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Wilson EA, Woodbury A, Williams KM, Coopersmith CM. OXIDATIVE study: A pilot prospective observational cohort study protocol examining the influence of peri-reperfusion hyperoxemia and immune dysregulation on early allograft dysfunction after orthotopic liver transplantation. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301281. [PMID: 38547092 PMCID: PMC10977716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Early allograft dysfunction (EAD) is a functional hepatic insufficiency within a week of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) and is associated with morbidity and mortality. The etiology of EAD is multifactorial and largely driven by ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI), a phenomenon characterized by oxygen scarcity followed by paradoxical oxidative stress and inflammation. With the expanded use of marginal allografts more susceptible to IRI, the incidence of EAD may be increasing. This necessitates an in-depth understanding of the innate molecular mechanisms underlying EAD and interventions to mitigate its impact. Our central hypothesis is peri-reperfusion hyperoxemia and immune dysregulation exacerbate IRI and increase the risk of EAD. We will perform a pilot prospective single-center observational cohort study of 40 patients. The aims are to determine (1) the association between peri-reperfusion hyperoxemia and EAD and (2) whether peri-reperfusion perturbed cytokine, protein, and hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) levels correlate with EAD after OLT. Inclusion criteria include age ≥ 18 years, liver failure, and donation after brain or circulatory death. Exclusion criteria include living donor donation, repeat OLT within a week of transplantation, multiple organ transplantation, and pregnancy. Partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) as the study measure allows for the examination of oxygen exposure within the confines of existing variability in anesthesiologist-administered fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) and the inclusion of patients with intrapulmonary shunting. The Olthoff et al. definition of EAD is the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes include postoperative acute kidney injury, pulmonary and biliary complications, surgical wound dehiscence and infection, and mortality. The goal of this study protocol is to identify EAD contributors that could be targeted to attenuate its impact and improve OLT outcomes. If validated, peri-reperfusion hyperoxemia and immune perturbations could be targeted via FiO2 titration to a goal PaO2 and/or administration of an immunomodulatory agent by the anesthesiologist intraoperatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Wilson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Anna Woodbury
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Kirsten M Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Craig M Coopersmith
- Department of Surgery and Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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Wilson EA, Weinberg DL, Patel GP. Intraoperative Anesthetic Strategies to Mitigate Early Allograft Dysfunction After Orthotopic Liver Transplantation: A Narrative Review. Anesth Analg 2024:00000539-990000000-00775. [PMID: 38442076 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000006902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is the most effective treatment for patients with end-stage liver disease (ESLD). Hepatic insufficiency within a week of OLT, termed early allograft dysfunction (EAD), occurs in 20% to 25% of deceased donor OLT recipients and is associated with morbidity and mortality. Primary nonfunction (PNF), the most severe form of EAD, leads to death or retransplantation within 7 days. The etiology of EAD is multifactorial, including donor, recipient, and surgery-related factors, and largely driven by ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). IRI is an immunologic phenomenon characterized by dysregulation of cellular oxygen homeostasis and innate immune defenses in the allograft after temporary cessation (ischemia) and later restoration (reperfusion) of oxygen-rich blood flow. The rising global demand for OLT may lead to the use of marginal allografts, which are more susceptible to IRI, and thus lead to an increased incidence of EAD. It is thus imperative the anesthesiologist is knowledgeable about EAD, namely its pathophysiology and intraoperative strategies to mitigate its impact. Intraoperative strategies can be classified by 3 phases, specifically donor allograft procurement, storage, and recipient reperfusion. During procurement, the anesthesiologist can use pharmacologic preconditioning with volatile anesthetics, consider preharvest hyperoxemia, and attenuate the use of norepinephrine as able. The anesthesiologist can advocate for normothermic regional perfusion (NRP) and machine perfusion during allograft storage at their institution. During recipient reperfusion, the anesthesiologist can optimize oxygen exposure, consider adjunct anesthetics with antioxidant-like properties, and administer supplemental magnesium. Unfortunately, there is either mixed, little, or no data to support the routine use of many free radical scavengers. Given the sparse, limited, or at times conflicting evidence supporting some of these strategies, there are ample opportunities for more research to find intraoperative anesthetic strategies to mitigate the impact of EAD and improve postoperative outcomes in OLT recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Wilson
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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Yuan X, Ruan W, Bobrow B, Carmeliet P, Eltzschig HK. Targeting hypoxia-inducible factors: therapeutic opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024; 23:175-200. [PMID: 38123660 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00848-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are highly conserved transcription factors that are crucial for adaptation of metazoans to limited oxygen availability. Recently, HIF activation and inhibition have emerged as therapeutic targets in various human diseases. Pharmacologically desirable effects of HIF activation include erythropoiesis stimulation, cellular metabolism optimization during hypoxia and adaptive responses during ischaemia and inflammation. By contrast, HIF inhibition has been explored as a therapy for various cancers, retinal neovascularization and pulmonary hypertension. This Review discusses the biochemical mechanisms that control HIF stabilization and the molecular strategies that can be exploited pharmacologically to activate or inhibit HIFs. In addition, we examine medical conditions that benefit from targeting HIFs, the potential side effects of HIF activation or inhibition and future challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Yuan
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Wei Ruan
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bentley Bobrow
- Department of Emergency Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis & Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis & Vascular Heterogeneity, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Press AT, Ungelenk L, Medyukhina A, Pennington SA, Nietzsche S, Kan C, Lupp A, Dahmen U, Wang R, Settmacher U, Wetzker R, Figge MT, Clemens MG, Bauer M. Sodium thiosulfate refuels the hepatic antioxidant pool reducing ischemia-reperfusion-induced liver injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 204:151-160. [PMID: 37105418 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a critical liver condition during hepatic transplantation, trauma, or shock. An ischemic deprivation of antioxidants and energy characterizes liver injury in such cases. In the face of increased reactive oxygen production, hepatocytes are vulnerable to the reperfusion driving ROS generation and multiple cell-death mechanisms. In this study, we investigate the importance of hydrogen sulfide as part of the liver's antioxidant pool and the therapeutic potency of the hydrogen sulfide donors sodium sulfide (Na2S, fast releasing) and sodium thiosulfate (STS, Na2S2O3, slow releasing). The mitoprotection and toxicity of STS and Na2S were investigated on isolated mitochondria and a liver perfusion oxidative stress model by adding text-butyl hydroperoxide and hydrogen sulfide donors. The respiratory capacity of mitochondria, hepatocellular released LDH, glutathione, and lipid-peroxide levels were quantified. In addition, wild-type and cystathionine-γ-lyase knockout mice were subjected to warm selective ischemia-reperfusion injury by clamping the main inflow for 1 h followed by reperfusion of 1 or 24 h. A subset of animals was treated with STS shortly before reperfusion. Glutathione, plasma ALT, and lipid-peroxide levels were investigated alongside mitochondrial changes in structure (electron microscopy) and function (intravital microscopy). Liver tissue necrosis quantified 24 h after reperfusion indicates the net effects of the treatment on the organ. STS refuels and protects the endogenous antioxidant pool during liver ischemia-reperfusion injury. In addition, STS-mediated ROS scavenging significantly reduced lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial damage, resulting in better molecular and histopathological preservation of the liver tissue architecture. STS prevents tissue damage in liver ischemia-reperfusion injury by increasing the liver's antioxidant pool, thereby protecting mitochondrial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian T Press
- Jena University Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena, Germany; Jena University Hospital, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena, Germany; Jena University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Jena, Germany.
