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Li S, Xiong F, Zhang S, Liu J, Gao G, Xie J, Wang Y. Oligonucleotide therapies for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024; 35:102184. [PMID: 38665220 PMCID: PMC11044058 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) represents a severe disease subtype of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that is thought to be highly associated with systemic metabolic abnormalities. It is characterized by a series of substantial liver damage, including hepatocellular steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. The end stage of NASH, in some cases, may result in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Nowadays a large number of investigations are actively under way to test various therapeutic strategies, including emerging oligonucleotide drugs (e.g., antisense oligonucleotide, small interfering RNA, microRNA, mimic/inhibitor RNA, and small activating RNA) that have shown high potential in treating this fatal liver disease. This article systematically reviews the pathogenesis of NASH/NAFLD, the promising druggable targets proven by current studies in chemical compounds or biological drug development, and the feasibility and limitations of oligonucleotide-based therapeutic approaches under clinical or pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Feng Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Songbo Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical, School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jun Xie
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical, School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610066, China
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Abdelmalek MF, Harrison SA, Sanyal AJ. The role of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:2001-2016. [PMID: 38511418 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Despite its considerable and growing burden, there are currently no Food and Drug Administration-approved treatments for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease or its progressive form, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). Several glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and other agents are in various phases of clinical development for use in MASH; an ideal therapy should reduce liver fat content, improve chronic liver disease, help mitigate metabolic comorbidities and decrease all-cause mortality. Because of interconnected disease mechanisms, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease/MASH often coexists with type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity and cardiovascular disease. Various GLP-1RAs are Food and Drug Administration-approved for use in T2D, and two, liraglutide and semaglutide, are approved for overweight and obesity. GLP-1RAs decrease glucose levels and body weight and improve cardiovascular outcomes in people with T2D who are at high risk of cardiovascular disease. In addition, GLP-1RAs have been reported to reduce liver fat content and liver enzymes, reduce oxidative stress and improve hepatic de novo lipogenesis and the histopathology of MASH. Weight loss may contribute to these effects; however, the exact mechanisms are unknown. Adverse events that are commonly associated with GLP-1RAs include vomiting, nausea and diarrhoea. There is a lack of evidence from meta-analyses regarding the increased risk of acute pancreatitis and various forms of cancer with GLP-1RAs. Large-scale, phase 3 trials, which will provide definitive data on GLP-1RAs and other potential therapies in MASH, are ongoing. Given the spectrum of modalities under investigation, it is hoped that these trials will support the identification of pharmacotherapies that provide clinical benefit for patients with MASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal F Abdelmalek
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Arun J Sanyal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Engström A, Wintzell V, Melbye M, Svanström H, Eliasson B, Gudbjörnsdottir S, Hveem K, Jonasson C, Hviid A, Ueda P, Pasternak B. Association of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists with serious liver events among patients with type 2 diabetes: A Scandinavian cohort study. Hepatology 2024; 79:1401-1411. [PMID: 38085855 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Clinical trials suggest that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists may have beneficial effects on NAFLD, but the impact on hard hepatic end points is unknown. We assessed the association between the use of GLP-1 receptor agonists and the risk of serious liver events in routine clinical practice. APPROACH AND RESULTS Cohort study using data from nationwide registers in Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, 2007-2020, including 91,479 initiators of GLP-1 receptor agonists and 244,004 initiators of the active comparator, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, without a history of chronic liver disease other than NAFLD/NASH. The primary outcome was serious liver events: a composite of incident compensated and decompensated cirrhosis and HCC. Secondary outcomes were the individual components of the primary outcome. Cox regression was used to estimate HRs, using propensity score weighting to control for confounding. Users of GLP-1 receptor agonists had 608 serious liver events (adjusted incidence rate: 16.9 events per 10,000 person-years), compared with 1770 events among users of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (19.2 events per 10,000 person-years). The adjusted HR was 0.85 (95% CI: 0.75 to 0.97), and the rate difference was -2.1 (-4.4 to 0.1) events per 10,000 person-years. In secondary outcome analyses, the adjusted HR was 0.85 (0.75 to 0.97) for compensated and decompensated cirrhosis and 1.05 (0.80 to 1.39) for HCC. CONCLUSIONS The use of GLP-1 receptor agonists was associated with a significantly reduced risk of serious liver events, driven by a reduction of compensated and decompensated cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvid Engström
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Division, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Viktor Wintzell
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Division, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- HUNT Center for Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Svanström
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Division, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Björn Eliasson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Soffia Gudbjörnsdottir
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- The Swedish National Diabetes Register, Vastra Gotalandsregionen, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristian Hveem
- HUNT Center for Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- HUNT Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
| | - Christian Jonasson
- HUNT Center for Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- HUNT Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
| | - Anders Hviid
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Pharmacovigilance Research Center, Department of Drug Development and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Ueda
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Division, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Pasternak
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Division, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ito H, Someya R, Ando S, Araki R, Tsugami E, Matsumoto S, Inoue H, Antoku S, Yamasaki T, Mori T, Togane M. The change in Fibrosis-4 index in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes treated by a fixed-ratio combination therapy of insulin degludec and liraglutide: A retrospective observational study. Hepatol Res 2024; 54:513-524. [PMID: 38141029 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.14002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
AIM The efficacy of titratable fixed-ratio combination therapy by a combination preparation of insulin degludec and liraglutide (IDegLira) in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes, focusing particularly on the change in Fibrosis-4 index (FIB-4), a noninvasive method for the evaluation of liver fibrosis, was investigated. METHODS As the full analysis set, 113 patients were treated with IDegLira. The patients were categorized into two groups according to the absence (GLP-1RA-naïve group, n = 72) or presence (GLP-1RA-treated group, n = 41) of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) use before starting IDegLira. The clinical parameters were retrospectively determined over 6 months. RESULTS The glycated hemoglobin value was significantly reduced in both groups. The bodyweight significantly decreased from 67.4 ± 11.0 kg at baseline to 66.4 ± 11.6 kg at 6 months in the GLP-1RA-naïve group, although it slightly increased in the GLP-1RA-treated group. FIB-4 significantly decreased from 1.60 ± 0.84 at baseline to 1.49 ± 0.74 at 6 months in the GLP-1RA-naïve group. Although FIB-4 significantly increased in the GLP-1RA-treated group, it remained within the low-risk level for liver fibrosis. CONCLUSION Fixed-ratio combination therapy using IDegLira for the treatment of type 2 diabetes is useful for glycemic control and weight management. In particular, IDegLira may be more effective for lowering FIB-4 than adding unused oral antidiabetic agents or increasing the dose of insulin in GLP-1RA-naïve patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ito
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Kidney Disease, Edogawa Hospital, Edogawa-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Someya
- Department of Pharmacy, Edogawa Hospital, Edogawa-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigenori Ando
- Department of Pharmacy, Edogawa Hospital, Edogawa-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rie Araki
- Department of Pharmacy, Edogawa Hospital, Edogawa-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emiko Tsugami
- Department of Pharmacy, Edogawa Hospital, Edogawa-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Suzuko Matsumoto
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Kidney Disease, Edogawa Hospital, Edogawa-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Inoue
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Kidney Disease, Edogawa Hospital, Edogawa-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Antoku
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Kidney Disease, Edogawa Hospital, Edogawa-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yamasaki
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Kidney Disease, Edogawa Hospital, Edogawa-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiko Mori
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Kidney Disease, Edogawa Hospital, Edogawa-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Togane
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Kidney Disease, Edogawa Hospital, Edogawa-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Fang L, Li J, Zeng H, Liu J. Effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on the degree of liver fibrosis and CRP in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prim Care Diabetes 2024; 18:268-276. [PMID: 38555202 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcd.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on the rapidly growing global burden of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or steatohepatitis (NASH), in order to evaluate the efficacy of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in the treatment of NAFLD or NASH this paper presents a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials(RCTs). METHODS In this systematic review and meta-analysis, We searched PubMed, Medline, Web of Science and The Cochrane Library databases. All randomized controlled trials involving GLP-1RAs and NAFLD or NASH were collected since the database was established. A meta-analysis of proportions was done with the generalised linear mixed model. Continuous variables were represented by Mean and Standard Deviation (SD), and binary variable were represented by Relative Risk (RR) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) as effect indicators. The research results were presented by Revman 5.4. This study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023390735). FINDING We included 16 placebo-controlled or active drug-controlled randomized controlled trials (involving 2178 patients) that used liraglutide, exenatide, dulaglutide, or semaglutie in the treatment of NAFLD or NASH, as measured by liver biopsy or imaging techniques. This study found that the effect of GLP-1RAs on histologic resolution of NASH with no worsening of liver fibrosis (n=2 RCTs; WMD:4.08, 95%CI 2.54-6.56, p < 0.00001) has statistically significant. At the same time, GLP-1RAs affected CRP (n = 7 RCTs; WMD:-0.41, 95% CI-0.78 to -0.04, p =0.002) and other serological indicators were significantly improved. CONCLUSION This study evaluated the efficacy of GLP-1RAs in patients with NAFLD and NASH. These results suggest that GLP-1RAs may be a potential and viable therapeutic approach as a targeted agent to intervene in disease progression of NAFLD and NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixuan Fang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jine Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Haixia Zeng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jianping Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China; Institute for the Study of Endocrinology and Metabolism in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China.
