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Zhang Y, Song F, Yang M, Chen C, Cui J, Xing M, Dai Y, Li M, Cao Y, Lu L, Zhu H, Liu Y, Ma C, Wei Q, Qin H, Li J. Gastrointestinal Dysmotility Predisposes to Colitis through Regulation of Gut Microbial Composition and Linoleic Acid Metabolism. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306297. [PMID: 38477534 PMCID: PMC11132037 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Disrupted gastrointestinal (GI) motility is highly prevalent in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but its potential causative role remains unknown. Herein, the role and the mechanism of impaired GI motility in colitis pathogenesis are investigated. Increased colonic mucosal inflammation is found in patients with chronic constipation (CC). Mice with GI dysmotility induced by genetic mutation or chemical insult exhibit increased susceptibility to colitis, dependent on the gut microbiota. GI dysmotility markedly decreases the abundance of Lactobacillus animlalis and increases the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila. The reduction in L. animlalis, leads to the accumulation of linoleic acid due to compromised conversion to conjugated linoleic acid. The accumulation of linoleic acid inhibits Treg cell differentiation and increases colitis susceptibility via inducing macrophage infiltration and proinflammatory cytokine expression in macrophage. Lactobacillus and A. muciniphila abnormalities are also observed in CC and IBD patients, and mice receiving fecal microbiota from CC patients displayed an increased susceptibility to colitis. These findings suggest that GI dysmotility predisposes host to colitis development by modulating the composition of microbiota and facilitating linoleic acid accumulation. Targeted modulation of microbiota and linoleic acid metabolism may be promising to protect patients with motility disorder from intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhua Zhang
- Department of PathologyShanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai200072China
| | - Feifei Song
- Department of PathologyShanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai200072China
| | - Muqing Yang
- Department of General SurgeryShanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai200072China
| | - Chunqiu Chen
- Diagnostic and Treatment Center for Refractory Diseases of Abdomen SurgeryShanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai200072China
| | - Jiaqu Cui
- Department of Colorectal DiseaseShanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai200072China
| | - Mengyu Xing
- Department of PathologyShanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai200072China
| | - Yuna Dai
- Department of PathologyShanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai200072China
| | - Man Li
- Department of PathologyShanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai200072China
| | - Yuan Cao
- Department of PathologyShanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai200072China
| | - Ling Lu
- Department of PathologyShanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai200072China
| | - Huiyuan Zhu
- Department of PathologyShanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai200072China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of General SurgeryShanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai200072China
| | - Chunlian Ma
- Department of Colorectal DiseaseShanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai200072China
| | - Qing Wei
- Department of PathologyShanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai200072China
| | - Huanlong Qin
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryShanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai200072China
| | - Jiyu Li
- Department of General SurgeryShanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai200072China
- Geriatric Cancer CenterHuaDong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan
UniversityShanghai200040China
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Park J, Wickramasinghe S, Mills DA, Lönnerdal BL, Ji P. Iron Fortification and Inulin Supplementation in Early Infancy: Evaluating the Impact on Iron Metabolism and Trace Mineral Status in a Piglet Model. Curr Dev Nutr 2024; 8:102147. [PMID: 38645881 PMCID: PMC11026733 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.102147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Infant formula in the United States contains abundant iron, raising health concerns about excess iron intake in early infancy. Objectives Using a piglet model, we explored the impact of high iron fortification and prebiotic or synbiotic supplementation on iron homeostasis and trace mineral bioavailability. Methods Twenty-four piglets were stratified and randomly assigned to treatments on postnatal day 2. Piglets were individually housed and received an iron-adequate milk diet (AI), a high-iron milk diet (HI), HI supplemented with 5% inulin (HI with a prebiotic [HIP]), or HIP with an oral gavage of Ligilactobacillus agilis YZ050, an inulin-fermenting strain, every third day (HI with synbiotic [HIS]). Milk was provided in 14 meals daily, mimicking formula feeding in infants. Fecal consistency score and body weight were recorded daily or every other day. Blood and feces were sampled weekly, and tissues collected on postnatal day 29. Data were analyzed using mixed model analysis of variance with repeated measures whenever necessary. Results Diet did not affect growth. HI increased hemoglobin, hematocrit, and serum iron compared to AI. Despite marginal adequacy, AI upregulated iron transporter genes and maintained satisfactory iron status in most pigs. HI upregulated hepcidin gene expression in liver, caused pronounced tissue iron deposition, and markedly increased colonic and fecal iron. Inulin supplementation, regardless of L. agilis YZ050, not only attenuated hepatic iron overload but also decreased colonic and fecal iron without altering pH or the expression of iron regulatory genes. HI lowered zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) in the duodenum and liver compared to AI, whereas HIP and HIS further decreased Zn and Cu in the liver and diminished colonic and fecal trace minerals. Conclusions Early-infancy excessive iron fortification causes iron overload and compromises Zn and Cu absorption. Inulin decreases trace mineral absorption likely by enhancing gut peristalsis and stool frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungjae Park
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, CA, United States
| | - Saumya Wickramasinghe
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, CA, United States
| | - David A. Mills
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, CA, United States
| | - Bo L. Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, CA, United States
| | - Peng Ji
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, CA, United States
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Thammayon N, Wongdee K, Teerapornpuntakit J, Panmanee J, Chanpaisaeng K, Charoensetakul N, Srimongkolpithak N, Suntornsaratoon P, Charoenphandhu N. Enhancement of intestinal calcium transport by short-chain fatty acids: roles of Na +/H + exchanger 3 and transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily 6. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C317-C330. [PMID: 38073487 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00330.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Small organic molecules in the intestinal lumen, particularly short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and glucose, have long been postulated to enhance calcium absorption. Here, we used 45Ca radioactive tracer to determine calcium fluxes across the rat intestine after exposure to glucose and SCFAs. Confirming previous reports, glucose was found to increase the apical-to-basolateral calcium flux in the cecum. Under apical glucose-free conditions, SCFAs (e.g., butyrate) stimulated the cecal calcium fluxes by approximately twofold, while having no effect on proximal colon. Since SCFAs could be absorbed into the circulation, we further determined whether basolateral SCFA exposure rendered some positive actions. It was found that exposure of duodenum and cecum on the basolateral side to acetate or butyrate increased calcium fluxes. Under butyrate-rich conditions, cecal calcium transport was partially diminished by Na+/H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3) inhibitor (tenapanor) and nonselective transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily 6 (TRPV6) inhibitor (miconazole). To confirm the contribution of TRPV6 to SCFA-stimulated calcium transport, we synthesized another TRPV6 inhibitor that was demonstrated by in silico molecular docking and molecular dynamics to occlude TRPV6 pore and diminish the glucose- and butyrate-induced calcium fluxes. Therefore, besides corroborating the importance of luminal molecules in calcium absorption, our findings provided foundation for development of more effective calcium-rich nutraceuticals in combination with various absorptive enhancers, e.g., glucose and SCFAs.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Organic molecules in the intestinal lumen, e.g., glucose and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the latter of which are normally produced by microfloral fermentation, can stimulate calcium absorption dependent on transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily 6 (TRPV6) and Na+/H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3). A selective TRPV6 inhibitor synthesized and demonstrated by in silico docking and molecular dynamics to specifically bind to the pore domain of TRPV6 was used to confirm a significant contribution of this channel. Our findings corroborate physiological significance of nutrients and SCFAs in enhancing calcium absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithipak Thammayon
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kannikar Wongdee
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Jarinthorn Teerapornpuntakit
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Panmanee
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Krittikan Chanpaisaeng
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Netnapa Charoensetakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Nitipol Srimongkolpithak
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Panan Suntornsaratoon
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narattaphol Charoenphandhu
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- The Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
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Yuan XY, Chen YS, Liu Z. Relationship among Parkinson's disease, constipation, microbes, and microbiological therapy. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:225-237. [PMID: 38314132 PMCID: PMC10835526 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i3.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review elucidates the complex interplay between gut microbiota and constipation in Parkinson's disease (PD), a prevalent non-motor symptom contributing significantly to patients' morbidity. A marked alteration in the gut microbiota, predominantly an increase in the abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, is observed in PD-related constipation. Conventional treatments, although safe, have failed to effectively alleviate symptoms, thereby necessitating the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Microbiological interventions such as prebiotics, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) hold therapeutic potential. While prebiotics improve bowel movements, probiotics are effective in enhancing stool consistency and alleviating abdominal discomfort. FMT shows potential for significantly alleviating constipation symptoms by restoring gut microbiota balance in patients with PD. Despite promising developments, the causal relationship between changes in gut microbiota and PD-related constipation remains elusive, highlighting the need for further research in this expanding field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yang Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, Guangdong Province, China
- Institute of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Zhanjiang 524000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yu-Sen Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, Guangdong Province, China
- Institute of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Zhanjiang 524000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhou Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, Guangdong Province, China
- Institute of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Zhanjiang 524000, Guangdong Province, China