| | - Luisa Ungelenk
- Jena University Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena, Germany; Jena University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Jena, Germany
| | - Anna Medyukhina
- Applied Systems Biology, HKI-Center for Systems Biology of Infection, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Samantha A Pennington
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, USA; Pfeiffer University, Department of Natural and Health Sciences, Misenheimer, NC, USA
| | - Sandor Nietzsche
- Jena University Hospital, Electron Microscopy Center, Jena, Germany
| | - Chunyi Kan
- Jena University Hospital, Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Jena, Germany
| | - Amelie Lupp
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Jena University Hospital, Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Jena, Germany
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Utz Settmacher
- Jena University Hospital, Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Jena, Germany
| | - Reinhard Wetzker
- Jena University Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena, Germany; Jena University Hospital, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena, Germany
| | - Marc Thilo Figge
- Applied Systems Biology, HKI-Center for Systems Biology of Infection, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany; Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Mark G Clemens
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Michael Bauer
- Jena University Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena, Germany; Jena University Hospital, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena, Germany
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Lamanilao GG, Dogan M, Patel PS, Azim S, Patel DS, Bhattacharya SK, Eason JD, Kuscu C, Kuscu C, Bajwa A. Key hepatoprotective roles of mitochondria in liver regeneration. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 324:G207-G218. [PMID: 36648139 PMCID: PMC9988520 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00220.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of advanced liver disease using surgical modalities is possible due to the liver's innate ability to regenerate following resection. Several key cellular events in the regenerative process converge at the mitochondria, implicating their crucial roles in liver regeneration. Mitochondria enable the regenerating liver to meet massive metabolic demands by coordinating energy production to drive cellular proliferative processes and vital homeostatic functions. Mitochondria are also involved in terminating the regenerative process by mediating apoptosis. Studies have shown that attenuation of mitochondrial activity results in delayed liver regeneration, and liver failure following resection is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Emerging mitochondria therapy (i.e., mitotherapy) strategies involve isolating healthy donor mitochondria for transplantation into diseased organs to promote regeneration. This review highlights mitochondria's inherent role in liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene G Lamanilao
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Research Institute, James D. Eason Transplant Institute, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Murat Dogan
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Research Institute, James D. Eason Transplant Institute, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Prisha S Patel
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Research Institute, James D. Eason Transplant Institute, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Shafquat Azim
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Research Institute, James D. Eason Transplant Institute, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Disha S Patel
- Department of Legal Studies, Belmont University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Syamal K Bhattacharya
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - James D Eason
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Research Institute, James D. Eason Transplant Institute, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Canan Kuscu
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Research Institute, James D. Eason Transplant Institute, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Cem Kuscu
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Research Institute, James D. Eason Transplant Institute, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Amandeep Bajwa
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Research Institute, James D. Eason Transplant Institute, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
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de Castro AL, Fernandes RO, Ortiz VD, Campos C, Bonetto JHP, Fernandes TRG, Conzatti A, Siqueira R, Tavares AV, Belló-Klein A, Araujo ASDR. Cardioprotective doses of thyroid hormones improve NO bioavailability in erythrocytes and increase HIF-1α expression in the heart of infarcted rats. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:1516-1523. [PMID: 32551929 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1779752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Infarction leads to a decrease in NO bioavailability in the erythrocytes. Thyroid hormones (TH) present positive effects after infarction. However, there are no studies evaluating the effects of cardioprotective doses of TH in the erythrocytes after infarction. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the effects of TH in NO bioavailability and oxidative stress parameters in the erythrocytes of infarcted rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS Wistar rats were allocated into the three groups: Sham-operated (SHAM), infarcted (AMI) and infarcted + TH (AMIT). AMIT rats received T4 and T3 for 12 days by gavage. Subsequently, the animals were evaluated by echocardiography and the LV and erythrocytes were collected. RESULTS TH improved NO bioavailability and increased catalase activity in the erythrocytes. Besides that, TH increased HIF-1α in the heart. CONCLUSION TH seems to be positive for erythrocytes preventing a decrease in NO bioavailability and increasing antioxidant enzymatic defense after infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Luz de Castro
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafael Oliveira Fernandes
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vanessa D Ortiz
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Cristina Campos
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jéssica H P Bonetto
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tânia Regina G Fernandes
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Adriana Conzatti
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Siqueira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Angela Vicente Tavares
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Adriane Belló-Klein
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alex Sander da Rosa Araujo
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Choi GH, Jang ES, Kim YS, Lee YJ, Kim IH, Cho SB, Lee HC, Jang JW, Ki M, Choi HY, Baik D, Jeong SH. Hepatocellular carcinoma, decompensation, and mortality based on hepatitis C treatment: A prospective cohort study. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:4182-4200. [PMID: 36157119 PMCID: PMC9403421 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i30.4182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prospective studies of the long-term outcomes of patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection after treatment with interferon-based therapy (IBT) or direct-acting antivirals (DAA) are limited in many Asian countries.
AIM To elucidate the incidences of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and death/transplantation based on treatment with IBT or DAA, to compare the outcomes of the sustained virologic response (SVR) to IBT and DAA, and to investigate outcome-determining factors after SVR.
METHODS This cohort included 2054 viremic patients (mean age, 57 years; 46.5% male; 27.4% with cirrhosis) prospectively enrolled at seven hospitals between 2007 and 2019. They were classified as the untreated group (n = 619), IBT group (n = 578), and DAA group (n = 857). Outcomes included the incidences of HCC and death/transplantation. The incidences of the outcomes for each group according to treatment were calculated using an exact method based on the Poisson distribution. A multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to determine the factors associated with HCC or death/transplantation, followed by propensity score matching to confirm the results.
RESULTS During a median of 4.1 years of follow-up, HCC and death/transplantation occurred in 113 and 206 patients, respectively, in the entire cohort. Compared with the untreated group, the incidences of HCC and death/transplantation were significantly lower in the IBT group [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 0.47, 95%CI: 0.28-0.80 and aHR 0.28, 95%CI: 0.18-0.43, respectively] and the DAA group (aHR 0.58, 95%CI: 0.35-0.96, and aHR 0.19, 95%CI: 0.20-0.68, respectively). Among 1268 patients who attained SVR with IBT (n = 451) or DAA (n = 816), the multivariable-adjusted analysis showed no differences in the risks of HCC (HR 2.03; 95%CI: 0.76-5.43) and death/transplantation (HR 1.38; 95%CI: 0.55-3.49) between the two groups. This was confirmed by a propensity score-matching analysis. Independent factors for HCC after SVR were age, genotype 1, and the presence of cirrhosis.
CONCLUSION Treatment and achieving SVR with either IBT or DAA significantly reduced the incidences of HCC and mortality in the Asian patients with HCV infection. The risks of HCC and mortality were not significantly different regardless of whether SVR was induced by IBT or DAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwang Hyeon Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, South Korea
| | - Eun Sun Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, South Korea
| | - Young Seok Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 14584, South Korea
| | - Youn Jae Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan 47392, South Korea
| | - In Hee Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Sung Bum Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun 58128, South Korea
| | - Han Chu Lee
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, South Korea
| | - Jeong Won Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
| | - Moran Ki
- Cancer Control and Population Health, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, South Korea
| | - Hwa Young Choi
- Cancer Control and Population Health, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, South Korea
| | - Dahye Baik
- Cancer Control and Population Health, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, South Korea
| | - Sook-Hyang Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, South Korea
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Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibition Mitigates Allograft Injury During Liver Transplantation. Transplantation 2022; 106:e430-e440. [PMID: 35849574 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia and reperfusion injury (IRI) determines primary allograft function after liver transplantation (LT). Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) is associated with increased morbidity and impaired graft survival and can eventually progress to graft failure requiring retransplantation. Hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-prolyl hydroxylase containing enzymes (PHD1, PHD2, and PHD3) are molecular oxygen sensors, which control the adaptive hypoxia response through the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). In this study, we have investigated pharmacological activation of the HIF pathway through inhibition of PHDs as a strategy to reduce PGD after LT. METHODS Primary rat hepatocytes were isolated and the impact of the pan-PHD small-molecule inhibitor ethyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (EDHB) on HIF-1 and its downstream target gene expression assessed. Subsequently, various rodent models of segmental warm liver ischemia and reperfusion and orthotopic LT were applied to study the impact of EDHB on normothermic or combined cold and warm liver IRI. Liver enzyme levels and histology were analyzed to quantify hepatic IRI. RESULTS In vitro, EDHB induced HIF-1 signaling and significantly upregulated its downstream target heme-oxygenase 1 in primary rat hepatocytes. In vivo, after establishment of the optimal EDHB pretreatment conditions in a murine IRI model, EDHB pretreatment significantly mitigated hepatic IRI after warm segmental liver ischemia and reperfusion and allograft injury after orthotopic LT in rats. Mechanistically, EDHB stabilized HIF-1 in the liver and subsequently increased hepatoprotective heme-oxygenase 1 levels, which correlated with reduced hepatic IRI in these models. CONCLUSIONS This proof-of-concept study establishes a strong therapeutic rationale for targeting PHDs with small-molecule inhibitors to mitigate PGD after LT.
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Intrabody against prolyl hydroxylase 2 ameliorates acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury in mice via concomitant promotion of angiogenesis and redox homeostasis. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 123:109783. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Hypoxia signaling in human diseases and therapeutic targets. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-13. [PMID: 31221962 PMCID: PMC6586801 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0235-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), numerous studies on the hypoxia signaling pathway have been performed. The role of HIF stabilization during hypoxia has been extended from the induction of a single gene erythropoietin to the upregulation of a couple of hundred downstream targets, which demonstrates the complexity and importance of the HIF signaling pathway. Accordingly, HIF and its downstream targets are emerging as novel therapeutic options to treat various organ injuries. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of HIF signaling in four different organ systems, including the heart, lung, liver, and kidney. We also discuss the divergent roles of HIF in acute and chronic disease conditions and their revealed functions. Finally, we introduce some of the efforts that are being performed to translate our current knowledge in hypoxia signaling to clinical medicine. A protein family that plays diverse roles in acute and chronic hypoxia (low oxygen) may prove valuable in developing novel therapies for different diseases. Hypoxia, the short- or long-term depletion of oxygen in cells, tissues and organs, is involved in many disease conditions. Holger Eltzschig at the McGovern Medical School in Houston, USA, and co-workers reviewed research into the roles of a key hypoxia regulator, the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) protein group, in diseases affecting the heart, lung, liver and kidneys. HIF protein activity is often beneficial in acute conditions such as myocardial ischemia, sending signals to protect cells and increasing tissue tolerance to hypoxia. However, during chronic hypoxia, HIF signaling may contribute to the progression of disease, for example in pulmonary fibrosis. HIF stabilizers and HIF-induced targets as drugs could prove valuable in future treatments.
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Liver Zonation in Health and Disease: Hypoxia and Hypoxia-Inducible Transcription Factors as Concert Masters. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092347. [PMID: 31083568 PMCID: PMC6540308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver and its zonation contribute to whole body homeostasis. Acute and chronic, not always liver, diseases impair proper metabolic zonation. Various underlying pathways, such as β-catenin, hedgehog signaling, and the Hippo pathway, along with the physiologically occurring oxygen gradient, appear to be contributors. Interestingly, hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible transcription factors can orchestrate those pathways. In the current review, we connect novel findings of liver zonation in health and disease and provide a view about the dynamic interplay between these different pathways and cell-types to drive liver zonation and systemic homeostasis.