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Guo Y, Gao Z, LaGory EL, Kristin LW, Gupte J, Gong Y, Rardin MJ, Liu T, Nguyen TT, Long J, Hsu YH, Murray JK, Lade J, Jackson S, Zhang J. Liver-specific mitochondrial amidoxime-reducing component 1 (Mtarc1) knockdown protects the liver from diet-induced MASH in multiple mouse models. Hepatol Commun 2024; 8:e0419. [PMID: 38696369 PMCID: PMC11068142 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human genetic studies have identified several mitochondrial amidoxime-reducing component 1 (MTARC1) variants as protective against metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. The MTARC1 variants are associated with decreased plasma lipids and liver enzymes and reduced liver-related mortality. However, the role of mARC1 in fatty liver disease is still unclear. METHODS Given that mARC1 is mainly expressed in hepatocytes, we developed an N-acetylgalactosamine-conjugated mouse Mtarc1 siRNA, applying it in multiple in vivo models to investigate the role of mARC1 using multiomic techniques. RESULTS In ob/ob mice, knockdown of Mtarc1 in mouse hepatocytes resulted in decreased serum liver enzymes, LDL-cholesterol, and liver triglycerides. Reduction of mARC1 also reduced liver weight, improved lipid profiles, and attenuated liver pathological changes in 2 diet-induced metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis mouse models. A comprehensive analysis of mARC1-deficient liver from a metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis mouse model by metabolomics, proteomics, and lipidomics showed that Mtarc1 knockdown partially restored metabolites and lipids altered by diet. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, reducing mARC1 expression in hepatocytes protects against metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis in multiple murine models, suggesting a potential therapeutic approach for this chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun Guo
- Research Biomarkers, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zhengyu Gao
- Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Edward L. LaGory
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lewis Wilson Kristin
- Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jamila Gupte
- Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yan Gong
- Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Matthew J. Rardin
- Discovery Technology Platforms, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tongyu Liu
- Center for Research Acceleration by Digital Innovation, Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thong T. Nguyen
- Center for Research Acceleration by Digital Innovation, Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jason Long
- RNA Therapeutics, Amgen Research, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Yi-Hsiang Hsu
- Center for Research Acceleration by Digital Innovation, Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Justin K. Murray
- RNA Therapeutics, Amgen Research, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Julie Lade
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Simon Jackson
- Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
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Wang YF, Zhang WL, Li ZX, Liu Y, Tan J, Yin HZ, Zhang ZC, Piao XJ, Ruan MH, Dai ZH, Wang SJ, Mu CY, Yuan JH, Sun SH, Liu H, Yang F. METTL14 downregulation drives S100A4 + monocyte-derived macrophages via MyD88/NF-κB pathway to promote MAFLD progression. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:91. [PMID: 38627387 PMCID: PMC11021505 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01797-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Without intervention, a considerable proportion of patients with metabolism-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) will progress from simple steatosis to metabolism-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), liver fibrosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the molecular mechanisms that control progressive MAFLD have yet to be fully determined. Here, we unraveled that the expression of the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methyltransferase METTL14 is remarkably downregulated in the livers of both patients and several murine models of MAFLD, whereas hepatocyte-specific depletion of this methyltransferase aggravated lipid accumulation, liver injury, and fibrosis. Conversely, hepatic Mettl14 overexpression alleviated the above pathophysiological changes in mice fed on a high-fat diet (HFD). Notably, in vivo and in vitro mechanistic studies indicated that METTL14 downregulation decreased the level of GLS2 by affecting the translation efficiency mediated by YTHDF1 in an m6A-depedent manner, which might help to form an oxidative stress microenvironment and accordingly recruit Cx3cr1+Ccr2+ monocyte-derived macrophages (Mo-macs). In detail, Cx3cr1+Ccr2+ Mo-macs can be categorized into M1-like macrophages and S100A4-positive macrophages and then further activate hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) to promote liver fibrosis. Further experiments revealed that CX3CR1 can activate the transcription of S100A4 via CX3CR1/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway in Cx3cr1+Ccr2+ Mo-macs. Restoration of METTL14 or GLS2, or interfering with this signal transduction pathway such as inhibiting MyD88 could ameliorate liver injuries and fibrosis. Taken together, these findings indicate potential therapies for the treatment of MAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Fan Wang
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital Affiliated to Naval Medical University, 200438, Shanghai, China
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Li Zhang
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital Affiliated to Naval Medical University, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Xuan Li
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100048, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Liu
- The Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Tan
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao-Zan Yin
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Chao Zhang
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital Affiliated to Naval Medical University, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian-Jie Piao
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital Affiliated to Naval Medical University, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Min-Hao Ruan
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital Affiliated to Naval Medical University, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Dai
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Si-Jie Wang
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen-Yang Mu
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Hang Yuan
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Han Sun
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Liu
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital Affiliated to Naval Medical University, 200438, Shanghai, China.
| | - Fu Yang
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biosafety Defense, Ministry of Education, 200433, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, 200433, Shanghai, China.
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Tsiampali C, Vachliotis ID, Goulas A, Polyzos SA. Animal studies on glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and related polyagonists in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hormones (Athens) 2024:10.1007/s42000-024-00541-2. [PMID: 38472647 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-024-00541-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent metabolic liver disease closely associated with the epidemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but without licensed pharmacological treatment to date. As glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are approved anti-diabetic and anti-obesity medications, they were also considered a potential therapeutic option for NAFLD. Preclinical studies suggest that GLP-1RAs have a beneficial effect on major NAFLD histological outcomes, i.e., hepatic steatosis and inflammation, through multiple intrahepatic mechanisms, including increased fatty acid β-oxidation, activation of autophagy, suppression of inflammation, and oxidative stress. Data on hepatic fibrosis are limited or inconclusive, although some studies reported improvement in indices of fibrosis or prevention of fibrosis initiation or reduction of collagen deposition. Whether the positive impact of GLP-1RAs on hepatic histology is indirect, i.e., through their action on extrahepatic tissues, or whether their action is direct, i.e., through activating GLP-1R on the hepatocytes, is still a controversial issue. Alongside GLP-1RAs, newly emerging peptide polyagonists (i.e., synthetic molecules that combine the amino acid sequences of more than one peptide, thus having the ability to bind more than one receptor) are now being investigated in NAFLD with high expectations. This review summarizes the existing knowledge derived from animal studies on the effects of GLP-1RAs and GLP-1RA related peptide polyagonists on NAFLD in an attempt to illuminate areas of uncertainty and provide the groundwork for future animal and clinical research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chara Tsiampali
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ilias D Vachliotis
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antonis Goulas
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stergios A Polyzos
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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9
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Meyniel-Schicklin L, Amaudrut J, Mallinjoud P, Guillier F, Mangeot PE, Lines L, Aublin-Gex A, Scholtes C, Punginelli C, Joly S, Vasseur F, Manet E, Gruffat H, Henry T, Halitim F, Paparin JL, Machin P, Darteil R, Sampson D, Mikaelian I, Lane L, Navratil V, Golinelli-Cohen MP, Terzi F, André P, Lotteau V, Vonderscher J, Meldrum EC, de Chassey B. Viruses traverse the human proteome through peptide interfaces that can be biomimetically leveraged for drug discovery. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2308776121. [PMID: 38252831 PMCID: PMC10835127 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308776121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a drug design strategy based on structural knowledge of protein-protein interfaces selected through virus-host coevolution and translated into highly potential small molecules. This approach is grounded on Vinland, the most comprehensive atlas of virus-human protein-protein interactions with annotation of interacting domains. From this inspiration, we identified small viral protein domains responsible for interaction with human proteins. These peptides form a library of new chemical entities used to screen for replication modulators of several pathogens. As a proof of concept, a peptide from a KSHV protein, identified as an inhibitor of influenza virus replication, was translated into a small molecule series with low nanomolar antiviral activity. By targeting the NEET proteins, these molecules turn out to be of therapeutic interest in a nonalcoholic steatohepatitis mouse model with kidney lesions. This study provides a biomimetic framework to design original chemistries targeting cellular proteins, with indications going far beyond infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Philippe E. Mangeot
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, University Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon69007, France
| | | | - Anne Aublin-Gex
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, University Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon69007, France
| | - Caroline Scholtes
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, University Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon69007, France
| | - Claire Punginelli
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, University Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon69007, France
| | | | - Florence Vasseur
- Université de Paris, INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Département “Croissance et Signalisation”, Paris75015, France
| | - Evelyne Manet
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, University Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon69007, France
| | - Henri Gruffat
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, University Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon69007, France
| | - Thomas Henry
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, University Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon69007, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ivan Mikaelian
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon69373, France
| | - Lydie Lane
- Computer and Laboratory Investigation of Proteins of Human Origin Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne1015, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Navratil
- Pôle Rhône-Alpes de bioinformatique, Rhône-Alpes Bioinformatics Center, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne69622, France
- European Virus Bio-informatiques Center, Jena07743, Germany
- Institut Français de Bioinformatique, IFB-core, UMS 3601, Évry91057, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Golinelli-Cohen
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Unité Propre de Recherche 2301, Gif-sur-Yvette91198, France
| | - Fabiola Terzi
- Université de Paris, INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Département “Croissance et Signalisation”, Paris75015, France
| | - Patrice André
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, University Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon69007, France
| | - Vincent Lotteau
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, University Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon69007, France
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10
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Wong CK, McLean BA, Baggio LL, Koehler JA, Hammoud R, Rittig N, Yabut JM, Seeley RJ, Brown TJ, Drucker DJ. Central glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor activation inhibits Toll-like receptor agonist-induced inflammation. Cell Metab 2024; 36:130-143.e5. [PMID: 38113888 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) exert anti-inflammatory effects relevant to the chronic complications of type 2 diabetes. Although GLP-1RAs attenuate T cell-mediated gut and systemic inflammation directly through the gut intraepithelial lymphocyte GLP-1R, how GLP-1RAs inhibit systemic inflammation in the absence of widespread immune expression of the GLP-1R remains uncertain. Here, we show that GLP-1R activation attenuates the induction of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) by multiple Toll-like receptor agonists. These actions are not mediated by hematopoietic or endothelial GLP-1Rs but require central neuronal GLP-1Rs. In a cecal slurry model of polymicrobial sepsis, GLP-1RAs similarly require neuronal GLP-1Rs to attenuate detrimental responses associated with sepsis, including sickness, hypothermia, systemic inflammation, and lung injury. Mechanistically, GLP-1R activation leads to reduced TNF-α via α1-adrenergic, δ-opioid, and κ-opioid receptor signaling. These data extend emerging concepts of brain-immune networks and posit a new gut-brain GLP-1R axis for suppression of peripheral inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Kin Wong
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brent A McLean
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Laurie L Baggio
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jacqueline A Koehler
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rola Hammoud
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nikolaj Rittig
- Medical/Steno Aarhus Research Laboratory, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Julian M Yabut
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Theodore J Brown
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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11
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Kumar MS. Paneth cell: The missing link between obesity, MASH and portal hypertension. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2024; 48:102259. [PMID: 38070827 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2023.102259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a global health crisis, with its prevalence steadily rising over the past few decades. One concerning consequence of obesity is its association with metabolic associated steatohepatitis [MASH], portal hypertension and liver cirrhosis. Cirrhosis is irreversible, but stages of liver disease before the development of cirrhosis are reversible with appropriate interventions. Studies have brought into light new entities that influences the pathophysiology of portal hypertension. This review provides evidence supporting that, Paneth cells[PCs] in the intestinal epithelium, which remained enigmatic for a century, are the maneuverer of pathophysiology of portal hypertension and obesity. PC dysfunction can cause perturbation of the intestinal microbiota and changes in intestinal permeability, which are the potential triggers of systemic inflammation. Thus, it can offer unique opportunities to understand the pathophysiology of portal hypertension for intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minu Sajeev Kumar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Government Medical College, Thiruvanathapuram, India.
