophagy in HuTu-80 cells and vitamin D receptor can be considered as its primary target.
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20
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Adams O, Janser FA, Dislich B, Berezowska S, Humbert M, Seiler CA, Kroell D, Slotta-Huspenina J, Feith M, Ott K, Tschan MP, Langer R. A specific expression profile of LC3B and p62 is associated with nonresponse to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in esophageal adenocarcinomas. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197610. [PMID: 29897944 PMCID: PMC5999293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel is a powerful chemotherapeutic drug, used for the treatment of many cancer types, including esophageal adenocarcinomas (EAC). Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent degradation process maintaining cellular homeostasis. Defective autophagy has been implicated in cancer biology and therapy resistance. We aimed to assess the impact of autophagy on chemotherapy response in EAC, with a special focus on paclitaxel. Responsiveness of EAC cell lines, OE19, FLO-1, OE33 and SK-GT-4, to paclitaxel was assessed using Alamar Blue assays. Autophagic flux upon paclitaxel treatment in vitro was assessed by immunoblotting of LC3B-II and quantitative assessment of WIP1 mRNA. Immunohistochemistry for the autophagy markers LC3B and p62 was applied on tumor tissue from 149 EAC patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, including pre- and post-therapeutic samples (62 matched pairs). Tumor response was assessed by histology. For comparison, previously published data on 114 primary resected EAC cases were used. EAC cell lines displayed differing responsiveness to paclitaxel treatment; however this was not associated with differential autophagy regulation. High p62 cytoplasmic expression on its own (p ≤ 0.001), or in combination with low LC3B (p = 0.034), was associated with nonresponse to chemotherapy, regardless of whether or not the regiments contained paclitaxel, but there was no independent prognostic value of LC3B or p62 expression patterns for EAC after neoadjuvant treatment. p62 and related pathways, most likely other than autophagy, play a role in chemotherapeutic response in EAC in a clinical setting. Therefore p62 could be a novel therapeutic target to overcome chemoresistance in EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Adams
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Félice A. Janser
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bastian Dislich
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Magali Humbert
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian A. Seiler
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dino Kroell
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Marcus Feith
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Katja Ott
- Department of Surgery, RoMED Klinikum, Rosenheim, Germany
| | - Mario P. Tschan
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rupert Langer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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21
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Wu N, Zhu Y, Xu X, Zhu Y, Song Y, Pang L, Chen Z. The anti-tumor effects of dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor BEZ235 and histone deacetylase inhibitor Trichostatin A on inducing autophagy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Cancer 2018; 9:987-997. [PMID: 29581778 PMCID: PMC5868166 DOI: 10.7150/jca.22861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect and regulation of autophagy-related proteins Beclin-1 and LC3 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma have not been fully studied. The aim of this study was to assess the expression of Beclin-1 and LC3 in ESCCs, and to investigate the association between the two markers and clinicopathological characteristics as well as prognosis. Meanwhile, we explored the anti-tumor effect of the PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor BEZ235 and the histone deacetylase inhibitor TSA on inducing autophagy in ESCC cells. Our study included 118 ESCC tumors and paired non-tumor esophageal mucosa tissues. Beclin-1 and LC3 expression were performed by immunohistochemistry. Human ESCC cells Eca-109 and TE-1 were treated with BEZ235 and TSA either alone or in combination in Vitro. The expression of both Beclin-1 and LC3 proteins were decreased significantly in ESCCs, but there was no significant relation between the expression of Beclin-1 and LC3 (P = 0.427). The negative expression of either Beclin-1 or LC3 was associated with advanced TNM stages (P = 0.006 and P<0.001, respectively). Patients with a high expression of Beclin-1 and LC3 predict better prognosis. In Vitro co-treatment with BEZ235 and TSA showed a synergistic effect on inhibition of ESCC cell viability and induction of autophagy with the increasing expressions of Beclin-1, LC3-II and the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I. Our results demonstrated that the autophagy-related proteins Beclin-1 and LC3 were decreased in ESCCs and the low expression of the two markers predicted a worse prognosis. The co-treatment of BEZ235 and TSA significantly induced autophagy and enhanced anti-tumor activities, provided a new effective therapeutic target in ESCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wu
- Department of Cardio-thoracic Surgery, HuaShan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yingfeng Zhu
- Department of Pathology, HuaShan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Central laboratory, HuaShan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yongjun Zhu
- Department of Cardio-thoracic Surgery, HuaShan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Cardio-thoracic Surgery, HuaShan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Liewen Pang
- Department of Cardio-thoracic Surgery, HuaShan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Zhiming Chen
- Department of Cardio-thoracic Surgery, HuaShan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
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22
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Adams O, Dislich B, Berezowska S, Schläfli AM, Seiler CA, Kröll D, Tschan MP, Langer R. Prognostic relevance of autophagy markers LC3B and p62 in esophageal adenocarcinomas. Oncotarget 2018; 7:39241-39255. [PMID: 27250034 PMCID: PMC5129929 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinomas (EAC) are aggressive tumors with considerable rates of chemoresistance. Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent degradation process, characterized by the formation of vesicles called autophagosomes, and has been implicated in cancer. Protein light chain 3 B (LC3B) and p62 are associated with autophagosomal membranes and degraded. We aimed to assess the impact of basal autophagy on EAC. In EAC cell lines, an increase in LC3B and p62 was observed with increasing concentrations of the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine, which indicates functional basal autophagy. LC3B and p62 immunohistochemistry was performed on primary resected EAC. High LC3B and p62 expression was associated with earlier tumor stages (p < 0.05). High nuclear and cytoplasmic p62 staining were associated with a better prognosis (p = 0.006; p = 0.028). Various combinations of p62 expression with or without LC3B expression identified different prognostic groups. Tumors with low total p62 (p = 0.007) or low LC3B/low p62 expression had the worst outcome (p = 0.007; p = 0.005). A combination score of dot-like/cytoplasmic p62 and nuclear p62 staining was an independent prognostic parameter (p = 0.033; HR = 0.6). This study highlights the potential significance of basal autophagy in EAC biology. Tumors with low LC3B and p62 expression show the most aggressive behavior and may be candidates for autophagy regulating therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Adams