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Hibberd TJ, Ramsay S, Spencer-Merris P, Dinning PG, Zagorodnyuk VP, Spencer NJ. Circadian rhythms in colonic function. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1239278. [PMID: 37711458 PMCID: PMC10498548 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1239278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A rhythmic expression of clock genes occurs within the cells of multiple organs and tissues throughout the body, termed "peripheral clocks." Peripheral clocks are subject to entrainment by a multitude of factors, many of which are directly or indirectly controlled by the light-entrainable clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. Peripheral clocks occur in the gastrointestinal tract, notably the epithelia whose functions include regulation of absorption, permeability, and secretion of hormones; and in the myenteric plexus, which is the intrinsic neural network principally responsible for the coordination of muscular activity in the gut. This review focuses on the physiological circadian variation of major colonic functions and their entraining mechanisms, including colonic motility, absorption, hormone secretion, permeability, and pain signalling. Pathophysiological states such as irritable bowel syndrome and ulcerative colitis and their interactions with circadian rhythmicity are also described. Finally, the classic circadian hormone melatonin is discussed, which is expressed in the gut in greater quantities than the pineal gland, and whose exogenous use has been of therapeutic interest in treating colonic pathophysiological states, including those exacerbated by chronic circadian disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Hibberd
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stewart Ramsay
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Phil G. Dinning
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Colorectal Surgical Unit, Division of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Nick J. Spencer
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Wei L, Zeng B, Zhang S, Guo W, Li F, Zhao J, Li Y. Hybridization altered the gut microbiota of pigs. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1177947. [PMID: 37465027 PMCID: PMC10350513 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1177947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian gut microbiota plays an important role in the host's nutrient metabolism, growth, and immune regulation. Hybridization can enable a progeny to acquire superior traits of the parents, resulting in the hybridization advantage. However, studies on the effects of hybridization on the pigs' gut microbiota are lacking. Therefore, this study used multi-omics technologies to compare and analyze the gut microbiota of the primary wild boar and its offspring. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing results revealed that the gut microbiota of F4 exhibited a host-like dominance phenomenon with a significant increase in the abundance of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. The beta diversity of Duroc was significantly different from those of F0, F2, and F4; after the host hybridization, the similarity of the beta diversity in the progeny decreased with the decrease in the similarity of the F0 lineage. The metagenomic sequencing results showed that the significantly enriched metabolic pathways in F4, such as environmental, circulatory system, fatty acid degradation adaptation, and fatty acid biosynthesis, were similar to those in F0. Moreover, it also exhibited similar significantly enriched metabolic pathways as those in Duroc, such as carbohydrate metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, starch-degrading CAZymes, lactose-degrading CAZymes, and various amino acid metabolism pathways. However, the alpha-amylase-related KOs, lipid metabolism, and galactose metabolism in F4 were significantly higher than those in Duroc and F0. Non-targeted metabolome technology analysis found that several metabolites, such as docosahexaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, and citric acid were significantly enriched in the F4 pigs as compared to those in F0. Based on Spearman correlation analysis, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium were significantly positively correlated with these metabolites. Finally, the combined metagenomic and metabolomic analysis suggested that the metabolic pathways, such as valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis and alanine aspartate and glutamate metabolism were significantly enriched in F4 pigs. In conclusion, the gut microbiota of F4 showed a similar host "dominance" phenomenon, which provided reference data for the genetics and evolution of microbiota and the theory of microbial-assisted breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Wei
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of High Active Traditional Chinese Drug Delivery System, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Zeng
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine/Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Prevention and Control Technology of Veterinary Drug Residue in Animal-Origin Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Guo
- School of Laboratory Medicine/Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Prevention and Control Technology of Veterinary Drug Residue in Animal-Origin Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Jiangchao Zhao
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Ying Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
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Guo Q, Hou X, Cui Q, Li S, Shen G, Luo Q, Wu H, Chen H, Liu Y, Chen A, Zhang Z. Pectin mediates the mechanism of host blood glucose regulation through intestinal flora. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-23. [PMID: 36756885 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2173719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is a complex polysaccharide found in plant cell walls and interlayers. As a food component, pectin is benefit for regulating intestinal flora. Metabolites of intestinal flora, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), are involved in blood glucose regulation. SCFAs promote insulin synthesis through the intestine-GPCRs-derived pathway and hepatic adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway to promote hepatic glycogen synthesis. On the one hand, BAs stimulate intestinal L cells and pancreatic α cells to secrete Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) through receptors G protein-coupled receptor (TGR5) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR). On the other hand, BAs promote hepatic glycogen synthesis through AMPK pathway. LPS inhibits the release of inflammatory cytokines through Toll-like receptors (TLRs)-myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MYD88) pathway and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, thereby alleviating insulin resistance (IR). In brief, both SCFAs and BAs promote GLP-1 secretion through different pathways, employing strategies of increasing glucose consumption and decreasing glucose production to maintain normal glucose levels. Notably, pectin can also directly inhibit the release of inflammatory cytokines through the -TLRs-MYD88 pathway. These data provide valuable information for further elucidating the relationship between pectin-intestinal flora-glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Guo
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Xiaoyan Hou
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Qiang Cui
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Guanghui Shen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Qingying Luo
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Hejun Wu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Yuntao Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Anjun Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Zhiqing Zhang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
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Wang W, Jiang S, Xu C, Tang L, Liang Y, Zhao Y, Zhu G. Interactions between gut microbiota and Parkinson's disease: The role of microbiota-derived amino acid metabolism. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:976316. [PMID: 36408101 PMCID: PMC9667037 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.976316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-motor symptoms (NMS) of Parkinson's disease (PD), such as constipation, sleep disorders, and olfactory deficits, may emerge up to 20 years earlier than motor symptoms. A series of evidence indicates that the pathology of PD may occur from the gastrointestinal tract to the brain. Numerous studies support that the gut microbiota communicates with the brain through the immune system, special amino acid metabolism, and the nervous system in PD. Recently, there is growing recognition that the gut microbiota plays a vital role in the modulation of multiple neurochemical pathways via the “gut microbiota-brain axis” (GMBA). Many gut microbiota metabolites, such as fatty acids, amino acids, and bile acids, convey signaling functions as they mediate the crosstalk between gut microbiota and host physiology. Amino acids' abundance and species alteration, including glutamate and tryptophan, may disturb the signaling transmission between nerve cells and disrupt the normal basal ganglia function in PD. Specific amino acids and their receptors are considered new potential targets for ameliorating PD. The present study aimed to systematically summarize all available evidence on the gut microbiota-derived amino acid metabolism alterations associated with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shujun Jiang
- Chinese Medicine Modernization and Big Data Research Center, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengcheng Xu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lili Tang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yang Zhao
| | - Guoxue Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Chinese Medicine Modernization and Big Data Research Center, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Guoxue Zhu
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9
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Jiang W, Wu J, Zhu S, Xin L, Yu C, Shen Z. The Role of Short Chain Fatty Acids in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 28:540-548. [PMID: 36250361 PMCID: PMC9577580 DOI: 10.5056/jnm22093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder that is characterized by abdominal pain and disordered bowel habits. The etiology of IBS is multifactorial, including abnormal gut-brain interactions, visceral hypersensitivity, altered colon motility, and psychological factors. Recent studies have shown that the intestinal microbiota and its metabolites short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) may be involved in the pathogenesis of IBS. SCFAs play an important role in the pathophysiology of IBS. We discuss the underlying mechanisms of action of SCFAs in intestinal inflammation and immunity, intestinal barrier integrity, motility, and the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Limited to previous studies, further studies are required to investigate the mechanisms of action of SCFAs in IBS and provide more precise therapeutic strategies for IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxi Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiali Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shefeng Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linying Xin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaohui Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Comparison of Changes in Gut Microbiota in Wild Boars and Domestic Pigs Using 16S rRNA Gene and Metagenomics Sequencing Technologies. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172270. [PMID: 36077990 PMCID: PMC9454828 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The microbiota co-evolves with the host and plays an important role in the host's health, immunity, and nutrient absorption. Wild boars are the ancestors of domestic pigs. During the long evolutionary process, the physiological structure and living habits of modern pigs have undergone tremendous changes. However, there are few studies on the evolution of gut microbiota of wild boars and domestic pigs. In this study, by comparing the changes in the composition and function of the gut microbiota of wild boars and domestic pigs, it was found that there were significant differences between the two groups, which indicated that the gut microbiota had changed during the evolution process. This study provides some data references for the evolution of gut microbiota. Abstract Gut microbiota diversity is a result of co-evolution between microorganisms and their hosts. However, there are few studies on the evolution of the gut microbiota of wild boars and domestic pigs. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the composition and function of the gut microbiota of wild boars and domestic pigs using 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 region sequencing, 16S rRNA gene full-length sequencing, and metagenomic sequencing. This study showed that after a long evolution, as compared to wild boars, the domestic pigs exhibited significantly increased relative abundances of Lactobacillus, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus sp.DJF_WC5, and Lactobacillus; s_uncultured bacterium, while the relative abundances of Bifidobacterium and Methanococcaceae decreased significantly. In addition, the relative abundances of “carbohydrate metabolism”, “starch and sucrose metabolism”, “valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis”, “lysine biosynthesis”, and starch-degrading CAZymes were significantly increased in the domestic pigs, while the relative abundances of “environmental adaptation”, “immune system”, “fatty acid degradation and synthesis”, and cellulose-hemicellulose-degrading CAZymes were significantly increased in the wild boars. Finally, the diversity of ARGs and the “antimicrobial resistance genes” in domestic pigs also increased significantly. This study illustrates that the gut microbiota composition and function of wild boars and domestic pigs changed during the long evolution process. These findings provide a basic research theory for the evolution of gut microbiota and the treatment of health and disease.