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12
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Bany Bakar R, Reimann F, Gribble FM. The intestine as an endocrine organ and the role of gut hormones in metabolic regulation. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 20:784-796. [PMID: 37626258 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00830-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Gut hormones orchestrate pivotal physiological processes in multiple metabolically active tissues, including the pancreas, liver, adipose tissue, gut and central nervous system, making them attractive therapeutic targets in the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Most gut hormones are derived from enteroendocrine cells, but bioactive peptides that are derived from other intestinal epithelial cell types have also been implicated in metabolic regulation and can be considered gut hormones. A deeper understanding of the complex inter-organ crosstalk mediated by the intestinal endocrine system is a prerequisite for designing more effective drugs that are based on or target gut hormones and their receptors, and extending their therapeutic potential beyond obesity and diabetes mellitus. In this Review, we present an overview of gut hormones that are involved in the regulation of metabolism and discuss their action in the gastrointestinal system and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rula Bany Bakar
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank Reimann
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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13
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Ruck L, Wiegand S, Kühnen P. Relevance and consequence of chronic inflammation for obesity development. Mol Cell Pediatr 2023; 10:16. [PMID: 37957462 PMCID: PMC10643747 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-023-00170-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing prevalence of morbid obesity accompanied by comorbidities like type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) led to a demand for improving therapeutic strategies and pharmacological intervention options. Apart from genetics, inflammation processes have been hypothesized to be of importance for the development of obesity and related aspects like insulin resistance. MAIN TEXT Within this review, we provide an overview of the intricate interplay between chronic inflammation of the adipose tissue and the hypothalamus and the development of obesity. Further understanding of this relationship might improve the understanding of the underlying mechanism and may be of relevance for the establishment of new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ruck
- Klinik Für Pädiatrische Endokrinologie und Diabetologie, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, BIH Charité Junior Clinician Scientist Program, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Susanna Wiegand
- Abteilung Interdisziplinär, Sozial-Pädiatrisches Zentrum, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Kühnen
- Klinik Für Pädiatrische Endokrinologie und Diabetologie, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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14
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Asahara N, Okada-Iwabu M, Iwabu M, Wada K, Oka K, Yamauchi T, Kadowaki T. A monoclonal antibody activating AdipoR for type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg4216. [PMID: 37948516 PMCID: PMC10637737 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg4216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Adiponectin receptors, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 are promising targets for the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases. In this study, we aimed to establish agonistic antibodies against AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 with a long enough half-life to provide a means of improving poor medication adherence associated with preclinical small-molecule AdipoR agonists or existing antidiabetic drugs. Monoclonal antibodies were obtained by immunizing AdipoR knockout mice with human AdipoR-expressing cells. Of the antibodies shown to bind to both, an agonist antibody was obtained, which exhibited adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase-activating properties such as adiponectin and was named AdipoR-activating monoclonal antibody (AdipoRaMab). AdipoRaMab ameliorated glucose intolerance in high-fat diet-fed mice, which was not observed in AdipoR1·AdipoR2 double knockout mice. AdipoRaMab exhibited anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects in the nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) model, indicating its therapeutic potential in diabetes and in NASH. In addition, the results of this study indicated that AdipoRaMab may exert therapeutic effects even in a once-monthly dosing regimen through its humanization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Asahara
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Miki Okada-Iwabu
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory for Advanced Research on Pathophysiology of Metabolic Diseases, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masato Iwabu
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Kouichi Wada
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Shonan Health Innovation Park, 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kozo Oka
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Shonan Health Innovation Park, 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Yamauchi
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory for Advanced Research on Pathophysiology of Metabolic Diseases, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takashi Kadowaki
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory for Advanced Research on Pathophysiology of Metabolic Diseases, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Toranomon Hospital, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8470, Japan
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15
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Nam Y, Kim M, Erdenebileg S, Cha KH, Ryu DH, Kim HY, Lee SH, Jung JH, Nho CW. Sanguisorba officinalis L. Ameliorates Hepatic Steatosis and Fibrosis by Modulating Oxidative Stress, Fatty Acid Oxidation, and Gut Microbiota in CDAHFD-Induced Mice. Nutrients 2023; 15:3779. [PMID: 37686810 PMCID: PMC10490207 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a leading cause of chronic liver diseases and encompasses non-alcoholic steatosis, steatohepatitis, and fibrosis. Sanguisorba officinalis L. (SO) roots have traditionally been used for their antioxidant properties and have beneficial effects on metabolic disorders, including diabetes and obesity. However, its effects on hepatic steatosis and fibrosis remain unclear. In this study, we explored the effects of a 95% ethanolic SO extract (SOEE) on NAFLD and fibrosis in vivo and in vitro. The SOEE was orally administered to C57BL/6J mice fed a choline-deficient, L-amino-acid-defined, high-fat diet for 10 weeks. The SOEE inhibited hepatic steatosis by modulating hepatic malondialdehyde levels and the expression of oxidative stress-associated genes, regulating fatty-acid-oxidation-related genes, and inhibiting the expression of genes that are responsible for fibrosis. The SOEE suppressed the deposition of extracellular matrix hydroxyproline and mRNA expression of fibrosis-associated genes. The SOEE decreased the expression of fibrosis-related genes in vitro by inhibiting SMAD2/3 phosphorylation. Furthermore, the SOEE restored the gut microbial diversity and modulated specific bacterial genera associated with NAFLD and fibrosis. This study suggests that SOEE might be the potential candidate for inhibiting hepatic steatosis and fibrosis by modulating oxidative stress, fatty acid oxidation, and gut microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunseong Nam
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; (Y.N.); (M.K.); (S.E.); (K.H.C.); (H.Y.K.)
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea; (D.H.R.); (S.H.L.); (J.H.J.)
| | - Myungsuk Kim
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; (Y.N.); (M.K.); (S.E.); (K.H.C.); (H.Y.K.)
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Saruul Erdenebileg
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; (Y.N.); (M.K.); (S.E.); (K.H.C.); (H.Y.K.)
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea; (D.H.R.); (S.H.L.); (J.H.J.)
| | - Kwang Hyun Cha
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; (Y.N.); (M.K.); (S.E.); (K.H.C.); (H.Y.K.)
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Hye Ryu
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea; (D.H.R.); (S.H.L.); (J.H.J.)
| | - Ho Youn Kim
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; (Y.N.); (M.K.); (S.E.); (K.H.C.); (H.Y.K.)
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea; (D.H.R.); (S.H.L.); (J.H.J.)
| | - Su Hyeon Lee
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea; (D.H.R.); (S.H.L.); (J.H.J.)
| | - Je Hyeong Jung
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea; (D.H.R.); (S.H.L.); (J.H.J.)
| | - Chu Won Nho
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; (Y.N.); (M.K.); (S.E.); (K.H.C.); (H.Y.K.)
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea; (D.H.R.); (S.H.L.); (J.H.J.)
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16
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Madsen S, Bak SY, Yde CC, Jensen HM, Knudsen TA, Bæch-Laursen C, Holst JJ, Laustsen C, Hedemann MS. Unravelling Effects of Rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Extract on Hepatic Fat Accumulation and Plasma Lipid Profile in Rats Fed a High-Fat Western-Style Diet. Metabolites 2023; 13:974. [PMID: 37755254 PMCID: PMC10534343 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13090974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to investigate the preventive effect on obesity-related conditions of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extract (RE) in young, healthy rats fed a high-fat Western-style diet to complement the existing knowledge gap concerning the anti-obesity effects of RE in vivo. Sprague Dawley rats (71.3 ± 0.46 g) were fed a high-fat Western-style diet (WD) or WD containing either 1 g/kg feed or 4 g/kg feed RE for six weeks. A group fed standard chow served as a negative control. The treatments did not affect body weight; however, the liver fat percentage was reduced in rats fed RE, and NMR analyses of liver tissue indicated that total cholesterol and triglycerides in the liver were reduced. In plasma, HDL cholesterol was increased while triglycerides were decreased. Rats fed high RE had significantly increased fasting plasma concentrations of Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Proteomics analyses of liver tissue showed that RE increased enzymes involved in fatty acid oxidation, possibly associated with the higher fasting GLP-1 levels, which may explain the improvement of the overall lipid profile and hepatic fat accumulation. Furthermore, high levels of succinic acid in the cecal content of RE-treated animals suggested a modulation of the microbiota composition. In conclusion, our results suggest that RE may alleviate the effects of consuming a high-fat diet through increased GLP-1 secretion and changes in microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidsel Madsen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Steffen Yde Bak
- IFF—Nutrition Biosciences Aps, Edwin Rahrs Vej 38, DK-8220 Brabrand, Denmark; (S.Y.B.); (C.C.Y.); (H.M.J.); (T.A.K.)
| | - Christian Clement Yde
- IFF—Nutrition Biosciences Aps, Edwin Rahrs Vej 38, DK-8220 Brabrand, Denmark; (S.Y.B.); (C.C.Y.); (H.M.J.); (T.A.K.)
| | - Henrik Max Jensen
- IFF—Nutrition Biosciences Aps, Edwin Rahrs Vej 38, DK-8220 Brabrand, Denmark; (S.Y.B.); (C.C.Y.); (H.M.J.); (T.A.K.)
| | - Tine Ahrendt Knudsen
- IFF—Nutrition Biosciences Aps, Edwin Rahrs Vej 38, DK-8220 Brabrand, Denmark; (S.Y.B.); (C.C.Y.); (H.M.J.); (T.A.K.)
| | - Cecilie Bæch-Laursen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Novo Nordisk Foundation, Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.B.-L.); (J.J.H.)