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bastian Dislich
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Anna M Schläfli
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian A Seiler
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dino Kröll
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mario P Tschan
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rupert Langer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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23
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Kasagi Y, Chandramouleeswaran PM, Whelan KA, Tanaka K, Giroux V, Sharma M, Wang J, Benitez AJ, DeMarshall M, Tobias JW, Hamilton KE, Falk GW, Spergel JM, Klein-Szanto AJ, Rustgi AK, Muir AB, Nakagawa H. The Esophageal Organoid System Reveals Functional Interplay Between Notch and Cytokines in Reactive Epithelial Changes. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 5:333-352. [PMID: 29552622 PMCID: PMC5852293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Aberrations in the esophageal proliferation-differentiation gradient are histologic hallmarks in eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and gastroesophageal reflux disease. A reliable protocol to grow 3-dimensional (3D) esophageal organoids is needed to study esophageal epithelial homeostasis under physiological and pathologic conditions. METHODS We modified keratinocyte-serum free medium to grow 3D organoids from endoscopic esophageal biopsies, immortalized human esophageal epithelial cells, and murine esophagi. Morphologic and functional characterization of 3D organoids was performed following genetic and pharmacologic modifications or exposure to EoE-relevant cytokines. The Notch pathway was evaluated by transfection assays and by gene expression analyses in vitro and in biopsies. RESULTS Both murine and human esophageal 3D organoids displayed an explicit proliferation-differentiation gradient. Notch inhibition accumulated undifferentiated basal keratinocytes with deregulated squamous cell differentiation in organoids. EoE patient-derived 3D organoids displayed normal epithelial structure ex vivo in the absence of the EoE inflammatory milieu. Stimulation of esophageal 3D organoids with EoE-relevant cytokines resulted in a phenocopy of Notch inhibition in organoid 3D structures with recapitulation of reactive epithelial changes in EoE biopsies, where Notch3 expression was significantly decreased in EoE compared with control subjects. CONCLUSIONS Esophageal 3D organoids serve as a novel platform to investigate regulatory mechanisms in squamous epithelial homeostasis in the context of EoE and other diseases. Notch-mediated squamous cell differentiation is suppressed by cytokines known to be involved in EoE, suggesting that this may contribute to epithelial phenotypes associated with disease. Genetic and pharmacologic manipulations establish proof of concept for the utility of organoids for future studies and personalized medicine in EoE and other esophageal diseases.
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Key Words
- 3D, 3-dimensional
- BCH, basal cell hyperplasia
- DAPI, 4′,6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, Dihydrochloride
- DNMAML1, dominant negative MAML1
- DOX, doxycycline
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- EoE, eosinophilic esophagitis
- Eosinophilic Esophagitis
- GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GSI, γ-secretase inhibitor
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- IF, immunofluorescence
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- IL, interleukin
- IVL, Involucrin
- KSFM, keratinocyte SFM
- KSFMC, KSFM containing 0.6 mM Ca2+
- Keratinocytes
- MAML1, Mastermind-like protein1
- OFR, organoid formation rate
- Squamous Cell Differentiation
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- Three-Dimensional
- Tslp, thymic stromal lymphopoietin
- aDMEM/F12, advanced Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium: Nutrient Mixture F-12
- qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kasagi
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Prasanna M. Chandramouleeswaran
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly A. Whelan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Koji Tanaka
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Veronique Giroux
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Medha Sharma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joshua Wang
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alain J. Benitez
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maureen DeMarshall
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John W. Tobias
- Penn Genomic Analysis Core, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathryn E. Hamilton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gary W. Falk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonathan M. Spergel
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andres J. Klein-Szanto
- Histopathology Facility and Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anil K. Rustgi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amanda B. Muir
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Hiroshi Nakagawa, MD, PhD, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 956 Biomedical Research Building, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160. fax: (215) 573–2024.Division of GastroenterologyDepartment of MedicinePerelman School of MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania956 Biomedical Research Building, 421 Curie BoulevardPhiladelphia19104-6160Pennsylvania
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24