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Hesabi Nameghi A, Nasari Nejad A, Afkhami M, Khaligh F, Behrouzi Nasab O. The effect of different early feeding regimens involving a hydrated nutritious gel on productive performance, immune variables, and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2022.2088410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Hesabi Nameghi
- Department of Animal Science Research, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, (AREEO), Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Nasari Nejad
- Research and Development Department of Tehran Toyur Sabz Andishan Bartar Company, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Marzieh Afkhami
- Research and Development Department of Tehran Toyur Sabz Andishan Bartar Company, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farhad Khaligh
- Research and Development Department of Tehran Toyur Sabz Andishan Bartar Company, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Omid Behrouzi Nasab
- Research and Development Department of Tehran Toyur Sabz Andishan Bartar Company, Mashhad, Iran
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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12
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Zhu W, Zhou Y, Tsao R, Dong H, Zhang H. Amelioratory Effect of Resistant Starch on Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease via the Gut-Liver Axis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:861854. [PMID: 35662935 PMCID: PMC9159374 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.861854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome with a global prevalence. Impaired gut barrier function caused by an unhealthy diet plays a key role in disrupting the immune-metabolic homeostasis of the gut-liver axis (GLA), leading to NAFLD. Therefore, dietary interventions have been studied as feasible alternative therapeutic approaches to ameliorate NAFLD. Resistant starches (RSs) are prebiotics that reduce systemic inflammation in patients with metabolic syndrome. The present review aimed to elucidate the mechanisms of the GLA in alleviating NAFLD and provide insights into how dietary RSs counteract diet-induced inflammation in the GLA. Emerging evidence suggests that RS intake alters gut microbiota structure, enhances mucosal immune tolerance, and promotes the production of microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and secondary bile acids. These metabolites directly stimulate the growth of intestinal epithelial cells and elicit GPR41/GPR43, FXR, and TGR5 signaling cascades to sustain immune-metabolic homeostasis in the GLA. The literature also revealed the dietary-immune-metabolic interplay by which RSs exert their regulatory effect on the immune-metabolic crosstalk of the GLA and the related molecular basis, suggesting that dietary intervention with RSs may be a promising alternative therapeutic strategy against diet-induced dysfunction of the GLA and, ultimately, the risk of developing NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Zhu
- Department of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Rong Tsao
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Huanhuan Dong
- Department of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Huanhuan Dong,
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
- Hua Zhang, ;
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Rupp SK, Stengel A. Bi-Directionality of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Patients With Functional Dyspepsia: Relevance of Psychotherapy and Probiotics. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:844564. [PMID: 35295092 PMCID: PMC8919856 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.844564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional dyspepsia is one of the most commonly diagnosed disorders of the gut-brain interaction worldwide. The precise pathogenesis of functional dyspepsia is complex and remains incompletely understood. Therefore, advances in the understanding of functional dyspepsia could change clinical practice. The aim of this review is to highlight the relevance of psychotherapy and probiotics in the context of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in the pathophysiology and especially in the treatment of functional dyspepsia. Therefore, studies which have been conducted to investigate the role of psychotherapy and probiotics in FD and the microbiota-gut-brain axis in the pathophysiology of functional dyspepsia were examined, and the outcomes of this research summarized. There might be a link between changes in the microbiome and functional dyspepsia. Even though, specific alterations in the microbiome that may be pathognomonic in functional dyspepsia remain unclear, the use of probiotics became a viable treatment option for patients with functional dyspepsia. Since mental illness also plays an important role in the pathophysiology of functional dyspepsia, psychotherapy is a useful treatment method, with additional study results indicating that psychotherapy may also shift the microbiome in a favorable direction. Moreover, other findings suggest that probiotics can be used not only to alleviate gastrointestinal symptoms in functional dyspepsia, but also to treat or even prevent mental disorders in these patients. In summary, in this review we highlight the bi-directionality of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in the pathophysiology of functional dyspepsia. Although there are multiple treatment approaches, the burden of disease in patients with functional dyspepsia is still enormous and a definitive therapy to cure this disease does not (yet) exist. Lastly, there is a lack of studies on the impact of dysbiosis, mental health and probiotics on pathophysiology and symptomatology in functional dyspepsia which should be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Kristina Rupp
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Andreas Stengel,
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Rodrigues VST, Moura EG, Peixoto TC, Soares P, Lopes BP, Bertasso IM, Silva BS, Cabral S, Kluck GEG, Atella GC, Trindade PL, Daleprane JB, Oliveira E, Lisboa PC. The model of litter size reduction induces long-term disruption of the gut-brain axis: An explanation for the hyperphagia of Wistar rats of both sexes. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15191. [PMID: 35146951 PMCID: PMC8831958 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota affects the host's metabolic phenotype, impacting health and disease. The gut-brain axis unites the intestine with the centers of hunger and satiety, affecting the eating behavior. Deregulation of this axis can lead to obesity onset. Litter size reduction is a well-studied model for infant obesity because it causes overnutrition and programs for obesity. We hypothesize that animals raised in small litters (SL) have altered circuitry between the intestine and brain, causing hyperphagia. We investigated vagus nerve activity, the expression of c-Fos, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), gastrointestinal (GI) hormone receptors, and content of bacterial phyla and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the feces of adult male and female Wistar rats overfed during lactation. On the 3rd day after birth, litter size was reduced to 3 pups/litter (SL males or SL females) until weaning. Controls had normal litter size (10 pups/litter: 5 males and 5 females). The rats were killed at 5 months of age. The male and female offspring were analyzed separately. The SL group of both sexes showed higher food consumption and body adiposity than the respective controls. SL animals presented dysbiosis (increased Firmicutes, decreased Bacteroidetes) and had increased vagus nerve activity. Only the SL males had decreased hypothalamic GLP-1 receptor expression, while only the SL females had lower acetate and propionate in the feces and higher CCK receptor expression in the hypothalamus. Thus, overfeeding during lactation differentially changes the gut-brain axis, contributing to hyperphagia of the offspring of both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa S. T. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyBiology InstituteState University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Egberto G. Moura
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyBiology InstituteState University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Thamara C. Peixoto
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyBiology InstituteState University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Patricia N. Soares
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyBiology InstituteState University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Bruna P. Lopes
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyBiology InstituteState University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Iala M. Bertasso
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyBiology InstituteState University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Beatriz S. Silva
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyBiology InstituteState University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - S. S. Cabral
- Laboratory of Lipids and Lipoprotein BiochemistryBiochemistry InstituteFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - G. E. G. Kluck
- Laboratory of Lipids and Lipoprotein BiochemistryBiochemistry InstituteFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - G. C. Atella
- Laboratory of Lipids and Lipoprotein BiochemistryBiochemistry InstituteFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - P. L. Trindade
- Laboratory for studies of Interactions between Nutrition and GeneticsNutrition InstituteRio de Janeiro State UniversityRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - J. B. Daleprane
- Laboratory for studies of Interactions between Nutrition and GeneticsNutrition InstituteRio de Janeiro State UniversityRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Elaine Oliveira
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyBiology InstituteState University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Patricia Cristina Lisboa
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyBiology InstituteState University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
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Lin X, Zhou R, Liang D, Xia L, Zeng L, Chen X. The role of microbiota in autism spectrum disorder: A bibliometric analysis based on original articles. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:976827. [PMID: 36172516 PMCID: PMC9512137 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.976827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms can be observed in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children. It is suggested that the gut microbiota and its metabolites are associated, not only with GI symptoms, but also with behaviors of ASD. The aim of this study was to explore the development context, research hotspots and frontiers of gut microbiota and ASD from January 1, 1980 to April 1, 2022 by bibliometric analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Publications of ASD and gut microbiota research from 1 January 1980 to 1 April 2022 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). Publications and citations trends were analyzed by Excel 2010. CiteSpace was used to analyze countries/regions, authors, institutes, references, and keywords and to visualize the knowledge map. RESULTS A total of 1027 studies were retrieved, and 266 original articles were included after screening. The most published countries and institutes were the United States and King Saud University. Afaf El-Aansary published the most articles, while Finegold SM had the highest co-citations. Hotspots and emerging trends in this area may be indicated by co-cited references and keywords and their clusters, including "gut-brain axis," "behavior," "chain fatty acid," "brain," "feces," "propionic acid," "clostridium perfringens," and "species clostridium innocuum." CONCLUSION The United States dominants the research in this field, which focuses on the alterations of gut microbiota composition and its metabolites, among which the roles of the genus Clostridium and metabolites of short-chain fatty acids, especially propionic acid, are priorities. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a promising complementary therapy. In general, research in this area is sparse, but it still has great research prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Lin
- The First Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Runjin Zhou
- Medical College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dandan Liang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingling Xia
- The First Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liying Zeng
- The First Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaogang Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Siddiqui MT, Cresci GAM. The Immunomodulatory Functions of Butyrate. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:6025-6041. [PMID: 34819742 PMCID: PMC8608412 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s300989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) system contains many different types of immune cells, making it a key immune organ system in the human body. In the last decade, our knowledge has substantially expanded regarding our understanding of the gut microbiome and its complex interaction with the gut immune system. Short chain fatty acids (SCFA), and specifically butyrate, play an important role in mediating the effects of the gut microbiome on local and systemic immunity. Gut microbial alterations and depletion of luminal butyrate have been well documented in the literature for a number of systemic and GI inflammatory disorders. Although a substantial knowledge gap exists requiring the need for further investigations to determine cause and effect, there is heightened interest in developing immunomodulatory therapies by means of reprogramming of gut microbiome or by supplementing its beneficial metabolites, such as butyrate. In the current review, we discuss the role of endogenous butyrate in the inflammatory response and maintaining immune homeostasis within the intestine. We also present the experimental models and human studies which explore therapeutic potential of butyrate supplementation in inflammatory conditions associated with butyrate depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Tausif Siddiqui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Human Nutrition, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Gail A M Cresci
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Human Nutrition, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
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17
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Liu L, Li Q, Yang Y, Guo A. Biological Function of Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Its Regulation on Intestinal Health of Poultry. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:736739. [PMID: 34733901 PMCID: PMC8558227 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.736739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are metabolites generated by bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber (DF) in the hindgut. SCFAs are mainly composed of acetate, propionate and butyrate. Many studies have shown that SCFAs play a significant role in the regulation of intestinal health in poultry. SCFAs are primarily absorbed from the intestine and used by enterocytes as a key substrate for energy production. SCFAs can also inhibit the invasion and colonization of pathogens by lowering the intestinal pH. Additionally, butyrate inhibits the expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), which encodes inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in intestinal cells via the PPAR-γ pathway. This pathway causes significant reduction of iNOS and nitrate, and inhibits the proliferation of Enterobacteriaceae to maintain overall intestinal homeostasis. SCFAs can enhance the immune response by stimulating cytokine production (e.g. TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-10) in the immune cells of the host. Similarly, it has been established that SCFAs promote the differentiation of T cells into T regulatory cells (Tregs) and expansion by binding to receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLR) and G protein-coupled receptors (GPRs), on immune cells. SCFAs have been shown to repair intestinal mucosa and alleviate intestinal inflammation by activating GPRs, inhibiting histone deacetylases (HDACs), and downregulating the expression of pro-inflammatory factor genes. Butyrate improves tight-junction-dependent intestinal barrier function by promoting tight junction (TJ) assembly. In recent years, the demand for banning antibiotics has increased in poultry production. Therefore, it is extremely important to maintain the intestinal health and sustainable production of poultry. Taking nutrition strategies is important to regulate SCFA production by supplementing dietary fiber and prebiotics, SCFA-producing bacteria (SPB), and additives in poultry diet. However, excessive SCFAs will lead to the enteritis in poultry production. There may be an optimal level and proportion of SCFAs in poultry intestine, which benefits to gut health of poultry. This review summarizes the biological functions of SCFAs and their role in gut health, as well as nutritional strategies to regulate SCFA production in the poultry gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixuan Liu