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Novo Nordisk Foundation, Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.B.-L.); (J.J.H.)
| | - Christoffer Laustsen
- The MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark;
| | - Mette Skou Hedemann
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
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17
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Zheng S, Huang H, Chen H, Liu Y. Glp-1 Receptor Agonists Regulate the Progression of Diabetes Mellitus Complicated with Fatty Liver by Down-regulating the Expression of Genes Related to Lipid Metabolism. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:5238-5251. [PMID: 37140780 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04505-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is mostly associated with diabetes mellitus. Dulaglutide is approved in type 2 diabetes as a hypoglycemic agent. However, its effects on liver fat and pancreatic fat contents are not evaluated yet. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effects of dulaglutide on liver fat content, pancreatic fat content, liver stiffness, and liver enzyme levels. Patients have taken 0.75 mg subcutaneous dulaglutide each week for 4 weeks, then 1.5 mg weekly for 20 weeks plus standard treatment (metformin plus sulfonylurea and/or insulin; DS group, n = 25), or patients have taken standard treatment (metformin plus sulfonylurea and/or insulin) alone (ST group, n = 46) for type 2 diabetes management. Both groups reported a decrease in liver fat content, pancreatic fat content, and liver stiffness after interventions (p < 0.001 for all). After interventions, the DS group reported a higher decrease in liver fat content, pancreatic fat content, and liver stiffness than that of the ST group (p < 0.001 for all). After interventions, the DS group reported a higher decrease in body mass index than that of the ST group (p < 0.05). There were significant improvements in liver function tests, kidney function tests, lipid profiles, and blood counts after interventions (p < 0.05 for all). Both groups reported a decrease in body mass index after interventions (p < 0.001 for both). The DS group significantly decrease body mass index after interventions (p < 0.05) than the ST group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuihong Zheng
- Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Department of Neurology, Jinhua, 321000, China.
| | - Huaying Huang
- Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Department of Endocrinology, Jinhua, 321000, China
| | - Heye Chen
- Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Department of Endocrinology, Jinhua, 321000, China
| | - Yanfen Liu
- Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Department of Endocrinology, Jinhua, 321000, China
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18
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Fang J, Celton-Morizur S, Desdouets C. NAFLD-Related HCC: Focus on the Latest Relevant Preclinical Models. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3723. [PMID: 37509384 PMCID: PMC10377912 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer and one of the deadliest cancers worldwide. Despite extensive research, the biological mechanisms underlying HCC's development and progression remain only partially understood. Chronic overeating and/or sedentary-lifestyle-associated obesity, which promote Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), have recently emerged as worrying risk factors for HCC. NAFLD is characterized by excessive hepatocellular lipid accumulation (steatosis) and affects one quarter of the world's population. Steatosis progresses in the more severe inflammatory form, Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH), potentially leading to HCC. The incidence of NASH is expected to increase by up to 56% over the next 10 years. Better diagnoses and the establishment of effective treatments for NAFLD and HCC will require improvements in our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of the disease's development. This review describes the pathogenesis of NAFLD and the mechanisms underlying the transition from NAFL/NASH to HCC. We also discuss a selection of appropriate preclinical models of NAFLD for research, from cellular models such as liver-on-a-chip models to in vivo models, focusing particularly on mouse models of dietary NAFLD-HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fang
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
- Genomic Instability, Metabolism, Immunity and Liver Tumorigenesis Laboratory, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Séverine Celton-Morizur
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
- Genomic Instability, Metabolism, Immunity and Liver Tumorigenesis Laboratory, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Chantal Desdouets
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
- Genomic Instability, Metabolism, Immunity and Liver Tumorigenesis Laboratory, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75005 Paris, France
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19
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Tsiampali C, Papaioannidou P, Goulas A, Polyzos SA. The role of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2023; 16:1063-1072. [PMID: 37864548 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2023.2274536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent disease, associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia, which can lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in some patients. Apart from lifestyle modifications, which are the cornerstone for its management, several drugs are under evaluation, including glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-R1RAs). In this review, we summarized major clinical data concerning the effects of GLP-1RAs on NAFLD, trying to highlight existing knowledge and to elucidate areas of uncertainty, thus providing clues to potential clinical implications and research. AREAS COVERED Selected clinical studies on GLP-R1As in NAFLD are presented in this narrative review. EXPERT OPINION There is evidence that treatment with GLP-R1As in NAFLD has beneficial effects on NAFLD, i.e. improvement in liver function tests and histological improvement in hepatic steatosis and inflammation, but not fibrosis. Further research is required toward the early use of GLP-R1Αs, i.e. in NAFLD patients without fibrosis to evaluate whether they may prevent the progression to fibrosis, or in patients with advanced disease in combination with other medications, which may have additive or even synergistic effects on NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chara Tsiampali
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Papaioannidou
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antonis Goulas
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stergios A Polyzos
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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20
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Piccirillo F, Mastroberardino S, Nusca A, Frau L, Guarino L, Napoli N, Ussia GP, Grigioni F. Novel Antidiabetic Agents and Their Effects on Lipid Profile: A Single Shot for Several Cardiovascular Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10164. [PMID: 37373310 PMCID: PMC10299555 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM) represents one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Hyperglycemia and glycemic variability are not the only determinant of the increased cardiovascular (CV) risk in diabetic patients, as a frequent metabolic disorder associated with DM is dyslipidemia, characterized by hypertriglyceridemia, decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels and a shift towards small dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. This pathological alteration, also called diabetic dyslipidemia, represents a relevant factor which could promotes atherosclerosis and subsequently an increased CV morbidity and mortality. Recently, the introduction of novel antidiabetic agents, such as sodium glucose transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4i) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), has been associated with a significant improvement in CV outcomes. Beyond their known action on glycemia, their positive effects on the CV system also seems to be related to an ameliorated lipidic profile. In this context, this narrative review summarizes the current knowledge regarding these novel anti-diabetic drugs and their effects on diabetic dyslipidemia, which could explain the provided global benefit to the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Piccirillo
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy; (F.P.); (S.M.); (L.F.); (L.G.); (N.N.); (G.P.U.); (F.G.)
- Research Unit of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Sara Mastroberardino
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy; (F.P.); (S.M.); (L.F.); (L.G.); (N.N.); (G.P.U.); (F.G.)
- Research Unit of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Annunziata Nusca
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy; (F.P.); (S.M.); (L.F.); (L.G.); (N.N.); (G.P.U.); (F.G.)
- Research Unit of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Frau
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy; (F.P.); (S.M.); (L.F.); (L.G.); (N.N.); (G.P.U.); (F.G.)
- Research Unit of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Guarino
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy; (F.P.); (S.M.); (L.F.); (L.G.); (N.N.); (G.P.U.); (F.G.)
- Research Unit of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Nicola Napoli
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy; (F.P.); (S.M.); (L.F.); (L.G.); (N.N.); (G.P.U.); (F.G.)
- Research Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Ussia
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy; (F.P.); (S.M.); (L.F.); (L.G.); (N.N.); (G.P.U.); (F.G.)
- Research Unit of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Grigioni
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy; (F.P.); (S.M.); (L.F.); (L.G.); (N.N.); (G.P.U.); (F.G.)
- Research Unit of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
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21
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Basha A, May SC, Anderson RM, Samala N, Mirmira RG. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Translating Disease Mechanisms into Therapeutics Using Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9996. [PMID: 37373143 PMCID: PMC10298283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a range of pathologies arising from fat accumulation in the liver in the absence of excess alcohol use or other causes of liver disease. Its complications include cirrhosis and liver failure, hepatocellular carcinoma, and eventual death. NAFLD is the most common cause of liver disease globally and is estimated to affect nearly one-third of individuals in the United States. Despite knowledge that the incidence and prevalence of NAFLD are increasing, the pathophysiology of the disease and its progression to cirrhosis remain insufficiently understood. The molecular pathogenesis of NAFLD involves insulin resistance, inflammation, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Better insight into these molecular pathways would allow for therapies that target specific stages of NAFLD. Preclinical animal models have aided in defining these mechanisms and have served as platforms for screening and testing of potential therapeutic approaches. In this review, we will discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms thought to contribute to NAFLD, with a focus on the role of animal models in elucidating these mechanisms and in developing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Basha
- Kovler Diabetes Center, Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sarah C. May
- Kovler Diabetes Center, Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ryan M. Anderson
- Kovler Diabetes Center, Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Niharika Samala
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Raghavendra G. Mirmira
- Kovler Diabetes Center, Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Chun HJ, Kim ER, Lee M, Choi DH, Kim SH, Shin E, Kim JH, Cho JW, Han DH, Cha BS, Lee YH. Increased expression of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 and O-GlcNAcylation in hepatocytes drives non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Metabolism 2023:155612. [PMID: 37277060 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Steatosis reducing effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has been consistently reported in humans, but their mechanism remains uncertain. In this study, we examined the expression of SGLT2 in human livers and investigated the crosstalk between SGLT2 inhibition and hepatic glucose uptake, intracellular O-GlcNAcylation, and autophagic regulation in NASH. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human liver samples obtained from subjects with/without NASH were analyzed. For in vitro studies, human normal hepatocytes and hepatoma cells were treated with SGLT2 inhibitor under high-glucose and high-lipid conditions. NASH in vivo was induced by a high-fat, -fructose, and -cholesterol Amylin liver NASH (AMLN) diet for 10 weeks followed by an additional 10 weeks with/without SGLT2 inhibitor (empagliflozin 10 mg/kg/day). RESULTS Liver samples from subjects with NASH were associated with increased SGLT2 and O-GlcNAcylation expression compared with controls. Under NASH condition (in vitro condition with high glucose and lipid), intracellular O-GlcNAcylation and inflammatory markers were increased in hepatocytes and SGLT2 expression was upregulated; SGLT2 inhibitor treatment blocked these changes by directly reducing hepatocellular glucose uptake. In addition, decreased intracellular O-GlcNAcylation by SGLT2 inhibitor promoted autophagic flux through AMPK-TFEB activation. In the AMLN diet-induced NASH mice model, SGLT2 inhibitor alleviated lipid accumulation, inflammation, and fibrosis through autophagy activation related to decreased SGLT2 expression and O-GlcNAcylation in the liver. CONCLUSIONS This study firstly demonstrates increased SGLT2 expression in NASH and secondly reveals the novel effect of SGLT2 inhibition on NASH by activating autophagy mediated by inhibition of hepatocellular glucose uptake and consequently decreasing intracellular O-GlcNAcylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Chun
- Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ran Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.; Division of Endocrine and Kidney Disease Research, Department of Chronic Disease Convergence Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyoung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.; Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Hyun Choi
- Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Eugene Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hong Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Won Cho
- Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Department of Systems Biology, Glycosylation Network Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Dai Hoon Han
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea..
| | - Bong-Soo Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.; Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea..
| | - Yong-Ho Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.; Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea..