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Dar WA, Sullivan E, Bynon JS, Eltzschig H, Ju C. Ischaemia reperfusion injury in liver transplantation: Cellular and molecular mechanisms. Liver Int 2019; 39:788-801. [PMID: 30843314 PMCID: PMC6483869 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease causing end organ failure is a growing cause of mortality. In most cases, the only therapy is liver transplantation. However, liver transplantation is a complex undertaking and its success is dependent on a number of factors. In particular, liver transplantation is subject to the risks of ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Liver IRI has significant effects on the function of a liver after transplantation. The cellular and molecular mechanisms governing IRI in liver transplantation are numerous. They involve multiple cells types such as liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, neutrophils and platelets acting via an interconnected network of molecular pathways such as activation of toll-like receptor signalling, alterations in micro-RNA expression, production of ROS, regulation of autophagy and activation of hypoxia-inducible factors. Interestingly, the cellular and molecular events in liver IRI can be correlated with clinical risk factors for IRI in liver transplantation such as donor organ steatosis, ischaemic times, donor age, and donor and recipient coagulopathy. Thus, understanding the relationship of the clinical risk factors for liver IRI to the cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern it is critical to higher levels of success after liver transplantation. This in turn will help in the discovery of therapeutics for IRI in liver transplantation - a process that will lead to improved outcomes for patients suffering from end-stage liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim A. Dar
- Department of Surgery, McGovern Medical School at UT Health, Houston, TX
| | - Elise Sullivan
- Department of Anesthesia, McGovern Medical School at UT Health, Houston, TX
| | - John S. Bynon
- Department of Surgery, McGovern Medical School at UT Health, Houston, TX
| | - Holger Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesia, McGovern Medical School at UT Health, Houston, TX
| | - Cynthia Ju
- Department of Anesthesia, McGovern Medical School at UT Health, Houston, TX
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Chen F, Zhang YM, Wang JT, Wang J, Cui ZL, Liu ZR. Pre-treatment with FK506 reduces hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2019; 43:161-170. [PMID: 30713033 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM The study is aimed to investigate the protective effects and possible mechanism of tacrolimus (FK506) pre-treatment in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. METHODS The rats were randomly assigned into four groups, which were S, IR, L and H group, and then all groups were subjected to 60min of 70% partial warm liver ischemia, except S group. Rats in the L and H group were pre-treated with two different doses FK506 at 60min before ischemia. The rats of the IR group received an identical volume of normal saline. All animals were sacrificed after 6h of reperfusion. Transaminases were measured by biochemistry analyzer. Elisa kit was used to detect TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β levels in serum. Liver specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) to assess the pathologic changes. The expressions of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT3) were measured by real-time quantitative PCR and western blotting and the Bcl-2 and the Bax protein were tested by western blotting. RESULTS In rats pre-treated with FK506, the levels of transaminases, TNF-α and IL-1β were reduced significantly and also liver damage was dramatically mitigated compared to those without FK506 pre-treatment. Moreover, the expression of HO-1 at the level of both transcription and translation increased clearly and the activation of the HIF-1α was found in FK506 pre-treated livers. Moreover, NFAT3 protein transportation to the nucleus was reduced and Bax protein expression was decreased, but the expression of Bcl-2 protein was markedly increased after FK506 pre-treatment. CONCLUSION FK506 pre-treatment could lessen hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury through up-regulating the expression of HIF-1α and HO-1, and inhibiting nuclear translocation of NFAT3 in liver tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, 261001 Shandong, China
| | - Ya-Min Zhang
- Department of hepatobiliary surgery, Tianjin First Center hospital, No. 24, Fukang road, Nankai district, 300192 Tianjin, China.
| | - Jing-Tao Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, 261001 Shandong, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of hepatobiliary surgery, Tianjin First Center hospital, No. 24, Fukang road, Nankai district, 300192 Tianjin, China
| | - Zi-Lin Cui
- Department of hepatobiliary surgery, Tianjin First Center hospital, No. 24, Fukang road, Nankai district, 300192 Tianjin, China
| | - Zi-Rong Liu
- Department of hepatobiliary surgery, Tianjin First Center hospital, No. 24, Fukang road, Nankai district, 300192 Tianjin, China
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Liu Q, Rehman H, Krishnasamy Y, Lemasters JJ, Zhong Z. Ischemic preconditioning attenuates acute lung injury after partial liver transplantation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 10:83-94. [PMID: 29755641 PMCID: PMC5943607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary complications frequently occur after liver transplantation and are often life-threatening. Thus, we investigated whether hepatic ischemic preconditioning (IP) attenuates acute lung injury (ALI) after small-for-size liver transplantation. Rat livers were explanted after 9-min ischemia plus 5-min reperfusion, reduced to 50% of original size ex vivo, and implanted into recipients with approximately twice the donor body weight, resulting in quarter-size liver grafts (QSG). After QSG transplantation, hepatic Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα ) expression increased markedly and high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), an endogenous damage-associated molecular pattern molecule (DAMP), was released from QSG into the blood. IP blunted TLR4 and TNFα expression and HMGB1 release from QSG. In the lungs of QSG recipients without IP treatment, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 expression increased; alveolar septal walls thickened with increased cellularity as neutrophils, monocytes/macrophage and T lymphocytes infiltrated into alveolar septa and alveolar spaces; and pulmonary cleaved caspase-8 and -3 and TUNEL-positive cells increased. In contrast, in the lungs of recipients of ischemic-preconditioned QSG, NF-κB activation and ICAM-1 expression were blunted; leukocyte infiltration was decreased; and alveolar septal wall thickening, caspase activation, and cell apoptosis were attenuated. IP did not increase heat-shock proteins in the lungs of QSG recipients. In conclusion, toxic cytokine and HMGB1 released from failing small-for-size grafts leads to pulmonary adhesion molecule expression, leukocyte infiltration and injury. IP prevents DAMP release and toxic cytokine formation in small-for-size grafts, thereby attenuating ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinlong Liu
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC 29425, USA
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hasibur Rehman
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Yasodha Krishnasamy
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - John J Lemasters
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC 29425, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Zhi Zhong
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC 29425, USA
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Kennel KB, Burmeister J, Schneider M, Taylor CT. The PHD1 oxygen sensor in health and disease. J Physiol 2018; 596:3899-3913. [PMID: 29435987 DOI: 10.1113/jp275327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) co-ordinates the adaptive transcriptional response to hypoxia in metazoan cells. The hypoxic sensitivity of HIF is conferred by a family of oxygen-sensing enzymes termed HIF hydroxylases. This family consists of three prolyl hydroxylases (PHD1-3) and a single asparagine hydroxylase termed factor inhibiting HIF (FIH). It has recently become clear that HIF hydroxylases are functionally non-redundant and have discrete but overlapping physiological roles. Furthermore, altered abundance or activity of these enzymes is associated with a number of pathologies. Pharmacological HIF-hydroxylase inhibitors have recently proven to be both tolerated and therapeutically effective in patients. In this review, we focus on the physiology, pathophysiology and therapeutic potential of the PHD1 isoform, which has recently been implicated in diseases including inflammatory bowel disease, ischaemia and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian B Kennel
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julius Burmeister
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Schneider
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cormac T Taylor
- UCD Conway Institute & School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Zhang X, Liu Z, Xiao Q, Zeng C, Lai CH, Fan X, Ye Q, Wang Y, Xiong Y. Donor Treatment With a Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Agonist Prevents Donation After Cardiac Death Liver Graft Injury in a Rat Isolated Perfusion Model. Artif Organs 2017; 42:280-289. [PMID: 29266279 DOI: 10.1111/aor.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The protective role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) against liver ischemia-reperfusion injury has been well proved. However its role in liver donation and preservation from donation after cardiac death (DCD) is still unknown. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that pharmaceutical stabilization of HIF-1 in DCD donors would result in a better graft liver condition. Male SD rats (6 animals per group) were randomly given the synthetic prolyl hydroxylase domain inhibitor FG-4592 (Selleck, 6 mg/kg of body weight) or its vehicle (dimethylsulfoxide). Six hours later, cardiac arrest was induced by bilateral pneumothorax. Rat livers were retrieved 30 min after cardiac arrest, and subsequently cold stored in University of Wisconsin solution for 24 h. They were reperfused for 60 min with Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer in an isolated perfused liver model, after which the perfusate and liver tissues were investigated. Pretreatment with FG-4592 in DCD donors significantly improved graft function with increased bile production and synthesis of adenosine triphosphate, decreased perfusate liver enzyme release, histology injury scores and oxidative stress-induced cell injury and apoptosis after reperfusion with the isolated perfused liver model. The beneficial effects of FG-4592 is attributed in part to the accumulation of HIF-1 and ultimately increased PDK1 production. Pretreatment with FG-4592 in DCD donors resulted in activation of the HIF-1 pathway and subsequently protected liver grafts from warm ischemia and cold-stored injury. These data suggest that the pharmacological HIF-1 induction may provide a clinically applicable therapeutic intervention to prevent injury to DCD allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjian Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, Hubei
| | - Zhongzhong Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, Hubei
| | - Qi Xiao
- Research Center of National Health Ministry on Transplantation Medicine Engineering and Technology, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Cheng Zeng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, Hubei
| | - Chin-Hui Lai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, Hubei
| | - Xiaoli Fan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, Hubei
| | - Qifa Ye
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, Hubei.,Research Center of National Health Ministry on Transplantation Medicine Engineering and Technology, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, Hubei
| | - Yan Xiong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, Hubei