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Qingqing Li
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Kunming Xianghao Technology Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Yajin Yang
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Aiwei Guo
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
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18
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Pustovit RV, Zhang X, Liew JJ, Praveen P, Liu M, Koo A, Oparija-Rogenmozere L, Ou Q, Kocan M, Nie S, Bathgate RA, Furness JB, Hossain MA. A Novel Antagonist Peptide Reveals a Physiological Role of Insulin-Like Peptide 5 in Control of Colorectal Function. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1665-1674. [PMID: 34661082 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like peptide 5 (INSL5), the natural ligand for the relaxin family peptide receptor 4 (RXFP4), is a gut hormone that is exclusively produced by colonic L-cells. We have recently developed an analogue of INSL5, INSL5-A13, that acts as an RXFP4 agonist in vitro and stimulates colorectal propulsion in wild-type mice but not in RXFP4-knockout mice. These results suggest that INSL5 may have a physiological role in the control of colorectal motility. To investigate this possibility, in this study we designed and developed a novel INSL5 analogue, INSL5-A13NR. This compound is a potent antagonist, without significant agonist activity, in two in vitro assays. We report here for the first time that this novel antagonist peptide blocks agonist-induced increase in colon motility in mice that express RXFP4. Our data also show that colorectal propulsion induced by intracolonic administration of bacterial products (short-chain fatty acids, SCFAs) is antagonized by INSL5-A13NR. Therefore, INSL5-A13NR is an important research tool and potential drug lead for the treatment of colon motility disorders, such as bacterial diarrheas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan V Pustovit
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Xiaozhou Zhang
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jamie Jm Liew
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Praveen Praveen
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Mengjie Liu
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ada Koo
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Lalita Oparija-Rogenmozere
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Qinghao Ou
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Martina Kocan
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Shuai Nie
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ross Ad Bathgate
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - John B Furness
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Mohammed Akhter Hossain
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Zhang S, Wang R, Li D, Zhao L, Zhu L. Role of gut microbiota in functional constipation. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2021; 9:392-401. [PMID: 34733524 PMCID: PMC8560038 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goab035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional constipation (FC) is common, yet the etiology is not clear. Accumulating evidence suggests an association between FC and abnormal gut microbiota. The relationship between the gut microbiota and the gut transit is likely bidirectional. This review summarizes the current evidence regarding the impact of gut microbiota on the pathogenesis of FC. By modulating the colonic motility, secretion, and absorption, gut microbiota may contribute to the development of FC through microbial metabolic activities involving bile acids, short-chain fatty acids, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and methane. In support of the key roles of the gut microbiota in FC, treatment with probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and traditional Chinese medicine often result in compositional and functional changes in the gut microbiota. Further studies on the pathogenesis of FC and the therapeutic mechanism of microecological agents will provide a knowledge base for better management of FC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengsheng Zhang
- Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ruixin Wang
- Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Danyan Li
- Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Luqing Zhao
- Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lixin Zhu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
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Rautmann AW, de La Serre CB. Microbiota's Role in Diet-Driven Alterations in Food Intake: Satiety, Energy Balance, and Reward. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093067. [PMID: 34578945 PMCID: PMC8470213 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a key role in modulating host physiology and behavior, particularly feeding behavior and energy homeostasis. There is accumulating evidence demonstrating a role for gut microbiota in the etiology of obesity. In human and rodent studies, obesity and high-energy feeding are most consistently found to be associated with decreased bacterial diversity, changes in main phyla relative abundances and increased presence of pro-inflammatory products. Diet-associated alterations in microbiome composition are linked with weight gain, adiposity, and changes in ingestive behavior. There are multiple pathways through which the microbiome influences food intake. This review discusses these pathways, including peripheral mechanisms such as the regulation of gut satiety peptide release and alterations in leptin and cholecystokinin signaling along the vagus nerve, as well as central mechanisms, such as the modulation of hypothalamic neuroinflammation and alterations in reward signaling. Most research currently focuses on determining the role of the microbiome in the development of obesity and using microbiome manipulation to prevent diet-induced increase in food intake. More studies are necessary to determine whether microbiome manipulation after prolonged energy-dense diet exposure and obesity can reduce intake and promote meaningful weight loss.
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Kuwahara A, Matsuda K, Kuwahara Y, Asano S, Inui T, Marunaka Y. Microbiota-gut-brain axis: enteroendocrine cells and the enteric nervous system form an interface between the microbiota and the central nervous system. Biomed Res 2021; 41:199-216. [PMID: 33071256 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.41.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The microbiota-gut-brain axis transmits bidirectional communication between the gut and the central nervous system and links the emotional and cognitive centers of the brain with peripheral gut functions. This communication occurs along the axis via local, paracrine, and endocrine mechanisms involving a variety of gut-derived peptide/amine produced by enteroendocrine cells. Neural networks, such as the enteric nervous system, and the central nervous system, including the autonomic nervous system, also transmit information through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Recent advances in research have described the importance of the gut microbiota in influencing normal physiology and contributing to disease. We are only beginning to understand this bidirectional communication system. In this review, we summarize the available data supporting the existence of these interactions, highlighting data related to the contribution of enteroendocrine cells and the enteric nervous system as an interface between the gut microbiota and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsukazu Kuwahara
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology and Research Center for Drug Discovery and Pharmaceutical Development Science, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Kyoko Matsuda
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Yuko Kuwahara
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology and Research Center for Drug Discovery and Pharmaceutical Development Science, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Shinji Asano
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | | | - Yoshinori Marunaka
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology and Research Center for Drug Discovery and Pharmaceutical Development Science, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University.,Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine.,Research Institute for Clinical Physiology, Kyoto Industrial Health Association
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Rawi M, Abdullah A, Ismail A, Sarbini SR. Manipulation of Gut Microbiota Using Acacia Gum Polysaccharide. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:17782-17797. [PMID: 34308014 PMCID: PMC8296006 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Acacia gum (AG) is a branched-polysaccharide gummy exudate that consists of arabinose and galactose. The traditional practice in African-Middle Eastern countries uses this gum as medicine. Traditional use of AG is to treat stomach disease, which can be a potential functional food. In this research, commercially available AG from Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal was investigated as the prebiotic. The experiment employed a pH-controlled in vitro colon model inoculated with human fecal microbiota to mimic the human colon. Fermentation samples at 0, 6, 12, and 24 h were brought for short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography and bacterial enumeration via fluorescent in situ hybridization. Results showed that AG significantly promotes Bifidobacteria proliferation similar to fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) while inhibiting the Clostridium histolyticum group, commonly associated with gut dysbiosis. Acetate, propionate, and butyrate showed a similar trend to FOS (p > 0.05). The AG shows potential against gut dysbiosis, as it promotes gut-probiotics, through modulation of microbial population and SCFA production, especially butyrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad
Hanif Rawi
- Faculty
of Agricultural Science and Forestry, Universiti
Putra Malaysia Kampus Bintulu Sarawak, Bintulu, Sarawak 97008, Malaysia
| | - Aminah Abdullah
- Faculty
of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia
| | - Amin Ismail
- Faculty
of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti
Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Shahrul Razid Sarbini
- Faculty
of Agricultural Science and Forestry, Universiti
Putra Malaysia Kampus Bintulu Sarawak, Bintulu, Sarawak 97008, Malaysia
- Halal
Products Research Institute, Universiti
Putra Malaysia, Putra
Infoport, Serdang, Selangor 43400 UPM, Malaysia
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Accurate and reliable quantitation of short chain fatty acids from human feces by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 200:114066. [PMID: 33866297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), generated from microbial fermentation of dietary fibers, can regulate weight, appetite and energy homeostasis. Therefore, measuring SCFAs in fecal samples is important to understand the relationship between dietary patterns, gut microbial metabolism, and their impact on host metabolism homeostasis. However, due to the chemical complexity of fecal samples and the volatility of these SCFAs, the quantitative measurements of SCFAs remain challenging. In this study, we developed an absolute quantitation method for accurate and reliable analysis of SCFAs using an UPLC-Q Exactive HRMS system. Nine C2-C6 SCFAs were first derivatized and then separated on a reversed-phase CSH C18 column, and quantitated by UPLC-HRMS with targeted-selected ion monitoring (t-SIM) mode. Our calibration plots showed high linearity (R2>0.99) with high quantitation accuracy (from 91.24%-118.42%); additional analyses showed excellent precisions ranging from 1.12 % to 6.13 %, and accurate recoveries between 92.38 % and 109.65 % with relative standard deviations of 0.31 %-6.44 %. Meanwhile, the short-term stability, freeze and thaw stability, and 168 h storage stability were tested and reported from 85.07%-106.44% with RSDs 0.44%-20.00%, 98.99%-128.84% with RSDs 0.77%-19.79%, and 77.53%-104.42% with RSDs 0.92%-18.65%, respectively. Lastly, this quantitative method was applied to determine the SCFA concentrations and compositions in forty fecal samples from a group of study subjects participating in an obesity prevention trial, and a broad range of concentrations was noted for the detected SCFAs.
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Lee CB, Chae SU, Jo SJ, Jerng UM, Bae SK. The Relationship between the Gut Microbiome and Metformin as a Key for Treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073566. [PMID: 33808194 PMCID: PMC8037857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin is the first-line pharmacotherapy for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, its mechanism of modulating glucose metabolism is elusive. Recent advances have identified the gut as a potential target of metformin. As patients with metabolic disorders exhibit dysbiosis, the gut microbiome has garnered interest as a potential target for metabolic disease. Henceforth, studies have focused on unraveling the relationship of metabolic disorders with the human gut microbiome. According to various metagenome studies, gut dysbiosis is evident in T2DM patients. Besides this, alterations in the gut microbiome were also observed in the metformin-treated T2DM patients compared to the non-treated T2DM patients. Thus, several studies on rodents have suggested potential mechanisms interacting with the gut microbiome, including regulation of glucose metabolism, an increase in short-chain fatty acids, strengthening intestinal permeability against lipopolysaccharides, modulating the immune response, and interaction with bile acids. Furthermore, human studies have demonstrated evidence substantiating the hypotheses based on rodent studies. This review discusses the current knowledge of how metformin modulates T2DM with respect to the gut microbiome and discusses the prospect of harnessing this mechanism in treating T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Bin Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea; (C.B.L.); (S.U.C.); (S.J.J.)
| | - Soon Uk Chae
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea; (C.B.L.); (S.U.C.); (S.J.J.)
| | - Seong Jun Jo
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea; (C.B.L.); (S.U.C.); (S.J.J.)
| | - Ui Min Jerng
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Korea;
| | - Soo Kyung Bae
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea; (C.B.L.); (S.U.C.); (S.J.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2164-4054
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Obesity, Early Life Gut Microbiota, and Antibiotics. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020413. [PMID: 33671180 PMCID: PMC7922584 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health problem that continues to be one of the leading risk factors for premature death. Early life is a critical period of time when the gut microbiota and host metabolism are developing in tandem and significantly contribute to long-term health outcomes. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, particularly in early life, can have detrimental effects on host health and increase the susceptibility of developing obesity later in life. Antibiotics are an essential lifesaving treatment; however, their use in early life may not be without risk. Antibiotics are a leading cause of intestinal dysbiosis, and early life administration is associated with obesity risk. The following review explores the relevant literature that simultaneously examines antibiotic-induced dysbiosis and obesity risk. Current evidence suggests that disruptions to the composition and maturation of the gut microbiota caused by antibiotic use in early life are a key mechanism linking the association between antibiotics and obesity. Without compromising clinical practice, increased consideration of the long-term adverse effects of antibiotic treatment on host health, particularly when used in early life is warranted. Novel adjunct interventions should be investigated (e.g., prebiotics) to help mitigate metabolic risk when antibiotic treatment is clinically necessary.