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23
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Zhang Q, Jin Y, Xin X, An Z, Hu YY, Li Y, Feng Q. A high-trans fat, high-carbohydrate, high-cholesterol, high-cholate diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis mouse model and its hepatic immune response. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2023; 20:28. [PMID: 37244987 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-023-00749-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic progressive disease that can progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Animal models are important tools for basic NASH research. Immune activation plays a key role in liver inflammation in patients with NASH. We established a high-trans fat, high-carbohydrate, and high-cholesterol, high-cholate diet-induced (HFHCCC) mouse model. C57BL/6 mice were fed a normal or HFHCCC diet for 24 weeks, and the immune response characteristics of this model were evaluated. The proportion of immune cells in mouse liver tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry, Multiplex bead immunoassay and Luminex technology was used to detecte the expression of cytokines in mouse liver tissues. The results showed that mice treated with HFHCCC diet exhibited remarkably increased hepatic triglycerides (TG) content, and the increase in plasma transaminases resulted in hepatocyte injury. Biochemical results showed that HFHCCC induced elevated hepatic lipids, blood glucose, insulin; marked hepatocyte steatosis, ballooning, inflammation, and fibrosis. The proportion of innate immunity-related cells, including Kupffer cells (KCs), neutrophils, dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer T cells (NKT), and adaptive immunity-related CD3+ T cells increased; interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-9, and chemokines, including CCL2, CCL3, and macrophage colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) increased. The constructed model closely approximated the characteristics of human NASH and evaluation of its immune response signature, showed that the innate immune response was more pronounced than adaptive immunity. Its use as an experimental tool for understanding innate immune responses in NASH is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yue Jin
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xin Xin
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ziming An
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yi-Yang Hu
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yajuan Li
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Qin Feng
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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24
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Lee HA, Kim HY. Therapeutic Mechanisms and Clinical Effects of Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119324. [PMID: 37298276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can lead to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Recently, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), a class of drugs used to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity, have shown therapeutic effects against NAFLD. In addition to reducing blood glucose levels and body weight, GLP-1RAs are effective in improving the clinical, biochemical, and histological markers of hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. Additionally, GLP-1RAs have a good safety profile with minor side effects, such as nausea and vomiting. Overall, GLP-1RAs show promise as a potential treatment for NAFLD, and further studies are required to determine their long-term safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Ah Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwi Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea
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25
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Hammoud R, Drucker DJ. Beyond the pancreas: contrasting cardiometabolic actions of GIP and GLP1. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2023; 19:201-216. [PMID: 36509857 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-022-00783-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) exhibit incretin activity, meaning that they potentiate glucose-dependent insulin secretion. The emergence of GIP receptor (GIPR)-GLP1 receptor (GLP1R) co-agonists has fostered growing interest in the actions of GIP and GLP1 in metabolically relevant tissues. Here, we update concepts of how these hormones act beyond the pancreas. The actions of GIP and GLP1 on liver, muscle and adipose tissue, in the control of glucose and lipid homeostasis, are discussed in the context of plausible mechanisms of action. Both the GIPR and GLP1R are expressed in the central nervous system, wherein receptor activation produces anorectic effects enabling weight loss. In preclinical studies, GIP and GLP1 reduce atherosclerosis. Furthermore, GIPR and GLP1R are expressed within the heart and immune system, and GLP1R within the kidney, revealing putative mechanisms linking GIP and GLP1R agonism to cardiorenal protection. We interpret the clinical and mechanistic data obtained for different agents that enable weight loss and glucose control for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, respectively, by activating or blocking GIPR signalling, including the GIPR-GLP1R co-agonist tirzepatide, as well as the GIPR antagonist-GLP1R agonist AMG-133. Collectively, we update translational concepts of GIP and GLP1 action, while highlighting gaps, areas of uncertainty and controversies meriting ongoing investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rola Hammoud
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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26
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Griffett K, Burris TP. Development of LXR inverse agonists to treat MAFLD, NASH, and other metabolic diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1102469. [PMID: 36817797 PMCID: PMC9932051 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1102469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of LXR activity by synthetic agonists has been the focus of many drug discovery efforts with a focus on treatment of dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Many agonists have been developed, but all have been hindered due to their ability to efficaciously stimulate de novo lipogenesis. Here, we review the development of LXR inverse agonists that were originally optimized for their ability to enable recruitment of corepressors leading to silencing of genes that drive de novo lipogenesis. Such compounds have efficacy in animal models of MAFLD, dyslipidemia, and cancer. Several classes of LXR inverse agonists have been identified and one is now in clinical trials for treatment of severe dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Griffett
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Thomas P. Burris
- The University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, FL, United States,*Correspondence: Thomas P. Burris,
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27
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Yabut JM, Drucker DJ. Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor-based Therapeutics for Metabolic Liver Disease. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:14-32. [PMID: 35907261 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnac018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) controls islet hormone secretion, gut motility, and body weight, supporting development of GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity. GLP-1RA exhibit a favorable safety profile and reduce the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events in people with T2D. Considerable preclinical data, supported by the results of clinical trials, link therapy with GLP-RA to reduction of hepatic inflammation, steatosis, and fibrosis. Mechanistically, the actions of GLP-1 on the liver are primarily indirect, as hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and stellate cells do not express the canonical GLP-1R. GLP-1RA reduce appetite and body weight, decrease postprandial lipoprotein secretion, and attenuate systemic and tissue inflammation, actions that may contribute to attenuation of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Here we discuss evolving concepts of GLP-1 action that improve liver health and highlight evidence that links sustained GLP-1R activation in distinct cell types to control of hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism, and reduction of experimental and clinical nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The therapeutic potential of GLP-1RA alone, or in combination with peptide agonists, or new small molecule therapeutics is discussed in the context of potential efficacy and safety. Ongoing trials in people with obesity will further clarify the safety of GLP-1RA, and pivotal studies underway in people with NASH will define whether GLP-1-based medicines represent effective and safe therapies for people with MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian M Yabut
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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28
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Finney AC, Das S, Kumar D, McKinney MP, Cai B, Yurdagul A, Rom O. The interplay between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1116861. [PMID: 37200978 PMCID: PMC10185914 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1116861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic approaches that lower circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol significantly reduced the burden of cardiovascular disease over the last decades. However, the persistent rise in the obesity epidemic is beginning to reverse this decline. Alongside obesity, the incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has substantially increased in the last three decades. Currently, approximately one third of world population is affected by NAFLD. Notably, the presence of NAFLD and particularly its more severe form, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), serves as an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), thus, raising interest in the relationship between these two diseases. Importantly, ASCVD is the major cause of death in patients with NASH independent of traditional risk factors. Nevertheless, the pathophysiology linking NAFLD/NASH with ASCVD remains poorly understood. While dyslipidemia is a common risk factor underlying both diseases, therapies that lower circulating LDL-cholesterol are largely ineffective against NASH. While there are no approved pharmacological therapies for NASH, some of the most advanced drug candidates exacerbate atherogenic dyslipidemia, raising concerns regarding their adverse cardiovascular consequences. In this review, we address current gaps in our understanding of the mechanisms linking NAFLD/NASH and ASCVD, explore strategies to simultaneously model these diseases, evaluate emerging biomarkers that may be useful to diagnose the presence of both diseases, and discuss investigational approaches and ongoing clinical trials that potentially target both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C. Finney
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Sandeep Das
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Dhananjay Kumar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - M. Peyton McKinney
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Bishuang Cai
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, United States
| | - Arif Yurdagul
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Correspondence: Arif Yurdagul Oren Rom
| | - Oren Rom
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Correspondence: Arif Yurdagul Oren Rom
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Flessa CM, Nasiri-Ansari N, Kyrou I, Leca BM, Lianou M, Chatzigeorgiou A, Kaltsas G, Kassi E, Randeva HS. Genetic and Diet-Induced Animal Models for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Research. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415791. [PMID: 36555433 PMCID: PMC9780957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapidly increasing incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is noted worldwide due to the adoption of western-type lifestyles and eating habits. This makes the understanding of the molecular mechanisms that drive the pathogenesis of this chronic disease and the development of newly approved treatments of utmost necessity. Animal models are indispensable tools for achieving these ends. Although the ideal mouse model for human NAFLD does not exist yet, several models have arisen with the combination of dietary interventions, genetic manipulations and/or administration of chemical substances. Herein, we present the most common mouse models used in the research of NAFLD, either for the whole disease spectrum or for a particular disease stage (e.g., non-alcoholic steatohepatitis). We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each model, along with the challenges facing the researchers who aim to develop and use animal models for translational research in NAFLD. Based on these characteristics and the specific study aims/needs, researchers should select the most appropriate model with caution when translating results from animal to human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina-Maria Flessa
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Narjes Nasiri-Ansari
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kyrou
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
- Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Quality of Life, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Bianca M. Leca
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Maria Lianou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Chatzigeorgiou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Gregory Kaltsas
- Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Eva Kassi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (H.S.R.)
| | - Harpal S. Randeva
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (H.S.R.)