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Liu Q, Rehman H, Krishnasamy Y, Lemasters JJ, Zhong Z. 8-pCPT-cGMP prevents mitochondrial depolarization and improves the outcome of steatotic partial liver transplantation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 9:69-83. [PMID: 28694919 PMCID: PMC5498880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Permeant cGMP analogs prevent the mitochondria permeability transition (MPT) in vitro. In this study, we explored whether 8-pCPT-cGMP prevents the MPT and decreases post-transplant damage to fatty partial liver grafts (FPG) in vivo. Rats were fed a control or high-fat, high-fructose diet for 2-week. Lean and fatty liver explants were reduced in size ex vivo to ~35% and stored in the University of Wisconsin solution with and without 8-pCPT-cGMP (300 µM) for 2 h. After transplantation, alanine aminotransferase release (indicator of hepatocellular injury), hyperbilirubinemia (indicator of poor liver function), and cell death were all higher in FPG than in lean partial grafts (LPG). Liver regeneration increased in LPG but was suppressed in FPG. 8-pCPT-cGMP blunted graft injury, improved liver regeneration and function, and increased survival of FPG. Hepatic mitochondrial depolarization detected by intravital multiphoton microscopy of rhodamine 123 in living rats was ~3.5-fold higher in FPG than in LPG. 8-pCPT-cGMP decreased mitochondrial depolarization in FPG almost to the level of LPG. Activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), an energy sensitive kinase that stimulates cell proliferation and growth, and p70S6 kinase, a downstream signaling molecule of mTOR, was increased in LPG but suppressed in FPG. 8-pCPT-cGMP restored the activity of mTOR and p70S6 kinase in FPG. 8-pCPT-cGMP also increased activation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and expression of cyclins D1 and E in FPG. Non-alcoholic steatosis increases injury and suppresses regeneration after partial liver transplantation, at least in part, due to more severe mitochondrial dysfunction. Protection of mitochondria with a cGMP analog effectively improves outcomes of FPG transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinlong Liu
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston 29425, SC, USA
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hasibur Rehman
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston 29425, SC, USA
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of TabukSaudi Arabia
| | - Yasodha Krishnasamy
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston 29425, SC, USA
| | - John J Lemasters
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston 29425, SC, USA
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston 29425, SC, USA
- Institute of Theoretical & Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of SciencesPushchino, Russian Federation
| | - Zhi Zhong
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston 29425, SC, USA
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Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibition Enhances Liver Regeneration Without Induction of Tumor Growth. Ann Surg 2017; 265:782-791. [DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000001696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Honda M, Takeichi T, Hashimoto S, Yoshii D, Isono K, Hayashida S, Ohya Y, Yamamoto H, Sugawara Y, Inomata Y. Intravital Imaging of Neutrophil Recruitment Reveals the Efficacy of FPR1 Blockade in Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1718-1728. [PMID: 28062700 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are considered responsible for the pathophysiological changes resulting from hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, which is a complication of trauma, shock, liver resection, and transplantation. Recently, evidence is accumulating that formyl-peptide receptor (FPR) signaling constitutes an important danger signal that guides neutrophils to sites of inflammation. This study aimed to investigate dynamic neutrophil recruitment using two-photon laser-scanning microscopy (TPLSM) in response to FPR1 blockade during hepatic I/R. LysM-eGFP mice were subjected to partial warm hepatic I/R. They were pretreated with an FPR1 antagonist, cyclosporine H (CsH), or formyl peptide, fMLF. Liver was imaged after hepatic laser irradiation or I/R using the TPLSM technique. CsH treatment alleviated hepatic I/R injury, as evidenced by decreased serum transaminase levels, reduced hepatocyte necrosis/apoptosis, and diminished inflammatory cytokine, chemokine, and oxidative stress. In contrast, systemic administration of fMLF showed few effects. Time-lapse TPLSM showed that FPR1 blockade inhibited the accumulation of neutrophils in the necrotic area induced by laser irradiation in vivo. In the CsH-treated I/R group, the number and crawling velocity of neutrophils in the nonperfused area were lower than those in the control group. Meanwhile, FPR1 blockade did not affect monocyte/macrophage recruitment. Hepatic I/R promoted the retention of neutrophils and their active behavior in the spleen, whereas CsH treatment prevented their changes. Intravital TPLSM revealed that formyl-peptide-FPR1 signaling is responsible for regulating neutrophil chemotaxis to allow migration into the necrotic area in hepatic I/R. Our findings suggest effective approaches for elucidating the mechanisms of immune cell responses in hepatic I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Honda
- Department of Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Postgraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takayuki Takeichi
- Department of Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Postgraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Shintaro Hashimoto
- Department of Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Postgraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Daiki Yoshii
- Department of Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Postgraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kaori Isono
- Department of Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Postgraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Shintaro Hayashida
- Department of Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Postgraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yuki Ohya
- Department of Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Postgraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Yamamoto
- Department of Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Postgraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Sugawara
- Department of Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Postgraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Inomata
- Department of Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Postgraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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Go KL, Lee S, Behrns KE, Kim JS. Mitochondrial Damage and Mitophagy in Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Liver Injury. MOLECULES, SYSTEMS AND SIGNALING IN LIVER INJURY 2017:183-219. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58106-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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Bellanti F, Mirabella L, Mitarotonda D, Blonda M, Tamborra R, Cinnella G, Fersini A, Ambrosi A, Dambrosio M, Vendemiale G, Serviddio G. Propofol but not sevoflurane prevents mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress by limiting HIF-1α activation in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 96:323-33. [PMID: 27154980 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and oxidative stress during reperfusion are determinant in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury but may be impacted by different anesthetic agents. Thus, we aimed at comparing the effects of inhaled sevoflurane or intravenous propofol anesthesia on liver mitochondria in a rodent model of hepatic I/R injury. To this, male Wistar rats underwent I/R surgery using sevoflurane or propofol. In the I/R model, propofol limited the raise in serum aminotransferase levels as compared to sevoflurane. Mitochondrial oxygen uptake, respiratory activity, membrane potential and proton leak were altered in I/R; however, this impairment was significantly prevented by propofol but not sevoflurane. In addition, differently from sevoflurane, propofol limited hepatic I/R-induced mitochondria H2O2 production rate, free radical leak and hydroxynonenal-protein adducts levels. The I/R group anesthetized with propofol also showed a better recovery of hepatic ATP homeostasis and conserved integrity of mitochondrial PTP. Moreover, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) expression was limited in such group. By using a cell model of desferoxamine-dependent HIF activation, we demonstrated that propofol was able to inhibit apoptosis and mitochondrial depolarization associated to HIF-1α action. In conclusion, hepatic I/R injury induces mitochondrial dysfunction that is not prevented by inhaled sevoflurane. On the contrary, propofol reduces liver damage and mitochondrial dysfunction by preserving respiratory activity, membrane potential and energy homeostasis, and limiting free radicals production as well as PTP opening. These hepatoprotective effects may involve the inhibition of HIF-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellanti
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Lucia Mirabella
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Domenica Mitarotonda
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Blonda
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Rosanna Tamborra
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gilda Cinnella
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Alberto Fersini
- Department of General Surgery, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonio Ambrosi
- Department of General Surgery, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Michele Dambrosio
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Vendemiale
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gaetano Serviddio
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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Ju C, Colgan SP, Eltzschig HK. Hypoxia-inducible factors as molecular targets for liver diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 94:613-27. [PMID: 27094811 PMCID: PMC4879168 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1408-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease is a growing global health problem, as deaths from end-stage liver cirrhosis and cancer are rising across the world. At present, pharmacologic approaches to effectively treat or prevent liver disease are extremely limited. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is a transcription factor that regulates diverse signaling pathways enabling adaptive cellular responses to perturbations of the tissue microenvironment. HIF activation through hypoxia-dependent and hypoxia-independent signals have been reported in liver disease of diverse etiologies, from ischemia-reperfusion-induced acute liver injury to chronic liver diseases caused by viral infection, excessive alcohol consumption, or metabolic disorders. This review summarizes the evidence for HIF stabilization in liver disease, discusses the mechanistic involvement of HIFs in disease development, and explores the potential of pharmacological HIF modifiers in the treatment of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Ju
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado, Auroa, Colorado, 800045, USA.
| | - Sean P Colgan
- Department of Medicine and Mucosal Inflammation Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Auroa, Colorado, 800045, USA
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology and Organ Protection Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Auroa, Colorado, 800045, USA
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24
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Khodosovsky MN. INFLUENCE OF HYPOXIC PRECONDITIONING ON THE MECHANISMS OF BLOOD OXYGEN TRANSPORT AND OXIDATIVE DAMAGES DURING HEPATIC ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION IN RABBITS. FIZIOLOHICHNYI ZHURNAL (KIEV, UKRAINE : 1994) 2016; 62:39-47. [PMID: 29569884 DOI: 10.15407/fz62.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of hypoxic preconditioning (HP) on the blood oxygen-binding properties and liver oxidative damages was determine during hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (HIR) in rabbits. Animals were randomized into two experimental groups: 1st (HIR) - hepatic ischemia (30 min by Pringle maneuver) and reperfusion (120 min); 2nd (HP+HIR) – before HIR the rabbits were passed through hypoxic chamber at 3500 m altitude during 1 hr/day (3 times day after day). The parameters of blood oxygen transport (р50, рСО2, рО2, рН, HCO3 -, ABE and ect.), lipid peroxidation products (conjugated dienes, Schiff bases) and blood hepatic markers (ALT, AST) were detected. It’s found that HIR leads to decline in hemoglobin oxygen affinity, activation of lipid peroxidation processes and elevation of ALT and AST activities in the 1st group. Hypoxic preconditioning (2nd group) markedly increased hemoglobin oxygen affinity, reduced the lipid peroxidation processes and ALT and AST activities in the blood during HIR. Thus, HP has a protective effect during HIR through elevation of hemoglobin oxygen affinity and declining hepatic oxidative damages.