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Whelan KA, Merves JF, Giroux V, Tanaka K, Guo A, Chandramouleeswaran PM, Benitez AJ, Dods K, Que J, Masterson JC, Fernando SD, Godwin BC, Klein-Szanto AJ, Chikwava K, Ruchelli ED, Hamilton KE, Muir AB, Wang ML, Furuta GT, Falk GW, Spergel JM, Nakagawa H. Autophagy mediates epithelial cytoprotection in eosinophilic oesophagitis. Gut 2017; 66:1197-1207. [PMID: 26884425 PMCID: PMC4987278 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The influence of eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE)-associated inflammation upon oesophageal epithelial biology remains poorly understood. We investigated the functional role of autophagy in oesophageal epithelial cells (keratinocytes) exposed to the inflammatory EoE milieu. DESIGN Functional consequences of genetic or pharmacological autophagy inhibition were assessed in endoscopic oesophageal biopsies, human oesophageal keratinocytes, single cell-derived ex vivo murine oesophageal organoids as well as a murine model recapitulating EoE-like inflammation and basal cell hyperplasia. Gene expression, morphological and functional characterisation of autophagy and oxidative stress were performed by transmission electron microscopy, immunostaining, immunoblotting, live cell imaging and flow cytometry. RESULTS EoE-relevant inflammatory conditions promoted autophagy and basal cell hyperplasia in three independent murine EoE models and oesophageal organoids. Inhibition of autophagic flux via chloroquine treatment augmented basal cell hyperplasia in these model systems. Oesophageal keratinocytes stimulated with EoE-relevant cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-13 exhibited activation of autophagic flux in a reactive oxygen species-dependent manner. Autophagy inhibition via chloroquine treatment or depletion of Beclin-1 or ATG-7, augmented oxidative stress induced by EoE-relevant stimuli in murine EoE, oesophageal organoids and human oesophageal keratinocytes. Oesophageal epithelia of paediatric EoE patients with active inflammation displayed increased autophagic vesicle content compared with normal and EoE remission subjects. Functional flow cytometric analysis revealed autophagic flux in human oesophageal biopsies. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal for the first time that autophagy may function as a cytoprotective mechanism to maintain epithelial redox balance and homeostasis under EoE inflammation-associated stress, providing mechanistic insights into the role of autophagy in EoE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A. Whelan
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jamie F. Merves
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Veronique Giroux
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Koji Tanaka
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andy Guo
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Prasanna M. Chandramouleeswaran
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alain J. Benitez
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kara Dods
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jianwen Que
- Center for Human Development and Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Joanne C. Masterson
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Health Institute, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Shahan D. Fernando
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Health Institute, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Bridget C. Godwin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andres J. Klein-Szanto
- Histopathology Facility and Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Kudakwashe Chikwava
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eduardo D. Ruchelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kathryn E. Hamilton
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amanda B. Muir
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mei-Lun Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Glenn T. Furuta
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Health Institute, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Gary W. Falk
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Spergel
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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25
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Kong J, Whelan KA, Laczkó D, Dang B, Caro Monroig A, Soroush A, Falcone J, Amaravadi RK, Rustgi AK, Ginsberg GG, Falk GW, Nakagawa H, Lynch JP. Autophagy levels are elevated in barrett's esophagus and promote cell survival from acid and oxidative stress. Mol Carcinog 2016; 55:1526-1541. [PMID: 26373456 PMCID: PMC4794420 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved mechanism that is activated during cellular stress. We hypothesized that autophagy may be induced by acid reflux, which causes injury, and inflammation, and therefore, contributes to the pathogenesis of Barrett's esophagus (BE) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Currently, the role of autophagy in BE and EAC is poorly studied. We quantitatively define autophagy levels in human BE cell lines, a transgenic mouse model of BE, and human BE, and EAC biopsies. Human non-dysplastic BE had the highest basal number of autophagic vesicles (AVs), while AVs were reduced in normal squamous cells and dysplastic BE cells, and nearly absent in EAC. To demonstrate a functional role for autophagy in BE pathogenesis, normal squamous (STR), non-dysplastic BE (CPA), dysplastic BE (CPD), and EAC (OE19) cell lines were exposed to an acid pulse (pH 3.5) followed by incubation in the presence or absence of chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor. Acid exposure increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in STR and CPA cells. Chloroquine alone had a small impact on intracellular ROS or cell survival. However, combination of chloroquine with the acid pulse resulted in a significant increase in ROS levels at 6 h in STR and CPA cells, and increased cell death in all cell lines. These findings establish increased numbers of AVs in human BE compared to normal squamous or EAC, and suggest that autophagy functions to improve cell survival after acid reflux injury. Autophagy may thus play a critical role in BE pathogenesis and progression. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Kong
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dorottya Laczkó
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Brendan Dang
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Angeliz Caro Monroig
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ali Soroush
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John Falcone
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ravi K Amaravadi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Medicine, and the Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anil K Rustgi
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gregory G Ginsberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gary W Falk
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John P Lynch
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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26