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Banfi D, Moro E, Bosi A, Bistoletti M, Cerantola S, Crema F, Maggi F, Giron MC, Giaroni C, Baj A. Impact of Microbial Metabolites on Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1623. [PMID: 33562721 PMCID: PMC7915037 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex bidirectional communication system existing between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain initially termed the "gut-brain axis" and renamed the "microbiota-gut-brain axis", considering the pivotal role of gut microbiota in sustaining local and systemic homeostasis, has a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). The integration of signals deriving from the host neuronal, immune, and endocrine systems with signals deriving from the microbiota may influence the development of the local inflammatory injury and impacts also more distal brain regions, underlying the psychophysiological vulnerability of IBD patients. Mood disorders and increased response to stress are frequently associated with IBD and may affect the disease recurrence and severity, thus requiring an appropriate therapeutic approach in addition to conventional anti-inflammatory treatments. This review highlights the more recent evidence suggesting that alterations of the microbiota-gut-brain bidirectional communication axis may concur to IBD pathogenesis and sustain the development of both local and CNS symptoms. The participation of the main microbial-derived metabolites, also defined as "postbiotics", such as bile acids, short-chain fatty acids, and tryptophan metabolites in the development of IBD-associated gut and brain dysfunction will be discussed. The last section covers a critical evaluation of the main clinical evidence pointing to the microbiome-based therapeutic approaches for the treatment of IBD-related gastrointestinal and neuropsychiatric symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Banfi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via H Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy; (D.B.); (A.B.); (M.B.); (F.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Elisabetta Moro
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Annalisa Bosi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via H Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy; (D.B.); (A.B.); (M.B.); (F.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Michela Bistoletti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via H Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy; (D.B.); (A.B.); (M.B.); (F.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Silvia Cerantola
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Largo Meneghetti 2, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (M.C.G.)
| | - Francesca Crema
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via H Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy; (D.B.); (A.B.); (M.B.); (F.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Maria Cecilia Giron
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Largo Meneghetti 2, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (M.C.G.)
| | - Cristina Giaroni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via H Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy; (D.B.); (A.B.); (M.B.); (F.M.); (A.B.)
- Centre of Neuroscience, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Andreina Baj
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via H Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy; (D.B.); (A.B.); (M.B.); (F.M.); (A.B.)
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Shaidullov IF, Sorokina DM, Sitdikov FG, Hermann A, Abdulkhakov SR, Sitdikova GF. Short chain fatty acids and colon motility in a mouse model of irritable bowel syndrome. BMC Gastroenterol 2021; 21:37. [PMID: 33499840 PMCID: PMC7836204 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-021-01613-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is defined as a multifactorial disorder associated with visceral hypersensitivity, altered gut motility and dysfunction of the brain-gut axis. Gut microbiota and its metabolites are proposed as possible etiological factors of IBS. Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) induce both inhibitory and stimulatory action on colon motility, however, their effects on the IBS model were not investigated. The aim of our study was to investigate the level of SFCAs in feces and their effects on colon motility in a mouse model of IBS. Methods IBS model was induced in mice by intracolonic infusion of 1% acetic acid during the early postnatal period. Mice colon hypersensitivity was assessed by the threshold of the abdominal withdrawal reflex in response to colorectal distention. Colon contractility was studied using proximal colon specimens in isometric conditions. Transit rates were assessed by the pellet propulsion in the isolated colon. Concentrations of SCFAs in feces were measured using gas–liquid chromatography. Results The concentration of SCFAs in feces of IBS model mice was higher compared to the control group. Visceral sensitivity to colorectal distension and colonic transit rate were increased indicating IBS with predominant diarrhea. The frequency and amplitude of spontaneous contractions of proximal colon segments from IBS mice were higher, but carbachol induced contractions were lower compared to control. During acute application of SCFAs (sodium propionate, sodium acetate or butyric acid) dose-dependently (0.5–30 mM) decreased tonic tension, frequency and amplitude of spontaneous and carbachol-evoked contractions. In the mouse IBS group the inhibitory effects SCFAs on spontaneous and carbachol-evoked contractions were less pronounced. At the same time intraluminal administration of butyrate (5 mM) increased the transit rate in the colon of both groups, but its stimulatory effect was more pronounced in mouse IBS model group. Conclusion Our data indicate that the increased transit rate in the mouse IBS model group is associated with a disbalance of activating and inhibiting action of SCFAs due to chronically elevated SCFA levels, which may impact the pathogenesis of IBS with predominant diarrhea syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilnar F Shaidullov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18, Kremlevskaya str., 420008, Kazan, Russia
| | - Dina M Sorokina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18, Kremlevskaya str., 420008, Kazan, Russia
| | - Farit G Sitdikov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18, Kremlevskaya str., 420008, Kazan, Russia
| | - Anton Hermann
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr.34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sayar R Abdulkhakov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18, Kremlevskaya str., 420008, Kazan, Russia
| | - Guzel F Sitdikova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18, Kremlevskaya str., 420008, Kazan, Russia.
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Luo M, Zhuang X, Tian Z, Xiong L. Alterations in short-chain fatty acids and serotonin in irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol 2021; 21:14. [PMID: 33407171 PMCID: PMC7788881 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-020-01577-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) may be associated with the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). There are some reports of alterations in SCFAs and 5-HT in IBS, but their results are inconsistent. We aimed to perform a meta-analysis to assess alterations in SCFAs and 5-HT in IBS patients and their potential role in the abnormal brain-gut-microbiota (BGM) axis. METHODS Case-control studies detecting SCFAs and 5-HT in IBS patients were identified from PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases to identify relevant articles up to September 2018. The standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of SCFAs and 5-HT were calculated by REVIEW MANAGER 5.3 to evaluate the alterations of 5-HT and SCFAs in IBS. RESULTS Five studies on SCFAs and 5 on 5-HT in IBS patients were included. As compared to healthy controls (HCs), the SMDs of 5-HT in IBS patients was 2.35 (95% CI 0.46-4.24) and the SMDs of total SCFAs, acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid in IBS patients were - 0.01 (95% CI - 0.57-0.55), - 0.04 (95% CI - 0.55-0.47), 0.07 (95% CI - 0.45-0.60), and - 0.00 (95% CI - 0.49-0.49), respectively. CONCLUSIONS There was an increase in 5-HT in blood of IBS patients, indicating the increased 5-HT in blood may be involved in IBS pathogenesis. However, there were no significant differences in SCFAs in feces between IBS patients and HCs. But the study did not differentiate between subgroups of IBS. These findings might provide insight for future studies of the BGM axis in the pathogenesis of IBS. Mei Luo and Xiaojun Zhuang contributed equally to the writing of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhuang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenyi Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lishou Xiong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Badran M, Mashaqi S, Gozal D. The gut microbiome as a target for adjuvant therapy in obstructive sleep apnea. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:1263-1282. [PMID: 33180654 PMCID: PMC9394230 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1841749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Gut dysbiosis is assumed to play a role in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)-associated morbidities. Pre- and probiotics, short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and fecal matter transplantation (FMT) may offer potential as novel therapeutic strategies that target this gut dysbiosis. As more mechanisms of OSA-induced dysbiosis are being elucidated, these novel approaches are being tested in preclinical and clinical development. Areas covered: We examined the evidence linking OSA to gut dysbiosis and discuss the effects of pre- and probiotics on associated cardiometabolic, neurobehavioral and gastrointestinal disorders. The therapeutic potential of SCFA and FMT are also discussed. We reviewed the National Center for Biotechnology Information database, including PubMed and PubMed Central between 2000 - 2020. Expert opinion: To date, there are no clinical trials and only limited evidence from animal studies describing the beneficial effects of pre- and probiotic supplementation on OSA-mediated dysbiosis. Thus, more work is necessary to assess whether prebiotics, probiotics and SCFA are promising future novel strategies for targeting OSA-mediated dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Badran
- Department of Child Health and the Child Health Research Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine , Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Saif Mashaqi
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Arizona School of Medicine , Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - David Gozal
- Department of Child Health and the Child Health Research Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine , Columbia, MO, USA
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Yuan F, Tan W, Ren H, Yan L, Wang Y, Luo H. The Effects of Short-Chain Fatty Acids on Rat Colonic Hypermotility Induced by Water Avoidance Stress. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:4671-4684. [PMID: 33173277 PMCID: PMC7646441 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s246619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have been reported to play an important role in regulating gastrointestinal motility. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible role of SCFAs in water avoidance stress-induced colonic hypermotility. Methods A rat IBS model was established by water avoidance stress (WAS). Intestinal motility was assessed by fecal pellets expulsion. The fecal SCFA level was detected using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Western blotting was performed to assess the expression of SCFAs receptors. To determine the role of SCFAs in gut dysmotility, the rats of the WAS+SCFAS and SCFAs group were administrated with oral SCFAs. The colonic contractile activity was recorded with a RM6240 multichannel physiological signal system. Key Results WAS induced gastrointestinal hypermotility and increased defecation in rats. After repeated stress, the fecal SCFAs decreased significantly and the proportion of acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid had changed from Control 2.6:1:1.5 to WAS 2:1:2.3. Protein levels of SCFAs receptors in the colon were promoted by WAS. In addition, oral SCFAs partly inhibited the colonic spontaneous motility both for SCFAs and WAS+SCFAs group in vivo. Meanwhile, we observed acetate had no effect on the contractile amplitudes of muscle strips, but it could slow down contractile frequency in a dose-dependent manner (1–100 mM). Propionate significantly inhibited the motor activity of colonic strips (1–30 mM). Butyrate inhibited the contractile amplitude of CM strips in a dose-dependent manner (1–30 mM), but for LM, it exhibited a stimulating effect at low concentrations of butyrate 1 mM–10 mM and was suppressed at high concentrations of 30 mM butyrate. Total SCFAs increased the contractile amplitude at low concentration (5–50 mM) and inhibited it at high concentration (50–150 mM). All SCFAs slowed down the frequency of colonic activity. Conclusion The stress-induced colonic hypermotility by WAS could be ameliorated through oral SCFA supplementation. SCFAs may have potential clinical therapeutic use in modulating gut motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- FangTing Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - HaiXia Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - HeSheng Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
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The Effect of Soluble Fiber Dextrin on Subjective and Physiological Markers of Appetite: A Randomized Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113341. [PMID: 33143121 PMCID: PMC7692066 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a leading public health problem throughout the world. The development of foods that increase satiety and reduce food may aid weight management. This study determined the effect of consuming soluble fiber dextrin (SFD) on appetite, appetitive hormones, breath hydrogen and food intake in adults. Forty-three participants completed this study. For each treatment, 50% of the SFD was provided in liquid form as part of breakfast and 50% in solid form as a morning snack. Appetite questionnaires, blood and breath samples were collected immediately before breakfast and at regular intervals during the test session. The participants consumed an ad libitum lunch meal, afternoon snack and dinner meal, and the amount eaten was recorded. Following dinner, participants left the laboratory but were required to keep a diet diary for the remainder of the day. Breath hydrogen concentration was significantly higher following the consumption of SFD compared to control (p < 0.05). There was no observed overall treatment effect of consuming SFD on GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like-Peptide-1), ghrelin, CCK-8 (Cholecystokinin) or PYY3-36 (Petptide YY) (p > 0.05). Moreover, consuming foods containing SFD had no effect on subjective appetite or food intake (p > 0.05). Consuming foods containing SFD increased breath hydrogen but did not influence food intake, appetite or appetitive hormones. However, the limitations of this study may have individually or collectively masked an effect of SFD on food intake and appetite.