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Hu J, Ramshesh VK, McGill MR, Jaeschke H, Lemasters JJ. Low Dose Acetaminophen Induces Reversible Mitochondrial Dysfunction Associated with Transient c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Activation in Mouse Liver. Toxicol Sci 2015; 150:204-15. [PMID: 26721299 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose causes hepatotoxicity involving mitochondrial dysfunction and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. Because the safe limit of APAP dosing is controversial, our aim was to evaluate the role of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) and JNK in mitochondrial dysfunction after APAP dosing considered nontoxic by criteria of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) release and histological necrosis in vivo. C57BL/6 mice were given APAP with and without the MPT inhibitor, N-methyl-4-isoleucine cyclosporin (NIM811), or the JNK inhibitor, SP600125. Fat droplet formation, cell viability, and mitochondrial function in vivo were monitored by intravital multiphoton microscopy. Serum ALT, liver histology, total JNK, and activated phospho(p)JNK were also assessed. High APAP (300 mg/kg) caused ALT release, necrosis, irreversible mitochondrial dysfunction, and hepatocellular death. By contrast, lower APAP (150 mg/kg) caused reversible mitochondrial dysfunction and fat droplet formation in hepatocytes without ALT release or necrosis. Mitochondrial protein N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine adducts correlated with early JNK activation, but irreversible mitochondrial depolarization and necrosis at high dose were associated with sustained JNK activation and translocation to mitochondria. NIM811 prevented cell death and/or mitochondrial depolarization after both high and low dose APAP. After low dose, SP600125 decreased mitochondrial depolarization. In conclusion, low dose APAP produces reversible MPT-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction and steatosis in hepatocytes without causing ALT release or necrosis, whereas high dose leads to irreversible mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death associated with sustained JNK activation. Thus, nontoxic APAP has the potential to cause transient mitochondrial dysfunction that may synergize with other stresses to promote liver damage and steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangting Hu
- *Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration; Departments of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
| | - Venkat K Ramshesh
- *Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration; Departments of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Mitchell R McGill
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160; and
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160; and
| | - John J Lemasters
- *Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration; Departments of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425; Institute of Theoretical & Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russian Federation
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Liu Q, Krishnasamy Y, Rehman H, Lemasters JJ, Schnellmann RG, Zhong Z. Disrupted Renal Mitochondrial Homeostasis after Liver Transplantation in Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140906. [PMID: 26480480 PMCID: PMC4610703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suppressed mitochondrial biogenesis (MB) contributes to acute kidney injury (AKI) after many insults. AKI occurs frequently after liver transplantation (LT) and increases mortality. This study investigated whether disrupted mitochondrial homeostasis plays a role in AKI after LT. METHODS Livers were explanted from Lewis rats and implanted after 18 h cold storage. Kidney and blood were collected 18 h after LT. RESULTS In the kidney, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) proteins ATP synthase-β and NADH dehydrogenase-3 decreased 44% and 81%, respectively, with marked reduction in associated mRNAs. Renal PGC-1α, the major regulator of MB, decreased 57% with lower mRNA and increased acetylation, indicating inhibited synthesis and suppressed activation. Mitochondrial transcription factor-A, which controls mtDNA replication and transcription, protein and mRNA decreased 66% and 68%, respectively, which was associated with 64% decreases in mtDNA. Mitochondrial fission proteins Drp-1 and Fis-1 and mitochondrial fusion protein mitofusin-1 all decreased markedly. In contrast, PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 and microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 increased markedly after LT, indicating enhanced mitophagy. Concurrently, 18- and 13-fold increases in neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and cleaved caspase-3 occurred in renal tissue. Both serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen increased >2 fold. Mild to moderate histological changes were observed in the kidney, including loss of brush border, vacuolization of tubular cells in the cortex, cast formation and necrosis in some proximal tubular cells. Finally, myeloperoxidase and ED-1 also increased, indicating inflammation. CONCLUSION Suppression of MB, inhibition of mitochondrial fission/fusion and enhancement of mitophagy occur in the kidneys of recipients of liver grafts after long cold storage, which may contribute to the occurrence of AKI and increased mortality after LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinlong Liu
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yasodha Krishnasamy
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hasibur Rehman
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - John J. Lemasters
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
| | - Rick G. Schnellmann
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Zhi Zhong
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pan N, Liu Z, He J, Li S, Lv X, Wang L, Liu Q. Comparison of Methods for the Reconstruction of the Hepatic Artery in Mouse Orthotopic Liver Transplantation. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26207367 PMCID: PMC4514862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mouse model of arterialized orthotopic liver transplantation (AOLT) has played an important role in biomedical research. The available methods of sutured anastomosis for reconstruction of the hepatic artery are complicated, resulting in a high incidence of complications and failure. Therefore, we developed and evaluated a new model of AOLT in mice. Materials and methods Male inbred C57BL/6 mice were used in this study. A continuous suture approach was applied to connect the suprahepatic inferior vena cava (SHVC). The portal vein and infrahepatic inferior vena cava (IHVC) were connected according to the "two-cuff" method. The common bile duct was connected by a biliary stent. We used the stent (G3 group) or aortic trunk (G2 group) to reconstruct the hepatic artery. The patency of the hepatic artery was verified by transecting the artery near the graft after one week. The survival rate of the recipients and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, hepatic pathologic alterations, apoptosis and necrosis were observed at one week postoperatively. Results The patency of the hepatic artery was verified in eight of ten mice in G3 and in six of ten mice in G2. The 7-day survival rate, extents of necrosis and apoptosis, and TGF-β levels were not significantly different among the three groups (P>0.05). However, the serum ALT levels and operation time were markedly lower in G3 compared with G2 or G1 (both P<0.05). Conclusions Reconstruction of the hepatic artery using a stent can be performed quickly with a high rate of patency. This model simplifies hepatic artery anastomosis and should be promoted in the field of biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jinjing He
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Song Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiangwei Lv
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Liming Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Qinlong Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
- * E-mail:
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Liu Q, Rehman H, Krishnasamy Y, Schnellmann RG, Lemasters JJ, Zhong Z. Improvement of liver injury and survival by JNK2 and iNOS deficiency in liver transplants from cardiac death mice. J Hepatol 2015; 63:68-74. [PMID: 25703084 PMCID: PMC4475508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Inclusion of liver grafts from cardiac death donors (CDD) would increase the availability of donor livers but is hampered by a higher risk of primary non-function. Here, we seek to determine mechanisms that contribute to primary non-function of liver grafts from CDD with the goal to develop strategies for improved function and outcome, focusing on c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation and mitochondrial depolarization, two known mediators of graft failure. METHODS Livers explanted from wild-type, inducible nitric oxide synthase knockout (iNOS(-/-)), JNK1(-/-) or JNK2(-/-) mice after 45-min aorta clamping were implanted into wild-type recipients. Mitochondrial depolarization was detected by intravital confocal microscopy in living recipients. RESULTS After transplantation of wild-type CDD livers, graft iNOS expression and 3-nitrotyrosine adducts increased, but hepatic endothelial NOS expression was unchanged. Graft injury and dysfunction were substantially higher in CDD grafts than in non-CDD grafts. iNOS deficiency and inhibition attenuated injury and improved function and survival of CDD grafts. JNK1/2 and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1 activation increased markedly in wild-type CDD grafts, which was blunted by iNOS deficiency. JNK inhibition and JNK2 deficiency, but not JNK1 deficiency, decreased injury and improved function and survival of CDD grafts. Mitochondrial depolarization and binding of phospho-JNK2 to Sab, a mitochondrial protein linked to the mitochondrial permeability transition, were higher in CDD than in non-CDD grafts. iNOS deficiency, JNK inhibition and JNK2 deficiency all decreased mitochondrial depolarization and blunted ATP depletion in CDD grafts. JNK inhibition and deficiency did not decrease 3-nitrotyrosine adducts in CDD grafts. CONCLUSION The iNOS-JNK2-Sab pathway promotes CDD graft failure via increased mitochondrial depolarization, and is an attractive target to improve liver function and survival in CDD liver transplantation recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinlong Liu
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hasibur Rehman
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Yasodha Krishnasamy
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Rick G Schnellmann
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403, United States
| | - John J Lemasters
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Zhi Zhong
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
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Guo Y, Feng L, Zhou Y, Sheng J, Long D, Li S, Li Y. Systematic review with meta-analysis: HIF-1α attenuates liver ischemia–reperfusion injury. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2015; 29:127-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Harnoss JM, Strowitzki MJ, Radhakrishnan P, Platzer LK, Harnoss JC, Hank T, Cai J, Ulrich A, Schneider M. Therapeutic inhibition of prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing enzymes in surgery: putative applications and challenges. HYPOXIA 2015; 3:1-14. [PMID: 27774478 PMCID: PMC5045068 DOI: 10.2147/hp.s60872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen is essential for metazoans to generate energy. Upon oxygen deprivation adaptive and protective pathways are induced, mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing enzymes (PHDs). Both play a pivotal role in various conditions associated with prolonged ischemia and inflammation, and are promising targets for therapeutic intervention. This review focuses on aspects of therapeutic PHD modulation in surgically relevant disease conditions such as hepatic and intestinal disorders, wound healing, innate immune responses, and tumorigenesis, and discusses the therapeutic potential and challenges of PHD inhibition in surgical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Michael Harnoss