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Kresty LA, Weh KM, Zeyzus-Johns B, Perez LN, Howell AB. Cranberry proanthocyanidins inhibit esophageal adenocarcinoma in vitro and in vivo through pleiotropic cell death induction and PI3K/AKT/mTOR inactivation. Oncotarget 2016; 6:33438-55. [PMID: 26378019 PMCID: PMC4741777 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cranberries are rich in bioactive constituents known to improve urinary tract health and more recent evidence supports cranberries possess cancer inhibitory properties. However, mechanisms of cancer inhibition by cranberries remain to be elucidated, particularly in vivo. Properties of a purified cranberry-derived proanthocyanidin extract (C-PAC) were investigated utilizing acid-sensitive and acid-resistant human esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) cell lines and esophageal tumor xenografts in athymic NU/NU mice. C-PAC induced caspase-independent cell death mainly via autophagy and low levels of apoptosis in acid-sensitive JHAD1 and OE33 cells, but resulted in cellular necrosis in acid-resistant OE19 cells. Similarly, C-PAC induced necrosis in JHAD1 cells pushed to acid-resistance via repeated exposures to an acidified bile cocktail. C-PAC associated cell death involved PI3K/AKT/mTOR inactivation, pro-apoptotic protein induction (BAX, BAK1, deamidated BCL-xL, Cytochrome C, PARP), modulation of MAPKs (P-P38/P-JNK) and G2-M cell cycle arrest in vitro. Importantly, oral delivery of C-PAC significantly inhibited OE19 tumor xenograft growth via modulation of AKT/mTOR/MAPK signaling and induction of the autophagic form of LC3B supporting in vivo efficacy against EAC for the first time. C-PAC is a potent inducer of EAC cell death and is efficacious in vivo at non-toxic behaviorally achievable concentrations, holding promise for preventive or therapeutic interventions in cohorts at increased risk for EAC, a rapidly rising and extremely deadly malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Kresty
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Katherine M Weh
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Bree Zeyzus-Johns
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Laura N Perez
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amy B Howell
- Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry Research, Rutgers University, Chatsworth, New Jersey, USA
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27
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Langer R, Streutker CJ, Swanson PE. Autophagy and its current relevance to the diagnosis and clinical management of esophageal diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1381:113-121. [PMID: 27526024 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cell survival program that degrades dysfunctional organelles and misfolded or long-lived proteins through the formation of lysosomes. Basal autophagy helps to maintain cellular homeostasis, while additional autophagy can be induced under cellular stress conditions. Autophagy has shown to be involved in a variety of diseases, such as inflammation, autoimmune diseases, degeneration, and cancer. We review the relevance of autophagy to the diagnosis and clinical management of esophageal diseases with the following questions in mind. What is autophagy and can/should we detect it in routine pathology specimens? What is the role of autophagy in gastroesophageal reflux disease/inflammatory esophageal disease? What role may autophagy play in the interaction between pro- and antiapoptotic pathways in esophageal malignancies and treatment?
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupert Langer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Catherine J Streutker
- Li Ka Shing Institute, St. Michael's Hospital and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Paul E Swanson
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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28
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Huang YK, Fan XG, Qiu F. TM4SF1 Promotes Proliferation, Invasion, and Metastasis in Human Liver Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050661. [PMID: 27153056 PMCID: PMC4881487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane 4 superfamily member 1 (TM4SF1) is a member of tetraspanin family, which mediates signal transduction events regulating cell development, activation, growth and motility. Our previous studies showed that TM4SF1 is highly expressed in liver cancer. HepG2 cells were transfected with TM4SFl siRNA and TM4SF1-expressing plasmids and their biological functions were analyzed in vitro and in vivo. HepG2 cells overexpressing TM4SF1 showed reduced apoptosis and increased cell migration in vitro and enhanced tumor growth and metastasis in vivo, whereas siRNA-mediated silencing of TM4SF1 had the opposite effect. TM4SF1 exerts its effect by regulating a few apoptosis- and migration-related genes including caspase-3, caspase-9, MMP-2, MMP-9 and VEGF. These results indicate that TM4SF1 is associated with liver tumor growth and progression, suggesting that TM4SF1 may be a potential target for treatment of liver cancer in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kun Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Xue-Gong Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Fu Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Third Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
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Fei B, Ji F, Chen X, Liu Z, Li S, Mo Z, Fang X. Expression and clinical significance of Beclin-1 in gastric cancer tissues of various clinical stages. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:2271-2277. [PMID: 26998161 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a common phenomenon in cancer metabolism. However the mechanism and guiding significance of autophagy in the development of gastric cancer has remained to be elucidated. In the present study, 75 gastric cancer tissue specimens were collected at The China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University (Changchun, China). Of these samples, 16 cases were stage 1, 40 stage 2 and 19 stage 3. Polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were used to detect the messenger RNA and protein expression of Beclin-1, a significant protein associated with cellular autophagy. It was found that expression of Beclin-1 in cancer tissues from stages 1 and 2 was higher, while in stage 3 cases levels were significantly lower than that of adjacent normal tissues. In addition, the infiltration of inflammatory cytokines was also increased in stage 1 and 2 cases. In vitro studies revealed that following stimulation with interferon-γ (IFN-γ), autophagy-associated proteins Beclin-1 and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 were activated. Furthermore, activation of autophagy inhibited xenograft growth in nude mice. The results of these in vivo and in vitro experiments indicated that in gastric cancer tissues, autophagy was downregulated following the development of cancer tissue and that inflammation may be a significant factor in this process. IFN-γ may be involved in the mediation of this process and thus present a novel target for the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyuan Fei
- Department of General Surgery, The China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Fujian Ji
- Department of General Surgery, The China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Xuebo Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, The China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Zhanhao Mo