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Gut microbial metabolites as multi-kingdom intermediates. Nat Rev Microbiol 2020; 19:77-94. [PMID: 32968241 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-020-0438-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 529] [Impact Index Per Article: 132.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota contributes to host physiology through the production of a myriad of metabolites. These metabolites exert their effects within the host as signalling molecules and substrates for metabolic reactions. Although the study of host-microbiota interactions remains challenging due to the high degree of crosstalk both within and between kingdoms, metabolite-focused research has identified multiple actionable microbial targets that are relevant for host health. Metabolites, as the functional output of combined host and microorganism interactions, provide a snapshot in time of an extraordinarily complex multi-organism system. Although substantial work remains towards understanding host-microbiota interactions and the underlying mechanisms, we review the current state of knowledge for each of the major classes of microbial metabolites with emphasis on clinical and translational research implications. We provide an overview of methodologies available for measurement of microbial metabolites, and in addition to discussion of key challenges, we provide a potential framework for integration of discovery-based metabolite studies with mechanistic work. Finally, we highlight examples in the literature where this approach has led to substantial progress in understanding host-microbiota interactions.
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Silva YP, Bernardi A, Frozza RL. The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids From Gut Microbiota in Gut-Brain Communication. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:25. [PMID: 32082260 PMCID: PMC7005631 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1094] [Impact Index Per Article: 273.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A substantial body of evidence supports that the gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in the regulation of metabolic, endocrine and immune functions. In recent years, there has been growing recognition of the involvement of the gut microbiota in the modulation of multiple neurochemical pathways through the highly interconnected gut-brain axis. Although amazing scientific breakthroughs over the last few years have expanded our knowledge on the communication between microbes and their hosts, the underpinnings of microbiota-gut-brain crosstalk remain to be determined. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the main metabolites produced in the colon by bacterial fermentation of dietary fibers and resistant starch, are speculated to play a key role in neuro-immunoendocrine regulation. However, the underlying mechanisms through which SCFAs might influence brain physiology and behavior have not been fully elucidated. In this review, we outline the current knowledge about the involvement of SCFAs in microbiota-gut-brain interactions. We also highlight how the development of future treatments for central nervous system (CNS) disorders can take advantage of the intimate and mutual interactions of the gut microbiota with the brain by exploring the role of SCFAs in the regulation of neuro-immunoendocrine function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ygor Parladore Silva
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andressa Bernardi
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rudimar Luiz Frozza
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Rudimar Luiz Frozza
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Busnelli M, Manzini S, Chiesa G. The Gut Microbiota Affects Host Pathophysiology as an Endocrine Organ: A Focus on Cardiovascular Disease. Nutrients 2019; 12:nu12010079. [PMID: 31892152 PMCID: PMC7019666 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely recognized that the microorganisms inhabiting our gastrointestinal tract-the gut microbiota-deeply affect the pathophysiology of the host. Gut microbiota composition is mostly modulated by diet, and gut microorganisms communicate with the different organs and tissues of the human host by synthesizing hormones and regulating their release. Herein, we will provide an updated review on the most important classes of gut microbiota-derived hormones and their sensing by host receptors, critically discussing their impact on host physiology. Additionally, the debated interplay between microbial hormones and the development of cardiovascular disease will be thoroughly analysed and discussed.
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Shang Q, Ma X, Liu H, Liu S, Piao X. Effect of fibre sources on performance, serum parameters, intestinal morphology, digestive enzyme activities and microbiota in weaned pigs. Arch Anim Nutr 2019; 74:121-137. [PMID: 31821028 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2019.1684148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of wheat bran (WB) as insoluble fibre source, and sugar beet pulp (SBP) as soluble fibre source, on performance, serum parameters and intestinal health in weaned pigs. A total of 90 weaned pigs (BW: 7.33 ± 1.24 kg) were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments: (1) a control diet (CON) based on corn and soybean meal; (2) CON + 6% WB; (3) CON + 6% SBP. Each treatment had five replicate pens with six pigs per pen. The experimental period was divided into two phases (d 0 to 14 and d 14 to 28). Pigs in group WB tended to have greater avarage daily gain than those in group SBP. Compared with CON, SBP reduced (p < 0.05) the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, organic matter (OM), gross energy and neutral detergent fibre on d 14 and 28, while WB decreased (p < 0.05) the ATTD of OM on d 28. Pigs in group SBP had higher (p < 0.05) glucagon-like peptide 1 concentration than the other groups on d 14 and 28. The villus height to crypt depth (V:C) ratio of duodenum and jejunum in pigs fed diet WB were greater (p < 0.05) than in group SBP. The WB increased (p < 0.05) the V:C ratio of ileum compared with CON or SBP. Compared with SBP, WB increased (p < 0.05) the sucrase activity in the duodenum. Moreover, pigs in WB had higher (p < 0.05) activities of maltase and sucrase in the jejunum compared with CON or SBP. The abundances of Ruminococcaceae and Prevotellaceae were increased (p < 0.05) in WB, while the Lachnospiraceae abundance was increased (p < 0.05) in SBP. WB increased (p < 0.05) concentrations of acetate, butyrate and total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), while SBP increased (p < 0.05) concentrations of acetate and total SCFA when compared with CON. In conclusion, WB was beneficial to performance in weaned pigs by improving morphology, enzyme activities and microbiota when compared with SBP, highlighting that effects of fibre depends on the fibre sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghui Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaokang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hansuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sujie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangshu Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Torres-Fuentes C, Golubeva AV, Zhdanov AV, Wallace S, Arboleya S, Papkovsky DB, El Aidy S, Ross P, Roy BL, Stanton C, Dinan TG, Cryan JF, Schellekens H. Short-chain fatty acids and microbiota metabolites attenuate ghrelin receptor signaling. FASEB J 2019; 33:13546-13559. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901433r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Torres-Fuentes
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anna V. Golubeva
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Shauna Wallace
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Silvia Arboleya
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Sahar El Aidy
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul Ross
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Catherine Stanton
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G. Dinan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F. Cryan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Harriet Schellekens
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Ringseis R, Gessner DK, Eder K. The Gut-Liver Axis in the Control of Energy Metabolism and Food Intake in Animals. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2019; 8:295-319. [PMID: 31689373 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has convincingly demonstrated a bidirectional communication axis between the gut and liver that enables the gut microbiota to strongly affect animals' feeding behavior and energy metabolism. As such, the gut-liver axis enables the host to control and shape the gut microbiota and to protect the intestinal barrier. Gut microbiota-host communication is based on several gut-derived compounds, such as short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, methylamines, amino acid-derived metabolites, and microbial-associated molecular patterns, which act as communication signals, and multiple host receptors, which sense the signals, thereby stimulating signaling and metabolic pathways in all key tissues of energy metabolism and food intake regulation. Disturbance in the microbial ecosystem balance, or microbial dysbiosis, causes profound derangements in the regulation of appetite and satiety in the hypothalamic centers of the brain and in key metabolic pathways in peripheral tissues owing to intestinal barrier disruption and subsequent induction of hepatic and hypothalamic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Denise K Gessner
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Klaus Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
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38
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Cryan JF, O'Riordan KJ, Cowan CSM, Sandhu KV, Bastiaanssen TFS, Boehme M, Codagnone MG, Cussotto S, Fulling C, Golubeva AV, Guzzetta KE, Jaggar M, Long-Smith CM, Lyte JM, Martin JA, Molinero-Perez A, Moloney G, Morelli E, Morillas E, O'Connor R, Cruz-Pereira JS, Peterson VL, Rea K, Ritz NL, Sherwin E, Spichak S, Teichman EM, van de Wouw M, Ventura-Silva AP, Wallace-Fitzsimons SE, Hyland N, Clarke G, Dinan TG. The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1877-2013. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00018.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1243] [Impact Index Per Article: 248.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of the gut-brain axis in maintaining homeostasis has long been appreciated. However, the past 15 yr have seen the emergence of the microbiota (the trillions of microorganisms within and on our bodies) as one of the key regulators of gut-brain function and has led to the appreciation of the importance of a distinct microbiota-gut-brain axis. This axis is gaining ever more traction in fields investigating the biological and physiological basis of psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, age-related, and neurodegenerative disorders. The microbiota and the brain communicate with each other via various routes including the immune system, tryptophan metabolism, the vagus nerve and the enteric nervous system, involving microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino acids, and peptidoglycans. Many factors can influence microbiota composition in early life, including infection, mode of birth delivery, use of antibiotic medications, the nature of nutritional provision, environmental stressors, and host genetics. At the other extreme of life, microbial diversity diminishes with aging. Stress, in particular, can significantly impact the microbiota-gut-brain axis at all stages of life. Much recent work has implicated the gut microbiota in many conditions including autism, anxiety, obesity, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. Animal models have been paramount in linking the regulation of fundamental neural processes, such as neurogenesis and myelination, to microbiome activation of microglia. Moreover, translational human studies are ongoing and will greatly enhance the field. Future studies will focus on understanding the mechanisms underlying the microbiota-gut-brain axis and attempt to elucidate microbial-based intervention and therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kenneth J. O'Riordan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Caitlin S. M. Cowan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kiran V. Sandhu
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomaz F. S. Bastiaanssen
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marcus Boehme
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Martin G. Codagnone
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sofia Cussotto
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Christine Fulling
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anna V. Golubeva
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Katherine E. Guzzetta
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Minal Jaggar
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Caitriona M. Long-Smith
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Joshua M. Lyte
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jason A. Martin
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alicia Molinero-Perez
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Moloney
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Emanuela Morelli
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Enrique Morillas
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Rory O'Connor
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Joana S. Cruz-Pereira
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Veronica L. Peterson
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kieran Rea
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Nathaniel L. Ritz
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eoin Sherwin
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Simon Spichak
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Emily M. Teichman
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marcel van de Wouw
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ana Paula Ventura-Silva
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Shauna E. Wallace-Fitzsimons
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Niall Hyland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G. Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Ribeiro ÉDM, Peixoto MC, Putarov TC, Monti M, Pacheco PDG, Loureiro BA, Pereira GT, Carciofi AC. The effects of age and dietary resistant starch on digestibility, fermentation end products in faeces and postprandial glucose and insulin responses of dogs. Arch Anim Nutr 2019; 73:485-504. [DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2019.1652516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Érico de Mello Ribeiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Mayara Corrêa Peixoto
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Thaila Cristina Putarov
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Mariana Monti
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Agy Loureiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Gener Tadeu Pereira
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Aulus Cavalieri Carciofi
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
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Dempsey JL, Little M, Cui JY. Gut microbiome: An intermediary to neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology 2019; 75:41-69. [PMID: 31454513 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is growing recognition that the gut microbiome is an important regulator for neurological functions. This review provides a summary on the role of gut microbiota in various neurological disorders including neurotoxicity induced by environmental stressors such as drugs, environmental contaminants, and dietary factors. We propose that the gut microbiome remotely senses and regulates CNS signaling through the following mechanisms: 1) intestinal bacteria-mediated biotransformation of neurotoxicants that alters the neuro-reactivity of the parent compounds; 2) altered production of neuro-reactive microbial metabolites following exposure to certain environmental stressors; 3) bi-directional communication within the gut-brain axis to alter the intestinal barrier integrity; and 4) regulation of mucosal immune function. Distinct microbial metabolites may enter systemic circulation and epigenetically reprogram the expression of host genes in the CNS, regulating neuroinflammation, cell survival, or cell death. We will also review the current tools for the study of the gut-brain axis and provide some suggestions to move this field forward in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Dempsey
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, United States
| | - Mallory Little
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, United States
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, United States.