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Moritz Johannes Strowitzki
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Praveen Radhakrishnan
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Katharina Platzer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julian Camill Harnoss
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hank
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexis Ulrich
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Schneider
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Wilson GK, Tennant DA, McKeating JA. Hypoxia inducible factors in liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma: current understanding and future directions. J Hepatol 2014; 61:1397-406. [PMID: 25157983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia inducible transcription factors (HIFs) activate diverse pathways that regulate cellular metabolism, angiogenesis, proliferation, and migration, enabling a cell to respond to a low oxygen or hypoxic environment. HIFs are regulated by oxygen-dependent and independent signals including: mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species, endoplasmic reticular stress, and viral infection. HIFs have been reported to play a role in the pathogenesis of liver disease of diverse aetiologies. This review explores the impact of HIFs on hepatocellular biology and inflammatory responses, highlighting the therapeutic potential of targeting HIFs for an array of liver pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrick K Wilson
- Viral Hepatitis Research Group, Centre for Human Virology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Daniel A Tennant
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jane A McKeating
- Viral Hepatitis Research Group, Centre for Human Virology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; NIHR Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Babbey CM, Ryan JC, Gill EM, Ghabril MS, Burch CR, Paulman A, Dunn KW. Quantitative intravital microscopy of hepatic transport. INTRAVITAL 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/intv.21296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Fan L, Li J, Yu Z, Dang X, Wang K. Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor prevents steroid-associated osteonecrosis of the femoral head in rabbits by promoting angiogenesis and inhibiting apoptosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107774. [PMID: 25244080 PMCID: PMC4171501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the preventive effect of ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate(EDHB) on steroid-associated femoral head osteonecrosis(ONFH) in a rabbit model. New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into two groups (prevention group and model group), each containing 24 rabbits. Osteonecrosis was induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS) combined with methylprednisolone(MPS). The prevention group received an intraperitoneal injection of EDHB at 50 mg/kg body weight every other day starting three days before establishing rabbit models of osteonecrosis, for a total of nine doses. Osteonecrosis was verified by haematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The expression of HIF-1α and VEGF was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Angiogenesis, apoptosis and microstructural parameters were also analyzed. The rabbit models of osteonecrosis were successfully established and observed by HE staining. Histopathological observations indicated that EDHB reduced the rate of empty lacunae and the incidence of osteonecrosis. Immunohistochemical staining for HIF-1α and VEGF suggested that EDHB therapy inhibited degradation of HIF-1α and promoted expression of VEGF. Ink artery infusion angiography and microvessel density analysis revealed that there were more microvessels in the prevention group than in the model group. The TUNEL apoptosis assay suggested that EDHB intervention could reduce the number of apoptotic cells in avascular osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Micro-CT scanning indicated that the treatment group had better microstructural parameters than the model group. EDHB prevents steroid-associated osteonecrosis of the femoral head in rabbits by promoting angiogenesis and inhibiting apoptosis of bone cells and hematopoietic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zefeng Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoqian Dang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kunzheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail:
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Marshall KM, He S, Zhong Z, Atkinson C, Tomlinson S. Dissecting the complement pathway in hepatic injury and regeneration with a novel protective strategy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1793-805. [PMID: 25113972 PMCID: PMC4144741 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A novel site-targeted murine complement inhibitor, CR2-CD59, specifically inhibits the terminal membrane attack complex. This inhibitor dissects the complement pathway to protect against liver injury while promoting regeneration in mouse models of liver resection and acute liver failure. Liver resection is commonly performed under ischemic conditions, resulting in two types of insult to the remnant liver: ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) and loss of liver mass. Complement inhibition is recognized as a potential therapeutic modality for IRI, but early complement activation products are also essential for liver regeneration. We describe a novel site-targeted murine complement inhibitor, CR2-CD59, which specifically inhibits the terminal membrane attack complex (MAC), and we use this protein to investigate the complement-dependent balance between liver injury and regeneration in a clinical setting of pharmacological inhibition. CR2-CD59 did not impact in vivo generation of C3 and C5 activation products but was as effective as the C3 activation inhibitor CR2-Crry at ameliorating hepatic IRI, indicating that the MAC is the principle mediator of hepatic IRI. Furthermore, unlike C3 or C5 inhibition, CR2-CD59 was not only protective but significantly enhanced hepatocyte proliferation after partial hepatectomy, including when combined with ischemia and reperfusion. Remarkably, CR2-CD59 also enhanced regeneration after 90% hepatectomy and improved long-term survival from 0 to 70%. CR2-CD59 functioned by increasing hepatic TNF and IL-6 levels with associated STAT3 and Akt activation, and by preventing mitochondrial depolarization and allowing recovery of ATP stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keely M Marshall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Darby Children's Research Institute, and Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Songqing He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Darby Children's Research Institute, and Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Zhong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Darby Children's Research Institute, and Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Carl Atkinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Darby Children's Research Institute, and Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Stephen Tomlinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Darby Children's Research Institute, and Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401
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Akhtar MZ, Sutherland AI, Huang H, Ploeg RJ, Pugh CW. The role of hypoxia-inducible factors in organ donation and transplantation: the current perspective and future opportunities. Am J Transplant 2014; 14:1481-7. [PMID: 24909061 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors are the universal cellular oxygen-sensitive transcription factors that activate a number of hypoxia responsive genes, some of which are responsible for protective cellular functions. During organ donation, allografts are exposed to significant periods of hypoxia and ischemia. Exploiting this pathway during donor management and organ preservation could prevent and reduce allograft injury and improve the outcomes of organ transplantation. We review the evidence on this pathway in organ preservation, drawing on experimental studies on donor management and ischemia reperfusion injury focusing on kidney, liver, cardiac and lung transplantation. We review the major technical and experimental challenges in exploring this pathway and suggest potential future avenues for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Akhtar
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford Transplant Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Old Road Campus, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Acute ethanol causes hepatic mitochondrial depolarization in mice: role of ethanol metabolism. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91308. [PMID: 24618581 PMCID: PMC3950152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims An increase of ethanol metabolism and hepatic mitochondrial respiration occurs in vivo after a single binge of alcohol. Here, our aim was to determine how ethanol intake affects hepatic mitochondrial polarization status in vivo in relation to ethanol metabolism and steatosis. Methods Hepatic mitochondrial polarization, permeability transition (MPT), and reduce pyridine nucleotides, and steatosis in mice were monitored by intravital confocal/multiphoton microscopy of the fluorescence of rhodamine 123 (Rh123), calcein, NAD(P)H, and BODIPY493/503, respectively, after gavage with ethanol (1–6 g/kg). Results Mitochondria depolarized in an all-or-nothing fashion in individual hepatocytes as early as 1 h after alcohol. Depolarization was dose- and time-dependent, peaked after 6 to 12 h and maximally affected 94% of hepatocytes. This mitochondrial depolarization was not due to onset of the MPT. After 24 h, mitochondria of most hepatocytes recovered normal polarization and were indistinguishable from untreated after 7 days. Cell death monitored by propidium iodide staining, histology and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) was low throughout. After alcohol, mitochondrial NAD(P)H autofluorescence increased and decreased, respectively, in hepatocytes with polarized and depolarized mitochondria. Ethanol also caused steatosis mainly in hepatocytes with depolarized mitochondria. Depolarization was linked to ethanol metabolism, since deficiency of alcohol dehydrogenase and cytochrome-P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), the major ethanol-metabolizing enzymes, decreased mitochondrial depolarization by ∼70% and ∼20%, respectively. Activation of aldehyde dehydrogenase decreased depolarization, whereas inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase enhanced depolarization. Activation of aldehyde dehydrogenase also markedly decreased steatosis. Conclusions Acute ethanol causes reversible hepatic mitochondrial depolarization in vivo that may contribute to steatosis and increased mitochondrial respiration. Onset of this mitochondrial depolarization is linked, at least in part, to metabolism of ethanol to acetaldehyde.