- Endoscopy Center, The China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Xuedong Fang
- Department of General Surgery, The China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
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Huang Q, Liu X, Cao C, Lei J, Han D, Chen G, Yu J, Chen L, Lv D, Li Z. Apelin-13 induces autophagy in hepatoma HepG2 cells through ERK1/2 signaling pathway-dependent upregulation of Beclin1. Oncol Lett 2015; 11:1051-1056. [PMID: 26893689 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Apelin-13 on autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells and the underlying mechanism of the effect. The HepG2 cells were treated with Apelin-13 at a final concentration of 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 µmol/l for 24 h. Cells were also treated with 10 µmol/l PD98059 for 24 h. The expression of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, phosphorylated ERK1/2 (pERK1/2) and Beclin1 proteins were detected by western blot analysis. Beclin1 mRNA expression was also detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Autophagy was observed using fluorescence microscopy subsequent to monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining. Following treatment with the various concentrations of Apelin-13, the expression of the ERK1/2 protein remained at a similar level, whereas the expression of pERK1/2 increased in a dose-dependent manner. Compared with the control group, the increase was significant (P<0.05). Similarly, Beclin1 expression was upregulated at the protein and mRNA levels by Apelin-13 treatment in a dose-dependent manner and was significantly increased compared with the control group. However, following treatment with the Apelin-13 inhibitor PD98059, the expression of pERK1/2, Beclin1 protein and Beclin1 mRNA were significantly decreased (P<0.05). In addition, Apelin-13 induced the autophagy of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner, as revealed by MDC staining. PD98059 inhibited autophagy of HepG2 cells induced by Apelin-13. Therefore, Apelin-13 may promote autophagy in HepG2 cells by inducing the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and upregulating the expression of Beclin1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiulin Huang
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Chao Cao
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Junyue Lei
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Dong Han
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Guodong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Jia Yu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Deguan Lv
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
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31
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Weh KM, Howell AB, Kresty LA. Expression, modulation, and clinical correlates of the autophagy protein Beclin-1 in esophageal adenocarcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:1876-1885. [PMID: 27696537 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is characterized by rapidly increasing incidence and mortality rates and poor survival. Efficacious preventive and treatment options are urgently needed. An increasing number of pharmacologic agents targeting cancer cell death via autophagy mechanisms are being evaluated in hopes of circumventing apoptotic and therapeutic resistance. We report for the first time, loss of Beclin-1, a key mediator of autophagy, was significantly linked to prognostic factors in EAC. Specifically, Beclin-1 expression loss occurred in 49.0% of EAC patients versus 4.8% of controls. There was a significant inverse correlation between loss of Beclin-1 with histologic grade and tumor stage supporting a tumor suppressive role for Beclin-1. Autophagy modulation linked to cell death was examined in EAC cell lines following treatment with a proanthocyanidin-rich cranberry extract, C-PAC, and the commonly used autophagy inducer, rapamycin. C-PAC induced Beclin-1-independent autophagy in EAC cells characterized by reduced phosphorylation at serine 15 and 93, and significant cell death induction. In contrast, rapamycin-induced autophagy resulted in concomitant, increases in total Beclin-1 levels as well as Beclin-1-phosphorylation in a cell line specific manner, leading to long-term cell survival. Furthermore, autophagic LC3-II was induced by C-PAC following siRNA suppression of Beclin-1 in EAC cells. Together these data support a prognostic role of Beclin-1 in EAC with evidence that Beclin-dependent autophagy induction is agent specific. Future studies are necessary to fully interrogate the role autophagy plays in the progression of normal tissue to EAC and how specific agents targeting autophagic mechanisms can be efficaciously applied for cancer prevention or treatment. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Weh
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Amy B Howell
- Blueberry and Cranberry Research Center, Rutgers University, Chatsworth, New Jersey
| | - Laura A Kresty
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
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32
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Vanden Heuvel JP, Thompson JT, Albrecht P, Mandetta D, Kamerow H, Ford JP. Differential nucleobase protection against 5-fluorouracil toxicity for squamous and columnar cells: implication for tissue function and oncogenesis. Invest New Drugs 2015; 33:1003-11. [PMID: 26123924 PMCID: PMC4768230 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-015-0259-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The goal of these studies was to test if local excess of a normal nucleobase substrate prevents the toxicity of protracted 5FU exposure used in human cancer treatment. Methods Messenger RNA expression studies were performed of 5FU activating enzymes in human colon cancer cells lines (CaCo-2, HT-29), primary human gingival cells (HEGP), and normal esophageal and gastric clinical tissue samples. Excess nucleobase was then used in vitro to protect cells from 5FU toxicity. Results Pyrimidine salvage pathways predominate in squamous cells of the gingiva (HEGP) and esophageal tissue. Excess salvage nucleobase uracil but not adenine prevented 5FU toxicity in HEGP cells. Pyrimidine de novo synthesis predominates in columnar Caco-2, HT-29 and gastric tissue. Excess nucleobase adenine but not uracil prevented 5FU toxicity to Caco-2 and HT-29 cells. Conclusion The directed application of the normal nucleobase uracil to the squamous cells of the oral mucosa and palms and soles together with the delivery of the normal nucleobase adenine to the columnar cells of the GI tract may enable the safe delivery of higher 5FU dose intensity. These results also suggest a feature of tissue function where squamous cells grow largely by recycling overlying tissue cell components. Columnar cells use absorbed surface nutrients for de novo growth. A disruption of this tissue function can result in growth derived from an underlying nutrient source. That change would also cause the loss of the region of cell turnover at the tissue surface. Subsequent cell proliferation with limiting nutrient availability could promote oncogenesis in such initiated tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Vanden Heuvel