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41
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Massoud R, Khosravi-Darani K, Bagheri SM, Mortazavian AM, Sohrabvandi S. Vitamin B12: From Deficiency to Biotechnological Solution. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401314666171207145429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin B12 production by using propionibacteria and enriching food to produce functional foods is an important subject for researches. Some microorganisms have the potential to produce a wide range of components that are health promoting for human. Among them Propionibacteria has been identified as an effective producer of vitamin B12 and anti-microbial compounds such as propionic acid for decades. In this study at first, the structure, health beneficial effects and properties of vitamin B12 as well as scaled up production of vitamin are mentioned. Then biotechnological strategy is described as a solution to overcome vitamin deficiency and production of functional food. Finally, the specification of propionibacteria and its growth condition as well as bacterium ability to produce some other interesting metabolite in human food as byproduct are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Massoud
- Department of Food Research, Standards Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kianoush Khosravi-Darani
- Research Department of Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 19395-4741, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed M.H. Bagheri
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir M. Mortazavian
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Sohrabvandi
- Research Department of Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 19395-4741, Tehran, Iran
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42
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Zhong S, Zhou Z, Liang Y, Cheng X, Li Y, Teng W, Zhao M, Liu C, Guan M, Zhao C. Targeting strategies for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: does gut microbiota play a role? Crit Rev Microbiol 2019; 45:369-393. [PMID: 31106639 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2019.1608905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a progressive, often irreversible condition that produces severe neurological deficits. Emerging data suggest that chemotherapy also exerts detrimental effects on gut microbiota composition and intestinal permeability, contributing to dysbiosis and inflammation. Compared with other complications associated with chemotherapy, such as diarrhoea and mucositis, CIPN is of particular concern because it is the most common reason for terminating or suspending treatment. However, specific and effective curative treatment strategies are lacking. In this review, we provide an update on current preclinical and clinical understandings about the role of gut microbiota in CIPN. The gut microbiota serves as an intersection between the microbiome-gut-brain and the neuroimmune-endocrine axis, forming a complex network that can directly or indirectly affect key components involved in the manifestations of CIPN. Herein, we discuss several potential mechanisms within the context of the networks and summarize alterations in gut microbiome induced by chemotherapeutic drugs, providing great potential for researchers to target pathways associated with the gut microbiome and overcome CIPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhong
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , PR China
| | - Zhike Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , PR China
| | - Yifan Liang
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , PR China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , PR China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shenyang , PR China
| | - Weiyu Teng
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , PR China
| | - Mei Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , PR China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , PR China
| | - Meiting Guan
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , PR China
| | - Chuansheng Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , PR China
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Butowski CF, Thomas DG, Young W, Cave NJ, McKenzie CM, Rosendale DI, Bermingham EN. Addition of plant dietary fibre to a raw red meat high protein, high fat diet, alters the faecal bacteriome and organic acid profiles of the domestic cat (Felis catus). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216072. [PMID: 31042730 PMCID: PMC6493751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Commercial diets high in animal protein and fat are increasingly being developed for pets, however little is understood about the impacts of feeding such diets to domestic cats. The carbohydrate content of these diets is typically low, and dietary fibre is often not included. Dietary fibre is believed to be important in the feline gastrointestinal tract, promoting stool formation and providing a substrate for the hindgut microbiome. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effects of adding plant-based dietary fibre to a high animal protein and fat diet. Twelve domestic short hair cats were fed three complete and balanced diets in a cross-over design for blocks of 21 days: raw meat (Raw), raw meat plus fibre (2%, ‘as is’ inclusion of inulin and cellulose; Raw+Fibre) and a commercially available Kibble diet. A commercially available canned diet was fed for 21 days as a washout phase. Apparent macronutrient digestibility, faecal output, score, pH, organic acid concentrations and bacteriome profiles were determined. Diet significantly affected all faecal parameters measured. The addition of dietary fibre to the raw meat diet was found to reduce apparent macronutrient digestibility, increase faecal output, pH and score. Thirty one bacterial taxa were significantly affected by diet. Prevotella was found to dominate in the Kibble diet, Clostridium and Fusobacterium in the Raw diet, and Prevotella and a group of unclassified Peptostreptococcaceae in the Raw+Fibre diet. Our results show that diets of different macronutrient proportions can strongly influence the faecal microbiome composition and metabolism, as shown by altered organic acid concentrations and faecal pH, in the domestic cat. The addition of 2% of each fibre to the Raw diet shifted faecal parameters closer to those produced by feeding a Kibble diet. These results provide a basis for further research assessing raw red meat diets to domestic cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina F Butowski
- Food & Bio-based Products, AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Centre for Feline Nutrition, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David G Thomas
- Centre for Feline Nutrition, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Wayne Young
- Food & Bio-based Products, AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nick J Cave
- Centre for Feline Nutrition, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Douglas I Rosendale
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Emma N Bermingham
- Food & Bio-based Products, AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
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Segers A, Desmet L, Thijs T, Verbeke K, Tack J, Depoortere I. The circadian clock regulates the diurnal levels of microbial short-chain fatty acids and their rhythmic effects on colon contractility in mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 225:e13193. [PMID: 30269420 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM The microbiota shows diurnal oscillations that are synchronized by the host's circadian clock and feeding rhythms. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by the microbiota are possible synchronizers of peripheral circadian clocks. We aimed to investigate whether faecal SCFAs show a diurnal rhythm that regulates the rhythm of SCFA receptor expression (FFAR2/3, OLFR78, HCAR2) and SCFA-induced colonic contractility. The role of the circadian clock was studied in mice lacking the core clock gene Bmal1. METHODS Mice were sacrificed at 4-hour intervals. Faecal SCFA concentrations and SCFA receptor expression were determined. The effect of increasing concentrations of a SCFA mix on electrical field-induced neural responses in colon strips was measured isometrically. RESULTS Diurnal fluctuations in faecal SCFA concentrations (peak 4 hours after lights on) were observed that were in phase with the rhythm of Ffar2/3 expression in the colonic muscle layer. Olfr78 expression was not diurnal and Hcar2 was not detectable. The inhibitory effect of a SCFA mix on neural contractions in colonic smooth muscle strips showed a diurnal rhythm and oscillated in phase with faecal SCFA concentrations and Ffar2/3 expression. In contrast, neither excitatory neural responses nor acetylcholine-induced smooth muscle contractions showed a diurnal rhythm. In Bmal1-/- mice, no fluctuations in faecal SCFA levels, Ffar3 expression and neural responses to SCFAs were observed. CONCLUSION Diurnal microbial SCFA levels regulate the rhythm of Ffar3 expression in the colonic myenteric plexus, which causes rhythmicity in SCFA-induced colonic motility. Deletion of Bmal1 abolishes rhythmicity of SCFA levels and their downstream effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneleen Segers
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Louis Desmet
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Theo Thijs
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Kristin Verbeke
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Inge Depoortere
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
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Chen S, Ou Y, Zhao L, Li Y, Qiao Z, Hao Y, Ren F. Differential Effects of Lactobacillus casei Strain Shirota on Patients With Constipation Regarding Stool Consistency in China. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 25:148-158. [PMID: 30646486 PMCID: PMC6326197 DOI: 10.5056/jnm17085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Probiotics are expected to confer benefits on patients with constipation, but how probiotics act on constipated patients with variable stool consistencies remains unclear. We investigated the effect of Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LcS) on constipation-related symptoms, especially stool consistency, of constipated patients. Methods Constipated patients meeting the Rome III criteria were divided into 3 groups according to the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS): hard (hard stool [HS], BSFS < 3), normal (normal stool [NS], ≤ 3 BSFS ≤ 4), and soft (soft stool [SS], 4 < BSFS ≤ 5) stools. Subjects in each group consumed a probiotic beverage containing 1010 colony-forming units of LcS daily for 28 days. Results LcS intervention significantly alleviated constipation-related symptoms and increased defecation frequency in all subjects. Four weeks of LcS supplementation softened the hard stools in HS, hardened the soft stools in SS, and did not alter the ideal stool consistency in NS. The short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations were highest in SS, followed by NS and HS. LcS intervention increased the stool SCFA levels in HS but reduced or did not alter the levels in NS and SS. LcS intervention increased the Pseudobutyrivibrio and Roseburia abundances in HS and decreased the Pseudobutyrivibrio abundance in SS. Conclusions LcS supplementation improved the constipation-related symptoms in constipated subjects. Differences in baseline stool consistency could result in different anti-constipation effects of LcS intervention. LcS balanced the stool consistency—softened the HS and hardened the SS. These effects could be associated with modulation of the gut microbiota and SCFA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanbin Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yangwenshan Ou
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- Science and Public Relations Office, Yakult (China) Corporation, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenxing Qiao
- Science and Public Relations Office, Yakult (China) Corporation, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanling Hao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection and Control of Spoilage Organisms and Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Products, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Fazheng Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing, China
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46
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The Role of Fiber in Energy Balance. J Nutr Metab 2019; 2019:4983657. [PMID: 30805214 PMCID: PMC6360548 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4983657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive energy intake is linked with obesity and subsequent diet-related health problems, and it is therefore a major nutritional challenge. Compared with the digestible carbohydrates starch and sugars, fiber has a low energy density and may have an attenuating effect on appetite. This narrative review attempts to clarify the net energy contributions of various fibers, and the effect of fiber on satiety and thus appetite regulation. Fibers, broadly defined as nonstarch polysaccharides, are a varied class of substances with vastly different physicochemical properties depending on their chemical arrangement. Thus, net energy content can vary from more than 10 kJ/g for soluble, nonviscous, and easily fermentable fibers such as those in many fruits, to less than zero for viscous fibers with anti-nutritive properties, such as certain types of fibers found in rye and other cereals. Likewise, some fibers will increase satiety by being viscous or contribute to large and/or swollen particles, which may facilitate mastication and increase retention time in the stomach, or potentially through fermentation and an ensuing satiety-inducing endocrine feedback from the colon. Thus, fibers may clearly contribute to energy balance. The metabolizable energy content is very often considerably lower than the commonly used level of 8 kJ per g fiber, and some fibers may reduce energy intake indirectly through satiety-inducing effects. A more precise characterization of fiber and its physicochemical effects are required before these beneficial effects can be fully exploited in human nutrition.