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Weigert R, Porat-Shliom N, Amornphimoltham P. Imaging cell biology in live animals: ready for prime time. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 201:969-79. [PMID: 23798727 PMCID: PMC3691462 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201212130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Time-lapse fluorescence microscopy is one of the main tools used to image subcellular structures in living cells. Yet for decades it has been applied primarily to in vitro model systems. Thanks to the most recent advancements in intravital microscopy, this approach has finally been extended to live rodents. This represents a major breakthrough that will provide unprecedented new opportunities to study mammalian cell biology in vivo and has already provided new insight in the fields of neurobiology, immunology, and cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Weigert
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Akhtar M, Henderson T, Sutherland A, Vogel T, Friend P. Novel Approaches to Preventing Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury During Liver Transplantation. Transplant Proc 2013; 45:2083-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Elias-Miró M, Jiménez-Castro MB, Rodés J, Peralta C. Current knowledge on oxidative stress in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion. Free Radic Res 2013; 47:555-68. [PMID: 23738581 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.811721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury associated with hepatic resections and liver transplantation remains a serious complication in clinical practice, despite several attempts to solve the problem. The redox balance, which is pivotal for normal function and integrity of tissues, is dysregulated during I/R, leading to an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Formation of ROS and oxidant stress are the disease mechanisms most commonly invoked in hepatic I/R injury. The present review examines published results regarding possible sources of ROS and their effects in the context of I/R injury. We also review the effect of oxidative stress on marginal livers, which are more vulnerable to I/R-induced oxidative stress. Strategies to improve the viability of marginal livers could reduce the risk of dysfunction after surgery and increase the number of organs suitable for transplantation. The review also considers the therapeutic strategies developed in recent years to reduce the oxidative stress induced by hepatic I/R, and we seek to explain why some of them have not been applied clinically. New antioxidant strategies that have yielded promising results for hepatic I/R injury are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elias-Miró
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona (IDIBAPS), Spain
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Barnucz E, Veres G, Hegedűs P, Klein S, Zöller R, Radovits T, Korkmaz S, Horkay F, Merkely B, Karck M, Szabó G. Prolyl-hydroxylase inhibition preserves endothelial cell function in a rat model of vascular ischemia reperfusion injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 345:25-31. [PMID: 23388095 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.200790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Storage protocols of vascular grafts need further improvement against ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Hypoxia elicits a variety of complex cellular responses by altering the activity of many signaling pathways, such as the oxygen-dependent prolyl-hyroxylase domain-containing enzyme (PHD). Reduction of PHD activity during hypoxia leads to stabilization and accumulation of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) 1α. We examined the effects of PHD inhibiton by dimethyloxalylglycine on the vasomotor responses of isolated rat aorta and aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in a model of cold ischemia/warm reperfusion. Aortic segments underwent 24 hours of cold ischemic preservation in saline or DMOG (dimethyloxalylglycine)-supplemented saline solution. We investigated endothelium-dependent and -independent vasorelaxations. To simulate IR injury, hypochlorite (NaOCl) was added during warm reperfusion. VSMCs were incubated in NaCl or DMOG solution at 4°C for 24 hours after the medium was changed for a supplied standard medium at 37°C for 6 hours. Apoptosis was assessed using the TUNEL method. Gene expression analysis was performed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Cold ischemic preservation and NaOCl induced severe endothelial dysfunction, which was significantly improved by DMOG supplementation (maximal relaxation of aortic segments to acetylcholine: control 95% ± 1% versus NaOCl 44% ± 4% versus DMOG 68% ± 5%). Number of TUNEL-positive cell nuclei was significantly higher in the NaOCl group, and DMOG treatment significantly decreased apoptosis. Inducible heme-oxygenase 1 mRNA expressions were significantly higher in the DMOG group. Pharmacological modulation of oxygen sensing system by DMOG in an in vitro model of vascular IR effectively preserved endothelial function. Inhibition of PHDs could therefore be a new therapeutic avenue for protecting endothelium and vascular muscle cells against IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enikő Barnucz
- Laboratory of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, INF 326, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Mollenhauer M, Kiss J, Dudda J, Kirchberg J, Rahbari N, Radhakrishnan P, Niemietz T, Rausch V, Weitz J, Schneider M. Deficiency of the oxygen sensor PHD1 augments liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2012; 397:1313-22. [PMID: 22961008 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-012-0998-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH) occurs in conditions of reduced oxygen supply. HIF prolyl hydroxylase enzymes (PHD1, PHD2, and PHD3) are oxygen sensors involved in adaptive response to hypoxia. Specific functions of these PHD enzymes in liver regeneration have, however, remained enigmatic. Here, we investigated the significance of PHD1 in liver regeneration following hepatectomy. METHODS Liver regeneration was studied in PHD1-deficient (PHD1(-/-)) and wild type (WT) mice subjected to 80% hepatectomy. For in vitro analyses, hepatocytes were isolated from PHD1(-/-) and WT livers. Cell cycle progression was studied via FACS-based analysis of nuclear DNA profile. Transcription factor binding assays, qRT-PCR, and immunoblotting were applied to study the relevance of PHD1 downstream effectors during liver regeneration. RESULTS Liver regeneration was significantly enhanced in PHD1(-/-) mice compared to WT littermates. This effect was due to enhanced proliferation rather than to hypertrophy of liver cells. Cell cycle progression was significantly enhanced, and transcriptional activity of the cell cycle regulator c-Myc was increased in PHD1-deficient hepatocytes. These changes coincided with increased expression of cyclin D2, a cell cycle-promoting c-Myc target, and decreased expression of the cell cycle-delaying c-Myc target p21. CONCLUSIONS Loss of PHD1 enhances liver regeneration by boosting hepatocyte proliferation in a c-Myc-dependent fashion. PHD1 might, therefore, represent a potential target to facilitate liver regeneration after surgical resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mollenhauer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Jaeschke H, Woolbright BL. Current strategies to minimize hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury by targeting reactive oxygen species. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2012; 26:103-14. [PMID: 22459037 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion is a major component of injury in vascular occlusion both during liver surgery and during liver transplantation. The pathophysiology of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion includes a number of mechanisms including oxidant stress that contribute to various degrees to the overall organ damage. A large volume of recent research has focused on the use of antioxidants to ameliorate this injury, although results in experimental models have not translated well to the clinic. This review focuses on critical sources and mediators of oxidative stress during hepatic ischemia-reperfusion, the status of current antioxidant interventions, and emerging mechanisms of protection by preconditioning. While recent advances in regulation of antioxidant systems by Nrf2 provide interesting new potential therapeutic targets, an increased focus must be placed on more in-depth mechanistic investigations in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury and translational research in order to refine current strategies in disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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Liu Q, Rehman H, Krishnasamy Y, Haque K, Schnellmann R, Lemasters J, Zhong Z. Amphiregulin stimulates liver regeneration after small-for-size mouse liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2012; 12:2052-61. [PMID: 22694592 PMCID: PMC3409348 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated whether amphiregulin (AR), a ligand of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), improves liver regeneration after small-for-size liver transplantation. Livers of male C57BL/6 mice were reduced to ~50% and ~30% of original sizes and transplanted. After transplantation, AR and AR mRNA increased in 50% but not in 30% grafts. 5-Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression and mitotic index increased substantially in 50% but not 30% grafts. Hyperbilirubinemia and hypoalbuminemia occurred and survival decreased after transplantation of 30% but not 50% grafts. AR neutralizing antibody blunted regeneration in 50% grafts whereas AR injection (5 μg/mouse, iv) stimulated liver regeneration, improved liver function and increased survival after transplantation of 30% grafts. Phosphorylation of EGFR and its downstream signaling molecules Akt, mTOR, p70S6K, ERK and JNK increased markedly in 50% but not 30% grafts. AR stimulated EGFR phosphorylation and its downstream signaling pathways. EGFR inhibitor PD153035 suppressed regeneration of 50% grafts and largely abrogated stimulation of regeneration of 30% grafts by AR. AR also increased cyclin D1 and cyclin E expression in 30% grafts. Together, liver regeneration is suppressed in small-for-size grafts, as least in part, due to decreased AR formation. AR supplementation could be a promising therapy to stimulate regeneration of partial liver grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q. Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425,Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - H. Rehman
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Y. Krishnasamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - K. Haque
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - R.G. Schnellmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425,Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403
| | - J.J. Lemasters
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Z. Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
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Liu Q, Rehman H, Shi Y, Krishnasamy Y, Lemasters JJ, Smith CD, Zhong Z. Inhibition of sphingosine kinase-2 suppresses inflammation and attenuates graft injury after liver transplantation in rats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41834. [PMID: 22848628 PMCID: PMC3405047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation mediates/promotes graft injury after liver transplantation (LT). This study investigated the roles of sphingosine kinase-2 (SK2) in inflammation after LT. Liver grafts were stored in UW solution with and without ABC294640 (100 µM), a selective inhibitor of SK2, before implantation. Hepatic sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) levels increased ∼4-fold after LT, which was blunted by 40% by ABC294640. Hepatic toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) expression and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 subunit phosphorylation elevated substantially after transplantation. The pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and C-X-C motif chemokine 10 mRNAs increased 5.9-fold, 6.1-fold and 16-fold, respectively following transplantation, while intrahepatic adhesion molecule-1 increased 5.7-fold and monocytes/macrophage and neutrophil infiltration and expansion of residential macrophage population increased 7.8-13.4 fold, indicating enhanced inflammation. CD4+ T cell infiltration and interferon-γ production also increased. ABC294640 blunted TLR4 expression by 60%, NF-κB activation by 84%, proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine production by 45-72%, adhesion molecule expression by 54% and infiltration of monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils by 62-67%. ABC294640 also largely blocked CD4+ T cell infiltration and interferon-γ production. Focal necrosis and apoptosis occurred after transplantation with serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) reaching ∼6000 U/L and serum total bilirubin elevating to ∼1.5 mg/dL. Inhibition of SK2 by ABC294640 blunted necrosis by 57%, apoptosis by 74%, ALT release by ∼68%, and hyperbilirubinemia by 74%. Most importantly, ABC294640 also increased survival from ∼25% to ∼85%. In conclusion, SK2 plays an important role in hepatic inflammation responses and graft injury after cold storage/transplantation and represents a new therapeutic target for liver graft failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinlong Liu
- Departments of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences and Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hasibur Rehman
- Departments of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences and Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yanjun Shi
- Departments of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences and Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yasodha Krishnasamy