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Amiri P, Arefhosseini S, Bakhshimoghaddam F, Jamshidi Gurvan H, Hosseini SA. Mechanistic insights into the pleiotropic effects of butyrate as a potential therapeutic agent on NAFLD management: A systematic review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1037696. [PMID: 36532559 PMCID: PMC9755748 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1037696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide. As a multifaceted disease, NAFLD's pathogenesis is not entirely understood, but recent evidence reveals that gut microbiota plays a significant role in its progression. Butyrate, a gut microbiota metabolite, has been reported to have hepato-protective effects in NAFLD animal models. The purpose of this systematic review is to determine how butyrate affects the risk factors for NAFLD. Searches were conducted using relevant keywords in electronic databases up to March 2022. According to the evidence presented in this study, butyrate contributes to a wide variety of biological processes in the gut-liver axis. Its beneficial properties include improving intestinal homeostasis and liver health as well as anti-inflammatory, metabolism regulatory and anti-oxidative effects. These effects may be attributed to butyrate's ability to regulate gene expression as an epigenetic modulator and trigger cellular responses as a signalling molecule. However, the exact underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Human trials have not been performed on the effect of butyrate on NAFLD, so there are concerns about whether the results of animal studies can be translated to humans. This review summarises the current knowledge about the properties of butyrate, particularly its potential effects and mechanisms on liver health and NAFLD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parichehr Amiri
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sara Arefhosseini
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farnush Bakhshimoghaddam
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hannah Jamshidi Gurvan
- National Medical Emergency Organization, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Hosseini
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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31
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Gallage S, Avila JEB, Ramadori P, Focaccia E, Rahbari M, Ali A, Malek NP, Anstee QM, Heikenwalder M. A researcher's guide to preclinical mouse NASH models. Nat Metab 2022; 4:1632-1649. [PMID: 36539621 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00700-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its inflammatory form, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), have quickly risen to become the most prevalent chronic liver disease in the Western world and are risk factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC is not only one of the most common cancers but is also highly lethal. Nevertheless, there are currently no clinically approved drugs for NAFLD, and NASH-induced HCC poses a unique metabolic microenvironment that may influence responsiveness to certain treatments. Therefore, there is an urgent need to better understand the pathogenesis of this rampant disease to devise new therapies. In this line, preclinical mouse models are crucial tools to investigate mechanisms as well as novel treatment modalities during the pathogenesis of NASH and subsequent HCC in preparation for human clinical trials. Although, there are numerous genetically induced, diet-induced and toxin-induced models of NASH, not all of these models faithfully phenocopy and mirror the human pathology very well. In this Perspective, we shed some light onto the most widely used mouse models of NASH and highlight some of the key advantages and disadvantages of the various models with an emphasis on 'Western diets', which are increasingly recognized as some of the best models in recapitulating the human NASH pathology and comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchira Gallage
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- The M3 Research Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Jose Efren Barragan Avila
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pierluigi Ramadori
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Enrico Focaccia
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mohammad Rahbari
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adnan Ali
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nisar P Malek
- The M3 Research Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department Internal Medicine I, Eberhard-Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Quentin M Anstee
- Newcastle NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- The M3 Research Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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32
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Raza GS, Sodum N, Kaya Y, Herzig KH. Role of Circadian Transcription Factor Rev-Erb in Metabolism and Tissue Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12954. [PMID: 36361737 PMCID: PMC9655416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms significantly affect metabolism, and their disruption leads to cardiometabolic diseases and fibrosis. The clock repressor Rev-Erb is mainly expressed in the liver, heart, lung, adipose tissue, skeletal muscles, and brain, recognized as a master regulator of metabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis, inflammatory response, and fibrosis. Fibrosis is the response of the body to injuries and chronic inflammation with the accumulation of extracellular matrix in tissues. Activation of myofibroblasts is a key factor in the development of organ fibrosis, initiated by hormones, growth factors, inflammatory cytokines, and mechanical stress. This review summarizes the importance of Rev-Erb in ECM remodeling and tissue fibrosis. In the heart, Rev-Erb activation has been shown to alleviate hypertrophy and increase exercise capacity. In the lung, Rev-Erb agonist reduced pulmonary fibrosis by suppressing fibroblast differentiation. In the liver, Rev-Erb inhibited inflammation and fibrosis by diminishing NF-κB activity. In adipose tissue, Rev- Erb agonists reduced fat mass. In summary, the results of multiple studies in preclinical models demonstrate that Rev-Erb is an attractive target for positively influencing dysregulated metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis, but more specific tools and studies would be needed to increase the information base for the therapeutic potential of these substances interfering with the molecular clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Shere Raza
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Nalini Sodum
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Yagmur Kaya
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Marmara University, 34854 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
- Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Pediatric Institute, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznań, Poland
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A high-fat, high-fructose diet induced hepatic steatosis, renal lesions, dyslipidemia, and hyperuricemia in non-obese rats. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10896. [PMID: 36247176 PMCID: PMC9562237 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive consumption of fat and sugar is associated with various chronic diseases. However, the variation of fat and sugar content in the diet greatly affected the outcome. In this study, a high-fat, high-fructose diet (HFHFD) formula was made with a composition of 31.99% carbohydrate, 40.7% fat, 11.8% protein, and an additional 30% fructose drink to confirm the effects of HFHFD on metabolic health and pathological changes in organs, especially the liver, kidneys, pancreas, muscles, and spleen. A total of 24 male Wistar rats aged 8–12 weeks were divided into four groups: standard chow (SC), HFHFD, SC + carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), and HFHFD + CCl4. After eight weeks of dietary intervention, body mass index, obesity index, lipid profiles, liver function tests, fasting blood glucose, serum uric acid and urea levels, and tissue histopathology were examined. HFHFD with the main unsaturated fatty acids of linoleic acid (14.57%) and palmitoleic acid (8.28%), the main saturated fatty acids of stearic acid (13.62%) and myristic acid (10.09%), and a low trans-fatty acids content, did not promote the rats to become obese. However, liver histology examination showed severe hepatic steatosis (78.33%), leading to steatohepatitis accompanied by an increase in serum ALP (p < 0.01), triglyceride (p < 0.001), total cholesterol (p < 0.05), and uric acid (p < 0.001) levels. Other histological features showed moderate lesions (45%) of the kidney, slight vacuolization of the pancreas, and a mild increase of inflammatory cells in the spleen and muscle. So, this study found that although HFHFD did not promote obesity within 8 weeks of administration, it induced hepatic and renal lesions, dyslipidemia, and hyperuricemia as a metabolic consequence of excessive fatty acids and fructose.
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Sakuma T, Nakamura M, Chiba T, Iwanaga T, Kan M, Kojima R, Ao J, Ma Y, Unozawa H, Fujita N, Kanayama K, Kanzaki H, Koroki K, Kobayashi K, Nakagawa R, Kanogawa N, Kiyono S, Kondo T, Saito T, Ogasawara S, Nakamoto S, Muroyama R, Kato J, Kishimoto T, Kato N. A diet-induced murine model for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with obesity and insulin resistance that rapidly develops steatohepatitis and fibrosis. J Transl Med 2022; 102:1150-1157. [PMID: 35643859 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-022-00807-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Patients with NAFLD often suffer steatohepatitis, which can progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The presence of visceral obesity or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major risk factor and potential therapeutic target for NAFLD. The establishment of animal models with these metabolic comorbidities and with the rapid progression of the disease is needed for developing treatments for NAFLD but remains to be archived. In the present study, KK-Ay mice, widely used as T2DM models, or C57BL6 mice were fed a high-fat, high-fructose, and high-cholesterol diet supplemented with cholic acid (NAFLD diet). The KK-Ay mice fed a NAFLD diet exhibited remarkable obesity and insulin resistance. A prominent accumulation of triglycerides and cholesterol in the liver was observed at 4 weeks. These mice developed steatohepatitis at 4 weeks and fibrosis at 12 weeks. In contrast, C57BL6 mice fed a NAFLD diet remained lean, although they still developed steatohepatitis and fibrosis. In summary, we established a diet-induced murine NAFLD model with the rapid development of steatohepatitis and fibrosis, bearing obesity and insulin resistance. This model could be useful as preclinical models for drug development of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Sakuma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Masato Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan.
| | - Tetsuhiro Chiba
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Terunao Iwanaga
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Motoyasu Kan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Ryuta Kojima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Junjie Ao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Yaojia Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Hidemi Unozawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Naoto Fujita
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Kengo Kanayama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kanzaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Keisuke Koroki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan.,Translational Research and Development Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Naoya Kanogawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kiyono
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kondo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Tomoko Saito
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Sadahisa Ogasawara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan.,Translational Research and Development Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Shingo Nakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Muroyama
- Department of Molecular Virology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Jun Kato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Takashi Kishimoto
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Naoya Kato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
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Liu J, Yao B, Gao L, Zhang Y, Huang S, Wang X. Emerging role of carboxylesterases in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 205:115250. [PMID: 36130649 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasingly recognized as a global public health problem. Carboxylesterases (CESs), as potential influencing factors of NAFLD, are very important to improve clinical outcomes. This review aims to deeply understand the role of CESs in the progression of NAFLD and proposes that CESs can be used as potential targets for NAFLD treatment. We first introduced CESs and analyzed the relationship between CESs and hepatic lipid metabolism and inflammation. Then, we further reviewed the regulation of nuclear receptors on CESs, including PXR, CAR, PPARα, HNF4α and FXR, which may influence the progression of NAFLD. Finally, we evaluated the advantages and disadvantages of existing NAFLD animal models and summarized the application of CES-related animal models in NAFLD research. In general, this review provides an overview of the relationship between CESs and NAFLD and discusses the role and potential value of CESs in the treatment and prevention of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingyi Yao
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangcai Gao
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhang
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengbo Huang
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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36
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Glucagon-like peptide 1 and fibroblast growth factor-21 in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: An experimental to clinical perspective. Pharmacol Res 2022; 184:106426. [PMID: 36075510 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive form of Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which slowly progresses toward cirrhosis and finally leads to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome are major risk factors contributing to NAFLD. Targeting these risk factors is a rational option for inhibiting NASH progression. In addition, NASH could be treated with therapies that target the metabolic abnormalities causing disease pathogenesis (such as de novo lipogenesis and insulin resistance) as well with medications targeting downstream processes such as cellular damage, apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1), is an incretin hormone dysregulated in both experimental and clinical NASH, which triggers many signaling pathways including fibroblast growth factor (FGF) that augments NASH pathogenesis. Growing evidence indicates that GLP-1 in concert with FGF-21 plays crucial roles in the conservation of glucose and lipid homeostasis in metabolic disorders. In line, GLP-1 stimulation improves hepatic ballooning, steatosis, and fibrosis in NASH. A recent clinical trial on NASH patients showed that the upregulation of FGF-21 decreases liver fibrosis and hepatic steatosis, thus improving the pathogenesis of NASH. Hence, therapeutic targeting of the GLP-1/FGF axis could be therapeutically beneficial for the remission of NASH. This review outlines the significance of the GLP-1/FGF-21 axis in experimental and clinical NASH and highlights the activity of modulators targeting this axis as potential salutary agents for the treatment of NASH.