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Abstract
The intestinal microbiota has been demonstrated to influence host metabolism, and has been proposed to affect the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D), possibly through short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by fermentation of dietary fiber. There are some indications that SCFAs inhibit glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in rodents, but research on this subject is sparse. However, it has been reported that receptors for SCFAs, free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2) and FFAR3 are expressed not only on gut endocrine cells secreting GLP-1 and PYY, but also on pancreatic islet cells. We hypothesized that SCFAs might influence the endocrine secretion from pancreatic islets similar to their effects on the enteroendocrine cells. We studied this using isolated perfused mouse pancreas which responded adequately to changes in glucose and to infusions of arginine. None of the SCFAs, acetate, propionate and butyrate, influenced glucagon secretion, whereas they had weak inhibitory effects on somatostatin and insulin secretion. Infusions of two specific agonists of FFAR2 and FFAR3, CFMB and Compound 4, respectively, did not influence the pancreatic secretion of insulin and glucagon, whereas both induced strong increases in the secretion of somatostatin. In conclusion, the small effects of acetate, propionate and butyrate we observed here may not be physiologically relevant, but the effects of CFMB and Compound 4 on somatostatin secretion suggest that it may be possible to manipulate pancreatic secretion pharmacologically with agonists of the FFAR2 and 3 receptors, a finding which deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Ørgaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Translational Metabolic Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara Lind Jepsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Translational Metabolic Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Translational Metabolic Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- CONTACT Jens Juul Holst The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Translational Metabolic Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
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Vincent AD, Wang XY, Parsons SP, Khan WI, Huizinga JD. Abnormal absorptive colonic motor activity in germ-free mice is rectified by butyrate, an effect possibly mediated by mucosal serotonin. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G896-G907. [PMID: 30095295 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00237.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The role of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the control of colonic motility is controversial. Germ-free (GF) mice are unable to produce these metabolites and serve as a model to study how their absence affects colonic motility. GF transit is slower than controls, and colonization of these mice improves transit and serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] levels. Our aim was to determine the role SCFAs play in improving transit and whether this is dependent on mucosal 5-HT signaling. Motility was assessed in GF mice via spatiotemporal mapping. First, motor patterns in the whole colon were measured ex vivo with or without luminal SCFA, and outflow from the colon was recorded to quantify outflow caused by individual propulsive contractions. Second, artificial fecal pellet propulsion was measured. Motility was then assessed in tryptophan hydroxylase-1 (TPH1) knockout (KO) mice, devoid of mucosal 5-HT, with phosphate buffer, butyrate, or propionate intraluminal perfusion. GF mice exhibited a lower proportion of propulsive contractions, lower volume of outflow/contraction, slower velocity of contractions, and slower propulsion of fecal pellets compared with controls. SCFAs changed motility patterns to that of controls in all parameters. Butyrate administration increased the proportion of propulsive contractions in controls yet failed to in TPH1 KO mice. Propionate inhibited propulsive contractions in all mice. Our results reveal significant abnormalities in the propulsive nature of colonic motor patterns in GF mice, explaining the decreased transit time in in vivo studies. We show that butyrate but not propionate activates propulsive motility and that this may require mucosal 5-HT. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Understanding the role that the microbiota play in governing the physiology of colonic motility is lacking. Here, we offer for the first time, to our knowledge, a detailed analysis of colonic motor patterns and pellet propulsion using spatiotemporal mapping in the absence of microbiota. We show a striking difference in germ-free and control phenotypes and attribute this to a lack of fermentation-produced short-chain fatty acid. We then show that butyrate but not propionate can restore motility and that the butyrate effect likely requires mucosal 5-hydroxytryptamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Vincent
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario , Canada
| | - Xuan-Yu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario , Canada
| | - Sean P Parsons
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario , Canada
| | - Waliul I Khan
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario , Canada
| | - Jan D Huizinga
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario , Canada
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Christiansen CB, Gabe MBN, Svendsen B, Dragsted LO, Rosenkilde MM, Holst JJ. The impact of short-chain fatty acids on GLP-1 and PYY secretion from the isolated perfused rat colon. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G53-G65. [PMID: 29494208 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00346.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The colonic epithelium harbors a large number of endocrine cells, but little is known about the endocrine functions of the colon. However, the high density of glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1)- and peptide-YY (PYY)-secreting L cells is of great interest because of the potential antidiabetic and antiobesity effects of GLP-1 and PYY. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by local bacterial fermentation are suggested to activate the colonic free fatty acid receptors FFAR2 (GPR43) and FFAR3 (GPR41), stimulating the colonic L cells. We used the isolated perfused rat colon as a model of colonic endocrine secretion and studied the effects of the predominant SCFAs formed: acetate, propionate, and butyrate. We show that luminal and especially vascular infusion of acetate and butyrate significantly increases colonic GLP-1 secretion, and to a minor extent also PYY secretion, but only after enhancement of intracellular cAMP. Propionate neither affected GLP-1 nor PYY secretion whether administered luminally or vascularly. A FFAR2- and FFAR3-specific agonist [( S)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,3-dimethyl- N-(5-phenylthiazol-2-yl)butamide (CFMB)/ AR420626 ] had no effect on colonic GLP-1 output, and a FFAR3 antagonist ( AR399519 ) did not decrease the SCFA-induced GLP-1 response. However, the voltage-gated Ca2+-channel blocker nifedipine, the KATP-channel opener diazoxide, and the ATP synthesis inhibitor 2,4-dinitrophenol completely abolished the responses. FFAR2 receptor studies confirmed low-potent partial agonism of acetate, propionate, and butyrate, compared with CFMB, which is a full agonist with ~750-fold higher potency than the SCFAs. In conclusion, SCFAs may increase colonic GLP-1/PYY secretion, but FFAR2/FFAR3 do not seem to be involved. Rather, SCFAs are metabolized and appear to function as a colonocyte energy source. NEW & NOTEWORTHY By the use of in situ isolated perfused rat colon we show that short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) primarily are used as a colonocyte energy source in the rat, subsequently triggering glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion independent of the free fatty acid receptors FFAR2 and FFAR3. Opposite many previous studies on SCFAs and FFAR2/FFAR3 and GLP-1 secretion, this experimental model allows investigation of the physiological interactions between luminal nutrients and secretion from cells whose function depend critically on their blood supply as well as nerve and paracrine interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Bayer Christiansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Maria Buur Nordskov Gabe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Berit Svendsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Lars Ove Dragsted
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Mette Marie Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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Kuwahara A, Kuwahara Y, Inui T, Marunaka Y. Regulation of Ion Transport in the Intestine by Free Fatty Acid Receptor 2 and 3: Possible Involvement of the Diffuse Chemosensory System. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030735. [PMID: 29510573 PMCID: PMC5877596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The diffuse chemosensory system (DCS) is well developed in the apparatuses of endodermal origin like gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The primary function of the GI tract is the extraction of nutrients from the diet. Therefore, the GI tract must possess an efficient surveillance system that continuously monitors the luminal contents for beneficial or harmful compounds. Recent studies have shown that specialized cells in the intestinal lining can sense changes in the luminal content. The chemosensory cells in the GI tract belong to the DCS which consists of enteroendocrine and related cells. These cells initiate various important local and remote reflexes. Although neural and hormonal involvements in ion transport in the GI tract are well documented, involvement of the DCS in the regulation of intestinal ion transport is much less understood. Since activation of luminal chemosensory receptors is a primary signal that elicits changes in intestinal ion transport and motility and failure of the system causes dysfunctions in host homeostasis, as well as functional GI disorders, study of the regulation of GI function by the DCS has become increasingly important. This review discusses the role of the DCS in epithelial ion transport, with particular emphasis on the involvement of free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFA2) and free fatty acid receptor 3 (FFA3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsukazu Kuwahara
- Division of Molecular Cell Physiology, Kyoto prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Yuko Kuwahara
- Division of Molecular Cell Physiology, Kyoto prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Toshio Inui
- Saisei Mirai medical corporation, 6-14-17 Kinda, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-0011, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Marunaka
- Division of Molecular Cell Physiology, Kyoto prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
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