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Penn State University, 325 Life Sciences Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,INDIGO Biosciences, Inc., 1981 Pine Hall Road, State College, PA, 16801, USA
| | - Jerry T Thompson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Penn State University, 325 Life Sciences Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Prajakta Albrecht
- INDIGO Biosciences, Inc., 1981 Pine Hall Road, State College, PA, 16801, USA
| | - Donald Mandetta
- Mount Nittany Medical Center, 1850 East Park Avenue, State College, PA, 16803, USA
| | - Harry Kamerow
- Mount Nittany Medical Center, 1850 East Park Avenue, State College, PA, 16803, USA
| | - John P Ford
- Mount Nittany Medical Center, 1850 East Park Avenue, State College, PA, 16803, USA. .,Asymmetric Therapeutics LLC, 141 Main St., PO Box J, Unadilla, NY, 13849, USA.
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33
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Brown CS, Ujiki MB. Risk factors affecting the Barrett's metaplasia-dysplasia-neoplasia sequence. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2015; 7:438-445. [PMID: 25992184 PMCID: PMC4436913 DOI: 10.4253/wjge.v7.i5.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma has the fastest growing incidence rate of any cancer in the United States, and currently carries a very poor prognosis with 5 years relative survival rates of less than 15%. Current curative treatment options are limited to esophagectomy, a procedure that suffers from high complication rates and high mortality rates. Metaplasia of the esophageal epithelium, a condition known as Barrett’s esophagus (BE), is widely accepted as the precursor lesion for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Recently, radio-frequency ablation has been shown to be an effective method to treat BE, although there is disagreement as to whether radio-frequency ablation should be used to treat all patients with BE or whether treatment should be reserved for those at high risk for progressing to esophageal adenocarcinoma while continuing to endoscopically survey those with low risk. Recent research has been targeted towards identifying those at greater risk for progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma so that radio-frequency ablation therapy can be used in a more targeted manner, decreasing the total health care cost as well as improving patient outcomes. This review discusses the current state of the literature regarding risk factors for progression from BE through dysplasia to esophageal adenocarcinoma, as well as the current need for an integrated scoring tool or risk stratification system capable of differentiating those patients at highest risk of progression in order to target these endoluminal therapies.
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34
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Wu S, Sun C, Tian D, Li Y, Gao X, He S, Li T. Expression and clinical significances of Beclin1, LC3 and mTOR in colorectal cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:3882-3891. [PMID: 26097572 PMCID: PMC4466959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is related to cancer and other diseases, and compromised autophagy could promote chromosome instability associated with carcinogenesis and tumor progression. The role of autophagy in the growth and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) remains poorly understood. Beclin1 mediates autophagic initiation, and LC3 is a specific marker for autophagy. Inactivation of mTOR caused by cellular hypoxia or energy deficiency induces autophagic activity. This study aims to examine the expression and clinical significance of these proteins in CRC. Immunohistochemistry results showed that the positive expression rates of Beclin1, LC3, and mTOR in cancer tissues were 90.50%, 87.19%, and 46.28%, respectively, which were higher than those in adjacent tissues (P < 0.05). Differentiation degree and lymph node metastasis were associated with LC3 overexpression (P < 0.05) but not with Beclin1 (P > 0.05). Lymph node metastasis was also related to mTOR. Spearman analysis results showed that LC3 expression was positively correlated with Beclin1 but negatively correlated with mTOR (r = 0.593 and -0.165, respectively; P < 0.01). Beclin1 expression was also not associated with mTOR (P > 0.05). Survival analysis further indicated that LC3, mTOR, and lymph node metastasis were independent prognostic factors in CRC. Real-time PCR results and Western blot indicated that Beclin1, LC3, and mTOR expression in CRC was significantly higher than that in adjacent tissues (P < 0.01). The aberrant protein expression may be associated with the development and progression of CRC. The LC3 and mTOR genes must be simultaneously detected to evaluate progression and prognosis of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Wu
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical University HospitalBinzhou, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chenbo Sun
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical University HospitalBinzhou, Shandong Province, China
| | - Dong Tian
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical UniversityBinzhou, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical UniversityBinzhou, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiangqian Gao
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical UniversityBinzhou, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shuang He
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical UniversityBinzhou, Shandong Province, China
| | - Tangyue Li
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical UniversityBinzhou, Shandong Province, China
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35
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Manley S, Ding W. Role of farnesoid X receptor and bile acids in alcoholic liver disease. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:158-67. [PMID: 26579442 PMCID: PMC4629219 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is one of the major causes of liver morbidity and mortality worldwide. Chronic alcohol consumption leads to development of liver pathogenesis encompassing steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and in extreme cases, hepatocellular carcinoma. Moreover, ALD may also associate with cholestasis. Emerging evidence now suggests that farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and bile acids also play important roles in ALD. In this review, we discuss the effects of alcohol consumption on FXR, bile acids and gut microbiome as well as their impacts on ALD. Moreover, we summarize the findings on FXR, FoxO3a (forkhead box-containing protein class O3a) and PPARα (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha) in regulation of autophagy-related gene transcription program and liver injury in response to alcohol exposure.