- Departments of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences and Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - John J. Lemasters
- Departments of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences and Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, and Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Charles D. Smith
- Departments of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences and Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- Apogee Biotechnology Corporation, Hummelstown, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Zhi Zhong
- Departments of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences and Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
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Liu Q, Rehman H, Krishnasamy Y, Ramshesh VK, Theruvath TP, Chavin KD, Schnellmann RG, Lemasters JJ, Zhong Z. Role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in mitochondrial depolarization and graft injury after transplantation of fatty livers. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:250-9. [PMID: 22609250 PMCID: PMC3392495 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in failure of ethanol-induced fatty liver grafts. Rat livers were explanted 20 h after gavaging with ethanol (5 g/kg) and storing in UW solution for 24h before implantation. Hepatic oil red O staining-positive areas increased from ∼2 to ∼33% after ethanol treatment, indicating steatosis. iNOS expression increased ∼8-fold after transplantation of lean grafts (LG) and 25-fold in fatty grafts (FG). Alanine aminotransferase release, total bilirubin, hepatic necrosis, TUNEL-positive cells, and cleaved caspase-3 were higher in FG than LG. A specific iNOS inhibitor 1400W (5 μM in the cold-storage solution) blunted these alterations by >42% and increased survival of fatty grafts from 25 to 88%. Serum nitrite/nitrate and hepatic nitrotyrosine adducts increased to a greater extent after transplantation of FG than LG, indicating reactive nitrogen species (RNS) overproduction. Phospho-c-Jun and phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinase-1/2 (JNK1/2) were higher in FG than in LG, indicating more JNK activation in fatty grafts. RNS formation and JNK activation were blunted by 1400W. Mitochondrial polarization and cell death were visualized by intravital multiphoton microscopy of rhodamine 123 and propidium iodide, respectively. After implantation, viable cells with depolarized mitochondria were 3-fold higher in FG than in LG and 1400W decreased mitochondrial depolarization in FG to the levels of LG. Taken together, iNOS is upregulated after transplantation of FG, leading to excessive RNS formation, JNK activation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and severe graft injury. The iNOS inhibitor 1400W could be an effective therapy for primary nonfunction of fatty liver grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinlong Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hasibur Rehman
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Yasodha Krishnasamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Venkat K. Ramshesh
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Tom P. Theruvath
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Kenneth D. Chavin
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Rick G. Schnellmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403, USA
| | - John J. Lemasters
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Zhi Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Minocycline decreases liver injury after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation in mice. HPB SURGERY : A WORLD JOURNAL OF HEPATIC, PANCREATIC AND BILIARY SURGERY 2012; 2012:259512. [PMID: 22719175 PMCID: PMC3375163 DOI: 10.1155/2012/259512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Patients that survive hemorrhage and resuscitation (H/R) may develop a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) that leads to dysfunction of vital organs (multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, MODS). SIRS and MODS may involve mitochondrial dysfunction. Under pentobarbital anesthesia, C57BL6 mice were hemorrhaged to 30 mm Hg for 3 h and then resuscitated with shed blood plus half the volume of lactated Ringer's solution containing minocycline, tetracycline (both 10 mg/kg body weight) or vehicle. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), necrosis, apoptosis and oxidative stress were assessed 6 h after resuscitation. Mitochondrial polarization was assessed by intravital microscopy. After H/R with vehicle or tetracycline, ALT increased to 4538 U/L and 3999 U/L, respectively, which minocycline decreased to 1763 U/L (P < 0.01). Necrosis and TUNEL also decreased from 24.5% and 17.7 cells/field, respectively, after vehicle to 8.3% and 8.7 cells/field after minocycline. Tetracycline failed to decrease necrosis (23.3%) but decreased apoptosis to 9 cells/field (P < 0.05). Minocycline and tetracycline also decreased caspase-3 activity in liver homogenates. Minocycline but not tetracycline decreased lipid peroxidation after resuscitation by 70% (P < 0.05). Intravital microscopy showed that minocycline preserved mitochondrial polarization after H/R (P < 0.05). In conclusion, minocycline decreases liver injury and oxidative stress after H/R by preventing mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Small-for-Size Liver Transplantation Increases Pulmonary Injury in Rats: Prevention by NIM811. HPB SURGERY : A WORLD JOURNAL OF HEPATIC, PANCREATIC AND BILIARY SURGERY 2012; 2012:270372. [PMID: 22675237 PMCID: PMC3364580 DOI: 10.1155/2012/270372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary complications after liver transplantation (LT) often cause mortality. This study investigated whether small-for-size LT increases acute pulmonary injury and whether NIM811 which improves small-for-size liver graft survival attenuates LT-associated lung injury. Rat livers were reduced to 50% of original size, stored in UW-solution with and without NIM811 (5 μM) for 6 h, and implanted into recipients of the same or about twice the donor weight, resulting in half-size (HSG) and quarter-size grafts (QSG), respectively. Liver injury increased and regeneration was suppressed after QSG transplantation as expected. NIM811 blunted these alterations >75%. Pulmonary histological alterations were minimal at 5–18 h after LT. At 38 h, neutrophils and monocytes/macrophage infiltration, alveolar space exudation, alveolar septal thickening, oxidative/nitrosative protein adduct formation, and alveolar epithelial cell/capillary endothelial apoptosis became overt in the lungs of QSG recipients, but these alterations were mild in full-size and HSG recipients. Liver pretreatment with NIM811 markedly decreased pulmonary injury in QSG recipients. Hepatic TNFα and IL-1β mRNAs and pulmonary ICAM-1 expression were markedly higher after QSG transplantation, which were all decreased by NIM811. Together, dysfunctional small-for-size grafts produce toxic cytokines, leading to lung inflammation and injury. NIM811 decreased toxic cytokine formation, thus attenuating pulmonary injury after small-for-size LT.
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Kiss J, Kirchberg J, Schneider M. Molecular oxygen sensing: implications for visceral surgery. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2012; 397:603-10. [PMID: 22395314 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-012-0930-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since mammalian cells rely on the availability of oxygen, they have devised mechanisms to sense environmental oxygen tension, and to efficiently counteract oxygen deprivation (hypoxia). These adaptive responses to hypoxia are essentially mediated by hypoxia inducible transcription factors (HIFs). Three HIF prolyl hydroxylase enzymes (PHD1, PHD2 and PHD3) function as oxygen sensing enzymes, which regulate the activity of HIFs in normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Many of the compensatory functions exerted by the PHD-HIF system are of immediate surgical relevance since they regulate the biological response of ischemic tissues following ligation of blood vessels, of oxygen-deprived inflamed tissues, and of tumors outgrowing their vascular supply. PURPOSE Here, we outline specific functions of PHD enzymes in surgically relevant pathological conditions, and discuss how these functions might be exploited in order to support the treatment of surgically relevant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Kiss
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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49
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Shi Y, Rehman H, Ramshesh VK, Schwartz J, Liu Q, Krishnasamy Y, Zhang X, Lemasters JJ, Smith CD, Zhong Z. Sphingosine kinase-2 inhibition improves mitochondrial function and survival after hepatic ischemia-reperfusion. J Hepatol 2012; 56:137-45. [PMID: 21756852 PMCID: PMC3220779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) and inflammation play important roles in liver injury caused by ischemia-reperfusion (IR). This study investigated the roles of sphingosine kinase-2 (SK2) in mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation after hepatic IR. METHODS Mice were gavaged with vehicle or ABC294640 (50 mg/kg), a selective inhibitor of SK2, 1 h before surgery and subjected to 1 h-warm ischemia to ~70% of the liver followed by reperfusion. RESULTS Following IR, hepatic SK2 mRNA and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) levels increased ~25- and 3-fold, respectively. SK2 inhibition blunted S1P production and liver injury by 54-91%, and increased mouse survival from 28% to 100%. At 2 h after reperfusion, mitochondrial depolarization was observed in 74% of viable hepatocytes, and mitochondrial voids excluding calcein disappeared, indicating MPT onset in vivo. SK2 inhibition decreased mitochondrial depolarization and prevented MPT onset. Inducible nitric oxide synthase, phosphorylated NFκB-p65, TNFα mRNA, and neutrophil infiltration, all increased markedly after hepatic IR, and these increases were blunted by SK2 inhibition. In cultured hepatocytes, anoxia/re-oxygenation resulted in increases of SK2 mRNA, S1P levels, and cell death. SK2 siRNA and ABC294640 each substantially decreased S1P production and cell death in cultured hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS SK2 plays an important role in mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation responses, hepatocyte death, and survival after hepatic IR and represents a new target for the treatment of IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Hasibur Rehman
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Venkat K. Ramshesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Justin Schwartz
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Qinlong Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Yasodha Krishnasamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Xun Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - John J. Lemasters
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Charles D. Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425,Apogee Biotechnology Corporation, Hummelstown, PA 17036
| | - Zhi Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
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50
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Guo JY, Yang T, Sun XG, Zhou NY, Li FS, Long D, Lin T, Li PY, Feng L. Ischemic postconditioning attenuates liver warm ischemia-reperfusion injury through Akt-eNOS-NO-HIF pathway. J Biomed Sci 2011; 18:79. [PMID: 22035453 PMCID: PMC3212808 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-18-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic postconditioning (IPO) has been demonstrated to attenuate ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in the heart and brain, its roles to liver remain to be defined. The study was undertaken to determine if IPO would attenuate liver warm I/R injury and its protective mechanism. METHODS Mice were divided into sham, I/R, IPO+I/R (occlusing the porta hepatis for 60 min, then treated for three cycles of 10 sec brief reperfusion consecutively, followed by a persistent reperfusion); L-NAME+ sham (L-NAME, 16 mg/kg, i.v., 5 min before repefusion); L-NAME+I/R; and L-NAME+ IPO. Blood flow of caudate and left lobe of the liver was blocked. Functional and morphologic changes of livers were evaluated. Contents of nitric oxide, eNOS and iNOS in serum were assayed. Concentration of eNOS, iNOS, malondialdehyde (MDA) and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in hepatic tissue were also measured. Expressions of Akt, p-Akt and HIF-1α protein were determined by western blot. Expressions of TNF-α and ICAM-1 were measured by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. RESULTS IPO attenuated the dramatically functional and morphological injuries. The levels of ALT was significantly reduced in IPO+I/R group (p < 0.05). Contents of nitric oxide and eNOS in serum were increased in the IPO+I/R group (p < 0.05). IPO also up-regulated the concentration of eNOS, activity of SOD in hepatic tissue (p < 0.05), while reduced the concentration of MDA (p < 0.05). Moreover, protein expressions of HIF-1α and p-Akt were markedly enhanced in IPO+I/R group. Protein and mRNA expression of TNF-α and ICAM-1 were markedly suppressed by IPO (p < 0.05). These protective effects of IPO could be abolished by L-NAME. CONCLUSIONS We found that IPO increased the content of NO and attenuated the overproduction of ROS and I/R-induced inflammation. Increased NO contents may contribute to increasing HIF-1α level, and HIF-1α and NO would simultaneously protect liver from I/R injury. These findings suggested IPO may have the therapeutic potential through Akt-eNOS-NO-HIF pathway for the better management of liver I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Y Guo
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology of Health Ministry of China, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P.R. China
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