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Bae J, Lee JY, Shin E, Lee M, Lee YH, Lee BW, Kang ES, Cha BS. The effects of the voglibose on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice model. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13595. [PMID: 35948569 PMCID: PMC9365779 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15550-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The α-glucosidase inhibitor (α-GI) delays the intestinal absorption of glucose, which reduces postprandial hepatic glucose intake. This mechanism is considered to be effective in treating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Here, we investigated the effect of voglibose, an α-glucosidase inhibitor, on high-fat, high-fructose (HFHFr) diet-induced NAFLD models. Seven-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were randomly placed in a chow diet group or an HFHFr diet group. After 10 weeks, mice in the HFHFr group were randomly assigned to one of three groups: HFHFr diet with vehicle, HFHFr with voglibose, or HFHFr with pioglitazone. Each diet and treatment was continued for 10 weeks. The HFHFr diet induced severe NAFLD in terms of steatosis, hepatitis, and fibrosis. Administration of voglibose improved all aspects of NAFLD, comparable to those of pioglitazone, a positive control. In voglibose-treated mice, gene expressions of hepatic lipogenesis markers were significantly downregulated. In the in vitro experiment, reducing the influx of glucose into hepatocytes significantly reduced steatosis and de novo lipogenesis even in the presence of sufficient fructose and fat, demonstrating that the mechanism of voglibose could be effective in treating HFHFr diet-induced NAFLD. These results indicate that voglibose improves HFHFr diet-induced NAFLD by suppressing hepatic de novo lipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyun Bae
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Ji Young Lee
- Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eugene Shin
- Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minyoung Lee
- Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Lee
- Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Byung-Wan Lee
- Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Eun Seok Kang
- Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Bong-Soo Cha
- Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. .,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
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Chew NWS, Ng CH, Truong E, Noureddin M, Kowdley KV. Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Drug Development Pipeline: An Update. Semin Liver Dis 2022; 42:379-400. [PMID: 35709720 DOI: 10.1055/a-1877-9656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a burgeoning global health crisis that mirrors the obesity pandemic. This global health crisis has stimulated active research to develop novel NASH pharmacotherapies targeting dysregulated inflammatory, cellular stress, and fibrogenetic processes that include (1) metabolic pathways to improve insulin sensitivity, de novo lipogenesis, and mitochondrial utilization of fatty acids; (2) cellular injury or inflammatory targets that reduce inflammatory cell recruitment and signaling; (3) liver-gut axis targets that influence bile acid enterohepatic circulation and signaling; and (4) antifibrotic targets. In this review, we summarize several of the therapeutic agents that have been studied in phase 2 and 3 randomized trials. In addition to reviewing novel therapeutic drugs targeting nuclear receptor pathways, liver chemokine receptors, liver lipid metabolism, lipotoxicity or cell death, and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors, we also discuss the rationale behind the use of combination therapy and the lessons learned from unsuccessful or negative clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W S Chew
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cheng Han Ng
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Emily Truong
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mazen Noureddin
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Fatty Liver Program, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kris V Kowdley
- Liver Institute Northwest and Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Seattle, Washington
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Targeting fibrosis, mechanisms and cilinical trials. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:206. [PMID: 35773269 PMCID: PMC9247101 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is characterized by the excessive extracellular matrix deposition due to dysregulated wound and connective tissue repair response. Multiple organs can develop fibrosis, including the liver, kidney, heart, and lung. Fibrosis such as liver cirrhosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and cystic fibrosis caused substantial disease burden. Persistent abnormal activation of myofibroblasts mediated by various signals, such as transforming growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and fibroblast growh factor, has been recongized as a major event in the occurrence and progression of fibrosis. Although the mechanisms driving organ-specific fibrosis have not been fully elucidated, drugs targeting these identified aberrant signals have achieved potent anti-fibrotic efficacy in clinical trials. In this review, we briefly introduce the aetiology and epidemiology of several fibrosis diseases, including liver fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, cardiac fibrosis, and pulmonary fibrosis. Then, we summarise the abnormal cells (epithelial cells, endothelial cells, immune cells, and fibroblasts) and their interactions in fibrosis. In addition, we also focus on the aberrant signaling pathways and therapeutic targets that regulate myofibroblast activation, extracellular matrix cross-linking, metabolism, and inflammation in fibrosis. Finally, we discuss the anti-fibrotic drugs based on their targets and clinical trials. This review provides reference for further research on fibrosis mechanism, drug development, and clinical trials.
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Simon TG, Patorno E, Schneeweiss S. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Hepatic Decompensation Events in Patients With Cirrhosis and Diabetes. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 20:1382-1393.e19. [PMID: 34256144 PMCID: PMC8743301 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The study sought to compare the effectiveness of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, sulfonylureas, or sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors in reducing decompensation events, among patients with cirrhosis and type 2 diabetes. METHODS This population-based, retrospective cohort study included patients with type 2 diabetes and cirrhosis, in a commercial healthcare database (IBM MarketScan). We constructed 3 pairwise, 1:1 propensity score (PS)-matched cohorts of adults initiating GLP-1RAs or a comparator medication (ie, DPP-4 inhibitors [2006-2020], sulfonylurea [2005-2020], or SGLT-2 inhibitors [2013-2020]). Patients were followed in an as-treated approach for decompensation events (ie, ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hepatorenal syndrome, hepatic encephalopathy, or esophageal variceal hemorrhage). Within each PS-matched cohort, we estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), controlling for >90 baseline characteristics. RESULTS Over 132 days of median follow-up (interquartile range, 73-290 days), PS-matched rates of any decompensation were significantly lower among GLP-1RA initiators, versus DPP-4 inhibitor initiators (105.2 vs 144.0 per 1000 person-years [PY]; HR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.53-0.88; n = 1431 pairs), and versus sulfonylureas (97.3 vs 144.0 per 1000 PY; HR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.48-0.84; n = 1246 pairs). Similar, inverse associations were found for individual decompensation events, including ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, or hepatorenal syndrome (HR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.45-0.97; and HR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.46-0.94, respectively); esophageal variceal hemorrhage (HR, 0.62 [95% CI, 0.41-0.92; and HR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.37-0.92, respectively); and hepatic encephalopathy (HR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.55-1.06; and HR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.39-0.92, respectively). Results persisted in subgroups of patients with and without previously decompensated cirrhosis. In contrast, decompensation rates were similar when GLP-1RAs and SGLT-2 inhibitors were directly compared (103.5 vs 112.8 per 1000 PY; HR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.62-1.28). CONCLUSIONS Among cirrhotic patients with type 2 diabetes, we find high rates of decompensation, consistent with previous reports; these rates were substantially lower among GLP-1RA initiators compared with DPP-4 inhibitors or sulfonylureas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey G. Simon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 55 Fruit Street Wang 5, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit (CTEU), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 1620 Tremont St, Suite 3030, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elisabetta Patorno
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 1620 Tremont St, Suite 3030, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sebastian Schneeweiss
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 1620 Tremont St, Suite 3030, Boston, MA, USA
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Hamada S, Takata T, Yamada K, Yamamoto M, Mae Y, Iyama T, Ikeda S, Kanda T, Sugihara T, Isomoto H. Steatosis is involved in the progression of kidney disease in a high-fat-diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis mouse model. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265461. [PMID: 35294499 PMCID: PMC8926260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are major health issues associated with the metabolic syndrome. Although NASH is a known risk factor of CKD, the mechanisms linking these two diseases remain poorly understood. We aimed to investigate alterations in the kidney complicated with dyslipidemia in an established NASH mouse model. Male C57BL6/J mice were fed with control diet or high-fat diet (HFD), containing 40% fat, 22% fructose, and 2% cholesterol for 16 weeks. Metabolic characteristics, histological changes in the kidney, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, apoptosis, and fibrosis were evaluated by histological analysis, immunoblotting, and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkali-phosphatase, total cholesterol, and urinary albumin were significantly higher in mice fed with HFD. Remarkable steatosis, glomerular hypertrophy, and interstitial fibrosis were also shown in in the kidney by leveraging HFD. Furthermore, HFD increased the mRNA expression levels of Casp3, Tgfb1, and Nfe2l2 and the protein level of BiP. We observed the early changes of CKD and speculate that the underlying mechanisms that link CKD and NASH are the induction of ER stress and apoptosis. Further, we observed the activation of Nfe2l2 in the steatosis-induced CKD mouse model. This NASH model holds implications in investigating the mechanisms linking dyslipidemia and CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Hamada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Takata
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kentaro Yamada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Marie Yamamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yukari Mae
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Takuji Iyama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Suguru Ikeda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kanda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Takaaki Sugihara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hajime Isomoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
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Eugenol alleviated nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rat via a gut-brain-liver axis involving glucagon-like Peptide-1. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 725:109269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Chen Y, Xu YN, Ye CY, Feng WB, Zhou QT, Yang DH, Wang MW. GLP-1 mimetics as a potential therapy for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:1156-1166. [PMID: 34934197 PMCID: PMC9061743 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00836-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), as a severe form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is characterized by liver steatosis, inflammation, hepatocellular injury and different degrees of fibrosis. The pathogenesis of NASH is complex and multifactorial, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been implicated as major risk factors. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is one of the most successful drug targets of T2DM and obesity, and its peptidic ligands have been proposed as potential therapeutic agents for NASH. In this article we provide an overview of the pathophysiology and management of NASH, with a special focus on the pharmacological effects and possible mechanisms of GLP-1 mimetics in treating NAFLD/NASH, including dual and triple agonists at GLP-1R, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor or glucagon receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Ying-na Xu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Chen-yu Ye
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Wen-bo Feng
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Qing-tong Zhou
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - De-hua Yang
- grid.419093.60000 0004 0619 8396The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China ,Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, 572025 China
| | - Ming-wei Wang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China ,grid.419093.60000 0004 0619 8396The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China ,Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, 572025 China ,grid.440637.20000 0004 4657 8879School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210 China
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Griffett K, Hayes ME, Boeckman MP, Burris TP. The role of REV-ERB in NASH. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:1133-1140. [PMID: 35217816 PMCID: PMC9061770 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00883-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
REV-ERBs are atypical nuclear receptors as they function as ligand-regulated transcriptional repressors. The natural ligand for the REV-ERBs (REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ) is heme, and heme-binding results in recruitment of transcriptional corepressor proteins such as N-CoR that mediates repression of REV-ERB target genes. These two receptors regulate a large range of physiological processes including several important in the pathophysiology of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). These include carbohydrate and lipid metabolism as well as inflammatory pathways. A number of synthetic REV-ERB agonists have been developed as chemical tools and they show efficacy in animal models of NASH. Here, we will review the functions of REV-ERB with regard to their relevance to NASH as well as the potential to target REV-ERB for treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Griffett