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Key Words
- 6ECDCA, 6α-ethyl-chenodeoxycholic acid
- ADH, alcohol dehydrogenase
- AF, activation function
- AKT, protein kinase B
- ALD, alcoholic liver disease
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- ASBT, apical sodium dependent bile acid transporter
- Alcoholic liver disease
- Atg, autophagy-related
- Autophagy
- BAAT, bile acid CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase
- BACS, bile acid CoA synthetase
- BSEP, bile salt export pump
- Bile acids
- CA, cholic acid
- CB1R, cannabinoid receptor type 1
- CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid
- CREB, cAMP response element-binding protein
- CREBH, cAMP response element-binding protein, hepatocyte specific
- CRTC2, CREB regulated transcription coactivator 2
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- DCA, deoxycholic acid
- DR1, direct repeat 1
- FGF15/19, fibroblast growth factor 15/19
- FGFR4, fibroblast growth factor receptor 4
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- Farnesoid X receptor
- FoxO3
- FoxO3a, forkhead box-containing protein class O3a
- GGT, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- IR-1, inverted repeat-1
- KO, knockout
- LC3, light chain 3
- LRH-1, liver receptor homolog 1
- LXR, liver X receptor
- MRP4, multidrug resistance protein 4
- NAD+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NTCP, sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide
- OSTα/β, organic solute transporter α/β
- PE, phosphatidylethanolamine
- PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RXRα, retinoid X receptor-alpha
- SHP, small heterodimer partner
- SQSTM, sequestome-1
- SREBP1, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1
- Sirt1, sirtuin 1
- TCA, taurocholic acid
- TFEB, transcription factor EB
- TLR4, toll-like receptor 4
- TUDCA, tauro-ursodeoxycholic acid
- UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid
- WAY, WAY-362450
- WT, wild type
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenxing Ding
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 913 5889813; fax: +1 913 5887501.
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Yang Z, Ghoorun RA, Fan X, Wu P, Bai Y, Li J, Chen H, Wang L, Wang J. High expression of Beclin-1 predicts favorable prognosis for patients with colorectal cancer. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2015; 39:98-106. [PMID: 25130795 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Beclin-1 is an autophagy gene. It promotes the formation of the autophagic vesicle as well as plays an essential role in guarding the cells against chromosomal instability. Overexpression of Beclin-1 has been reported to predict a favorable survival in various cancers. However, little is known about its prognostic significance in colorectal cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS A total of three hundred and sixty-three (363) colorectal tissues from colorectal cancer (CRC) patients were collected. Tissue micro-arrays and immunohistochemistry were used to investigate the expression and prognostic significance of Beclin-1 in CRC. The associations among Beclin-1 expression, clinicopathological parameters and prognosis were evaluated. RESULTS Beclin-1 had a higher expression in CRC tissues than in normal tissues. A high expression of Beclin-1 was positively correlated with gender (P=0.027), histological grade (P=0.003), pM status (P=0.003) and clinical stage (P=0.024). Patients with a high Beclin-1 expression, when compared to those with a lower expression had both a better overall survival (OS, P=0.006) and disease-free survival (DFS, P=0.008). In the pT3 subgroup, Beclin-1 was also found to be a good prognostic indicator (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed a high expression of Beclin-1 was indeed a positive independent prognostic factor of OS and DFS for CRC patients (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that a high expression of Beclin-1 correlated with a better overall survival and disease-free survival, thus serving as a favorable independent prognostic marker in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuli Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University (Guangdong Gastrointestinal and Anal Hospital), Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Roshan Ara Ghoorun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University (Guangdong Gastrointestinal and Anal Hospital), Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xinjuan Fan
- Gastrointestinal Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Peihuang Wu
- Gastrointestinal Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University (Guangdong Gastrointestinal and Anal Hospital), Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jizheng Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University (Guangdong Gastrointestinal and Anal Hospital), Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University (Guangdong Gastrointestinal and Anal Hospital), Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Colon & Rectum Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University (Guangdong Gastrointestinal and Anal Hospital), Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou, 26 Yuancun Erheng road, 510655 Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Department of Colon & Rectum Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University (Guangdong Gastrointestinal and Anal Hospital), Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou, 26 Yuancun Erheng road, 510655 Guangzhou, PR China.
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Fang Y, Chen X, Bajpai M, Verma A, Das KM, Souza RF, Garman KS, Donohoe CL, O'Farrell NJ, Reynolds JV, Dvorak K. Cellular origins and molecular mechanisms of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1300:187-199. [PMID: 24117642 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents commentaries on animal models used for Barrett's esophagus (BE) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) research; acid- and bile-induced chromosomal instability and clonal selection during the progression of BE to EAC; how the components of gastric refluxate, especially acid and bile salts, promote carcinogenesis in metaplastic BE; genome-wide changes in DNA methylation and transcription involved in BE carcinogenesis; the potential role of miRNA in the development of BE and EAC; the effect of inflammatory cytokines linked to obesity on the activation of cell-death pathways and cell survival in BE and esophageal cancer; and the role of autophagy in esophageal cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fang
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Esophageal Disease and Swallowing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Manisha Bajpai
- Department of Medicine, UMDNJ-RWJMS, Medicine, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Amit Verma
- Department of Medicine, UMDNJ-RWJMS, Medicine, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Kiron M Das
- Department of Medicine, UMDNJ-RWJMS, Medicine, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Rhonda F Souza
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and the VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Claire L Donohoe
- Trinity College Dublin/St. James' Hospital, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James' Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Naoimh J O'Farrell
- Trinity College Dublin/St. James' Hospital, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James' Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John V Reynolds
- Trinity College Dublin/St. James' Hospital, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James' Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Katerina Dvorak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Appelman HD, Streutker C, Vieth M, Neumann H, Neurath MF, Upton MP, Sagaert X, Wang HH, El-Zimaity H, Abraham SC, Bellizzi AM. The esophageal mucosa and submucosa: immunohistology in GERD and Barrett's esophagus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1300:144-165. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Vieth
- Department of Medicine; University of Erlangen-Nuremberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Helmut Neumann
- Department of Medicine; University of Erlangen-Nuremberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Markus F. Neurath
- Department of Medicine; University of Erlangen-Nuremberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Melissa P. Upton
- Department of Pathology; University of Washington, Seattle; Washington
| | - Xavier Sagaert
- Department of Pathology; Department of Imaging & Pathology; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Helen H. Wang
- Department of Pathology; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| | | | - Susan C. Abraham
- Department of Pathology; University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Andrew M. Bellizzi
- Department of Pathology; University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics; University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine; Iowa City Iowa
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39
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El-Khattouti A, Selimovic D, Haikel Y, Hassan M. Crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies in cancer. J Cell Death 2013; 6:37-55. [PMID: 25278778 PMCID: PMC4147769 DOI: 10.4137/jcd.s11034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Both apoptosis and autophagy are highly conserved processes that besides their role in the maintenance of the organismal and cellular homeostasis serve as a main target of tumor therapeutics. Although their important roles in the modulation of tumor therapeutic strategies have been widely reported, the molecular actions of both apoptosis and autophagy are counteracted by cancer protective mechanisms. While apoptosis is a tightly regulated process that is implicated in the removal of damaged or unwanted cells, autophagy is a cellular catabolic pathway that is involved in lysosomal degradation and recycling of proteins and organelles, and thereby is considered an important survival/protective mechanism for cancer cells in response to metabolic stress or chemotherapy. Although the relationship between autophagy and cell death is very complicated and has not been characterized in detail, the molecular mechanisms that control this relationship are considered to be a relevant target for the development of a therapeutic strategy for tumor treatment. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis, autophagy, and those of the crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy in order to provide insight into the molecular mechanisms that may be essential for the balance between cell survival and death as well as their role as targets for the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denis Selimovic
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 977, 67000 Strasbourg, France. ; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Youssef Haikel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 977, 67000 Strasbourg, France. ; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mohamed Hassan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 977, 67000 Strasbourg, France. ; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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Li X, Xu HL, Liu YX, An N, Zhao S, Bao JK. Autophagy modulation as a target for anticancer drug discovery. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:612-24. [PMID: 23564085 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process involving the engulfment and degradation of non-essential or abnormal cellular organelles and proteins, is crucial for homeostatic maintenance in living cells. This highly regulated, multi-step process has been implicated in diverse diseases including cancer. Autophagy can function as either a promoter or a suppressor of cancer, which makes it a promising and challenging therapeutic target. Herein, we overview the regulatory mechanisms and dual roles of autophagy in cancer. We also describe some of the representative agents that exert their anticancer effects by regulating autophagy. Additionally, some emerging strategies aimed at modulating autophagy are discussed as having the potential for future anticancer drug discovery. In summary, these findings will provide valuable information to better utilize autophagy in the future development of anticancer therapeutics that meet clinical requirements.
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Yang ZJ. Letter to the editor: Measurement of autophagy-related proteins by immunohistochemistry/tissue microarray to characterize autophagy: problems and considerations. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G1356-7; author reply G1358. [PMID: 22661487 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00106.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhineng Jayson Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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