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University in St. Louis and University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Matthew E Hayes
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Michael P Boeckman
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University in St. Louis and University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Thomas P Burris
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Kim JE, Bennett DC, Wright K, Cheng KM. Seasonal and sexual variation in mRNA expression of selected adipokine genes affecting fat deposition and metabolism of the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae). Sci Rep 2022; 12:6325. [PMID: 35428830 PMCID: PMC9012844 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10232-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Emus are farmed for fat production. Oil rendered from their back and abdominal fat pads has good anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and has ingredients that promote cell growth. Our objective is to examine the mRNA expression of 7 emu adipokine genes (eFABP4, eSCD1, eAdipoQ, eAdipoR1, eAdipoR2, eLEP and eLepR) to identify gene markers that may help improve emu fat production. Back and abdominal fat tissues from 11 adult emus were biopsied at four time points (April, June, August and November). Total RNA was isolated and cDNA was synthesized. Gene specific primers were designed for partial cloning fragments to amplify the open reading frame of the 7 genes. eLEP was not expressed in emu fat tissue. Nucleotides and amino acids sequences of the 6 expressed gene were compared with homologs from other species and phylogenetic relationships established. Seasonal mRNA expression of each gene was assessed by quantitative RT-PCR and differential expression analysed by the 2−ΔΔCT method. The 6 expressed genes showed seasonal variation in expression and showed association of expression level with back fat adiposity. More whole-genome scanning studies are needed to develop novel molecular markers that can be applied to improve fat production in emus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Kim
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, Avian Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Darin C Bennett
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, Avian Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Animal Science Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
| | - Kristina Wright
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research Institute, 570 West 7th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Kimberly M Cheng
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, Avian Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Gwag T, Ma E, Zhou C, Wang S. Anti-CD47 antibody treatment attenuates liver inflammation and fibrosis in experimental non-alcoholic steatohepatitis models. Liver Int 2022; 42:829-841. [PMID: 35129307 PMCID: PMC9101015 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS With the epidemic burden of obesity and metabolic diseases, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) including steatohepatitis (NASH) has become the most common chronic liver disease in the western world. NASH may progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, no treatment is available for NASH. Therefore, finding a therapy for NAFLD/NASH is in urgent need. Previously we have demonstrated that mice lacking CD47 or its ligand thrombospondin1 (TSP1) are protected from obesity-associated NALFD. This suggests that CD47 blockade might be a novel treatment for obesity-associated metabolic disease. Thus, in this study, the therapeutic potential of an anti-CD47 antibody in NAFLD progression was determined. METHODS Both diet-induced NASH mouse model and human NASH organoid model were utilized in this study. NASH was induced in mice by feeding with diet enriched with fat, fructose and cholesterol (AMLN diet) for 20 weeks and then treated with anti-CD47 antibody or control IgG for 4 weeks. Body weight, body composition and liver phenotype were analysed. RESULTS We found that anti-CD47 antibody treatment did not affect mice body weight, fat mass or liver steatosis. However, liver immune cell infiltration, inflammation and fibrosis were significantly reduced by anti-CD47 antibody treatment. In vitro data further showed that CD47 blockade prevented hepatic stellate cell activation and NASH progression in a human NASH organoid model. CONCLUSION Collectively, these data suggest that anti-CD47 antibody might be a new therapeutic option for obesity-associated NASH and liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taesik Gwag
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, and Lexington VA Medical Center, Lexington KY 40502
| | - Eric Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, and Lexington VA Medical Center, Lexington KY 40502
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Shuxia Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, and Lexington VA Medical Center, Lexington KY 40502.,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Shuxia Wang, MD, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Wethington Bldg. Room 583, 900 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536. Tel: 859-218-1367, Fax: 859-257-3646,
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Barritt AS, Marshman E, Noureddin M. Review article: role of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, obesity and diabetes-what hepatologists need to know. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2022; 55:944-959. [PMID: 35266164 PMCID: PMC9310586 DOI: 10.1111/apt.16794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterised by hepatic lipid accumulation, cell injury, inflammation and fibrosis. Insulin resistance, a hallmark of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity, is a key pathogenic driver of NASH. Other than difficult-to-maintain lifestyle changes, there are no approved treatments for NASH. Due to their effects on multiple pathophysiological processes, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have been tested in disorders related to insulin resistance and metabolic defects. AIMS To summarise studies of GLP-1RAs relevant to the treatment of NASH. METHODS PubMed searches were performed and results were compiled. RESULTS Large trials with GLP-1RAs in T2D demonstrate highly effective glucose lowering, with body weight loss, and in some cases, reduced cardiovascular events and improved liver transaminases. The GLP-1RAs, liraglutide and semaglutide, were associated with clinically relevant, sustained body weight reduction in individuals with overweight or obesity and without T2D. In a phase II trial in NASH, liraglutide reduced metabolic dysfunction, insulin resistance and lipotoxicity in key organs associated with NASH pathogenesis. Furthermore, liraglutide and semaglutide led to histological resolution of NASH in ~40% to 60% of patients, although a statistically significant effect on fibrosis has not been confirmed. Regarding safety, GLP-1RAs are associated with gastrointestinal and gallbladder-related adverse events, with the latter perhaps related to weight loss. Meta-analyses do not indicate increased risk of acute pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer or other malignancies with GLP-1RAs. CONCLUSIONS These studies support the use of GLP-1RAs for the improvement of underlying metabolic dysfunction observed in NASH and suggest further long-term phase III trials are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Sidney Barritt
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UNC Liver CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | | | - Mazen Noureddin
- Department of MedicineCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCAUSA
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Sharma A, Virmani T, Sharma A, Chhabra V, Kumar G, Pathak K, Alhalmi A. Potential Effect of DPP-4 Inhibitors Towards Hepatic Diseases and Associated Glucose Intolerance. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:1845-1864. [PMID: 35733643 PMCID: PMC9208633 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s369712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is an enzyme having various properties and physiological roles in lipid accumulation, resistance to anticancer agents, and immune stimulation. DPP-4 includes membrane-bound peptidases and is a kind of enzyme that cleaves alanine or proline-containing peptides such as incretins, chemokines, and appetite-suppressing hormones (neuropeptide) at their N-terminal dipeptides. DPP-4 plays a role in the final breakdown of peptides produced by other endo and exo-peptidases from nutritious proteins and their absorption in these tissues. DPP-4 enzyme activity has different modes of action on glucose metabolism, hunger regulation, gastrointestinal motility, immune system function, inflammation, and pain regulation. According to the literature survey, as DPP-4 levels increase in individuals with liver conditions, up-regulation of hepatic DPP-4 expression is likely to be the cause of glucose intolerance or insulin resistance. This review majorly focuses on the cleavage of alanine or proline-containing peptides such as incretins by the DPP-4 and its resulting conditions like glucose intolerance and cause of DPP-4 level elevation due to some liver conditions. Thus, we have discussed the various effects of DPP-4 on the liver diseases like hepatitis C, non-alcoholic fatty liver, hepatic regeneration and stem cell, hepatocellular carcinoma, and the impact of elevated DPP-4 levels in association with liver diseases as a cause of glucose intolerance and their treatment drug of choices. In addition, the effect of DPP-4 inhibitors on obesity and their negative aspects are also discussed in brief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MVN University, Palwal, Haryana, 121105, India
| | - Tarun Virmani
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MVN University, Palwal, Haryana, 121105, India
| | - Anjali Sharma
- Freelancer, Pharmacovigilance Expert, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vaishnavi Chhabra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MVN University, Palwal, Haryana, 121105, India
| | - Girish Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MVN University, Palwal, Haryana, 121105, India
| | - Kamla Pathak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, 206130, India
| | - Abdulsalam Alhalmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Aden University, Aden, Yemen
- Correspondence: Abdulsalam Alhalmi, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Aden University, Aden, Yemen, Email
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Zhang Y, Li Y, Zhao J, Wang C, Deng B, Zhang Q, Shi C. Protective Effects and Mechanisms of Polyethylene Glycol Loxenatide Against Hyperglycemia and Liver Injury in db/db diabetic Mice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:781856. [PMID: 34938192 PMCID: PMC8685428 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.781856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder with insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion that can cause complications, including liver injury. Polyethylene glycol loxenatide (PEG-Loxe), a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog, is widely used to treat T2DM. However, its specific glucose-lowering and hepatoprotective mechanisms of action have not been established yet. METHODS: Using a high glucose-induced hepatocyte injury model and a type 2 diabetic db/db mouse model, we assessed PEG-Loxe’s impact on reducing blood glucose and improving liver injury in T2DM and revealed its mechanism. RESULTS: PEG-Loxe treatment significantly reduced body weight and fasting glucose, increased glucose tolerance, improved serum and liver biochemical parameters (glycated hemoglobin, serum insulin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase), and attenuated hepatic steatosis and liver and pancreatic tissue damages in db/db mice. Additionally, PEG-Loxe considerably inhibited oxidative stress, decreased pro-inflammatory factor (TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1) levels, and increased anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 levels. PEG-Loxe possibly inhibits hepatic lipid synthesis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response by upregulating Sirt1, p-AMPK, and p-ACC expressions in the Sirt1/AMPK/ACC pathway of lipid metabolism, thereby improving T2DM liver injury. PEG-Loxe most likely also promotes GLP-1R expression by inhibiting β-cell apoptosis, which in turn activates the insulin PI3K/AKT pathway to promote insulin synthesis and secretion, thereby exerting hypoglycemic effects. In vitro cellular experiments further confirmed that PEG-Loxe possibly exerts hypoglycemic effects by activating the insulin PI3K/AKT pathway. Conclusion: PEG-Loxe improved liver injury in T2DM probably by activating Sirt1/AMPK/ACC lipid metabolism pathway, and exerted hypoglycemic effects through activation of insulin PI3K/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, China
| | - Yufeng Li
- Preclinical Development Department, Shanghai Hansoh Biomedical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Junjun Zhao
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Jiangsu Hansoh Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Lianyungang, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, China
| | - Qilin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, China
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Radhakrishnan S, Yeung SF, Ke JY, Antunes MM, Pellizzon MA. Considerations When Choosing High-Fat, High-Fructose, and High-Cholesterol Diets to Induce Experimental Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Laboratory Animal Models. Curr Dev Nutr 2021; 5:nzab138. [PMID: 34993389 PMCID: PMC8718327 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzab138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is intricately linked to metabolic disease (including obesity, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance) and encompasses a spectrum of disorders including steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and fibrosis. Rodents consuming high-fat (HF; ∼40 kcal% fat including fats containing higher concentrations of saturated and trans fats), high-fructose (HFr), and high-cholesterol (HC) diets display many clinically relevant characteristics of NASH, along with other metabolic disorders. C57BL/6 mice are the most commonly used animal model because they can develop significant metabolic disorders including severe NASH with fibrosis after months of feeding, but other models also are susceptible. The significant number of diets that contain these different factors (i.e., HF, HFr, and HC), either alone or in combination, makes the choice of diet difficult. This methodology review describes the efficacy of these nutrient manipulations on the NAFLD phenotype in mice, rats, guinea pigs, hamsters, and nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jia-Yu Ke
- Research Diets, Inc., New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Maísa M Antunes
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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